Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function
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Quantum Biology: an Update and Perspective
quantum reports Review Quantum Biology: An Update and Perspective Youngchan Kim 1,2,3 , Federico Bertagna 1,4, Edeline M. D’Souza 1,2, Derren J. Heyes 5 , Linus O. Johannissen 5 , Eveliny T. Nery 1,2 , Antonio Pantelias 1,2 , Alejandro Sanchez-Pedreño Jimenez 1,2 , Louie Slocombe 1,6 , Michael G. Spencer 1,3 , Jim Al-Khalili 1,6 , Gregory S. Engel 7 , Sam Hay 5 , Suzanne M. Hingley-Wilson 2, Kamalan Jeevaratnam 4, Alex R. Jones 8 , Daniel R. Kattnig 9 , Rebecca Lewis 4 , Marco Sacchi 10 , Nigel S. Scrutton 5 , S. Ravi P. Silva 3 and Johnjoe McFadden 1,2,* 1 Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (F.B.); e.d’[email protected] (E.M.D.); [email protected] (E.T.N.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (A.S.-P.J.); [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (M.G.S.); [email protected] (J.A.-K.) 2 Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] 3 Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] 4 School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] (K.J.); [email protected] (R.L.) 5 Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, -
The Concept of Quantum State : New Views on Old Phenomena Michel Paty
The concept of quantum state : new views on old phenomena Michel Paty To cite this version: Michel Paty. The concept of quantum state : new views on old phenomena. Ashtekar, Abhay, Cohen, Robert S., Howard, Don, Renn, Jürgen, Sarkar, Sahotra & Shimony, Abner. Revisiting the Founda- tions of Relativistic Physics : Festschrift in Honor of John Stachel, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 451-478, 2003. halshs-00189410 HAL Id: halshs-00189410 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00189410 Submitted on 20 Nov 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. « The concept of quantum state: new views on old phenomena », in Ashtekar, Abhay, Cohen, Robert S., Howard, Don, Renn, Jürgen, Sarkar, Sahotra & Shimony, Abner (eds.), Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics : Festschrift in Honor of John Stachel, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 451-478. , 2003 The concept of quantum state : new views on old phenomena par Michel PATY* ABSTRACT. Recent developments in the area of the knowledge of quantum systems have led to consider as physical facts statements that appeared formerly to be more related to interpretation, with free options. -
Light and Matter Diffraction from the Unified Viewpoint of Feynman's
European J of Physics Education Volume 8 Issue 2 1309-7202 Arlego & Fanaro Light and Matter Diffraction from the Unified Viewpoint of Feynman’s Sum of All Paths Marcelo Arlego* Maria de los Angeles Fanaro** Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires CONICET, Argentine *[email protected] **[email protected] (Received: 05.04.2018, Accepted: 22.05.2017) Abstract In this work, we present a pedagogical strategy to describe the diffraction phenomenon based on a didactic adaptation of the Feynman’s path integrals method, which uses only high school mathematics. The advantage of our approach is that it allows to describe the diffraction in a fully quantum context, where superposition and probabilistic aspects emerge naturally. Our method is based on a time-independent formulation, which allows modelling the phenomenon in geometric terms and trajectories in real space, which is an advantage from the didactic point of view. A distinctive aspect of our work is the description of the series of transformations and didactic transpositions of the fundamental equations that give rise to a common quantum framework for light and matter. This is something that is usually masked by the common use, and that to our knowledge has not been emphasized enough in a unified way. Finally, the role of the superposition of non-classical paths and their didactic potential are briefly mentioned. Keywords: quantum mechanics, light and matter diffraction, Feynman’s Sum of all Paths, high education INTRODUCTION This work promotes the teaching of quantum mechanics at the basic level of secondary school, where the students have not the necessary mathematics to deal with canonical models that uses Schrodinger equation. -
Testing the Limits of Quantum Mechanics the Physics Underlying
Testing the limits of quantum mechanics The physics underlying non-relativistic quantum mechanics can be summed up in two postulates. Postulate 1 is very precise, and says that the wave function of a quantum system evolves according to the Schrodinger equation, which is a linear and deterministic equation. Postulate 2 has an entirely different flavor, and can be roughly stated as follows: when the quantum system interacts with a classical measuring apparatus, its wave function collapses, from being in a superposition of the eigenstates of the measured observable, to being in just one of the eigenstates. The outcome of the measurement is random and cannot be predicted; the quantum system collapses to one or the other eigenstates, with a probability that is proportional to the squared modulus of the wave function for that eigenstate. This is the Born probability rule. Since quantum theory