Thelodus <50 Squatina Rhincodon Chlamydoselachus 100 72 91 Isurus Sphyrna 55 98 Clarias <50 Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2019 1583 taxa, 235 characters 88 Hoplosternum 99 Rhinobatos 81 Ictalurus Manta Entelognathus 74 * red taxa have too few traits to include on this list, but were tested with small subsets 58 95 Qilinyu 97 Cladoselache Chondrosteus <50 Menaspis 100 Dicksonosteus Pseudoscaphirhynchus 66 100 94 Romundina 64 Bothriolepis 59 Heterodontus 100 Coccosteus 65 Belantsea 85 Mcnamaraspis 69 Chimaera Dunkleosteus 100 Iniopteryx Falcatus Stensioella 94 99 Kenichthys 99 Guiyu Psarolepis 64 Youngolepis Powichthys 87 Pteronisculus 64 96 99 Polypterus Mimipiscis 98 Erpetoichthys 69 Uranolophus 60 Cheirolepis 90 59 Dipnorhynchus 100 Malacosteus 68 Chauliodus 100 Howidipterus 63 100 Lepidogalaxias 94 Strunius 60 Trachinocephalus <50 Onychodus Chiasmodon 89 Barameda 65 100 Gymnothorax Brachyacanthus 62 99 Eurypharynx 90 Ischnacanthus Doliodus 63 Allenypterus Cheirodus 95 Quebecius <50 71 Holoptychius Pholidophorus <50 Robustichthys Archosauromorpha 100 Miguashia 87 <50 Lepidotes Latimeria 3 100 Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 69 Semionotus 99 Diplovertebron Gogonasus Eldeceeon holotype Romeriscus 84 79 91 Coccocephalichthys 61 Cabonnichthys Saurichthys 91 Bystrowiella 97 Osteolepis 62 100 98 Solenodonsaurus 73 Eusthenopteron Thunnus 85 88 52 Polydactylus 94 Westlothiana Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 Tinirau <50 Casineria 100 100 Panderichthys Heteronectes 100 Chroniosaurus <50 84 Brouffia 88 100 Koilops 52 78 Psettodes Chroniosuchus Coelostegus Tiktaalik Hippoglossus 93 77 97 92 Paleothyris Spathicephalus 91 51 Xiphactinus 78 Hylonomus Dvinosaurus Notopterus 66 Anthracodromeus 51 Perca 100 Trypanognathus 82 Cyprinus Protorothyris MCZ1532 Laidleria 99 Protorothyris CM 8617 95 86 Isodectes 82 62 Megalops 85 87 98 94 Acroplous Serrasalmus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 54 99 Batrachosuchus 98 Dapedium Vaughnictis Siderops Osteoglossum 80 94 81 100 Gerrothorax 99 Thoracopterus Plagiosuchus 70 Engraulis 62 92 Deltaherpeton 78 Amia 73 Anarhichas 66 Elliotsmithia Antarctanax Esox Coryphaena Pholidogaster <50 Apsisaurus Cabarzia 100 88 Sphyraena 91 Colosteus 75 Milosaurus Remora 86 Aerosaurus Aytonerpeton 79 <50 Aphanopus 67 90 Varanops Greererpeton Lampris Varanodon <50 57 Xiphias 83 Ossinodus 97 85 Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 Megazostrodon Tinodon MGUH-VP-8160 Tylosurus 84 Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 100 <50 82 93 Sinodelphys Acanthostega 71 Exocoetus Archaeothyris 100 89 99 Juramaia Shuotherium Ichthyostega 85 Anableps Ophiacodon 75 82 70 81 Lepisosteus Chaoyangodens Ausktribosphenos Proterogyrinus 82 Pantelosaurus 68 100 Eoherpeton 71 Gasterosteus Brasilitherium Amphitherium 91 Regalecus 97 Haptodus 97 95 Kuehneotherium 100 Neopteroplax 99 Docodon 63 80 73 Gnathonemus 82 Secodontosaurus Lactodens Anthracosaurus 76 71 Hippocampus 100 Dimetrodon 79 93 Cifelliodon Dryolestes 97 Sphenacodon 95 Tachyglossus 92 Baphetes 66 Prionotus Megalocephalus Ianthodon 88 Akidolestes Dactylopterus 80 85 96 100 Pederpes Edaphosaurus Ornithorhynchus 97 Diodon 99 95 Whatcheeria Plectocretacicus 82 Ianthasaurus <50 99 Ventastega Seriola rivoliana Glaucosaurus Ukhaatherium 93 Patagosmilus Mola Crassigyrinus <50 87 Cutleria 94 Hadrocodium <50 94 Balistes 87 88 Morganucodon 87 Sclerothorax NMK-S 118A