DOCSLIB.ORG

Oceanography Merit Badge Workbook This Workbook Can Help You but You Still Need to Read the Merit Badge Pamphlet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oceanography Merit Badge Workbook This Workbook Can Help You but You Still Need to Read the Merit Badge Pamphlet Oceanography Merit Badge Workbook This workbook can help you but you still need to read the merit badge pamphlet. The work space provided for each requirement should be used by the Scout to make notes for discussing the item with his counselor, not for providing the full and complete answers. Each Scout must do each requirement. No one may add or subtract from the official requirements found in Boy Scout Requirements (Pub. 33216 – SKU 34765). The requirements were last issued or revised in 2004 • This workbook was updated in June 2012. Scout’s Name: __________________________________________ Unit: __________________________________________ Counselor’s Name: ______________________________________ Counselor’s Phone No.: ___________________________ http://www.USScouts.Org • http://www.MeritBadge.Org Please submit errors, omissions, comments or suggestions about this workbook to: [email protected] Comments or suggestions for changes to the requirements for the merit badge should be sent to: [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Name four branches of oceanography. 1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe at least five reasons why it is important for people to learn about the oceans. 1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define salinity, temperature, and density, and describe how these important properties of seawater are measured by the physical oceanographer. Salinity _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Temperature ________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Density _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe how these important properties of seawater are measured by the physical oceanographer. ____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright 2012 - U.S. Scouting Service Project, Inc. - All Rights Reserved Oceanography Scout's Name: ________________________ Discuss the circulation and currents of the ocean. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe the effects of the oceans on weather and climate. ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the characteristics of ocean waves. _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Point out the differences among the storm surge, tsunami, tidal wave, and tidal bore. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Explain the difference between sea, swell, and surf. __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Explain how breakers are formed. ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oceanography - Merit Badge Workbook Page. 2 of 8 Oceanography Scout's Name: ________________________ 4. Draw a cross-section of underwater topography. Show what is meant by: a. Continental shelf; _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Continental slope; _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Abyssal plain _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Name and put on your drawing the following: seamount, guyot, rift valley, canyon, trench, and oceanic ridge. Compare the depths in the oceans with the heights of mountains on land. 5. List the main salts, gases, and nutrients in sea water. Salts _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Gases _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Nutrients ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oceanography - Merit Badge Workbook Page. 3 of 8 Oceanography Scout's Name: ________________________ Describe some important properties of water. _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tell how the animals and plants of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure
    CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 8/9/2016 Indian Ocean This keyword list contains Indian Ocean place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. For example, the first name on the list - Bird Islet - is part of the Addu Atoll, which is in the Indian Ocean. The leading label - OCEAN BASIN - indicates this list is organized according to ocean, sea, and geographic names rather than country place names. The list is sorted alphabetically. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Indian Ocean” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. For example, the first place name “Bird Islet” has a unique identifier of “00S073E0013”. From that we see that Bird Islet is located at 00 degrees south (S) and 073 degrees east (E). It is place number 0013 at that latitude and longitude. (Note: some long lines wrapped, placing the unique identifier on the following line.) This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bird Islet (00S073E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bushy Islet (00S073E0014) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Fedu Island (00S073E0008)
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 2. the Mystery of Guyot Formation and Sinking
