Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited
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Bricks and Mortar
MORE THAN BRICKS AND MORTAR Infrastructure-as-asset-class: Financing development or developing finance? A Critical Look at Private Equity Infrastructure Funds1 by Nicholas Hildyard The Corner House2 1 Sources for further information, including hyperlinks, have been given throughout this report where possible. Website addresses were correct at the time of writing. Please notify The Corner House of any broken link: enquiries AT thecornerhouse.org.uk 2 The author would like to thank Isabella Besedova, Theodoros Chronopoulos, Peter Frankental, Jutta Kill, Tom Lines, Larry Lohmann, Doug Norlen, Sarah Sexton, Antonio Tricarico and Beck Wallace for their invaluable comments on early drafts of this paper. 1 “When the capital development of a country becomes the by-product of the activities of a casino, the job is likely to be ill-done.” John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 “The last quarter century of ‘deregulation’ involved the introduction of a vast array of new legal mechanisms and regulations by national governments to protect the interests of investors and shareholders. This must be dismantled; and new legal mechanisms and regulations must be introduced nationally to subordinate investment capital to democratic requirements established in international human rights standards.” Peter Rossman and Gerard Greenfield, Financialization: New Routes to Profit, New Challenges for Trade Unions, 20061 Introduction Political discourse is often conducted in code. Where policy proposals or actions are likely to engender strong opposition or cause affront to the public, euphemisms are used (“collateral damage” for “dead civilians”, “land disturbance” for “mining”, “environmental enhancement” for “canalising rivers”)2 or concepts are employed that direct the conversation elsewhere. -
CDC Group Plc Financial Review 2009 Our Mission Is to Foster Growth in Sustainable Businesses, Helping to Raise Living Standards in Developing Countries
CDC Group plc Financial Review 2009 Our mission is to foster growth in sustainable businesses, helping to raise living standards in developing countries. Our investment policy is to make more than 75% of new investments in low income countries* and to invest more than 50% of our funds in sub-Saharan Africa. Contents 2 Statement from the Chairman 4 Our Business 12 Statement from the Chief Executive 14 Board of Directors 16 Business Review – Africa 18 Business Review – Asia 20 Performance Review 28 CDC Universe * Those with an annual gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US$905. CDC Group plc Financial Review 2009 1 2009 Highlights £359m New investments in developing countries, 61% in Africa £207m Total return after tax £742m1 Other capital mobilised £162m Portfolio cash generated for re-investment in developing countries £1,411m Portfolio of fund investments £207m New commitments to funds in a difficult period for fundraising £1,561m Outstanding commitments to funds 794 Underlying portfolio companies located in 71 countries CDC’s Investment Code Process externally audited for the first time 1 See page 22 for an explanation of how mobilisation is measured. 2 CDC Group plc Financial Review 2009 Statement from the Chairman Richard Gillingwater CBE In the deepest recession that we’ve 2009 also saw the first year of had in many decades in developed CDC’s new investment policy, markets, the emerging markets which the organisation has fully in which CDC invests its capital embraced. The new policy, which showed some positive growth and takes us through to the end of a steady return to financial stability 2013, targets 75% of CDC’s new in 2009. -
Sample Pages.Indd