Hipposaurus 72 Periophthalmus Stenocybus Eomaia Volaticotherium Iberospondylus 58 80 85 Seriola zonata 62 <50 Agilodocodon 88 Peltobatrachus 79 96 Dicrolene 97 IVPP V18117 77 Acristatherium Sclerocephalus smns90055 71 Anguilla 62 71 Kenyasaurus 59 Cronopio 65 96 Didelphis 100 Laosuchus 86 Antennarius 82 Galechirus Nigerpeton Ambolestes 51 99 94 Lophius 100 52 Suminia Saharastega 89 85 Glironia 99 Electrophorus Venjukovia 55 95 Cochleosaurus Gymnotus 83 Marmosops 80 Eodicynodon Marmosa 78 Chenoprosopus 94 83 Asioryctes 100 79 Zatrachys Dicynodon 100 Asioryctes long rostrum 65 Eryops Biarmosuchus 78 <50 Perameles 98 87 Edops Titanophoneus Macrotis Archegosaurus 100 Procynosuchus 59 Dasycercus 65 Rhineceps 77 Myrmecobius 78 100 Thrinaxodon 84 74 Parotosuchus 75 Anebodon Prozostrodon Docofossor 72 Mastodonsaurus Sclerothorax HLD-V608 100 Dromiciops 97 69 83 Probainognathus Notoryctes Wantzosaurus 85 <50 84 Potorous 54 <50 Trematosaurus long rostrum 99 86 Chiniquodon Pseudocheirus 82 Neldasaurus Castorocauda Dasyuroides Trematosaurus 77 87 98 Haldanodon Metoposaurus 97 Paedotherium 96 Pseudotherium 100 Groeberia Trimerorhachis 71 Pachygenelus Vintana Dendrerpeton Therioherpeton Priacodon 85 Balbaroo 88 76 Sinoconodon Trioracodon 86 Phalanger 87 Perryella Heleosaurus 81 Tersomius 81 9 4 Brasilodon 81 92 Dactylopsia 96 99 Mycterosaurus FMNH UC169 98 Haramiyavia 72 Petaurus 97 82 Dissorophus 81 Nikkasaurus Thylacoleo Cacops 89 Microdocodon 65 <50 Broiliellus Mesenosaurus PIN 3706/4 Oligokyphus 94 Mesenosaurus PIN 3717/1 88 100 Kayentatherium 97 Fedexia 94 87 <50 Phascolarctos Ecolsonia Mesenosaurus PIN 158/1 Tritylodon Vombatus 97 <50 98 Chaliminia 64 74 89 Tambachia 79 Niaftasuchus <50 Riograndia Pyrotherium 84 Acheloma 74 57 Platyhistrix <50 Diprotodon 100 Spinolestes Propalorchestes Anningia Jeholodens 81 100 Georgenthalia 88 96 <50 Palorchestes Micromelerpeton 89 Archaeovenator 76 Yanoconodon 96 Interatherium Doleserpeton 95 Orovenator 90 Maotherium 98 71 Asaphestera Gobiconodon 77 Hegetotherium 98 Apateon 83 Pyozia 80 100 92 Gerobatrachus Utaherpeton 52 Liaoconodon 84 Mesotherium 76 Tuditanus 100 Broomia Repenomamus robustus 98 Andrias 88 60 <50 100 Euygenium Necturus Llistrofus 89 Milleropsis BPI-720 Repenomamus giganticus Toxodon 80 Rana Batropetes 98 Erpetonyx <50 100 55 Procoptodon Karaurus 99 Rhynchonkos 54 100 Micraroter Monodelphis Nambaroo Celtedens 97 87 Ascendonanus MNC-TA0924 Chironectes 91 Euryodus primus 80 Proargyrolagus Dendrolagus Eudibamus Huerfanodon 67 97 100 Macropus <50 Kirktonecta Aphelosaurus 61 92 Vincelestes Scincosaurus 100 99 83 Conoryctes 77 92 Petrolacosaurus Pantylus 87 Araeoscelis 83 99 Schowalteria 69 Balanerpeton 91 Stegostretus Thylacosmilus 91 Caerorhachis 94 Spinoaequalis Batrachiderpeton Galesphyrus 99 Amphibamus 94 86 Dasyurus Platyrhinops 100 Keraterpeton 94 Youngina BPI 3859 Sinopa Cimolestes 82 Diceratosaurus 85 Acerosodontosaurus 74 77 80 100 <50 Diplocaulus 100 Sarcophilus Utegenia 2 78 72 85 Thadeosaurus Ernanodon Utegenia 1 Diploceraspis 100 Tangasaurus 98 Sauropleura Hovasaurus 66 Thylacinus 95 Ariekanerprton 83 99 Ptyonius 90 Claudiosaurus 89 Thylophorops Kotlassia 73 Adelosaurus not Amphicyon 91 Seymouria Acherontiscus 61 95 100 Rileymillerus 100 98 Atopodentatus Discosauriscus Sinosaurosphargis 75 Deltatheridium 75 69 76 98 Phlegethontia CGH129 100 Austraolhyaena 63 Makowskia 77 Largocephalosaurus 91 Phlegethontia AMNH6966 72 84 Oxyaena Seymouria.tadpole 92 