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DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2015, pp. 3-8 DOI: 10.14429/djlit.35.1.6885  2015, DESIDOC

Software Selection and Deployment for Library Cooperation and Resource Sharing Among Academic Libraries in South-West

Iroaganachi Mercy A.*, Iwu James Juliana** and Esse Ugwunwa C.***

Centre for Learning Resources, Covenant University, Km10 Idiroko Road, Ota Ogun State, Nigeria E-mail: *[email protected], **[email protected], ***[email protected]

Abstract This study assessed software selection and seployment sractices for library cooperation and resource sharing among aacademic libraries in South-West Nigeria. The purposive sampling technique was adopted and data collection instruments were questionnaire and interview. All of the 39 universities in the South- West zone were chosen and copies of questionnaire were administered to a representative of each academic library. 37 questionnaires were received. The descriptive statistical method of analysis was used. It was discovered that there is no form of cooperation and resource sharing among the academic libraries presently. The study recommends that National Universities Commission (NUC) should make automation a requirement for all academic libraries in Nigeria and recommend particular software(s) for cooperation and resource sharing to be possible among academic libraries among others. Keywords: Resource-sharing, library cooperation, library software packages, Nigeria, academic libraries, South-West Nigeria

1. INTRODUCTION of others is available and getting better all the time; and (b) Economies are forcing libraries The current trend in information technology to cooperate. and its relevance to the retrieval system compels librarians everywhere in the world to move from 1.1 Statement of Problem analogue to the digital systems. This is to enhance the efficiency of information management. According The use of different library software at the same to Lesk1, digital information can be accessed rapidly time or the same library software at different times around the world, copied for preservation without which are not internet compatible is a major problem error, stored compactly, and searched very quickly. which the academic libraries are facing in Nigeria. Also technology advancement presents the library The governing bodies NUC (National Universities profession a platform for easy resource sharing. Commission) and NLA (Nigerian Library Association) have no laid down rules guiding all university University libraries in Nigeria should develop libraries in the acquisition of a particular or set of systems that will help them link online to other software(s) and as a result, every institution makes institutions of interest with a view to sourcing its choice of software, based on how appropriate information online or creating real time access to it is in meeting the immediate need(s), (perceived information that will enable the faculty and student usefulness) financial strength, and maintenance and to have access to current and up-to-date capability. The implication is that the most advocated information2. In essence, they should not be bound resource sharing and cooperation among libraries to their local book collection, but through networks, become a great impossibility. be able to borrow books or exchange documents with other libraries3. Also, problems regarding complexity and enormous Chapman4, observed that it is no longer feasible task of digitisation, access to the internet, electricity for any institution to provide all the information supply, and skilled man power are major obstacles needs of its users while Zhang5, opines that we in the path of technological advancement in Nigeria are entering the golden age of cooperation as, and the academic libraries are not left out of (a) The technology to link libraries and to make this predicament. With this background that the users of one library aware of the collections researchers seek to investigate software adaptation

Received 9 April 2014, revised 5 November 2014, online published 22 January 2015 DJLIT, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2015 practices and their application to library cooperation (e) Identify strategies for enhancing library automation and resource sharing among academic libraries in and software adoption practices in the academic South-West Nigeria. libraries

