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NUTRITIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS USED BY TRIBES OF PALGHAT AND WAYANAD DISTRICTS OF KERALA FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT BACK TO LAB PROGRAMME (Project Reference No: 61/WSD-BLS/2014/CSTE) WOMEN SCIENTISTS DIVISION Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (GOVT. OF KERALA) Principal Investigator: Shahina. N. K Scientist Mentor: Dr. Madhusudhanan. K Department of Botany and Research Centre, St. Albert’s College, (Autonomous) Ernakulam-682018, Kerala December 2018 AUTHORIZATION The work entitled “Nutritional and Biochemical Studies of Wild Edible Mushrooms used by Tribes of Palghat and Wayanad Districts of Kerala,” by Shahina N. K was carried out under the “Back to lab” programme of Women Scientists Division, Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment, Govt. of Kerala. The work was carried out at the Department of Botany & Research Centre, St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala under the mentorship of Dr. K. Madhusudhanan, Assistant Professor. The project was initiated wide Sanction No. 661/2015/KSCSTE for the duration of 3 years with Project Reference No: 061/WSD- BLS/2014/CSTE. The project was started on 11. 12. 2015 and completed on 10. 12. 2018 with a financial expenditure of Rs. 15,94,487 (Fifteen Lakh Ninety Four Thousand Four Hundred and Eighty Seven only). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my profound gratitude for the strength, courage and perseverance offered to me by Almighty God. His holy blessings on me to help me finish this arduous task on time. I am genuinely obliged to Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) for the financial assistance through “Back to Lab program” of the Women Scientists Division (WSD), which enabled me to obtain an independent project and thus helped me to re enter in to the mainstream research. I would like to thank the research advisory committee of Women Scientist Division KSCSTE, TVM for accepting and sanctioning the project which provided me a great exposure to the research world. I am grateful to Dr. K. Madhusudhanan, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, for giving consent to become the mentor for the project as well as for his support, constant encouragements, useful guidance and suggestions through out my studies. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. R. Lekha, Head, Women Scientists Division, KSCSTE, for the encouragement and support throughout the tenure of the project. I am highly indebted to Dr. M. L. Joseph, Principal, St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam and the Management of St. Albert’s College, especially Fr. Antony Arackal , the Manager, of St. Albert’s College for providing me the necessary facilities and logistical support for carrying out the work. I am also grateful to L. Jose, former Head of the Department of Botany for his inspiration and good wishes. With a deep sense of gratitude, I reiterate my indebtedness to Dr. J. J. Jameson, Head of the Department of Botany, St. Albert’s College. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all the teaching and non teaching staffs of Botany Department. I also place on record Dr. C. K. Pradeep, Scientist, TBGRI Mycology Department who provided me necessary advice and suggestions for the collection and identification of wild mushrooms. I am thankful to Mr. Salim Pichan from MSSRF, Wayanad, who sincerely supported and helped me during the survey and collection of wild mushrooms from Wayanad. The tribal leaders and knowledge providers of Attappadi and Wayanad are to be greatly acknowledged for supporting and encouraging this study by sharing their valuable knowledge with pleasure. Special thanks to Mr. Prakashan, Kattunaikka from Wayanad and Nanji Vaidyar, Kurumba from Attappadi. I was blessed with their valuable knowledge and help during transect walk through forest and can never express the amount of gratitude I owe to them. I express my sincere thanks to the research scholars and my friends, though words shall never suffice. I take this opportunity to thank all my friends for their concern and constant support all through my studies. Finally, words fail to express my appreciation for my family. By understanding my goals and aspirations, they hold on me with love, encouragement and prayers throughout the study period and shared all the strains and gains I faced during this study. Shahina. N.K CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2-5 2.1. Uses of Wild Edible Mushrooms in Human Culture 2 2. 2.Important Mushroom in Tribal Culture 3 2. 3. Nutritional and Biochemical Studies of Wild Edible Mushroom 2.4. Mushroom Domestication Trials 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6-14 4.1. Study Area and Tribes 6 4.2. Collection and Identification of Wild Edible Mushrooms 8 4.3. Nutritional , Biochemical Studies and Domestication of WEM 10 4.4 Nutrient Density Score Calculation 13 4.5. Domestication of Wild Edible Mushrooms 13 4.6. Statistical Analysis 14 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 15-45 5.1. Taxonomic Details of Selected Wild Edible Mushrooms 15-45 5.2. Nutritional and Biochemical Content of Wild Edible Mushrooms 32 5.3. Domestication of Wild Edible Mushroom 40 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 46-47 7. OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT 48-51 8. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK 51 9. REFERENCES 52-55 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Table Name Page No. Table 1. Details of Tribal Communities and Tribal Hamlets Studied in 7 Attappadi and Wayanad Table 2. Taxonomic Details of WEM Used by Selected Tribes of Palghat 17 and Wayanad Table 3. Ethnomedicinal Usage of Wild Edible Mushrooms under Study 21 Table 4. Nutritional Content of Selected WEM 33 Table 5. Mycelial Characteristics of Different Wild Edible Mushrooms 40 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Figure Name Page No. Fig. 1 Study site - Attappadi 6 Fig. 2 Study site - Wayanad 7 Fig. 3 Collection and Identification of Wild Edible Mushrooms 9 Fig. 4 Termitomyces microcarpus 22 Fig. 5 Termitomyces heimii 23 Fig. 6 Termitomyces clypiatus 24 Fig. 7 Pleurotus ostreatus 25 Fig. 8 Cantharellus minor 26 Fig. 9 Cantharellus cibarius 27 Fig. 10 Coprinus micaceous 28 Fig. 11 Lentinus bambusinus 29 Fig. 12 Schizophyllum commune 30 Fig. 13 Phlebopus portentosus 31 Fig 14 Mineral Content of Wild Edible Mushrooms 35 Fig 15 Vitamin B2 Content of WEM 37 Fig 16 Vitamin C Content of WEM 37 Fig 17 Phenol Content of WEM 38 Fig 18 DPPH (IC50) Value of WEM 38 Fig. 19 Species Nutrient and Mineral Score of WEM 39 Fig. 20 The Growth Rate of Mycelium in PDA and MEA 41 Fig. 21 Different Processing Steps involved in Domestication of 43 S.commune Fig. 22 Different Processing Steps involved in Domestication of 44 P. ostreatus Fig. 23 Domesticated Mushrooms (a) S. commune (b) P.ostreatus 45 ABSTRACT A large variety of wild mushrooms are used as food in diverse tribal communities of Kerala.The usefulness of a mushroom in a particular culture is based on its fundamental roles in diet and medicine which they acquired through traditional knowledge passed through generation. Wild edible mushrooms role in complementing functional property is studied through their nutrient profiling. This study demands substantial attention to explore new food assets and its sustainable utilisation through domestication. Objectives of the present study is nutritional and biochemical analysis of selected wild edible mushrooms used by tribes of Palghat and Wayanad area and domestication of a promising species. Tribal information about wild edible mushrooms and its use was acquired through stratified random surveys, semi structured interviews and collection trials. The selection of ten wild edible mushroom having ethnomedicinal importance was based on cultural significance index (CSI) score. The nutritional and biochemical analysis were done through standard protocols. Total 36 species of wild mushrooms were collected from the two study sites which belongs to 7 orders, 16 family, 20 genera, of which 17 species are new addition to wild edible food record of Wayanad tribes and 5 species are not so far described in literature among the list of edible mushrooms of Kerala. The taxonomic identification of wild edible mushrooms used by selected tribes in Attappadi were recorded for the first time of which 19 species belong to 12 genera, 9 family and 4 orders. Despite the wide diversity of edible mushrooms grows in the areas, tribes have a selective preferences on their usage and naming according to their tradition and culture. The concept about ‘mushroom as food with specified health uses' was known to tribes, and they consider it as a protective food item during rainy season. There were significant differences in the proximate nutritive values of the ten wild edible mushrooms (p>0.05). Despite differences in the nutritional and chemical composition of the ten wild edible mushroom species, the overall nutritional and antioxidant content was quite good. Furthermore, the amount of beneficial nutrients relative to the food’s energy content per reference amount is found to be >10 in all the mushrooms under study which signifies their importance as nutrient rich food. The high content of crude fibre, low fat, sodium and energy are also important from the pharmacological point. It would be appropriate to popularise the utilization of these less known mushrooms as potential protein rich food sources to supplement the traditional diet, aimed at combating the problem of protein malnutrition existing in tribal communities of Kerala. The two promising species of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Schizophyllum commune were successfully domesticated in the laboratory. This study paves the way for further domestication of wild edible mushroom species and there by the conservation of the indigenous mushrooms here addressed. Key words: Wild edible mushrooms, nutritional analysis, biochemical analysis, tribes, Palghat, Wayanad. 1. INTRODUCTION Wild edible mushrooms (WEM) are an important dietary food supplement to many tribal communities around the world.
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