Omphalosaurus Arctocyon 100 Lethiscus 98 Oestocephalus 100 54 Deltatherium Eusauropleura Anarosaurus Caluromys 100 Mayulestes 86 Tulerpeton <50 Microbrachis Diandongosaurus <50 80 Masrasector 86 77 80 Eucritta <50 Adelospondylus Palatodonta Hyaenodon Borhyaena 86 Pappochelys 82 Stegops Adelogyrinus 98 Vulpavus Callistoe Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Chinlestegophis Palacrodon Didelphodon 78 98 85 <50 Majiashanosaurus 97 Protictis Brachydectes 97 87 93 Lysorophus Paraplacodus 91 Nandinia 99 <50 Eocaecilia Pachypleurosaurus Placodus inexpectatus 99 Talpa 72 99 99 96 Dermophis 97 100 Qianxisaurus 83 Placodus gigas Prohesperocyon 91 99 Cartorhynchus 98 Henodus 97 Eupleres Reptilia 94 Sclerocormus 100 Placochelys 99 Cryptoprocta 99 Puijila 100 100 Keichousaurus Cyamodus 72 Neotherium Dianmeisaurus 93 Herpestes 84 100 Procyon 80 99 Ursus arctos 97 Dawazisaurus 71 Ursus maritimus Silvanerpeton Hanosaurus 95 Ailurus 60 100 88 76 Lariosaurus Ailuropoda 95 Gulo 98 Bobosaurus Mustela Arctodus Corosaurus 71 53 Cymatosaurus 87 Kerberos 100 Lepidosaurmorpha <50 87 Patriofelis 80 Sachicasaurus 90 Urumqia Nothosaurus Sarkastodon <50 57 Bruktererpeton Wangosaurus Machaeroides 63 97 82 100 Simosaurus 87 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 89 Paludidraco 100 Ectoganus 62 82 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 79 84 Hauffiosaurus 66 Stylinodon Amphicynodon 98 Anningsaura 81 93 Psittacotherium Acostasaurus Pistosaurus 75 Megistotherium Saurorictus 64 90 Thalassiodracon 93 99 99 75 Yunguisaurus Palaeosinopa 70 Cephalerpeton 91 Opisthodontosaurus <50 Rhomaleosaurus 98 Phoca 80 98 Odobenus Reiszorhinus 92 Vinialesaurus 75 Concordia KUVP 8702a 100 Tricleidus 95 Miacis 96 Concordia KUVP 96/95 59 <50 Plesiosaurus Hyopsodus 81 Romeria primus 61 Psilotrachelosaurus 51 Libonectes 75 Enaliarctos Romeria texana PIMUZ AIII 0192 97 Albertocnectes 99 Desmatophoca 74 69 77 Protocaptorhinus 96 SMF R 4710 50 Styxosaurus 74 Pithanotaria 66 Stereosternum Simolestes Zalophus Paracaptorhinus 96 99 86 76 99 Brazilosaurus holotype 96 Eocaptorhinus 79 Mesosaurus 72 81 Trinacromerum Speothos 99 Captorhinus YAGM V1401 85 Dolichorhynchops 82 97 Proteles Peloneustes Labidosaurus 95 93 Canis Serpianosaurus 98 Megacephalosaurus 98 Amphicyon major Concavispina 87 94 Brachauchenius 84 Hesperocyon 83 98 Xinpusaurus kohi 92 Stenorhynchus 100 Limnoscelis 77 78 Panthera Xinpusaurus suni 97 Pliosaurus kevani 94 Crocuta Orobates 90 Feeserpeton Kronosaurus Palaechthon 83 <50 Thalattosaurus Cynocephalus 89 Amphicyon galushi 79 Tseajaia 50 Australothyris Wachtlerosaurus 80 98 87 Amphicyon idoneus Tetraceratops Eocasea 100 79 99 Zhangheotherium 73 100 Endennasaurus Delorhynchus Clarazia 99 Metachcheiromys Milleretta RC14 85 Microleter 98 73 Manis Milleretta RC70 91 Acleistorhinus Askeptosaurus Chriacus 72 97 83 73 100 Eunotosaurus 68 Anshunsaurus Onychonycteris 100 Eorhynchochelys 100 Miodentosaurus 91 Pteropus 100 Eusaurosphargis juvenile 99 100 Eusaurosphargis holotype 94 Rousettus 88 Oedaleops Choeronycteris Eothyris 100 Helveticosaurus 98 73 Vancleavea 79 Myotis 91 Colobomycter vaughni 81 Colobomycter pholeter Tadarida Wumengosaurus Hupehsuchus Datheosaurus 94 70 81 Ennatosaurus Parahupehsuchus 84 74 100 Eohupehsuchus 77 Ptilocercus 84 Casea 65 ?Hapalodectes IVPP V5235 Cotylorhynchus 83 Eretmorhipis WGCS V26020 Thaisaurus 100 79 Notharctus 100 Xinminosaurus 95 Indri 98 62 Diadectes CM25471 Utatsusaurus <50 92 Lemur 91 