    Appendix 2 The Mystery of Guyot Formation and Sinking Origin of Guyots Unknown In 1946, geologist Harry Hess was the first geologist to describe guyots (flat-topped seamount).1 Since then, the number of guyots has become numerous. Resolution Guyot in the Mid-Pacific Mountains that was studied in the 1990s by the Deep Sea Drilling Project2 is a typical guyot. Figure A2.1 shows the silhouette. Ever since Hess’s time, the cause of the flat top has eluded explanation.3 Winterer and Met- Figure A2.1. Silhouette of Resolution Guyot zler maintain: “Since Hess first recognized them in the Mid-Pacific Mountains (drawn by Mrs. Melanie Richard). in 1946, the origin of flat-topped seamounts, or guyots, has remained one of the most persistent problems in marine geology.”4 Since guyots are believed to have been truncated near sea level, there are two suggested subsid- ence mechanisms used to explain why they are now found well below sea level. But some guyots must have become flat well below sea level. Not All Guyots Eroded At Sea Level Many scientists have simply assumed that the flat top of a guyot was eroded at or near sea level.5,6 ‘This has been challenged by a few marine geologists.’7,8 For instance, a number of guyots near the East Pacific Rise have been attributed to the infilling of calderas by small lava flows well below sea level.9,10,11,12 “But, these guyots are small 1 Hess, H.H., 1946. Drowned ancient islands of the Pacific Basin. American Journal of Science 244:772–791.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Sediment Transport on Short-Term Recolonization by Seamount Infauna
    MARINE ECO'R'OGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 123: 163-175,1995 Mu Published July 20 Ecol Prog Ser / Influence of sediment transport on short-term recolonization by seamount infauna Lisa A. Levin, Claudio DiBacco Marine Life Research Group, Scripps Instituliar of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0218, USA ABSTRACT: Rates and mechanisms of mEa'nnal recolonization in contrasting sediment transport regimes were examined by deploying hydrodynamically unbiased colonization trays at 2 sites -2 km apart on the flat summit plain of Fieberhg Cplyot in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Both study sites expe- rienced strong bottom currents and high shear velocity (U. exceeding 1.0 cm S-' daily). Macrofaunal recolonization of defaunated sediments on Werling Guyot was slow relative to observations in shal- low-water sediments, but rapid compared l&other unennched deep-sea treatments. Microbial colo- nization was slower but macrofaunal colon~isnwas faster at White Sand Swale (WSS, 585 m),where rippled foraminiferal sands migrate daily, than at Sea Pen Rim (SPR, 635 m), where the basaltic sands move infrequently. Total densities of macroiannal colonizers at WSS were 31 and 75% of ambient after 7 wk and 6.4 mo, respectively; at SPR they were 6 and 49% of ambient, respectively. Over % of the colonists were polychaetes (predominantly ksionids and dorvilleids) and aplacophoran molluscs. Species richness of colonizers was comparab.lle at SPR and WSS and did not differ substantially from ambient. Most of the species (91%) and indmduals (95%) recovered in colonization trays were taxa present in background cores. However, only 25% of the taxa colonizing tray sediments occurred in trays at both WSS and SPR.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data
    Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 6961-6987; doi:10.3390/rs6086961 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data Thomas Mann 1,* and Hildegard Westphal 1,2 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-421-2380-0132; Fax: +49-421-2380-030. Received: 30 May 2014; in revised form: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 18 July 2014 / Published: 25 July 2014 Abstract: Atoll islands are subject to a variety of processes that influence their geomorphological development. Analysis of historical shoreline changes using remotely sensed images has become an efficient approach to both quantify past changes and estimate future island response. However, the detection of long-term changes in beach width is challenging mainly for two reasons: first, data availability is limited for many remote Pacific islands. Second, beach environments are highly dynamic and strongly influenced by seasonal or episodic shoreline oscillations. Consequently, remote-sensing studies on beach morphodynamics of atoll islands deal with dynamic features covered by a low sampling frequency. Here we present a study of beach dynamics for nine islands on Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea, over a seven-decade period. A considerable chronological gap between aerial photographs and satellite images was addressed by applying a new method that reweighted positions of the beach limit by identifying “outlier” shoreline positions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes
    1 Surveys in Geophysics Archimer November 2011, Volume 40, Issue 6, Pages 1563-1601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09557-5 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62046/ The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes Dodet Guillaume 1, *, Melet Angélique 2, Ardhuin Fabrice 6, Bertin Xavier 3, Idier Déborah 4, Almar Rafael 5 1 UMR 6253 LOPSCNRS-Ifremer-IRD-Univiversity of Brest BrestPlouzané, France 2 Mercator OceanRamonville Saint Agne, France 3 UMR 7266 LIENSs, CNRS - La Rochelle UniversityLa Rochelle, France 4 BRGMOrléans Cédex, France 5 UMR 5566 LEGOSToulouse Cédex 9, France *Corresponding author : Guillaume Dodet, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Surface gravity waves generated by winds are ubiquitous on our oceans and play a primordial role in the dynamics of the ocean–land–atmosphere interfaces. In particular, wind-generated waves cause fluctuations of the sea level at the coast over timescales from a few seconds (individual wave runup) to a few hours (wave-induced setup). These wave-induced processes are of major importance for coastal management as they add up to tides and atmospheric surges during storm events and enhance coastal flooding and erosion. Changes in the atmospheric circulation associated with natural climate cycles or caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions affect the wave conditions worldwide, which may drive significant changes in the wave-induced coastal hydrodynamics. Since