1.2 Library Software and Cooperation/ 3. METHODOLOGY Resource Sharing in Nigeria The survey method of research was adopted for The advent of library software in Nigeria, which the study. Respondents were chosen from Universities dates back to the 1970s, had the challenge of in the South-West geopolitical zone of the country. acquiring and maintaining software packages because The purposive sampling technique was adopted of cost. Even with the variety of library software and data collection instruments were questionnaire available in the market, which came either as and interview. In Nigeria, there is a total of 128 integrated or modular package, Nigerian libraries universities while in the South-West zone comprising did not adopt any until 1984 when International of six states of the federation, there are 39 as at Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) library in the time of this study. All of the 39 universities Ibadan replaced its card catalogue with a fully were chosen and copies of questionnaire were computerised integrated software called, Battlelle administered to a representative of each academic 8 Automated Search Information Systems (BASIS) . library. 37 questionnaires were retrieved and valid Academic libraries in Nigeria didn’t seem to for the study. The descriptive statistical method of use library software until the National Universities analysis was used. Commission (NUC) acquired TINLIB for only federal university libraries and UNESCO introduced CDS/ 4. DATA analysis AND FINDINGS ISIS. Afterwards, different software came into market Table 1 revealed that 26 (70 %) of the respondents’ resulting to lack of uniformity in the use of library libraries were PAWLS (partial automation with library software became a major problem in the academic software) meaning that the libraries do not fully environment militating against effective resource deploy their software to all automation operations, sharing and cooperation9. Zhang5 explained that, for any successful cooperation and resource sharing Table 1. Extent of automation in Nigerian academic among libraries, all interested libraries must form libraries and the software in use a consortium. Institutions Extent of Software in Library cooperation in Nigeria has its root traced automa- use back to the National Union Catalogue (NUC) which tion was conceived in 1963 by the National Library of PAWLS VTLS Nigeria and had 85 libraries as participants. However, the programme could not accomplish its aim because Olabisi Onabanjo University, PAWLS Alice for it lacked standard in the cataloguing information Ago-Iwoye Windows supplied by participating libraries6. Then there was Covenant University Ota FA MILLENIUM the meeting of the working group on inter-library PAWLS MILLENIUM lending held at a forum of the National Library The Bells University of technol- LOWLS of Nigeria in 1974 at Ile-Ife and the subsequent ogy, Ota conference on cooperation in Nigeria, held at Kaduna , Oshogbo LOWLS in 198011. The result was the NUC project which Mcpherson University Seriki PAWLS Liberty3 aimed at examining the possibilities of cooperative Sotayo, Ajebo acquisition and to consider a viable framework for operating the scheme in Nigeria, this also failed7. Redeemers University PAWLS KOHA University PAWLS Alice for 2. Objectives Windows Specific objectives of the study are to: , Owo LOWLS (a) Determine the extent of automation in academic Pan-African University, Lagos LOWLS libraries in the South-West zone of Nigeria Federal University of Agricul- PAWLS KOHA (b) Determine the library software(s) in use in ture, Abeokuta academic libraries in the South-West zone of Lead City University, Ibadan PAWLS KOHA Nigeria (c) Determine the extent of use of the software Wesley University of Science & PAWLS Liberty 3 Technology, Ondo adopted by the libraries (d) Determine the level of library consortia among PAWLS KARLMARK academic libraries in the South-West zone of Adekunle Ajasin University, PAWLS SLAM Nigeria Akungba

4 Mercy, et.al.,: Software Selection and Deployment for Library Cooperation and Resource Sharing

Tai Solarin University of Educa- LOWLS tion, Ijebu-Ode Adeleke University, Ede PAWLS KOHA Obafemi Awolowo University, PAWLS VTLS Ile-Ife Ladoke Akintola University PAWLS KOHA Technology, Ogbomoso , Oyo PAWLS KOHA , Abeokuta LOWLS Federal University, Oye-Ekiti PAWLS KOHA Federal University Technology, PAWLS SLAM Akure Afe-Babalola University, Ado- PAWLS KOHA Ekiti , Lagos PAWLS KOHA KOHA SLAM VTLS Liberty 3 Alice Millenium Karl Bishop Ajayi Crowther Univer- LOWLS for Windows Mark sity, Ibadan Figure 1. Rating of most used software PAWLS KOHA From Fig. 1, it is revealed that out of the 26 partial Joseph ayo Babalola University LOWLS automation with library software (PAWLS) academic PAWLS SLAM libraries surveyed, seven different software were University KOHA identified. KOHA was the most commonly adopted software and perceived to be most available to , Ipetumodu LOWLS academic libraries from South-West Nigeria universities University of Ado-Ekiti PAWLS SLAM with a total 12 (44 %). This followed in perceived Ondo State University of Sci- SLAM affordability and availability by SLAM with a total ence and Technology of 5 (19 %), VTLS, Liberty3, Alice for Windows and CETEP City University, Lagos LOWLS MILLENIUM with an equal total of 2 (7.6 %) each, Technical University, Ibadan LOWLS and KARLMARK 1 (3.8 %). KOHA appeared to be the most used perhaps because it is an open-source , Ilara-Mokin PAWLS KOHA integrated library system and does not require fund National Open University of PAWLS Liberty 3 to download and customise. Nigeria, Lagos Table 2 revealed that majority of the respondent’s PAWL= Partial Automation With Library Software; FAWL= Low libraries are not fully utilising their software. Only Automation Without Library Software, FA= Full Automation 1 (3.8 %) of the libraries have all its collections for example what is available, is catalogue and not catalogued, indexed and has all its library routine content of the materials even the catalogues in activities computerised. The remaining 25 (96 %) some libraries do not reflect majority the library’s only have part of their total collections catalogued holding while 10 (27 %) were low automation without and indexed. In essence, they are still in the library software (LOWLS). However only 1 (2.7 %) process of cataloguing and indexing their collections. was found to be full automation (FA). The Covenant However, they do not yet have all their library University Library is automated with all routine routine activities computerised, except for 1 (3.8 %) activities computerised. It has a functional virtual of the libraries that is still in the process of test- library service, which gives staff and students’ running its software. The indication is that these access to the web public access catalogue, and libraries are automated to some extent yet the other electronic resources from offices, departments librarians are not fully utilising their platform for and wherever there is a computer terminal which routine activities let alone share their resources. is linked to the university network. Nevertheless, response to interview questions revealed This indicated that about 75 % of academic that beyond adequate skills and funding, there are libraries in the south-west Nigeria are automated to challenges of misappropriation of the little funds a fairly reasonable extent which is an improvement, that are meant for running the library and many of compared to study by Isiaku & Ibrahim10 who found the universities did not consider resource sharing in a survey that resource sharing is practiced at as criteria during software acquisition. a very low level in the two northern universities Finally, it can be deduced from the findings partly due to the fact that these institutions have that many librarians in the South-West zone are failed to embrace the adoption of ICT (automation). indifferent about moving with the trend in the field

