Der Dschihadismus Als Transnationale Soziale Bewegung

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Der Dschihadismus Als Transnationale Soziale Bewegung Andreas Keller Der Dschihadismus als transnationale soziale Bewegung München 2011 ISBN 978-3-9809131-0-2 STUDIEN AUS DEM MÜNCHNER INSTITUT FÜR ETHNOLOGIE, Band 1 WORKING PAPERS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, LMU MUNICH, Vol 1 Sökefeld Frank Heidemann, Martin Dürr, Herausgeber: Eveline Inhalt Glossar ................................................................................................................................ iv 1. Einführung und theoretischer Rahmen ........................................................................ 1 1.1. Thema und Aufbau der Arbeit ................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Theoretische Grundlagen der Bewegungsforschung ............................................................. 5 1.2.1. Definition von sozialen Bewegungen ............................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Paradigmen der Bewegungsforschung .......................................................................... 8 1.3. Komplementäre Anwendung der Paradigmen .................................................................... 15 1.4. Forschungsstand ................................................................................................................... 17 1.5. Vorgehensweise .................................................................................................................... 20 2. Genese des Dschihadismus ........................................................................................ 23 2.1. Sayyid Qutb und die Befreiung von der Jahiliyya ................................................................ 23 2.2. Abdullah Azzam und die Internationalisierung des individuellen defensiven Dschihads . 26 2.3. Die Gründung von al‐Qaida und das Entstehen einer Bewegung ....................................... 28 3. Kollektive Identität des Dschihadismus ...................................................................... 32 3.1. Inklusion und Exklusion bei Untergrundbewegungen ........................................................ 32 3.2. Selbstwahrnehmung ............................................................................................................. 34 3.3. Konstruktion des ‚Anderen‘ ................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1. Der ‚ferne Feind‘ – ‚Juden und Kreuzfahrer‘ ................................................................ 37 3.3.2. ‚Apostaten‘ unter den Muslimen, Takfir ...................................................................... 39 3.4. Defensiver Dschihad gegen ‚dar al‐harb‘ – der unausweichliche ‚Kampf der Kulturen‘ ... 40 3.5. Narrative ............................................................................................................................... 42 3.5.1. Historisches Narrativ .................................................................................................... 42 3.5.2. Wunder und Märtyrer .................................................................................................. 44 3.5.3. Träume und Visionen .................................................................................................... 45 3.6. Alltag in den Fußspuren der Salaf ........................................................................................ 46 3.7. Zwischenfazit ........................................................................................................................ 47 ii 4. Framing als Mobilisierungsstrategie ........................................................................... 49 4.1. Master Frame: „Der Islam ist die Lösung“ ........................................................................... 50 4.2. Diagnostisches Framing ........................................................................................................ 53 4.2.1. Koordinierter Angriff auf den Islam – Rückkehr der Kreuzzüge .................................. 53 4.2.2. Lokale politische Unzufriedenheiten ........................................................................... 57 4.2.3. Ökonomische Ausbeutung: Dschihadistische Globalisierungskritik ........................... 61 4.3. Prognostisches Framing ........................................................................................................ 64 4.3.1. Einheit der Umma / Globales Kalifat ........................................................................... 64 4.3.2. Global vor lokal: Dschihad gegen den ‚fernen Feind‘ .................................................. 69 4.3.3. Terror als Bewegungstaktik .......................................................................................... 