sea-level rise represents a major challenge for sustainable coastal management, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and/or along densely urbanized coastlines, understanding the contribution of wind-generated waves to the long-term budget of coastal sea-level changes is therefore of major importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument falls within the Central Pacific Ocean, ranging from Wake Atoll in the northwest to Jarvis Island in the southeast. The seven atolls and islands included within the monument are farther from human population centers than any other U.S. area. They represent one of the last frontiers and havens for wildlife in the world, and comprise the most widespread collection of coral reef, seabird, and shorebird protected areas on the planet under a single nation’s jurisdiction. At Howland Island, Baker Island, Jarvis Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef, the terrestrial areas, reefs, and waters out to 12 nautical miles (nmi) are part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The land areas at Wake Atoll and Johnston Atoll remain under the jurisdiction of The giant clam, Tridacna gigas, is a clam that is the largest living bivalve mollusk. the U.S. Air Force, but the waters from Photo: © Kydd Pollock 0 to 12 nmi are protected as units of the National Wildlife Refuge System. For all of the areas, fishery-related Marine National Monument, and orders long time periods throughout their entire activities seaward from the 12-nmi refuge of magnitude greater than the reefs near cultural and geological history. These boundaries out to the 50-nmi monument heavily populated islands. Expansive refuges are unique in that they were and boundary are managed by the National shallow coral reefs and deep coral forests, are still largely pristine, though many Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Coral Reef Development on Tarawa Atoll (Kiribati)
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 69(3): 1191–1207, 2001 CORAL REEF PAPER PATTERNS OF CORAL REEF DEVELOPMENT ON TARAWA ATOLL (KIRIBATI) Gustav Paulay and Alexander Kerr ABSTRACT Tarawa Atoll lies in the equatorial upwelling region, has the largest human population of any Pacific atoll, and has an unusual, asymmetrical form: the triangular lagoon is largely enclosed along the east and south, but communicates with the ocean through a submerged barrier reef along its entire western border. How do these unusual character- istics affect reefs? After characterizing lagoonal reefs, the interactions and influence of various physical and biotic factors are examined. Coral cover and diversity increase from northwest to southeast as a consequence of polarized exchange with the surrounding ocean. Macroalgae are abundant in the central lagoon, probably as a result of high pro- ductivity and low levels of herbivory, the latter a likely consequence of overfishing. Coral communities of these central reefs are dominated by clonal, fragmenting species of en- crusting Montipora and branching Acropora. A substantial loss of coral cover and diver- sity occurred in the southeastern lagoon apparently a few hundred years ago. As a conse- quence of this mortality, much of the reef habitat and associated communities of the southeastern lagoon were lost, and patch reefs in the area developed into sand-dominated shoals by intense bioerosion and burial. The high productivity of the region has also resulted in high rates of mobile sediment production through bioerosion and the accumu- lation of skeletal remains of a rich suspension and deposit feeding lagoonal biota. The productivity and sediment production in turn had major geomorphological consequences, creating an atoll with an unusually wide, sand-dominated rim and shallow, sediment- choked lagoon, and may have been partly responsible for the submergent nature of the western barrier reef through the impact of inimical lagoonal backwaters.
    [Show full text]
  • A Coupled Wave-Hydrodynamic Model of an Atoll with High Friction: Mechanisms for flow, Connectivity, and Ecological Implications
    Ocean Modelling 110 (2017) 66–82 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Modelling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocemod Virtual Special Issue Coastal ocean modelling A coupled wave-hydrodynamic model of an atoll with high friction: Mechanisms for flow, connectivity, and ecological implications ∗ Justin S. Rogers a, , Stephen G. Monismith a, Oliver B. Fringer a, David A. Koweek b, Robert B. Dunbar b a Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Y2E2 Rm 126, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA b Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: We present a hydrodynamic analysis of an atoll system from modeling simulations using a coupled wave Received 18 April 2016 and three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COAWST) applied to Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific. Revised 11 October 2016 This is the first time the vortex force formalism has been applied in a highly frictional reef environ- Accepted 28 December 2016 ment. The model results agree well with field observations considering the model complexity in terms Available online 29 December 2016 of bathymetry, bottom roughness, and forcing (waves, wind, metrological, tides, regional boundary condi- Keywords: tions), and open boundary conditions. At the atoll scale, strong regional flows create flow separation and Coral reefs a well-defined wake, similar to 2D flow past a cylinder. Circulation within the atoll is typically forced by Hydrodynamics waves and tides, with strong waves from the north driving flow from north to south across the atoll, and Surface water waves from east to west through the lagoon system.