The 2009 Preqin Infrastructure Review - Sample Pages The 2009 Preqin Infrastructure Review - Sample Pages © 2009 Preqin Ltd 1 The 2009 Preqin Infrastructure Review - Sample Pages Contents 1. Executive Summary 7 13. Listings of Infrastructure Fund Terms and Conditions 87 - Key terms and conditions for 27 infrastructure funds 2. Data Sources 13 14. Analysis of Infrastructure Fund Performance 91 3. Review of the Unlisted Infrastructure Market 17 - Targeted performance, net IRRs, net multiples, dry powder - Growth of the unlisted fund market, evolution of unlisted funds, fund geographic focus trends, project stage and asset focus trends, impact of PPP/PFIs, manager 15. Listings of Infrastructure Fund Performance 99 location and experience, emergence of fund of funds, predictions for the future of the asset class - Key performance metrics for 62 vehicles. All performance shown is net to investor 4. Review of Recent Infrastructure Fundraising: 2007-2009 25 16. Regional Focus: Key Facts and Figures 103 - Fundraising by geographic focus and manager location, breakdown of fundraising - Asia, Continental Europe, India, MENA, North America, South America, UK market by fund size, success in achieving targets, project stage focus, industry focus 17. Infrastructure Firm Preferences 115 - Matrix showing fi rm preferences by location, industry and project stage 5. Listings of Infrastructure Funds Closed Historically 31 18. Infrastructure Firm Profi les (Unlisted Primary Fund Managers) 127 6. Review of Current Infrastructure Fundraising Market 45 - Interim closes, fund focus, manager location, project stage focus, placement agent 19. Infrastructure Firm Profi les (Listed Fund Managers) 263 use, manager experience 20. Infrastructure Firm Profi les (Fund of Funds Managers) 293 7. -
ANNEX 1 Private Equity Funds Investing in Infrastructure in Developing Countries
ANNEX 1 Private Equity Funds investing in infrastructure in Developing Countries Firm/Fund Manager Funds under Management with IFI or DFI involvement in Use of secrecy Regions where investing infrastructure investments in fund or in investee jurisdictions, if known developing countries companies 2i Capital Group 2i Capital India Infrastructure Mauritius 2 India Development Fund Oman, UK, Mauritius Indian Enterprise Fund ($60 million) 1 The 2i Capital India Infrastructure Development Fund is a $300 million Shariah compliant fund that was launched in 2007 by 2i Group and Oman-based Amwal Investment SAOC. The Mauritius-registered $300 million fund will reportedly invest in energy and road projects. 3 No details are available on its website, which as of March 2011 was under construction, as to its investments. 3i Infrastructure Plc 3i India Infrastructure Fund IFI investment in 3i-backed Jersey 4 South and SE Asia ($1.2billion) companies : UK Luxembourg 5 • IFC (direct equity 6 investment in Mauritius subprojects of Salamander Energy ) 3i is one of the world’s oldest private equity firms. It manages the world’s largest capital growth fund and a number of infrastructure funds ,7 focused on both industrialised and industrialising countries. 8 In all, 3i invests over $3bn every year in businesses across Asia, Europe and the US. 9 3i has been a major investor in the oil and gas sector for over 40 years. 10 Current investments include: • Franklin Offshore Holdings Pte. Ltd ., a Singapore-based company that services oil majors and rig owners and is “the largest and most significant offshore and marine-related service provider in Southeast Asia”. -
Quarterly Review a Publication of the Emerging Markets Private Equity Association ● Volume V, Issue 1, Q1 2009 March 2009
Emerging Markets Private Equity Quarterly Review A Publication of the Emerging Markets Private Equity Association ● Volume V, Issue 1, Q1 2009 March 2009 President’s Viewpoint In This Issue Emerging markets continue to feel the shockwaves of the global financial cri- sis. Net private capital flows are at their lowest level in six years; the World FEATURES Trade Organization predicts a global drop in trade volume of 9% in 2009, the largest decline since WWII; exports are down 25%–45% in various markets; the strengthening dollar has increased import costs and reduced dollar-based “Jump Ball” for Limited LP returns; and, although it’s since recovered somewhat, the MSCI Emerging Mar- Capital: Assessing Historical kets index lost 54% of its value in 2008. These