Supplemental Tables Supplemental Table 1. Variety of Mushroom Species That Were Found to Have Beneficial Effects in Neuronal

Home , Bankeraceae, Lignosus rhinocerus, Mycoleptodonoides, Sarcodon, Termitomyces titanicus

Supplemental Tables Supplemental Table 1. Variety of mushroom species that were found to have beneficial effects in neuronal diseases Mushroom Common name Taxonomy Description Bioactivity References Class Order Family Hericium erinaceus Lion’s mane, Agaricomycetes Russulales Hericiaceae Large, white to Neurite Mori et al .(2011) (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. monkey’s head, creamy, irregular outgrowth Mori et al . (2009) hedgehog fruiting body with activity; Wong et al. (2007) mushroom, satyr’s icicle-like projections. Inhibition of β- Kawagishi and beard, pom pom, amyloid; Zhuang' (2008) bearded tooth, and Neuroprotection Yamabushitake Ganoderma lucidum Lingzhi, reishi Agaricomycetes Polyporales Ganodermataceae Corky, flat, red- Neurite Lai et al. (2008) (Fr) P. Karst varnished, kidney- outgrowth Cheung et al . shaped cap activity; (2000) Inhibition of β- Chen et al . (2007) amyloid; Neuroprotection ; Lignosus rhinocerus Tiger’s milk Agaricomycetes Polyporales Polyporaceae Posses underground Neurite Eik et al. (2012) (Cooke) Ryvarden mushroom tuber-like sclerotium, outgrowth solitary fruiting body activity Grifola frondosa Hen of the woods, Agaricomycetes Polyporales Fomitopsidaceae Manifold curled or Neurite Nishina et al. (Dicks.: Fr.) S.F. dancing mushroom, spoon-shaped, outgrowth (2006) Gray Maitake grayish-brown caps, activity has tuber-like sclerotium Mycoleptodonoides Breech oyster Agaricomycetes Polyporales Mycoleptodonoides Edible mushroom Neurite Okuyama et al . aitchisonii (Berk.) mushroom mainly found in the outgrowth (2004a, 2004b) Maas Geest. Kashmir region in activity; Okuyama et al. India and in Japan. Neuroprotection (2012) White to yellow cap Kokubo et al. with a smooth (2011) surface, and short Choi et al. (2009) stem. Savoury taste. Antrodia Niuchangchih Agaricomycetes Polyporales Fomitopsidaceae A unique Taiwan Inhibition of β- Lu et al . (2006) camphorata (M. mushroom, grows amyloid; Wang et al . (2012) Zang & C.H. Su) only on the inner Neuroprotection Sheng H. Wu, cavity of the endemic Ryvarden & T.T. tree species, Chang Cinnamomum kanehirai Cordyceps militaris Caterpillar fungi, Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Parasitic to larvae and Neurite Lee et al. (2011) (L.:Fr.) Link Dongchongxiacao, pupae of moths and outgrowth winter worm butterflies, club-sized activity summer grass fruiting body Phellinus linteus Songgen (Chinese), Agaricomycetes Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Grows on mulberry Inhibition of Dai et al . (2010) (Berk. & M.A. meshimakobu trees, brown to yellow BACE1 Park et al. (2004a, Curtis) Teng (Japanese), Sang cap 2004b) Hwang (Korean) Sheean et al. (2012) Inonotus obliquus Chaga mushroom Agaricomycetes Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Parasitic on birch tree, Neuroprotection Jung et al. (2008) (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát melanin-rich, black Kim (2011) Giridharan et al. (2011) Nakajima et al. (2009) Chen et al . (2010) Sarcodon cyrneus Bitter tooth Agaricomycetes Thelephorales Bankeraceae Distinctly bitter Neurite Marcotullio et al. Maas Geest. flavour; "cyrneus" for outgrowth (2007) its Mediterranean activity Obara et al. (2007) habitat Marcotullio et al. (2006) Sarcodon Bitter tooth Agaricomycetes Thelephorales Bankeraceae Brown cap with Neurite Ohta et al . (1998) scabrosus (Fr.) P. scales, bitter taste outgrowth Kita et al . (1998); Karst activity Waters et al. (2005) Obara et al. (2001) Shi et al . (2011) Obara et al. (1999) Leccinum Far-eastern Scaber Agaricomycetes Boletales Boletaceae Red brown areolate Neuroprotection Choi et al. (2011) extremiorientale stalk cap (Lar. N. Vassiljeva) Singer Pleurotus giganteus Zhudugu, cow’s Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricale Large, thick, and Neurite Phan et al. (2012) (Berk.) stomach mushroom, convex cap outgrowth Karunarathna & morning glory activity K.D. Hyde mushroom et al. Tremella fuciformis Yin er, white jelly Tremellomycetes Tremellales Tremellaceae White, frond-like, Neurite Kim (2007) Berk fungus, silver Ear gelatinous fruiting outgrowth Park et al . (2012) mushroom, snow body activity mushroom Stropharia Wine cap, burgundy Agaricomycetes Agaricales Strophariaceae Red, brown to tan Neuroprotection Wu et al . (2011) rugosoannulata cap, wine cap cap; bell-shaped when Wu et al . (2012) Farlow stropharia young but flat when old Armillaria mellea Honey mushroom Agaricomycetes Agaricales Physalacriaceae Pathogenic to plant, Neuroprotection Watanabe et al. (Vahl) P. Kumm. fruiting bodies found (1990) in clumps, sticky, Gao et al . (2009) yellow to brown cap Muszy ńska et al. (2011) Cortinarius infractus Bitter webcap Agaricomycetes Agaricales Cortinariaceae Greyish brown cap, Inhibition of Brondz et al. (Pers.) Fr. bitter taste AChe activity (2007) Geissler et al. (2010) Dictyophora “Queen of the Agaricomycetes Phallales Phallaceae Also called Phallus Neurite Kawagishi et al. indusiata (Vent.) mushrooms’’, indusiata , conical to outgrowth (1997) Desv. bamboo mushroom, bell-shaped cap activity Kinugasatake covered with a (Japanese) greenish-brown spore and slime Daldinia King Alfred's Sordariomycetes Xylariales Xylariaceae Ball-shaped, coal- Neuroprotection Quang et al. concentrica (Bolton) cake, cramp balls, black fruiting body (2002) Ces. & De Not. coal fungus Tricholoma sp. (Fr.) Matsutake Agaricomycetes Agaricales Tricholomataceae Mycorrhizal, gilled Neurite Tel et al . (2011) Staude (Japanese) cap, fleshy stems outgrowth Tsukamoto et al. activity; (2003) Inhibition of AChe activity Termitomyces Jizong (Chinese) Agaricomycetes Agaricales Lyophyllaceae Long stem, edible. Neurite Shi et al. (2012) albuminosus (Berk.) Emerge from termite outgrowth R. Heim nest. activity Termitomyces - Agaricomycetes Agaricales Lyophyllaceae Cap diameter of up Neuroprotection Choi et al. (2010) to1m; the largest titanicus Pegler & Piearce edible mushroom in the world according to Guinness Book of Records.