Shastasaurus alexandrae 84 Smilodectes 71 Silvadectes absitus MNG 8853 93 Alouatta 100 Perodicticus <50 Shastasaurus pacificus UCMP 9017 79 Galago 67 92 Phonodus 54 77 Rooneyia Macgowania Aotus 96 Bolosaurus 78 Grippia Belebey Aegyptopithecus 56 85 Mikadocephalus 56 67 98 Oradectes sanmiguelensis YGMIRSPCV03108 Archicebus 55 97 Teilhardina 58 Diadectes UC706 Parvinatator 94 Darwinius Diadectes sideropelicus 78 Chaohusaurus <50 Tarsius 52 Procolophon Besanosaurus Macaca 65 82 100 Proconsul 57 69 Kapes Qianichthyosaurus CMNH V1412 98 73 68 91 Pan 98 98 Qianichthyosaurus IVPP V11839 Scolaparia NSM 99 GF82.1 66 Gorilla 98 Leptopleuron 95 Phalarodon fraasi 80 64 100 Ardipithecus 99 Pentaedrusaurus 98 Contectopalatus Homo sapiens Hypsognathus 60 'Phalarodon' nordenskioeldii Mixosaurus 80 80 Tupaia Kudnu 62 Cymbospondylus petrinus Macroscelides 85 Stephanospondylus 79 97 Shonisaurus sikanniensis 75 100 Chrysochloris Provelosaurus 98 85 Palaeothentes 87 97 Guanlingsaurus GNG dq-50 Necrolestes Trogosus Deltavjatia KPM232 62 Guanlingsaurus YGMR SPC V03107 <50 100 77 68 81 Apatemys Scutosaurus Platypterygius 75 100 84 Heterohyus Bradysaurus NHMW Wimanius 82 99 Caenolestes 66 80 Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae IVPP V 11853 Anthodon 81 Rhyncholestes 91 Pareiasuchus Youngina SAM K7710 76 'Cymbospondylus' buchseri 99 66 78 Uropsilus 58 Pumiliopareia Sclerosaurus Youngina BPI 375 Shonisaurus popularis Scutisorex 75 88 Sphodrosaurus Prolacerta AMNH 9502 Ichthyosaurus communis 100 97 Limnogale 57 89 Ophthalmosaurus 81 Bunostegos 100 Arganaceras 87 Ixalerpeton 55 79 Microgale cowani 93 Elginia wuyongae 90 Czatkowiella Leptonectes tenuirostris Henkelotherium 81 Potamogale Odontochelys 71 Solenodon 85 100 85 78 Malerisaurus 62 Hauffiopteryx 78 Micropotamogale Elginia mirabilis Ocepechelon BRLSI M1399 82 Zalambdalestes 94 95 57 84 Prolacerta BPI 1/471 60 <50 90 Trionyx 80 94 Eurhinosaurus Ochotona Niolamia 79 Ozimek 87 63 Brachyerix Perochelys 99 Suevoleviathan GPIT 328/4/5 98 Gomphos Echinops 51 Meiolania Protorosaurus NHMW 1943I4* 96 98 84 Suevoleviathan SMNS15390 Oryctolagus Erinaceus Proterochersis Boreopricea 98 96 90 100 Pholidocercus Proganochelys 64 Protorosaurus NMK S 180 61 95 Arvinachelys 73 Echinosorex 51 100 Litorosuchus Kallokibotion_UBB ToK-2 <50 Deinogalerix <50 Jaxtasuchus 72 79 Kayentachelys Baena 99 Protorosaurus WMsN P47361 91 Thomomys 79 95 Pamelaria 73 Heterocephalus Glyptops Ceratogaulus 89 Mongolochelys Youngina TM 3603 98 Coendou 100 Maiopatagium 93 Chubutemys Youngopsis rubidgei RC90 74 95 Chelonia Youngopsis kitchingi TM1490 Pectinator 74 81 78 Neoreomys 75 Santanachelys Youngoides RC91 93 93 Chinchilla 73 Dermochelys 87 Youngina AMNH 5561 100 Allactaga 95 Carettochelys Youngoides UC1528 84 Pedestes 73 Macrochelys temminckii 82 100 Cavia Hydrochoerus Terrapene carolina 94 89 Proterosuchus BPI 1 4016 96 Rattus 96 Foxemys Pelomedusa 87 100 Chasmatosaurus QR 880C.500 Eliomys 94 95 69 100 Mus Araripemys 91 Chasmatosaurus SAM PK 11208 100 Chasmatosaurus TM 201 Paramys Chelus 75 73 Proterosuchus RC96 97 Ratufa 88 Ignacius Sciurus Bashkyroleter 95 Chasmatosaurus NMQR 1484 71 93 Plesiadapis 72 71 88 Daubentonia Macroleter Teyujagua 72 Elaphrosuchus RC59 Carpolestes 75 Emeroleter 95 Lanthanosuchus 74 Arboroharamiya Paulchoffatia 89 55 Nycteroleter 93 Proterosuchus SAMPKK10603 88 100 Nyctiphruretus holotype Doswellia Shenshou 67 89 95 Vilevolodon 78 Nyctiphruretus PIN 4659/1 86 99 Youngina