    [Show full text]
  • Abyssal Hills: Influence of Topography on Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages ⇑ Paris V
    Progress in Oceanography 148 (2016) 44–55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Oceanography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean Abyssal hills: Influence of topography on benthic foraminiferal assemblages ⇑ Paris V. Stefanoudis b, , Brian J. Bett a, Andrew J. Gooday a a National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom b Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Abyssal plains, often thought of as vast flat areas, encompass a variety of terrains including abyssal hills, Received 8 February 2016 features that constitute the single largest landscape type on Earth. The potential influence on deep-sea Received in revised form 12 September benthic faunas of mesoscale habitat complexity arising from the presence of abyssal hills is still poorly 2016 understood. To address this issue we focus on benthic foraminifera (testate protists) in the >150-lm frac- Accepted 28 September 2016 tion of Megacorer samples (0–1 cm layer) collected at five different sites in the area of the Porcupine Available online 29 September 2016 Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory (NE Atlantic, 4850 m water depth). Three sites are located on the tops of small abyssal hills (200–500 m elevation) and two on the adjacent abyssal plain. We examined Keywords: benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics (standing stock, diversity, composition) in relation to Deep-sea diversity Foraminifera seafloor topography (hills vs. plain). Density and rarefied diversity were not significantly different Mesoscale between the hills and the plain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case-Study of Fongafale, Atool of Funafuti
    Shoreline of human-impacted coralline atolls: need for a concerted management. The case-study of Fongafale, atoll of Funafuti, Tuvalu Caroline Rufin The atoll of Funafuti (Tuvalu archipelago) is located in the South Pacific Ocean at latitude 8.31° South and longitude 179.13° East (Figure 1). According to its morphology, Fongafale island (atoll of Funafuti) can be split into three distinct geographical areas, i.e. the northern, central and southern parts. The present study deals with the central part, which results from the deposition of sediments from the two other areas following North and South longshore drifts. Marshall •• Islands, 1o·N Kiribati! . ~ ~· ... ' ... .. ·. ~ Samoa .. o_. •• Vanuatu b •! ; . b\ Fiji ,::::1 . ~ 0 Tonga .. ' '· : .... 2o·s New .. ~.'•. ' •• Caledon~. • • • 100· 110· 180' 170' 160"W Source : from Mclean et Hosking. 1991 Figure 1 Localisation of Tuvalu within the Pacific Bassin. 436 Coral reefs in the Pacifie: Status and monitoring, Resources and management Through the example of Fongafale island, the present study is aimed at thinking about the manage­ ment of low coralline islands confronted with erosion problems most often in relation with excessive coastal planning. This thought will be developed in terms of global geography while taking into account ail the environmental conditions. Our purpose will be not to demonstrate which of the two factors, Man or Nature, is the more disturb­ ing. However, from the analysis of our data set it is clear that the contribution of the former is greater than that of the latter. We will first draw a schedule of Fongafale lagoon shoreline from aerial pictures and topographical readings; it will be essential to understand the environmental problems which this atoll is submitted to.
    [Show full text]
  • Submarine Mountain Named for William Laurence Dowd
    Submarine mountain named for William Laurence Dowd June 25, 1965 A major submarine mountain discovered in the Eastern Pacific Ocean by scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has been named by the scientists in honor of William Laurence Dowd, a Scripps graduate student who was found slain in his apartment June 6. The seamount, to be known as Dowd Guyot, is located about 1,000 miles south of San Diego and about 1,000 miles west of Mexico. It was discovered June 22 by scientists aboard the Scripps research ship Argo operating on a student cruise for the Department of Earth Sciences under the direction of Dr. Manuel N. Bass, Assistant Professor of Geology. Dowd, a brilliant graduate student in the field of geochemistry research, took part in a similar cruise last year and had, in fact, sailed just east of the region where the seamount was discovered. The current student cruise, which left San Diego June 17, marks the first time Argo has put out to sea since the tragedy occurred. According to Dr. Henry W. Menard, Professor of Geology, who received word of the discovery by radio from Dr. Bass, the mountain is a flat topped seamount, or guyot, which probably was an island thousands of years ago. Its top is four miles in diameter and from 280 to 290 fathoms beneath the surface of the ocean. It has a narrow central pinnacle, the top of which is 257 fathoms beneath the surface. The base of the seamount is about 19 miles in diameter at a depth of 2,250 fathoms giving the mountain a height of about 12,000 feet or nearly two nautical miles.
    [Show full text]
  • EIA for the Proposed Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment at Madifushi Island, Meemu Atoll
    EIA for the Proposed Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment at Madifushi Island, Meemu Atoll Madifushi Island; Photo by: Water Solutions Pvt Ltd Proposed by: Maldives Inflight Caterings Pte Ltd Prepared by: Ahmed Jameel (EIA P07/2007) and Mohamed Umar (EIA P02/2019) For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives March 2021 EIA for the Proposed Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment at Madifushi, Meemu Atoll Blank Page Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd, March 2021 Page 2 EIA for the Proposed Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment, Meemu Atoll 1 Table of contents EIA for the Proposed Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment at Madifushi Island, Meemu Atoll .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Table of contents ...................................................................................................... 3 2 List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................ 8 3 Declaration of the consultants ................................................................................ 10 4 Proponents Commitment and Declaration ............................................................. 11 5 Non-Technical Summary ....................................................................................... 16 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 18 Structure of the EIA ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]