Supplemental Figures

Supplemental Figure 1. Infractopicrin (1) and 10-hydroxy-infractopicrin (2) isolated from Cortinarius infractus; and Hispidin (3) from Phellinus linteus.

Supplemental Figure 2. Neurite formation of NG108-15 cells induced by aqueous extracts of H. erinaceus fruiting body. Arrows indicate neurite extension.

Supplemental Figure 3. (a) A complete crush of peroneal nerve is confirmed by presence of a translucent band (as indicated by an arrow) across the nerve. (b) Walking track apparatus. (c) Walking tracks of footprints after 4 days of peroneal nerve crush injury. Arrows indicate footprints of the operated limb. Foot prints in H. erinaceus aqueous extract group demonstrated toe-spreading and clear footprints of the operated limbs on the walking tracks.

Supplemental Figure 4. Dictyophorines A (43) and B (44) , isolated from Dictyophora indusiata . Tricholomalides A-C (45-47) isolated from Tricholoma sp.; and Termitomycesphin A-H (48-55) isolated from Termitomyces albuminosus .

Supplemental Figure 5. 3-hydroxyhericenone F (64) isolated from Hericium erinaceum; strophasterol (65) from Stropharia rugosoannulata; Leccinine A (66) from Leccinum extremiorientale ; termitomycamides A – E (67-71) from Termitomyces titanicus ; and compounds 72-75 from Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii .

Supplemental Figure 6. 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (76) and caffeic acid (77) from Inonotus obliquus. N6-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-methyl-adenosine (78) from the mycelia of A. mellea ; 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) ethanol (79) and caruilignan C (80) from Daldinia concentric. Neuroprotective diterpenes (81-85) and adenosine (86) from Antrodia camphorate.