71 4.4. Zwischenfazit ........................................................................................................................ 75 5. Mobilisierungsprozesse ............................................................................................. 77 5.1. Sozialstruktur der Bewegung – Wer schließt sich der Karawane an? ................................. 77 5.2. Medien .................................................................................................................................. 79 5.2.1. Massenmedien als Mittel zur Selbstdarstellung .......................................................... 80 5.2.2. Das Internet als interaktive, virtuelle Umma .............................................................. 82 6. Fazit: Auswirkungen und Zukunft der dschihadistischen Bewegung ........................... 85 6.1. Folgen der Dezentralisierung ............................................................................................... 86 6.2. Resonanz des Framings im Westen ...................................................................................... 88 6.3. Al‐Qaida oder al‐Tahrir? ....................................................................................................... 91 Literatur‐ und Quellenverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 94 iii Glossar Al‐haraka al‐jihadiyya – dschihadistische Bewegung Al‐qa’ida al‐sulba – solide Basis Al‐wala' wal bara' – ‚Treue und Bruch‘ Aqidah – islamischer Glaube Aqidah al‐sunnah – Glaube der ersten Generation von Muslimen Dar al‐harb – Haus des Krieges / Feindes Dar al‐islam – Haus des Islam Emir – Befehlshaber Fatwa – islamisches Rechtsgutachten Hadith – Überlieferungen über das Leben des Propheten Mohammed Hakimiyya – alleinige Herrschaft Gottes Halal – nach islamischem Recht erlaubt Haram – nach islamischem Recht verboten Hidschra – Auswanderung Mohammeds von Mekka nach Medina Imam – Vorbeter beim Gebet, auch Ehrbezeichnung für einen herausra‐ genden Muslim Jahiliyya – „Zeit der Barbarei“, vorislamische Zeit Kufr – Unglaube Kafirun – Ungläubiger, vom Glauben Abgefallener Mudschahid – Person, die den Dschihad betreibt, auch: muslimischer Kämpfer Mufti – islamischer Rechtsgelehrter, der eine Fatwa herausgeben kann Rububiyya – Gott als alleiniger Lenker Schahid – Märtyrer, Glaubenszeuge Salaf – Vorfahren, Muslime der ersten drei Generationen Scharia – islamische Rechtsordnung Schirk – Gott Partner zur Seite stellen, Polytheismus Schura – Ratgebergremium in islamischer Rechtsprechung Taghut – falsche Gottheiten Takfir – Exkommunizierung von Muslimen Tawhid – Einheit Gottes Tali’a – Vorhut, Avantgarde Ulema – Religionsgelehrte des Islam Ulahiyya – ausschließliche Verehrung Gottes Umma – weltweite religiöse Gemeinschaft der Muslime iv Schreibweise arabischer Begriffe In dieser Arbeit wird auf eine, in den Islamwissenschaften übliche, genaue Transkription ara‐ bischer Wörter weitgehend verzichtet. Zugunsten einer leichteren Lesbarkeit wird ein Dop‐ pelweg eingeschlagen: Namen und Begriffe, die auch im Deutschen hinreichend bekannt sind, werden nach dem in deutschen Medien und Publikationen vorherrschenden Sprachge‐ brauch übernommen. Bei weniger geläufigen Begriffen erfolgt die Transkription nach der (meist englischsprachigen) Fachliteratur. v 1. Einführung und theoretischer Rahmen 1.1 Thema und Aufbau der Arbeit "You have trivialized our movement by your mundane analysis. May God have mercy on you."1 Aiman az‐Zawahiri Am Abend des 11. September 2001 wurde einer schockierten Weltöffentlichkeit bewusst, dass die Anschläge auf das World Trade Center und das Pentagon wohl das Werk eines saudi‐ arabischen Millionärs und eines ägyptischen Dissidenten war, die den USA und in Erweiterung der ganzen westlichen Welt den Krieg erklärt hatten. Daraufhin stellten sich viele die Frage: Wer waren diese Leute und was wollten sie? Verabscheuen sie den Westen wegen seiner Freiheit, wie der US‐Präsident sagte? Sind sie Nihilisten, die keinerlei Moral oder Werte ver‐ treten? Kann man sie als Islamofaschisten bezeichnen, die einer totalitären Ideologie anhän‐ gen? Stellen sie eine kriminelle Vereinigung dar, ähnlich der Mafia? Oder war dies ein weite‐ rer, besonders grausamer Ausdruck der Unvereinbarkeit von zwei verschiedenen Kulturen? Bei der Beantwortung dieser Fragen schafften nicht zuletzt die Reaktionen der politischen Eliten in der westlichen Welt Verwirrung, vor allem deren pauschalisierende Aussage, einen Krieg gegen den Terror zu führen. Ganz abgesehen von der Schwierigkeit, den Begriff Terro‐ rismus konkret zu definieren,2 ist er zudem für die Sozialwissenschaften nicht relevant, wie Tilly argumentiert: Terror darf nicht als Glaube, sondern muss als Strategie verstanden wer‐ den, die von Akteuren mit extrem unterschiedlichen Zielen in unterschiedlichen
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