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Personība Un Demokrātija

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Personība Un Demokrātija PERSONĪBA UN DEMOKRĀTIJA Metodisks līdzeklis Latvijas vēsturē Rīga 2005 Personība un demokrātija. Metodisks līdzeklis Latvijas vēsturē Projekta „Personības Latvijas demokrātijā” Ekspertu padome Leo Dribins, Oļegs Fiļs, Juris Goldmanis, Aija Kļaviņa, Nils Muižnieks, Pauls Raudseps, Ilze Šenberga un Vladislavs Volkovs Autoru kolektīvs Leons Astra, Egīls Baldzēns, Ainārs Dimants, Leo Dribins, Dzintars Ērglis, Tatjana Feigmane, Ēriks Jēkabsons, Maija Kūle, Ilga Kreituse, Dainis Lemešonoks, Imants Mednis, Uldis Neiburgs, Nadežda Pazuhina, Jānis Rokpelnis, Henrihs Soms, Valters Ščerbinskis, Signe Terihova un Arturs Žvinklis Metodiskās daļas autori Danute Dūra, Aija Kļaviņa un Ilze Šenberga Sastādītājs Juris Goldmanis Literārais redaktors Alnis Auziņš Dizains un makets Izdevniecība „N.I.M.S.” Grāmata izdota ar “Aizkraukles Bankas” finansiālu atbalstu © “Aizkraukles Banka”, 2005 © Vilis Rīdzenieks “Klio”/LAA, Rīga, 2005 ISBN 9984-19-795-6 Saturs Priekšvārdi ......................................................................................................................... 5 Par demokrātiju un Latvijas tautas vienprātību. Jānis Čakste .............................................11 “Latvija jāceļ un jāveido Latvijas tautai”. Miķelis Valters ....................................................15 Diplomāts ar zelta spalvu. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics ........................................................19 Tautas un valsts vīrs. Rainis ................................................................................................23 “Bez demokrātijas nebūs Latvijas”. Pauls Kalniņš ..............................................................29 Vācbaltiešu demokrāts. Pauls Šīmanis ..............................................................................33 Parlamenta deputāts Latvijā un Izraēlā. Mordehajs Nuroks ..............................................37 Krievu minoritātes tiesību aizstāvis – padomju represiju upuris. Meletijs Kaļistratovs ........41 Baltais bīskaps ar rudzupuķi. Jāzeps Rancāns ...................................................................45 Aizēnotā valsts dibinātāja. Klāra Kalniņa .........................................................................49 Latvijas Centrālās padomes priekšsēdētājs. Konstantīns Čakste ........................................53 “Latvijas Vallenbergs”. Žanis Lipke ....................................................................................57 Diplomāts starp totalitārām lielvarām. Alfreds Bīlmanis ....................................................61 Par demokrātisku dzīves stilu. Zenta Mauriņa ...................................................................65 Dzīve garīgā nomodā. Ivans Zavoloko .............................................................................69 Per aspera ad astra. Gunārs Astra .....................................................................................73 Vēsturei spītējot. Knuts Skujenieks ...................................................................................79 Patriots un demokrāts. Dītrihs Andrejs Lēbers ..................................................................83 “Par jūsu un mūsu brīvību”. Ita Kozakēviča .......................................................................87 Autori ................................................................................................................................91 Attēlu avoti ........................................................................................................................92 Metodiskā daļa ..................................................................................................................93 Nils Muižnieks cilvēktiesību eksperts Ideja apkopot informāciju par izciliem de- biedrībā. Pētījumi liecina, ka vēstures jautājumi mokrātiem Latvijas vēsturē dzima 2004. gada va- Latvijas sabiedrību šķeļ, ka trūkst kopīgas izprat- sarā, kad kā īpašu uzdevumu ministrs sabiedrības nes par pagātni. Tas savukārt kavē daudzu iedzī- integrācijas lietās tikos ar aktīviem skolēniem un votāju piederības izjūtas nostiprināšanos Latvijai. skolotājiem vasaras nometnē “Piedalies un ietek- Mūsu vēsturiskajā apziņā trūkst sabiedrību vieno- mē!”