BPI 2871 97 Megaconus Elachistosuchus Xianshou Owenetta rubidgei Tchoiria 94 63 98 92 Rugosodon Owenetta kitchingorum 91 Ikechosaurus 100 Catopsbaatar 74 96 94 Candelaria 99 Champsosaurus Kryptobaatar 88 88 Ptilodus 85 Simoedosaurus 99 Barasaurus Cteniogenys 99 Yubaatar 95 90 99 Taeniolabis Kitchingnathus Coeruleodraco Pseudictops 93 Philydrosaurus Santaisaurus 87 97 86 Maelestes 100 89 Sauropareion 59 Lazarussuchus <50 ?Hapalodectes IVPP V2385 85 Hyphalosaurus Coletta 68 Anagale 100 Monjurosuchus GMV216 Siamotherium 99 Paliguana Monjurosuchus NMM3671 83 Leptictis 86 Sophineta 95 Rhynchocyon 96 95 82 93 Diandongosuchus 91 Sinonyx 92 Mesorhinosuchus Harpagolestes macrocephalus 93 Tridentinosaurus 91 78 100 Paleorhinus Andrewsarchus 74 Coelurosauravus 100 81 Parasuchus 100 Mecistotrachelos Hemicentetes 57 Chanaresuchus 90 Tenrec Lanthanolania Proterochampsa PVSJ 77 51 92 95 Leptictidium 97 93 Icarosaurus 83 Proterochampsa PVSJ606 87 Indohyus 63 Pseudochampsa PVSJ 567 Kuehneosaurus 90 99 Gualosuchus 100 Pakicetus Xianglong 88 Cerritosaurus Maiacetus 94 100 Mystacodon 95 Tropidosuchus PVL 4601 Tropidosuchus PVL 4602 94 Llanocetus 74 Jesairosaurus 95 Hypuronector Lagerpeton 85 Zygorhiza 98 65 Coronodon Megalancosaurus 100 70 Euparkeria SAM PK K6047A Aetiocetus Vallesaurus 97 90 55 82 Euparkeria SAM PK K5867 Chonecetus Avicranium 78 Osmolskina 100 Physeter Tasmaniosaurus Orcinus 94 56 Tursiops BRSUG 29950-12 99 Revueltosaurus 64 96 91 62 Megachirella 94 Fugusuchus 99 Delphinapterus 70 Pleurosaurus 97 Garjainia Monodon 90 82 Colobops 97 Erythrosuchus 100 Conoryctella Marmoretta 99 Luperosuchus Onychodectes 81 <50 Gephyrosaurus 96 Shansisuchus Alcidedorbignya 80 Ectoconus 91 Ankylosphenodon 96 Barylambda 71 Pantolambda 87 Paleopleurosaurus 100 Riojasuchus Glyptodon 97 Ornithosuchus <50 Planocephalosaurus 100 98 Paramylodon 80 Heleosuchus 66 84 Vjushkovia 67 Bradypus 77 100 Kallimodon 73 85 Prestosuchus 79 Peltephilus Sphenodon 80 84 Batrachotomus Fruitafossor 88 Brachyrhinodon 96 78 Arizonasaurus 93 Saurosuchus 72 97 Clevosaurus Holmesina 88 64 Teleocrater Rauisuchus Sphenotitan 60 Chlamyphorus 95 Yarasuchus 97 Sikannisuchus 69 Orycteropus 100 Leptosaurus 95 72 62 Qianosuchus 98 Postosuchus 75 Dasypus Vadasaurus Nundasuchus 95 Smok 53 95 <50 99 Myrmecophaga 91 Sapheosaurus Ticinosuchus Teratosaurus 98 Tamandua 51 100 Titanoides Cyclopes Noteosuchus 75 Stagonolepis CM73372 90 80 Orthaspidotherium 100 Shringasaurus 77 Aeotosauroides 92 99 Meniscotherium Azendohsaurus 96 Aetosaurus Astrapotherium 100 Trilophosaurus Phenacodus Teraterpeton 90 Decuriasuchus 79 Pagosvenator 76 81 71 Thomashuxleya 100 Eohyosaurus Pleuraspidotherium 98 Turfanosuchus Mesosuchus 70 57 86 Periptychus 89 Priosphenodon Poposaurus 66 99 75 Gobiatherium 92 Sacisaurus Arsinoitherium 100 Rhynchosaurus articeps 85 87 99 Silesaurus 100 Coryphodon 90 Bentonyx 90 Lotosaurus 67 Hyperodapedon 98 100 Uintatherium 100 Shuvosaurus Bathyopsis Effigia 83 Agriochoerus Saurosternon 94 PVL 4597 88 Merycoidodon Palaegama 91 Mesonyx 65 Junggarsuchus Harpagolestes 73 Simbakubwa Tijubina 51 YPM VP 057 103 100 99 76 Ocepeia Bavarisaurus macrodactylus Lewisuchus 88 Pseudhesperosuchus 73 89 88 Carnufex Merycopotamus Huehuecuetzpalli <50 81 MCZ4116 90 99 Trialestes 53 Hippopotamus 88 Gracilisuchus 100 Dinocephalosaurus 69 LPV 30280 w embryo 84 92 Saltopus 99 Cornwallius 66 55 84 Yonghesuchus 55 Cambaytherium 76 Macrocnemus T2472 77 Scleromochlus 94 71 82 Anthracobune 96 