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Table 2. Extent of use of the software adopted by the Crescent Univer- libraries sity, Abeokuta Institutions Software Cata- Library Federal University SLAM NCC in use logue/ routine Technology Akure index of activities all collec- computerised Caleb University KOHA tions Bishop Ajayi University of VTLS NCC 0 Crowther Univer- Ibadan sity, Ibadan Olabisi Onabanjo Alice for NCC Babcock Univer- KOHA NCC University, Ago- Windows sity Library Iwoye Joseph Ayo Ba- Covenant Univer- MILLE- CAC ALAC balola University sity, Ota. NIUM Afe-Babalola Uni- KOHA NCC University of MILLE- NCC 0 versity Lagos NIUM Osun State Uni- KOHA The Bells Univer- versity sity of Technology, Ota Oduduwa Univer- sity Ipetumodu Fountain Univer- sity, Oshogbo University of Ado- SLAM NCC Ekiti Mcpherson Univer- sity Seriki Sotayo, Ondo State Uni- SLAM Ajebo versity of Science and Technology Redeemers Uni- KOHA NCC versity Federal University KOHA Oye-Ekiti Achievers Univer- sity, Owo CETEP City Uni- versity, Lagos Pan-African Uni- versity, Lagos Technical Univer- sity, Ibadan Lagos State Uni- Alice for NCC versity Windows National Open Liberty 3 NCC University of Federal University KOHA Nigeria,Lagos of Agriculture, Abeokuta Elizade University KOHA NCC Ilara-Mokin Lead City Univer- KOHA sity, Ibadan CAC=Catalogue of All Collections NCC= Non Catalogue of All Collections Wesley University ALAC= All Library Routine Activities Computerised of Science & Tech- NALAC= Not All Library Routine Activities Computerised nology, Ondo Crawford Univer- KARL- NCC therefore, not engaging in aggressive full automation sity MARK exercise or the means of sustenance is lacking Adekunle Aja- SLAM since they already have adopted one software or sin University, Akungba the other. Tai Solarin Univer- Table 3 showed the level of software use among sity of Education academic libraries in South -West zone of Nigeria Adeleke Univer- KOHA NCC and that there is no form of cooperation and resource sity, Ede sharing taking place amongst PAWLS academic Obafemi Awolowo VTLS libraries in the South-West zone of Nigeria not University Ile-Ife even those using same software. Ladoke Akintola KOHA It was gathered from the interview session that University Technol- the only activity that looks like cooperation is on ogy, Ogbomoso the KOHA community platform where a co-user BOWEN Univer- KOHA library can have access to a generated report of sity, Oyo members of the community. Others on the VTLS

