Herný Soundtrack Ako Súčasť Hudobného Priemyslu Magisterská Diplomová Práca

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Herný Soundtrack Ako Súčasť Hudobného Priemyslu Magisterská Diplomová Práca Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Management v kultuře Mgr. Adam Špánik Herný soundtrack ako súčasť hudobného priemyslu Magisterská diplomová práca Vedúci práce: PhDr. Martin Flašar, Ph.D. 2020 Prehlasujem, že som svoju magisterskú diplomovú prácu vypracoval samostatne s využitím uvedených prameňov a literatúry. _________________________ Brno, 3. máj 2020 Poďakovanie Svoje poďakovanie adresujem predovšetkým PhDr. Martinovi Flašarovi, Ph.D. za jeho ochotu viesť predkladanú prácu, za pomoc a cenné rady. Poďakovanie patrí aj mojej rodine a kamarátom za neutíchajúcu podporu. Obsah I. Úvod ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Stav bádania ................................................................................................................. 7 II. Hudobný priemysel .......................................................................................................... 12 2.1. Kultúrny priemysel u Adorna a Horkheimera ........................................................... 12 2.2. Definícia hudobného priemyslu ................................................................................. 13 2.3. Stručný historický vývoj hudobného priemyslu až po rozmach rock and rollu ........ 15 2.4. Streaming ako súčasný trend v hudobnom priemysle ............................................... 20 III. Herná hudba .................................................................................................................. 26 3.1. Vymedzenie a krátky historický kontext ................................................................... 26 3.2. Funkcie hudobnej zložky vo videohrách ................................................................... 28 3.3. Herný soundtrack ....................................................................................................... 30 3.4. Definovanie funkčnej a autonómnej hudby ............................................................... 32 3.5. Prienik hernej hudby a hernej kultúry do iných hudobných žánrov .......................... 34 3.6. Hudobné videohry ako príležitosť pre hudobný priemysel ....................................... 36 IV. Herný audio priemysel .................................................................................................. 39 4.1. Zvukový tím .............................................................................................................. 39 4.2. Prieskum o hernom audio priemysle ......................................................................... 41 V. Produkcia hernej hudby .................................................................................................... 46 5.1. Produkcia hudby vo videohrách ................................................................................ 46 5.1.1. Preprodukcia ....................................................................................................... 47 5.1.2. Produkcia ............................................................................................................ 48 5.1.3. Postprodukcia ..................................................................................................... 50 5.2. Vydanie herného soundtracku ................................................................................... 50 5.2.1. Odklon od funkčnosti k autonómnosti ............................................................... 51 5.3. Herný soundtrack ako merchandise produkt ............................................................. 52 5.4. Distribúcia herného soundtracku ............................................................................... 53 VI. Soundtrack v hudobných rebríčkoch ............................................................................. 55 6.1. Umiestnenie soundtrackov obecne ............................................................................ 55 6.1.1. Týždenné rebríčky .............................................................................................. 55 6.1.2. Ročné a dekádové rebríčky ................................................................................ 57 6.2. Herný soundtrack v hudobných rebríčkoch ............................................................... 59 VII. Koncertné podujatia hernej hudby ................................................................................ 62 7.1. História koncertov hernej hudby ............................................................................... 63 7.2. Súčasný stav .............................................................................................................. 66 7.3. Situácia v Českej republike ....................................................................................... 