is extremely successful, and not contradicted by any experiment to date, one can simply accept the 2nd postulate as such, and let things be. On the other hand, ever since the birth of quantum theory, some physicists have been bothered by this postulate. The following troubling questions arise. How exactly is a classical measuring apparatus defined? How large must a quantum system be, before it can be called classical? The Schrodinger equation, which in principle is supposed to apply to all physical systems, whether large or small, does not answer this question. In particular, the equation does not explain why the measuring apparatus, say a pointer, is never seen in a quantum superposition of the two states `pointer to the left’ and `pointer to the right’? And if the equation does apply to the (quantum system + apparatus) as a whole, why are the outcomes random? Why does collapse, which apparently violates linear superposition, take place? Where have the probabilities come from, in a deterministic equation (with precise initial conditions), and why do they obey the Born rule? This set of questions generally goes under the name `the quantum measurement problem’. -
Engineering Viscoelasticity
ENGINEERING VISCOELASTICITY David Roylance Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 October 24, 2001 1 Introduction This document is intended to outline an important aspect of the mechanical response of polymers and polymer-matrix composites: the field of linear viscoelasticity. The topics included here are aimed at providing an instructional introduction to this large and elegant subject, and should not be taken as a thorough or comprehensive treatment. The references appearing either as footnotes to the text or listed separately at the end of the notes should be consulted for more thorough coverage. Viscoelastic response is often used as a probe in polymer science, since it is sensitive to the material’s chemistry and microstructure. The concepts and techniques presented here are important for this purpose, but the principal objective of this document is to demonstrate how linear viscoelasticity can be incorporated into the general theory of mechanics of materials, so that structures containing viscoelastic components can be designed and analyzed. While not all polymers are viscoelastic to any important practical extent, and even fewer are linearly viscoelastic1, this theory provides a usable engineering approximation for many applications in polymer and composites engineering. Even in instances requiring more elaborate treatments, the linear viscoelastic theory is a useful starting point. 2 Molecular Mechanisms When subjected to an applied stress, polymers may deform by either or both of two fundamen- tally different atomistic mechanisms. The lengths and angles of the chemical bonds connecting the atoms may distort, moving the atoms to new positions of greater internal energy. -
Wave-Particle Duality Relation with a Quantum Which-Path Detector
entropy Article Wave-Particle Duality Relation with a Quantum Which-Path Detector Dongyang Wang , Junjie Wu * , Jiangfang Ding, Yingwen Liu, Anqi Huang and Xuejun Yang Institute for Quantum Information & State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (X.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: According to the relevant theories on duality relation, the summation of the extractable information of a quanton’s wave and particle properties, which are characterized by interference visibility V and path distinguishability D, respectively, is limited. However, this relation is violated upon quantum superposition between the wave-state and particle-state of the quanton, which is caused by the quantum beamsplitter (QBS). Along another line, recent studies have considered quantum coherence C in the l1-norm measure as a candidate for the wave property. In this study, we propose an interferometer with a quantum which-path detector (QWPD) and examine the generalized duality relation based on C. We find that this relationship still holds under such a circumstance, but the interference between these two properties causes the full-particle property to be observed when the QWPD system is partially present. Using a pair of polarization-entangled photons, we experimentally verify our analysis in the two-path case. This study extends the duality relation between coherence and path information to the quantum case and reveals the effect of quantum superposition on the duality relation. -
Research-Based Interactive Simulations to Support Quantum Mechanics Learning and Teaching