. Vadīju nodarbību par izglītību un demo- jošu personību, ar kurām varētu lepoties gan lat- krātiju, bet diskusija kaut kā nevedās. Kad jautāju, vieši, gan citu tautu pārstāvji. Esmu pārliecināts, ka kurām personībām Latvijas vēsturē ir īpaši nopelni personības, kas aprakstītas šajā grāmatā, ir Latvijas demokrātijas nostiprināšanā, zālē iestājās neērts lepnums, ka, apzinot un popularizējot viņu darbus klusums. Pēc pauzes kāda skolotāja vien noteica: un domas pagātnē, stiprināsim demokrātiju un sa- “Laikam esam pārāk kritiski...” ticību arī mūsdienās. Toreiz nodomāju, ka nav kaut kas kārtībā ar Kas veica personību atlasi? Kādi bija atlases mūsu vēsturisko apziņu. Latvijas vēsturē ir daudz kritēriji? Kad “Aizkraukles Banka” mani uzrunāja spilgtu personību, cilvēku, kuri konsekventi aizstā- un izteica vēlmi projektu atbalstīt, sapratu, ka jāie- vējuši demokrātiskas vērtības, tiesiskumu, saticību saista gan profesionāli vēsturnieki, gan vēstures starp vairākumu un mazākumgrupām. Un mums skolotāji. Izveidojām ekspertu grupu, kuras darbā ir iemesls ar viņiem lepoties. Taču mēs par šīm per- piedalījās daudzi cilvēki. Tiešo līdzdalību klātienē sonībām un viņu veikumu demokrātijas jomā esam papildināja aktīva domu apmaiņa ar ekspertiem in- maz runājuši. Mācību grāmatās tās neizceļ. Iznāk ternetā. Visaktīvāk strādāja Vēstures skolotāju bied- tā, ka esam būvējuši demokrātisku, tiesisku valsti rības vadītāja Aija Kļaviņa, vēsturnieki Leo Dribins bez demokrātiem, veidojuši iecietīgu sabiedrību, un Valdislavs Volkovs, žurnālists Pauls Raudseps bet neviens nav kopis iecietības tradīcijas Latvijā. un Kultūras akadēmijas dekāns Juris Goldmanis. Nemaz nerunājot par nepieciešamību godināt Ilgi spriedām par kritērijiem, līdz vienojā- Latvijas demokrātijas personības, mēs neapzināti mies, ka mūs interesē demokrāti šī vārda vispla- laupām saviem bērniem daļu no mūsu kopējās vēs- šākajā izpratnē – cilvēki, kas aizstāvējuši demo- tures. Mēs viņiem liedzam iespēju lepoties ar cilvē- krātiskas vērtības un humānismu, kas veicinājuši kiem, kas drosmīgi aizstāvēja savus principus, kas tiesiskumu, kas sekmējuši saticību un aizstāvējuši nebija vienkārši upuri, bet gan veidoja Latvijas vēs- mazākumu pret vairākuma diktātu. Demokrātija turi. Jebkuram jaunietim vajag tādus cilvēkus, kuru bez tiesiskuma ir patvaļa; vairākuma gribai jāie- rīcība ir atdarināšanas vērta. Jebkuram jaunam cil- vēro arī mazākuma tiesības, citādi tā var kļūt par vēkam vajag morālos orientierus – paraugus, kas diktatūru. palīdz izlemt, vai konkrētā situācijā vajag rīkoties Svarīgs kritērijs bija konsekvence – izvēlēta- vai nogaidīt? Ko darīt smagas izvēles priekšā? Šajā jai personai bija nelokāmi jāaizstāv demokrātiskas grāmatā aprakstītie cilvēki var kalpot par šādiem pozīcijas visas dzīves garumā, spītējot politiskajai paraugiem, viņu stāsti var palīdzēt orientēties sa- konjunktūrai. Lai ikvienam Latvijas skolēnam būtu biedriski politiskajās vērtībās. ar ko identificēties, vēlējāmies grāmatā iekļaut cil- Ignorējot mūsu demokrātijas aizstāvjus, mēs vēkus no visiem Latvijas reģioniem, sievietes un padziļinām vēsturiski izveidojušās pretrunas sa- vīriešus, dažādu tautību pārstāvjus. Vēlējāmies arī 5 iekļaut kādu trimdas darbinieku, lai aktualizētu ār- jāpilnveido un jāturpina. Šis ir pirmais, bet ne pē- zemēs dzīvojošu Latvijas demokrātu stāstus mūs- dējais vārds. dienu Latvijas vēsturiskajā apziņā. Iespējams, kāds apšaubīs tās vai citas personī- Visasākos strīdus izraisīja jautājums par ap- bas īpašo lomu demokrātijas stiprināšanā Latvijā. tveramo laikposmu. Kaut gan bija vairāki spilg- Vai Žanis Lipke bija demokrāts? Varbūt ne kla- ti kandidāti no 19. gs. jaunlatviešu vidus, nolē- siskā izpratnē, tomēr viņš ar savu rīcību noteikti mām piemēroties 9. un 12. klases vēstures mācī- aizstāvēja humānismu un cilvēku tiesības uz dzīvi, bu programmai un aprobežoties ar 20. gadsimtu. kas ir nepašaubāmas demokrātijas pamatvērtības. Ilgi strīdējāmies par Trešās atmodas periodu. No Kurš gan padomju totalitārisma laikā varēja stip- vienas puses, grūti runāt par demokrātiju Latvijā rināt demokrātiju? Protams, nebija iespējams rīkot 20. gs., nerunājot par Atmodu, jo tā bija demo- brīvas vēlēšanas, tomēr pastāvēja dažādas, demo- krātijas zvaigžņu stunda, visspilgtākā demokrati- krātijas vērtībās balstītas pretošanās izpausmes to- zācijas epizode pagājušā gadsimtā. No otras puses, talitārismam. vairāki eksperti pauda bažas, ka projekts politizē- Ceru, ka grāmata izraisīs diskusijas par de- sies, ja sarakstā iekļaus politikā joprojām darbīgas mokrātiju un mūsu demokrātiem. personības. Ceru, ka grāmata veicinās lepnumu par mūsu Nolēmām šajā pirmajā sarakstā neiekļaut ne- vēsturi, tautu, valsti. vienu, kas joprojām aktīvi strādā politikā, – tiem Ceru, ka grāmata vienos Latviju, palīdzot jau- būs vietas nākamajos sarakstos un grāmatās. Tomēr niešiem saskatīt sava reģiona, dzimuma, tautības nepagājām garām dažām mūsdienu personībām – pārstāvju īpašu ieguldījumu Latvijas demokrātijas dzejniekam Knutam Skujeniekam, Atmodas lai- vēsturē. ka politiķei Itai Kozakēvičai un tiesībzinātniekam Nobeigumā vēlos pateikties “Aizkraukles Dītriham Andrejam Lēberam. Izvēle bija ļoti grūta, Bankai” par atbalstu un par projekta koordināciju, jo kandidātu bija daudz. Visi ekspertu grupas da- Aijai Kļaviņai par sadarbību un visiem, kas palī- lībnieki bija vienisprātis, ka mūsu saraksts būtu dzēja
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