developments have investors Returns in Times of Crisis 3 questioning whether to maintain allocations to emerging market managers and pose challenges for GP portfolios across the globe. Now More than Ever: The results of a just-released EMPEA/Coller Capital LP Survey suggest, however, The Importance of that the private equity industry in the developing world will withstand the global Corporate Governance 10 shockwaves as LPs continue to see attractive investment opportunities in these markets (see the full results on EMPEA’s website). The record-breaking US$66 billion raised for EM PE in 2008 is unlikely to be replicated in 2009. Defying the Downturn? Fundraising and Investment As Eric Johnson of Cambridge Associates writes in our feature guest article, LPs Strong in 2008 17 still maintain a long-term outlook on the asset class, but will be picking the high- est quality GPs with strong track records. -
Annual Review 2008
CDC Group plc Annual Review 2008 GENERATING WEALTH IN EMERGING MARKETS OUR MISSION IS TO GENERATE WEALTH, BROADLY SHARED, IN EMERGING MARKETS, PARTICULARLY IN POORER COUNTRIES, BY PROVIDING CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIBLY MANAGED PRIVATE SECTOR BUSINESSES. OUR TARGET IS TO MAKE MORE THAN 75% OF NEW INVESTMENTS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES* AND TO INVEST MORE THAN 50% OF OUR FUNDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. * Those with an annual gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US$905. 2004–2008 AFRICA Overview • US$1.9bn COMMITTED TO 44 FUNDS WITH 20 MANAGERS • SUPPORTING BUSINESSES IN ALL SECTORS INCLUDING FINANCIAL SERVICES, MANUFACTURING AND AGRIBUSINESS ASIA • US$2.2bn COMMITTED TO 59 FUNDS WITH 29 MANAGERS • US$1.5bn IN SOUTH ASIAN FUNDS • INVESTING IN ALL SECTORS INCLUDING TECHNOLOGY, RETAIL AND PHARMACEUTICALS OTHER INVESTMENTS • US$0.5bn COMMITTED TO LATIN AMERICAN FUNDS WITH SIX MANAGERS • REGIONAL FUNDS FOCUSED ON INFRASTRUCTURE, MICROFINANCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT CDC Universe Low income1 Middle income2 1 Low income countries below US$905 per annum GNI per capita. 2 Middle income countries up to US$11,115 per annum GNI per capita. All above as per World Bank (2006) and Development Assistance Committee country list. New Investments Portfolio Performance New investments in 2008 (£) Portfolio value in 2008 (£) Net assets in 2008 (£) 436m 928m 2,328m New investments over 5 years (£m) Portfolio value over 5 years (£m) Net assets over 5 years (£m) 412 436 1125 1184 2687 2328 937 938 928 2015 257 1640 200 1214 1 156 04 -
Annual Report and Accounts 2008
CDC Group plc Annual Report and Accounts 2008 GENERATING WEALTH IN EMERGING MARKETS OUR MISSION IS TO GENERATE WEALTH, BROADLY SHARED, IN EMERGING MARKETS, PARTICULARLY IN POORER COUNTRIES, BY PROVIDING CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIBLY MANAGED PRIVATE SECTOR BUSINESSES. OUR TARGET IS TO MAKE MORE THAN 75% OF NEW INVESTMENTS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES* AND TO INVEST MORE THAN 50% OF OUR FUNDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. * Those with an annual gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US$905. 2004–2008 AFRICA Overview • US$1.9bn COMMITTED TO 44 FUNDS WITH 20 MANAGERS • SUPPORTING BUSINESSES IN ALL SECTORS INCLUDING FINANCIAL SERVICES, MANUFACTURING AND AGRIBUSINESS ASIA • US$2.2bn COMMITTED TO 59 FUNDS WITH 29 MANAGERS • US$1.5bn IN SOUTH ASIAN FUNDS • INVESTING IN ALL SECTORS INCLUDING TECHNOLOGY, RETAIL AND PHARMACEUTICALS OTHER INVESTMENTS • US$0.5bn COMMITTED TO LATIN AMERICAN FUNDS WITH SIX MANAGERS • REGIONAL FUNDS FOCUSED ON INFRASTRUCTURE, MICROFINANCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT CDC Universe Low income1 Middle income2 1 Low income countries below US$905 per annum GNI per capita. 2 Middle income countries up to US$11,115 per annum GNI per capita. All above as per World Bank (2006) and Development Assistance Committee country list. New Investments Portfolio Performance New investments in 2008 (£) Portfolio value in 2008 (£) Net assets in 2008 (£) 436m 928m 2,328m New investments over 5 years (£m) Portfolio value over 5 years (£m) Net assets over 5 years (£m) 412 436 1125 1184 2687 2328 937 938 928 2015 257 1640 1 200 -