Macrocnemus T4822 Fruitachampsa Macrocnemus T4823 64 100 Janjucetus Mammalodon 59 69 Pectodens SMNS12591skull Tanystropheus k and q 87 Terrestrisuchus Aenigmaspina 95 Neoparadoxia 91 89 Paleoparadoxia 99 Tanytrachelos 64 Tarjadia 79 Triopticus 96 Parringtonia 55 Desmostylus 75 97 Caperea Macrocnemus BES SC 111 74 Litargosuchus 98 Erpetosuchus Eubalaena 84 Langobardisaurus P10121 70 99 82 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 2883 77 Kayentasuchus Behemotops RBCM sp. 68 Miocaperea 100 Langobardisaurus MCSNB 4860 SMNS12352 skull 84 Langobardisaurus MFSN1921 66 53 99 Eschrichtius 99 99 Hesperosuchus 97 Cosesaurus 89 Isanacetus 73 Pedeticosaurus Balaenoptera 87 Kyrgyzsaurus 77 Dromicosuchus 75 Cetiotherium 77 Sharovipteryx 97 Protosuchus 78 Sitsqwayk 93 Longisquama 92 67 Tokarahia 96 84 Sichuanosuchus Bergamodactylus Orthosuchus 100 Yamatocetus 90 Eudimorphodon Maiabalaena 100 100 Sphenosuchus 100 Preondactyluis Homalodotherium Dimorphodon Saltoposuchus 95 Lacertulus Miocochilius Dibothrosuchus 90 90 66 Fraxinisaura Protypotherium 81 90 Dyoplax 94 Schoenesmahl (formerly Bavarisaurus) 100 Cainotherium Indrasaurus Pelagosaurus 93 <50 Sus 91 100 98 Teleosaurus 60 99 Meyasaurus 97 Danjiangia 98 Dakosaurus 93 80 Daohugou lizard IVPP V13747 Hoyalacerta Lambdotherium <50 97 Metriorhynchus 88 87 Carusia Sebecus Ancodus 98 Anthracotherium IPB R 535 Homoeosaurus tail 90 96 82 <50 98 Homoeosaurus solnhofensis Isisfordia 100 Archaeotherium 95 100 Crocodylus niloticus IVPP V14386 Dinohyus 99 97 Araripesuchus 60 Dalinghosaurus 89 Camelus Simosuchus Micromeryx MFSN 19235 88 99 Armadillosuchus Giraffa 65 Scandensia 96 67 Herrerasaurus Mariliasuchus 100 92 Ectocion cedrus UM 8615 57 Calanguban 91 100 Staurikosaurus Caipirasuchus Ectocion ralstonensis JZC Bu1803 - amber 87 82 54 78 Baurusuchus 52 Radinskya 76 Liushusaurus Tawa 83 78 97 Procavia 76 60 Purbicella Zuolong 85 Notostylops 93 95 Not Ascendonanus MNC TA1045 Segisaurus 97 75 96 Moeritherium 95 Guaibasaurus 85 Prorastomus 99 Marasuchus 94 Dusisiren Procompsognathus 100 Elephas Hongshanxi 95 Megaraptor 85 Gomphotherium 88 66 Euposaurus Sinocalliopteryx Paleomastodon 69 65 Iguana 78 Dracoraptor 95 83 85 Zupaysaurus 94 Diadiaphorus Pristidactylus 83 Litolophus 57 Basiliscus 82 Megapnosaurus 74 99 Anisodon grande 55 95 Coelophysis Anolis 99 Chalicotherium? goldfussi 68 Chlamydosaurus Dilophosaurus 70 98 Theosodon 70 Lyriocephalus Scipionyx Macrauchenia 83 Draco volans 92 Proceratosaurus 85 Protapirus Moloch Deinocheirus 77 88 Tapirus 100 Phrynosoma Dilong 94 83 85 Lophiodon 57 Trioceros Murusraptor 55 92 76 Heptodon 84 JZC Bu154 in amber Guanlong 77 78 Xiongguanlong 79 Polychrus Hyracotherium Acanthodactylus 100 Suchomimus 75 95 Dorsetisaurus 67 Spinosaurus 74 Uintaceras 88 88 Saichangurvel 55 Hyracodon Magnuviator 86 Tupinambis 62 Carnotaurus 85 Eolacerta Majungasaurus 77 Hyrachyus <50 98 Buriolestes CAPPA/UFSM 0035 <50 Lacerta 74 Buriolestes ULBRA-PVT280 Sinraptor 91 Ceratotherium 100 Slavoia holotype ZPAL MgR-I/8 62 Tanycolagreus 99 Metamynodon 67 88 Barberenasuchus 67 62 <50 Slavoia ZPAL MgR-III/77 Eodromaeus Yutyrannus 96 Aceratherium 95 Macrocephalosaurus 93 Eoraptor Allosaurus 83 Embolotherium 97 51 Tianyusaurus Pampadromaeus 92 Sinosaurus 56 Eotitanops 53 70 Monolophosaurus Amynodon Tchingisaurus Acrocanthosaurus 93 64 71 Mesohippus Chometokadmon Saturnalia Eustreptospondylus 87 80 97 Equus 95 Gekko smithii 55 95 Efraasia Ceratosaurus 79 Macrocollum 79 100 