Research-based interactive simulations to support quantum mechanics learning and teaching Antje Kohnle School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews Abstract Quantum mechanics holds a fascination for many students, but its mathematical complexity can present a major barrier. Traditional approaches to introductory quantum mechanics have been found to decrease student interest. Topics which enthuse students such as quantum information are often only covered in advanced courses. The QuVis Quantum Mechanics Visualization project (www.st-andrews.ac.uk/physics/quvis) aims to overcome these issues through the development and evaluation of interactive simulations with accompanying activities for the learning and teaching of quantum mechanics. Simulations support model-building by reducing complexity, focusing on fundamental ideas and making the invisible visible. They promote engaged exploration, sense-making and linking of multiple representations, and include high levels of interactivity and direct feedback. Some simulations allow students to collect data to see how quantum-mechanical quantities are determined experimentally. Through text explanations, simulations aim to be self-contained instructional tools. Simulations are research-based, and evaluation with students informs all stages of the development process. Simulations and activities are iteratively refined using individual student observation sessions, where students freely explore a simulation and then work on the associated activity, as well as in-class trials using student surveys, pre- and post-tests and student responses to activities. A recent collection of QuVis simulations is embedded in the UK Institute of Physics Quantum Physics website (quantumphysics.iop.org), which consists of freely available resources for an introductory course in quantum mechanics starting from two-level systems. -
Basic Electrical Engineering
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING V.HimaBindu V.V.S Madhuri Chandrashekar.D GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous) Index: 1. Syllabus……………………………………………….……….. .1 2. Ohm’s Law………………………………………….…………..3 3. KVL,KCL…………………………………………….……….. .4 4. Nodes,Branches& Loops…………………….……….………. 5 5. Series elements & Voltage Division………..………….……….6 6. Parallel elements & Current Division……………….………...7 7. Star-Delta transformation…………………………….………..8 8. Independent Sources …………………………………..……….9 9. Dependent sources……………………………………………12 10. Source Transformation:…………………………………….…13 11. Review of Complex Number…………………………………..16 12. Phasor Representation:………………….…………………….19 13. Phasor Relationship with a pure resistance……………..……23 14. Phasor Relationship with a pure inductance………………....24 15. Phasor Relationship with a pure capacitance………..……….25 16. Series and Parallel combinations of Inductors………….……30 17. Series and parallel connection of capacitors……………...…..32 18. Mesh Analysis…………………………………………………..34 19. Nodal Analysis……………………………………………….…37 20. Average, RMS values……………….……………………….....43 21. R-L Series Circuit……………………………………………...47 22. R-C Series circuit……………………………………………....50 23. R-L-C Series circuit…………………………………………....53 24. Real, reactive & Apparent Power…………………………….56 25. Power triangle……………………………………………….....61 26. Series Resonance……………………………………………….66 27. Parallel Resonance……………………………………………..69 28. Thevenin’s Theorem…………………………………………...72 29. Norton’s Theorem……………………………………………...75 30. Superposition Theorem………………………………………..79 31. -
On Quantum Tunnelling with and Without Decoherence and the Direction of Time
On the effect of decoherence on quantum tunnelling. By A.Y. Klimenko † The University of Queensland, SoMME, QLD 4072, Australia (SN Applied Sciences, 2021, 3:710) Abstract This work proposes a series of quantum experiments that can, at least in principle, allow for examining microscopic mechanisms associated with decoherence. These experiments can be interpreted as a quantum-mechanical version of non-equilibrium mixing between two volumes separated by a thin interface. One of the principal goals of such experiments is in identifying non-equilibrium conditions when time-symmetric laws give way to time-directional, irreversible processes, which are represented by decoher- ence at the quantum level. The rate of decoherence is suggested to be examined indirectly, with minimal intrusions | this can be achieved by measuring tunnelling rates that, in turn, are affected by decoherence. Decoherence is understood here as a general process that does not involve any significant exchanges of energy and governed by a particular class of the Kraus operators. The present work analyses different regimes of tunnelling in the presence of decoherence and obtains formulae that link the corresponding rates of tunnelling and decoherence under different conditions. It is shown that the effects on tunnelling of intrinsic decoherence and of decoherence due to unitary interactions with the environment are similar but not the same and can be distinguished in experiments. Keywords: decoherence, quantum tunnelling, non-equilibrium dynamics 1. Introduction The goal of this work is to consider experiments that can, at least in principle, examine time-directional quantum effects in an effectively isolated system. Such experiments need to be conducted somewhere at the notional boundary between the microscopic quantum and macroscopic thermodynamic worlds, that is we need to deal with quantum systems that can exhibit some degree of thermodynamic behaviour. -
LETTER Doi:10.1038/Nature11653
