Souffrance | Justice | Poésie

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Souffrance | Justice | Poésie Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Collines des mille souvenirs: vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda Grieder, Andrea Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204617 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Grieder, Andrea. Collines des mille souvenirs: vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda. 2016, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. 19 Ethics Theses Collines des mille souvenirs Vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda Andrea Grieder famille | violence | confiance | responsabilité | Kigali traumatisme | la politique | solidarité commémoration | Afrique | relations | refuge paix | réconciliation | témoignage destruction | foi | reconstruction | Rwanda souffrance | justice | poésie Collines des mille souvenirs Vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda Collines des mille souvenirs Vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda Andrea Grieder Globethics.net Theses No. 19 Globethics.net Theses Éditeur de la série : Christoph Stückelberger. Fondateur et Directeur de Globethics.net et Professeur d’Éthique à l’Université de Bâle/Suisse Globethics.net Theses 19 Andrea Grieder, Collines des mille souvenirs. Vivre après et avec le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi du Rwanda Genève: Globethics.net, 2016 ISBN 978-2-88931-100-2 (version numérique) ISNB 978-2-88931-101-9 (version imprimée) © 2016 Globethics.net Le présent travail a été accepté comme thèse de co-tutelle par la faculté des lettres de l’Université de Zurich et par l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris) au semestre du printemps 2013. Le jury était composé des direc- teurs de thèse : la Prof. Dr. Willemijn de Jong, de l'Université de Zurich, Michel Wieviorka, directeur d'études à l’EHESS et de la Prof. Dr. Margrit Tröhler, professeure d’histoire et esthétique du cinéma à l’Université de Zurich. Vincent de Gaulejac, professeur de sociologie à l'Université Paris VII, et l'historien rwandais Marcel Kabanda ont également assisté à la soutenance, qui a eu lieu à Paris en décembre 2012. Éditeur : Ignace Haaz Globethics.net Secrétariat International 150 Route de Ferney 1211 Genève 2, Suisse Site internet: www.globethics.net/publications Email: [email protected] Tous les liens de ce texte vers des sites web ont été vérifiés en mars 2016. Ce livre peut être téléchargé gratuitement de la bibliothèque de Globethics.net, la première bibliothèque numérique globale en éthique: www.globethics.net. © Cet ouvrage est publié sous la licence Creative Commons 2.5 : Globethics.net donne le droit de télécharger et d’imprimerrsion la électrveo- nique de cet ouvrage, de distribuer et de partager l’œuvreitement, gratu cela sous trois conditions: 1. Attribution: l’usager doit toujours ntclaireme attribuer l’ouvrage à son auteur et à son éditeur (selon les donnéesraphiques bibliog men- tionnées) et doit mentionner de façon claire et explicitees lesde termcettei- l cence; 2. Usage non commercial: l’usager n’a pas le droiter cet d’utilis ouvrage à des fins ommerciales,c ni n’a le droit de le vendre; 3. Aucun changements le dan texte: l’usager ne peut pas altérer, transformer ou réutilisere contenu l dans un autre contexte. Cette licence libre ne restreint en effet en aucuneles manière droits moraux de l’auteur sur son œuvre. L’usager peut demander à Globethics.net de lever ces restrictions,otamment n pour la traduction, la réimpression et la vente de cet souvrage d’autres dan n-co tinents. TABLE DE MATIÈRES Dédicace et remerciements ................................................ 7 Introduction ...................................................................... 15 1 Souffrance et chemins de son dépassement ................. 21 1.1. Spirale de mémoire ..................................................................... 24 1.2 Collines des mille souvenirs ........................................................ 26 1.3 Traumatisme et politique de santé mentale ................................. 28 1.4 Visibilité de la souffrance et liens de solidarité ........................... 31 1.5 Valeurs culturelles et reconstruction au quotidien ...................... 35 1.6 Responsabilité sociale et intégration sociale de la personne ...... 36 1.7 Conception rwandaise du traumatisme et notion de stabilité ...... 38 1.8 Héritage et rapport au monde de l’au-delà ................................. 39 1.9 Temporalité et prolongation du soi ............................................. 41 1.10 Tradition et créativité poétique ................................................. 42 1.11 Esthétique de la souffrance et « poesis of flow » ....................... 