Viewpoint April 2010 2010 Promises to Be an Improvement Over the Challenging Year Behind Us, but We Are Not out of the Woods Yet
Emerging Markets Private Equity A Publication of the Emerging Markets Private Equity Association Volume VI, Issue 1, Q1 2010 Viewpoint April 2010 2010 promises to be an improvement over the challenging year behind us, but we are not out of the woods yet. Limited partner capital is slowly return- FEATURES ing to market, and portfolio performance is trending upward. But new issues, particularly potential regulation and LP-GP terms, will likely dominate, The AIFM Directive’s Negative and complicate, much of the discussion in our industry this year. Impact on Developing Countries— EMPEA’s Letter to the EU 4 Fundraising will remain quite challenging because LPs will remain cash con- strained until exits from their Western buyout portfolios resume. Additionally, pending regulation in Europe, if enacted in its current form, would seriously IFC’s Experience in Emerging impair the ability of non-EU GPs to raise capital from EU investors. Markets Private Equity 6 In early March, EMPEA issued a letter to the Spanish Presidency of the Euro- pean Union (reprinted in this issue) articulating concerns about the “third The ILPA Principles: How Will country” provisions of the proposed EU Alternative Investment Fund Man- They Shape LP-GP Relationships ager (“AIFM”) Directive. These provisions would deter EU investors from in Emerging Markets? 12 investing outside the EU. EMPEA’s letters joined a chorus of objections from ILPA, EVCA, the BVCA, and the US Treasury Secretary, along with a host of others. EMPEA continues to voice its concerns as the debate over the final 2009 Emerging Markets AIFM Directive terms work their way through the European policymaking Private Equity Fundraising process. -
Insight India an Overview of Trends in Select Sectors and Markets August 2010
Insight India An Overview of Trends in Select Sectors and Markets August 2010 Country Snapshot* oasting one of the most dynamic private equity industries among the emerging markets, India draws an ever-growing number of investors willing 2010 Population: 1.2 billion Bto brave the country’s regulatory and infrastructure hurdles in order to 2050 Population: 1.7 billion gain exposure to some of the most favorable economic growth and demographic Population Change (2010–2050): 47% trends to be found anywhere in the world. While fundraising and investment % of Population Under 15 Years-old (2010): 32% activity lagged in 2009 in line with global trends (US$4 billion raised and an additional US$4 billion invested), India has seen a significant uptick in invest- 2010 Nominal GDP: US$1.4 trillion ment pace through the first half of 2010, suggesting renewed confidence in the 2010 Real GDP Growth: 9.4% private equity market as the pricing gap narrows. While fundraising remains 2011 Real GDP Growth: 8.4% challenging with US$1.3 billion raised for India-dedicated vehicles in the first six 2010 Average Inflation:13.2% months of 2010, private equity investments in India have rebounded since the depths of the financial crisis, reaching US$3 billion in the same time period—the *All data projected. highest level of investment experienced since the first half of 2008. Source: International Monetary Fund, Population Reference Bureau. A number of strong fundamental drivers set India apart. The IMF recently revised upwards its 2010 GDP growth projections for India to 9.4%, a significant jump from the respectable 5.7% growth rate achieved in 2009. -
XARR Excludes Confidential Information and ADB’S Assessment of Project Or Transaction Risk As Well As Other Information Referred to in Paragraph 126 of the PCP