Lialis 74 Miohippus 96 Compsognathus holotype 95 Gekko gecko 96 88 Pappoceras 88 Pelecanimimus 77 Fostercooperia Eublepharis Pantydraco Aorun 98 60 Leyesaurus 99 Gallimimus 98 Juxia Norellius 55 Struthiomimus 71 74 89 Massospondylus adult Paraceratherium Ardeosaurus 73 88 98 Fukuivenator 67 Massospondylus embryo Masiakasaurus Eichstaettisaurus schroederi 63 86 65 Yizhousaurus 86 99 Tianyuraptor Eichstaettisaurus gouldi 100 Diplodocus Huaxiagnathus 69 80 Jucaraseps 99 98 100 Rapetosaurus 67 99 Zhenyuanlong JKZ Bu267 -amber Camarasaurus 97 Alioramus altai 67 100 Aphanizocnemus Brachiosaurus 98 Tyrannosaurus 91 Adriosaurus 99 Gorgosaurus 73 Raptorex 88 Pontosaurus Chilesaurus Primitivus 100 100 Daemonosaurus 93 79 Jeholosaurus 57 Compsognathus CNJ79 Barlochersaurus 62 95 100 87 Haya Juravenator Tetrapodophis Sinosauropteryx 73 Pisanosaurus 66 87 Beipiaosaurus Dinilysia Falcarius 100 94 93 Scelidosaurus 97 Pachyrhachis 73 63 61 Protarchaeopteryx 98 Rahonavis 88 Boa 91 Emausaurus Jianchangosaurus Minmi 68 Limusaurus Crotalus 86 Caudipteryx 95 85 Convolosaurus Loxocemus Khaan 100 94 84 100 Agilisaurus 97 Xenopeltis Stegoceras 83 Ornitholestes 100 Anilius Scriurumimus 894 Kulindadromaeus 95 Cylindrophis 80 Microraptor STM5-32 95 93 Tianyulong 98 Uropeltis Heterodontosaurus Microraptor IVPP V 13352 98 86 100 Microraptor M V1002 100 Anomochilus 94 Lesothosaurus 75 98 Sinornithosaurus holotype Leptotyphlops 98 Scutellosaurus 93 Liaoningosaurus Sinornithosaurus NGMC 91 Stegosaurus 100 Velociraptor 86 Yabeinosaurus IVPP V13284 76 61 Balaur Sakurasaurus 95 Changchunsaurus Haplocheirus 79 Dryosaurus 80 Bahndwivici FMNH PR2260 98 91 93 Shuvuuia 77 Edmontosaurus 94 Halszkaraptor Aigialosaurus 96 Sinornithoides 62 100 Laquintasaura Sauronithoides 98 Tethysaurus 79 Aquilops 86 Tylosaurus 68 Hexinlusaurus 89 50 Anchiornis IVPP V14378 Plotosaurus Yinlong 77 74 90 Anchiornis PKUP V1068 96 Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Saniwa ensidens FMNH 76 Jinfengopteryx 98 Liaoceratops Estesia 82 Daliansaurus 89 86 Auroraceratops 81 Varanus komodensis Anchiornis LPM B00169 96 Leptoceratops Varanus griseus 81 Aurornis 60 Stenopelix 81 55 Alma 84 Buitreraptor 63 Shinisaurus 89 100 Triceratops adult 82 Sinovenator <50 Caihong Heloderma Triceratops juvenile Anchiornis BMNHC PH804 61 Herperornithoides 100 100 <50 Sinusonasus 65 Lanthanotus 100 Chasmosaurus adult Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi Daiting 78 90 Anniella Chasmosaurusjuvenile 91 84 Xiaotingia Gobiderma 80 Ostromia - Haarlem Eosinopteryx 79 Ophisaurus 55 Kuroyuriella 76 Archaeopteryx siemensii Thermopolis 77 Archaeopteryx siemensii Berlin 83 Elgaria Myrmecodaptria 100 Liaoning embryo bird 100 82 Archaeopteryx London Cryptolacerta 89 75 Chongmingia 96 Sulcavis Chalcides ocellatus Sinornis 69 <50 Chalcides guentheri 87 96 57 Cathayornis 93 100 Gymnophthalmus Avimaia 96 ‘Microcursor’ MPCM-LH-26189 Vanzosaura Alcmonavis 86 87 87 Pengornis Sirenoscincus Archaeopteryx bavarica (Munich) 93 63 Chiappeavis 58 Slavoia MGR-I-112 83 Jeholornis prima 70 Iberomesornis 77 Sineoamphisbaena 70 Protopteryx 78 Jeholornis curvipes 94 Hong Kong specimen Crythiosaurus 66 99 Archaeopteryx 12 private Spathorhynchus 59 Mei 100 Tamaulipasaurus 85 Yi 99 83 Serikornis 94 Ambopteryx Dibamus 73 62 97 99 Archaeopteryx recurva (Eichstätt) 99 Scansoriopteryx 92 Bipes 99 57 98 Jianianhualong Epidexipteryx Amphisbaena Liaoningvenator Omnivoropteryx 86 Archaeopteryx #11 65 97 Sapeornis IVPP V13276 Sapeornis DNHM-F3078