6 Mercy, et.al.,: Software Selection and Deployment for Library Cooperation and Resource Sharing

Table 3. Level of software use among academic The findings of this study is in tandem with a libraries in the South-West zone of Nigeria survey by Anasi & Ali12 which revealed that the prospect for resource sharing among university libraries in Institutions Software in use Nigeria is high, but that factors hindering effective University of Ibadan VTLS exercise of same include: inadequate funding, a Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye Alice for Windows dearth of skilled librarians, power outages, an absence Covenant University, Ota MILLENIUM of web-accessible OPACs, uneven development of University of Lagos MILLENIUM libraries, and slow progress of library automation. What is referred to as lack of skills may be that Redeemers University KOHA the software are not easy to use as observed and Alice for Windows recommended by Wallace & Sheetz13 that software Federal University of Agriculture, Abeo- KOHA developers should direct more effort on ease of use kuta as a measure in developing software. Lead City University, Ibadan KOHA This study recommends that the NUC should Crawford University KARLMARK make automation a requirement for all academic Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba SLAM libraries in Nigeria and recommend particular software which are internet compatible cooperation and Adeleke University, Ede KOHA resource sharing to be possible among academic Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife VTLS libraries. Software developers should direct enough Ladoke Akintola University Technology, KOHA effort at ease of usage when developing software Ogbomoso for libraries. All academic librarians should develop BOWEN University, Oyo KOHA good ICT skills, be well-oriented and given in-depth Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba SLAM training on the particular software that their library is using thereby being able to maximise the use Federal University Technology, Akure SLAM of same. Librarians should endeavour to engage Caleb University KOHA in personal cataloguing of their library’s holdings Babcock University KOHA rather than wait for mechanical digitisation that Afe-Babalola University KOHA may never happen. Government and proprietors KOHA of tertiary institutions should give more attention to the libraries by making available better funding University of Ado-Ekiti SLAM than is the situation presently. Finally, available Ondo State university of Science and SLAM fund should be well appropriated by the university Technology authorities. Federal University, Oye-Ekiti KOHA National Open , Liberty 3 References Lagos 1. Lesk, M. Understanding digital libraries. Morgan Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin KOHA Kaufmann Publications, San Francisco. 2005. platform claimed that efforts were made towards 2. Nwabuisi, T.I & Uche, H.I. The challenges of forming a consortium which failed because of lack software use in Nigerian university libraries: of consistent power supply, fund for mechanical Review of experiences from 1990-2009. Lib. retrospective conversion of hard copies and difficulty Phil. and Prac., 2011. http://www.webpages. in migrating from previous software due to improper uidaho.edu/~mbolin/nwabuisi-igbo2.htm conversion to MARC format (lack of IT skills). 3. Helosia, H.A. Sharing of information and cooperation among university libraries and their importance 3. Conclusions and Recommendations in the networked world.2013.http://www.0277. Seven different types of software packages were ch/ojs/index.php/cdrs_0277/article/view/30/80 identified to be in use in these libraries and it was 4. Chapman, E. Buying shares in libraries: The found during the interview sessions that there is economics of cooperative collection development. no form of resource sharing and cooperation taking IFLA Journal, 1997, 24(2), 102-06. place among them.For a successful cooperation and resource sharing among academic libraries in 5. Zhang, W. Library electronic resource sharing the south-west zone and Nigeria as a whole, all among liberal arts colleges: ACS palladian interested libraries must form a consortium. There alliance project. 1997. http://www.white-clouds. should be a policy on software acquisition which Com/iclc/clij/cl3zhang.htm (accessed on 11 March should include compatibility and ease of use as 2004) criteria for acquisition so as to ensure the possibility 6. Ubogu, F.N.; Okoh, M.I.; Alimole, A.N. & of resource sharing among libraries. Eyitayo, O.T. Library networks and resource

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sharing in Nigeria. African J. Lib. Arch. Inf. About the Authors Sci., 1992, 2(2), 99-109. 7. Agboola, A.T. Information technology potentials Ms Iroaganachi, Mercy A. is the Readers’ Services for inter-library loan and cooperation. Lagos J. Librarian, Covenant University Library (Center for Lib. Inf. Sci., 2003, 1(2), 106-12. Learning Resources). She holds BA (Hons.) in 8. Oyiloye, A.M. Software packages for libraries in Communication and Language Arts, and Masters Nigeria. In Technology for Information Management Degree in Library and Information Science (MLIS) from and Service: Modern Libraries and Information the University of Ibadan.She is a Senior Resource Centers in Developing Countries.edited by E.C. Officer in Covenant University Ota, Ogun State Modu. Evi-Colman, Ibadan, pp. 40-51. Nigeria, a Certified Librarian of Nigeria (CLN) by the Librarian Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN). Her 9. Oketunji, I. Professional challenges in digital areas of interests are: Metrics/Assessment, gender age. Lagos J. Lib. Inf. Sci., 2003, 1(2), 101- studies in librarianship, librarianship/ICT,information 05. for vulnerable groups and library administration. 10. Isyaku, A.A. & Ibrahim, U. Resource sharing services in academic library services in Bauchi: The Ms Iwu-James Juliana is presently working as a case of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university and Resource Officer at Convenant University, Nigeria. Muhammadu Wabi libraries, Federal Polytechnic, She has done BLIS and MLIS. Her areas of interests Bauchi, Merit Research. J. Edu. Rev., 2013, are: Libraries and education in developing nations, 1(1), 1-5.http://www.meritresearchjournals.org/ corporate social responsibility, enhancing information er/index.htm access and use for the dyslexics, and cataloguing 11. Kundu, A.K. & Panda, N.M. Inevitability of education. resource sharing among the university libraries in North-East India: A pragmatic approach. Ms Esse Ugwunwa Chinyere is a Librarian 1 in Herald of Lib. Sci., 1998, 37(1-2), 56-69. Centre for Learning Resources, Covenant University. 12. Anasi, S. & Ali, H. Resource sharing challenges Her area of research interest are: Information and and prospects in Nigerian university libraries. communication technology, user education, human Inter. Doc. Supp., 2012, 40(3), 156–62. computer interaction, etc. 13. Wallace, L.N & Sheetz, S.D. The adoption of software measures: A technology acceptance model (ATM). Persp. Inform. Manag., 2014, 51, 249-59.

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