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Nigeria Environmental Analysis Final Report NIGERIA ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT under USAID Contract No. LAG-I-00-99-00013-00 Biodiversity and Sustainable Forestry (BIOFOR) Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC) Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 telephone: (802) 658-3890 fax: (802) 658-4247 email: [email protected] April 2002 Acknowledgements Nigeria is a tremendous varied and complex country with a significant endowment of natural resources. Attempting to describe the “state of the environment” and to provide an informed analysis of the threats to the nation’s natural resources is a Herculean task. The Environmental Analysis (EA) Team believes that it has made a contribution in this regard and provided at least a snapshot of what the major environmental issues and threats are today. This contribution has relied heavily on the assistance of others—public servants, private institutions and companies, NGOs, a multitude of individuals—from across the country. We were greatly encouraged by the spirit in which we were received and the help and guidance provided by so many. We are especially indebted to the staff of USAID/Nigeria who provided us with assistance at every step while we were in Nigeria. We would especially like to thank Dr. Ravi Aulakh, the Program Economist and SO2 Team Leader for her guidance and assistance with all phases of our assignment; Mssrs. Nduka Okaro and Abdulkadir Gudugi who accompanied us on our field visits and provided invaluable networking assistance and background on the agricultural sector; Mr. John Brodman for not only tolerating us while we shared his office space, but also provided valuable insights about the energy sector and critical editorial comment; and also to Ms. Happiness Enere and Ms. Sherifat Somotun for their logistical and administrative assistance whenever we were at the USAID office. We are also grateful for the time spent and the commentary provided on drafts of this report by all of the reviewers in USAID/Nigeria and USAID/Washington. On our visits to the field we came in contact with more than one hundred people who assisted us with our task. With are especially grateful to Dyno Keatinge at IITA, Dr. Festus Akindele and Dr. Wilson Eedy of Geomatics who provided us with some of the maps used in this report as well as access to recent environmental reports, to Tony Bassey of NCF in Calabar for unselfish assistance beyond the call of duty, and to Mr. Tim Adkins of Savanna Conservation who contributed generously with his time, insights, and knowledge of Nigeria’s natural environment. The cast was large and most helpful each step of the way, and each one a valuable contributor to the information reported and analyzed in this volume. Nigeria Environmental Analysis (USAID BIOFOR IQC No. LAG-I-00-99-00013-00) i Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES .................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................................vii PART I NIGERIA ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1.0 BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 PURPOSE AND APPROACH ................................................................................................................... 8 4.0 THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 BIOPHYSICAL .......................................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 SOCIOECONOMIC..................................................................................................................................... 12 4.3 LEGAL/POLITICAL................................................................................................................................... 13 5.0 CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................................... 16 5.1 CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.................................................. 16 5.2 THE FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 17 5.2.1 The Federal Legislative Framework for Environmental Management ......................................... 17 5.2.2 The State Legislative Framework for Environmental Management.............................................. 18 5.2.3 The Local Government Legislative Framework for Environmental Management ........................ 19 5.3 THE JUDICIAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ........................................................... 19 5.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES...................................................................................... 21 6.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. 22 6.1 FEDERAL INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................. 22 6.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment/Policy on the Environment....................................................... 23 6.1.2 Other Federal Institutions Playing Important Roles in Environmental Management................... 25 6.1.3 Sectoral GFRN Agencies and Policies .......................................................................................... 26 6.2 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION............................................................................... 26 6.2.1 State Government Institutional and Policy Framework for Environmental Management and Protection...................................................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2 Local Government Institutional and Policy Framework for Environmental Management and Protection...................................................................................................................................... 27 6.3 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT................................... 27 6.4 PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............................... 27 6.5 UNIVERSITIES.......................................................................................................................................... 29 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS AND THREATS................................................................................... 31 BLUE............................................................................................................................................................... 32 7.1 FRESHWATER RESOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 32 7.2 COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 34 BROWN .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 7.3 AIR QUALITY .......................................................................................................................................... 37 7.3.1 Transportation-Related Air Pollution ........................................................................................... 37 7.3.2 Air Pollution from Stationary Sources .......................................................................................... 38 7.3.3 Air Quality Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 41 7.3.4 Health Effects of Air Quality Pollutants........................................................................................ 42 7.3.5 Suggested Actions to Improve Air Quality .................................................................................... 43 Nigeria Environmental Analysis (USAID BIOFOR IQC No. LAG-I-00-99-00013-00) ii 7.4 URBAN WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................................................... 44 Source of Urban Water Supply ................................................................................................................... 44 7.4.1 Water Quality Measurement.......................................................................................................... 45 7.4.2 Drinking Water Treatment ...........................................................................................................
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