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature11653 Revealing the quantum regime in tunnelling plasmonics Kevin J. Savage1, Matthew M. Hawkeye1, Rube´n Esteban2, Andrei G. Borisov2,3, Javier Aizpurua2 & Jeremy J. Baumberg1 When two metal nanostructures are placed nanometres apart, their probe dynamically controlled plasmonic cavities and reveal the onset of optically driven free electrons couple electrically across the gap. The quantum-tunnelling-induced plasmonics in the subnanometre regime. resulting plasmons have enhanced optical fields of a specific colour Two gold-nanoparticle-terminated atomic force microscope (AFM) tightly confined inside the gap. Many emerging nanophotonic tech- tips are oriented tip-to-tip (Fig. 1a). The tip apices define a cavity nologies depend on the careful control of this plasmonic coupling, supporting plasmonic resonances created via strong coupling between including optical nanoantennas for high-sensitivity chemical and localized plasmons on each tip7,27. This dual AFM tip configuration biological sensors1, nanoscale control of active devices2–4, and provides multiple advantages. First, independent nanometre-precision improved photovoltaic devices5. But for subnanometre gaps, co- movement of both tips is possible with three-axis piezoelectric stages. herent quantum tunnelling becomes possible and the system enters Second, conductive AFM probes provide direct electrical connection a regime of extreme non-locality in which previous classical treat- to the tips, enabling simultaneous optical and electrical measurements. ments6–14 fail. Electron correlations across the gap that are driven Third, the tips are in free space and illuminated from the side in a by quantum tunnelling require a new description of non-local dark-field configuration (Fig. 1b, c and Supplementary Information). -
The Elitzur-Vaidman Experiment Violates the Leggett-Garg Inequality
Atomic “bomb testing”: the Elitzur-Vaidman experiment violates the Leggett-Garg inequality Carsten Robens,1 Wolfgang Alt,1 Clive Emary,2 Dieter Meschede,1 and Andrea Alberti1, ∗ 1Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstr. 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany 2Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK (Dated: September 21, 2016) Abstract. Elitzur and Vaidman have proposed a measurement scheme that, based on the quantum super- position principle, allows one to detect the presence of an object in a dramatic scenario, a bomb without interacting with it. It was pointed out by Ghirardi that this interaction-free measurement scheme can be put in direct relation with falsification tests of the macro-realistic worldview. Here we have implemented the “bomb test” with a single atom trapped in a spin-dependent optical lattice to show explicitly a violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality a quantitative criterion fulfilled by macro-realistic physical theories. To perform interaction-free measurements, we have implemented a novel measurement method that correlates spin and position of the atom. This method, which quantum mechanically entangles spin and position, finds general application for spin measurements, thereby avoiding the shortcomings inherent in the widely used push-out technique. Allowing decoherence to dominate the evolution of our system causes a transition from quantum to classical behavior in fulfillment of the Leggett-Garg inequality. I. INTRODUCTION scopically distinct states. In a macro-realistic world- view, it is plausible to assume that a negative out- Measuring physical properties of an object whether come of a measurement cannot affect the evolution of macroscopic or microscopic is in most cases associated a macroscopic system, meaning that negative measure- with an interaction. -
What Can Bouncing Oil Droplets Tell Us About Quantum Mechanics?
What can bouncing oil droplets tell us about quantum mechanics? Peter W. Evans∗1 and Karim P. Y. Th´ebault†2 1School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Queensland 2Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol June 16, 2020 Abstract A recent series of experiments have demonstrated that a classical fluid mechanical system, constituted by an oil droplet bouncing on a vibrating fluid surface, can be in- duced to display a number of behaviours previously considered to be distinctly quantum. To explain this correspondence it has been suggested that the fluid mechanical system provides a single-particle classical model of de Broglie’s idiosyncratic ‘double solution’ pilot wave theory of quantum mechanics. In this paper we assess the epistemic function of the bouncing oil droplet experiments in relation to quantum mechanics. We find that the bouncing oil droplets are best conceived as an analogue illustration of quantum phe- nomena, rather than an analogue simulation, and, furthermore, that their epistemic value should be understood in terms of how-possibly explanation, rather than confirmation. Analogue illustration, unlike analogue simulation, is not a form of ‘material surrogacy’, in which source empirical phenomena in a system of one kind can be understood as ‘stand- ing in for’ target phenomena in a system of another kind. Rather, analogue illustration leverages a correspondence between certain empirical phenomena displayed by a source system and aspects of the ontology of a target system. On the one hand, this limits the potential inferential power of analogue illustrations, but, on the other, it widens their potential inferential scope. In particular, through analogue illustration we can learn, in the sense of gaining how-possibly understanding, about the putative ontology of a target system via an experiment.