90 Archaeopteryx (Wellnhoferia) grandis 90 Zhongornis 68 Confuciusornis GMV-2132 77 Confuciusornis MBAv1168 78 Changchengornis Archaeornithura 78 Vegavis Rhynchotus 100 Pseudocrypturus 55 Eudromia 93 93 Apteryx 98 Casuarius Bootstrap scores are based on testing overlapping subsets 92 Rhea 64 Palaelodus 79 <50 71 Megapodius Aepyornis Cryputurus 94 due to limitations in computing power. 94 Patagopteryx 89 Dingavis Struthio 100 Hongshanornis <50 95 Rhamphocephalus 76 Longicrusavis Jinguofortis 82 Juehuaornis Changzuiornis 95 85 69 Jiangchangornis 76 Yanornis 100 85 89 Archaeovolans (=Yanornis) Yanornis STM9-52 95 Apsaravis Therapsid Skull Tree (TST) 98 Ichthyornis 100 Gansus Hesperornis 72 taxa - 78 skull traits tested 83 Cariama 75 Phoenicopterus Protorothyris Sylviornis 84 Archaeothyris 73 Llallawavis 80 73 Sagittarius Varanosaurus Pandion Ophiacodon 89 87 86 Falco 79 Haptodus 88 Torgos 88 86 Dimetrodon 92 Buteo Edaphosaurus 77 Tyto 96 Aegotheles Cutleria 87 Apus Parargornis 83 Hipposaurus 94 Ardeotis 84 98 Ciconia Stenocybus 60 94 IVPP V18117 97 Butorides 90 83 91 Galechirus Ardea Galepus 87 Musophaga 93 100 Galeops 75 Psophia Patranomodon Menura 53 79 98 Eodicynodon 99 Semioptera 93 Colobodectes 52 87 Paradisaea 60 Dicynodon 83 Eozygodactylus 95 <50 <50 Suminia Geococcyx 67 Eofringillirostrom Otsheria Monias <50 93 Crex Venjukovia Coccyzus 84 84 Anhima Anomocephalus Pterocles 99 91 Tiarajudens 96 Fulica 88 Helornis 52 Raranimus Meleagris <50 98 Ictidorhinus 88 99 Eogranivora Herpetoskylax 93 81 Crax 63 Lemurosaurus 85 95 Gallus Proburnetia Pavo 100 92 Burnetia Tetrao 88 Lonchura 98 Biarmosuchus Passer 98 97 Macrocephalon Eotitanosuchus 100 Opisthocomus Inostrancevia 100 Dinornis 83 Aloposaurus 89 Gastornis 82 Ara macao Cyonosaurus 75 92 100 Melopsittacus 98 92 Scymnognathus 97 81 Oedicnemus Nestor 81 Gorgonops Quiscalus 92 Aelurognathus <50 72 Corvus 80 Turdus 84 55 Promoschorhynchus Cyanocitta 94 92 59 Regisaurus 98 Melanerpes Charassognathus Sitta 95 Bauria Hirundo 95 95 60 Lycosuchus 96 Cinclus Abdalodon Troglodytes 96 66 Procynosuchus Aramus 73 70 90 Thrinaxodon Rallus 90 Chiniquodon <50 93 Chroicocephalus 100 Dvinia 69 98 Eocypselus 73 78 Pachygenelus <50 Archilochus Megazostrodon Himantopus 65 68 Balearica 78 IVPP V18119 89 Jacana Charadrius 66 83 Microurania IVPP V18120 91 Eurypyga Grus <50 Sinophoneus 96 Thalasseus 93 Deuterosaurus 84 Rhynochetos 100 Estemmenosuchus uralensis 67 70 Aptornis Estemmenosuchus miribilis 98 Gavia 100 Styracocephalus? BPI/I/7141 81 Aechmophorus Styracocephalus SAM PK 8936 98 Jabiru 77 Megaceryle Phthinosuchus 72 82 Uria 64 Archaeosyodon Aptenodytes 94 Syodon 77 58 Australosyodon BP/1/7874 67 Threskiornis 80 Titanophoneus 94 Platalea 80 Pumiliornis 95 Anteosaurus magnificus 78 Anteosaurus abeli 85 Presbyornis 51 95 Mergus 88 Anas 83 Biseridens Jonkeria Anser 77 Struthiocephalus Septencoarcias 98 Struthionops 57 91 74 Cyrilavis 93 Moschops 61 100 Buceros Ulemosaurus 67 Pteroglossus 67 Upupa <50 98 Pharomachrus Colius 61 Phaethon Psilopogon

Scopus 64 97 Didunculus 98 Pezophaps 82 Raphus 100 Columba 95 Caloenas 87 Goura 64 89 Coragyps Vultur 90 Balaeniceps Note: Pelecanus 78 Fregata 63 Phalacrocorax This tree does not support DNA topologies over long phylogenetic distances. 64 71 Catharacta Macronectes Certain dental traits are convergent and do not define clades. 63 85 Morus 73 91 Puffinus Pelagornis 95 Fraterculus 93 Pinguinus Rynchops