44 1.12 Contenu et forme de la parole ................................................... 46 1.13 Relationnalité et souffrance révélatrice ..................................... 49 1.14 Penser la souffrance de l’autre ................................................. 52 1.15 Portraits – Éloges des capacités humaines de dépassement de la souffrance ................................................................................. 54 1.16 Naissance de la parole – Métaphore de la souffrance .............. 57 2 La colline de Nyamagumba .......................................... 63 2.1 Paysage de destruction ................................................................ 65 2.2 Premier voyage pour Nyamagumba ............................................ 68 2.3 Cérémonie de commémoration sous la pluie d’avril ................... 73 2.4 Discours officiels et reconstruction nationale ............................. 77 2.5 Marthe – Témoigner de la destruction et dire son « être-dans-le-monde » .................................................... 94 2.6 Dansira et Fidèle – Parole au nom de la justice ....................... 118 2.7 Justice entrelacée ...................................................................... 138 2.8 Gacaca à Kibingo ...................................................................... 164 2.9 Les rencontres avec les tueurs ................................................... 176 2.10 Mathias Abimana – Réconciliation avec soi et le mal qui ne s’efface pas ............................................................ 194 2.11 La marche de la commémoration – Le chemin de croix .......... 219 2.12 Personne sociale et figure d’identification intore ................... 223 3 Héros fragiles et rituels de commémoration ............. 237 3.1 Adelithe – Reconstruire une nation et réaffirmer la valeur du soi ........................................................... 238 3.2 Alice – Rituels de deuil et « vomir » la souffrance .................... 281 4 Souffrance et poésie ..................................................... 313 4.1 Icyivugo : virtuosité de la parole et être .................................... 315 4.2 Gaspard – « Métaphore guerrière » dans le Kigali d’aujourd’hui ........................................................... 317 4.3 Charles – la poésie face à un monde de la haine ...................... 323 4.4 Marcel – la poésie comme médicament ..................................... 338 Épilogue ......................................................................... 351 Bibliographie ................................................................... 369 Annexe ......................................................................... 397 DÉDICACE Dédié à l’enfant du Rwanda. Kinunu1, cérémonie d’inhumation de victimes du génocide, août 2007. 1 Kinunu était un secteur de la commune de Kayove, dans la province de Giseny. Avec les nouvelles entités administratives qui ont été crées en 2005 (loi orga- nique du 31/12/2005), Kinunu est devenu le secteur Boneza du district de Rutsi- ro, dans la province de l’Ouest (Intara y’Iburengerazuba). 8 Collines des mille souvenirs Toi, enfant du Rwanda, Tu suis les cercueils qui vont à la tombe Bouche gourmande! Dans les mains du prêtre, la croix tremble. Le tissu qui enrobe les cercueils, Pourquoi ne fait-il pas l’imishanana2 de tes tantes? Toi, enfant du Rwanda étrange familiarité avec la mort tu as bu le lait des larmes de toute une colline. Pleures-tu les tiens ou portes-tu la honte de tes frères? Là où tu cherches le bois de chauffage, sont dispersés des ossements, Leurs âmes! Criént-elles la colère contre leurs assassins? du volcan où ils ont été jetés, latrines mises en feu. Là où tes ancêtres gardaient les vaches, Tu joues avec les ombres de la mort Jeune mariée de demain, tu cours sur les sentiers, où le sang coulait en 1994. Toi, enfant du Rwanda, Semence de toute une nation Le jour où tu deviens la mère de ses enfants3 Le tambour battra dans le rythme du cœur, Pour que tes enfants soient des combattants Combattants d’Amahoro4. Novembre 2011 2 Habit traditionnel des femmes, surtout porté à l’occasion des fêtes. 3 En référence au poème Umunsi ameza imiryango yose – Le jour où elle devint la mère de toutes les familles (Dossier I - Fichier III. Les poètes du clan des Abanyiginya, s. d. p. 2-8) 4 Mot kinyarwanda signifiant paix. Dédicace 9 Iki gisigo ujyenewe umwana w’i Rwanda Wowe mwana w’i Rwanda, Urakulicyira imirambo ijya ku mva Inda idahaga ! Mu ntocyi z’umupadiri, umusaraba urahinda umushyitsi Imyenda itwicyiliye imirambo, Kucyi atali imishanana ya ba nyogosenge ni iya ba nyoko wan- yu ? Wowe mwana w’i Rwanda Usa n’uwamenyereye urupfu Wanyoye amata y’amalira
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