68 VIII. Ocenenia hernej hudby .............................................................................................. 72 8.1. Grammy Awards ........................................................................................................ 72 8.2. BAFTA Game Awards .............................................................................................. 73 8.3. Game Audio Awards ................................................................................................. 74 8.4. Independent Games Festival ...................................................................................... 75 8.5. Konklúzia ................................................................................................................... 75 IX. Záver .............................................................................................................................. 77 X. Resumé ............................................................................................................................. 79 10.1. Summary ................................................................................................................ 79 10.2. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. 80 XI. Literatúra a zdroje ......................................................................................................... 81 I. Úvod Herná hudba je jedným zo základných elementov auditívnej zložky videohier. Vo vnútri tohto interaktívneho audiovizuálneho média pôsobí ako funkčný prostriedok, ktorý komunikuje s obrazom, či obsahom a dokonca ovplyvňuje jeho celkový tvar. S pribúdajúcim časom sa herná hudba stala svojbytným fenoménom a začala sa určitým spôsobom osamostatňovať od herného média. Dnešná literatúra však nahliada na takúto hudbu stále najmä z hľadiska funkčnosti vo videohre a nevenuje veľkú pozornosť jej samostatnej existencii mimo toto médium. Predkladaný text sa preto snaží sledovať postavenie herného soundtracku v rámci hudobného priemyslu a pokladá si otázku možnosti prechodu hernej hudby smerom z oblasti funkčnej hudby do oblasti autonómnej. V úvode práce si najskôr predstavíme základný stav bádania, respektíve literatúru súvisiacu so zmienenou problematikou. Následne sa budeme venovať hudobnému priemyslu. Definujeme si tento termín a pre lepšie pochopenie významu si v krátkosti opíšeme jeho stručný historický vývoj. Budeme sa zaoberať aj streamingom, ktorý dnes nesporne dominuje v oblasti hudobného priemyslu. Ďalšia časť bude venovaná hernej hudbe. Po vymedzení tohto pojmu, predstavení stručných historických míľnikov a hlavných funkcií hudobnej zložky vo videohrách si osvetlíme pojem herný soundtrack. Následne si v krátkosti determinujeme rozdiely medzi funkčnou a autonómnou hudbou, poukážeme na prienik hernej hudby do iných žánrov a odprezentujeme význam hudobných videohier pre hudobný priemysel. Ďalšia kapitola sa bude zaoberať problematikou herného audio priemyslu, v ktorom hudobná zložka hier vzniká. Predstavíme si niekoľko základných zvukových profesií, či príkladný zvukový tím podieľajúci sa na tvorbe auditívneho komponentu videohry. V ďalšej časti textu sa pozrieme na samotný priebeh, respektíve jednotlivé fázy produkcie hudby v hrách a jej následné osamostatnenie sa vydaním herného soundtracku. Ešte pred tým, než si budeme v krátkosti prezentovať distribúciu soundtracku, pouvažujeme nad autonómnosťou tejto hudby. Nasledujúce tri kapitoly budú sledovať existenciu osamostatneného herného soundtracku, teda hudby oprostenej od svojej funkcionality vo videohrách. V prvej z nich budeme sledovať obľúbenosť soundtrackov. K tomu nám poslúžia hudobné rebríčky vychádzajúce na oficiálnych webových stránkach časopisu Billboard. Najskôr sa pozrieme na umiestňovanie všetkých soundtrackov, teda aj tých filmových a následne si predstavíme mimoriadne úspechy, ktoré zaznamenali tie herné. V ďalšej kapitole sa budeme venovať dnes 6 veľmi obľúbeným a vyhľadávaným koncertom hernej hudby. Najprv nahliadneme do histórie, kde si predstavíme prvé podujatia tohto typu. Neskôr sa pozrieme aj na dnešnú situáciu a budeme si prezentovať najúspešnejšie a najaktuálnejšie koncerty s týmto druhom repertoáru. V poslednej časti nás čaká tematika oceňovania hernej hudby, ktorá dnes môže byť nominovaná aj na jednu z cien Grammy, či Bafta. 1.1. Stav bádania Herná hudba je problematikou, ktorá zasahuje do viacerých odvetví a vyžaduje si interdisciplinárny prístup. Jednak narastá počet muzikológov, ktorých táto téma zaujíma, ale nevyhýbajú sa jej ani poslucháči herných štúdií, či teórie interaktívnych médií. Na rozdiel od filmovej hudby má však stále čo dobiehať, a to najmä v rámci kvantity akademických textov, v ktorej sa s kinematografickým umením nemôže
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