Extended Annual Review Report Project Number: 31901 Equity Investment Number: 7138-IND Project Number: 38926 Loan Number: 2169-IND December 2011 Equity Investment and Long-Term Loan to Infrastructure Development Finance Company (India) In accordance with ADB’s public communications policy (PCP, 2005), this abbreviated version of the XARR excludes confidential information and ADB’s assessment of project or transaction risk as well as other information referred to in paragraph 126 of the PCP. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – Indian rupee (Rs) At Appraisal At Project Completion 19 April 2005 31 March 2011 Rs1.00 – $0.02 $0.02 $1.00 – Rs43.73 Rs44.75 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CAGR – compounded annual growth rate CAR – capital adequacy ratio CSR – corporate social responsibility ECB – external commercial borrowing EMSP – environmental management system and procedure EROIC – economic return on invested capital ESDD – environmental and social due diligence ESG – environmental, social, and corporate governance ESMG – environmental and social management group FI – financial intermediary FID – foreign direct investment GDP – gross domestic product HUF – Hindu undivided families IDFC – Infrastructure Development Finance Company IFC – infrastructure finance company IFI – international financial institution IPO – initial public offering LIBOR – London interbank offered rate NBFI – non-bank financial intermediary NPA – nonperforming asset OCB – overseas corporate body PAI – project administration instructions PAU – project administration -
Strong Foundations Stanchart’S Andrew Yee Talks Asia Infrastructure Page 6 LP Interest in Asian Infrastructure Is Robust, Modes of Entry Are Changing Page 19
Asia’s Private Equity News Source avcj.com September 24 2013 Volume 26 Number 36 EDITor’s Viewpoint Making sense of the Asia real assets story Page 3 NEWS Allegro, Altius, Ancora, Archer, ClearVue, CLSA, Gresham, Helion, IDFC, Kalaari, KKR, Sequoia, OTPP, Pencarrow, Warburg Pincus Page 4 FOCUS India property investors play the long game Page 13 ANALYSIS Solving Indonesia’s infrastructure gridlock Page 16 INDUSTRY Q&A Strong foundations StanChart’s Andrew Yee talks Asia infrastructure Page 6 LP interest in Asian infrastructure is robust, modes of entry are changing Page 19 INDIA CLEANTECH CHINA CLEANTECH Independent’s day Recalibration time Renewable energy IPPs eye market share Page 9 From exports to domestic consumption Page 11 Pre-cONFERENCE ISSUE AVCJ PRIvaTE EQUITY AND VENTURE CAPITAL FORUM - REAL ASSETS EXPRESSION OF INTEREst (“EOI”) FOREIGN PARTNER SELECTION FOR A NEW SUB-SAHARAN PRIVATE EQUITY FUND Today, Sub-Saharan Africa represents the last and perhaps one of the world’s most attractive emerging market private equity frontier regions. Our client is the investment banking arm of one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest, oldest and most prestigious diversified publicly traded financial service institutions. In 2012,it reported audited assets in excess of $20bn,earnings of approximately $500m+, and a return on average shareholders’ funds of 18.8%. Over the past decade (2003-2013), our client has operated a small-cap private equity and principal investing business but now intends to raise a separate, significant and sizeable new private equity fund (the “New Africa Fund”). The New Africa Fund will focus on larger investments in Sub-Saharan Africa thereby capitalizing on the many attractive and diverse private equity opportunities in this high growth region. -
Financial Highlights
CONTENTS O N E F I R M 10 HIGHLIGHTS 02 INFRASTRUCTURE REVIEW 20 CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT 04 DIRECTORS' REPORT 29 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 08 MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION 36 AND ANALYSIS ACCOUNTS CONSOLIDATED GROUP 63 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 52 A C C O U N T S W I T H AUDITORS' REPORT ADDITIONAL SHAREHOLDER 59 INFORMATION S TA N D A L O N E A C C O U N T S 85 WITH AUDITORS' REPORT CEO & CFO CERTIFICATE 62 STATEMENT PURSUANT TO 118 AUDITORS' CERTIFICATE 62 SECTION 212 financial highlights FIGURES IN RS. CRORE APPROVALS AND DISBURSEMENTS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 13 % 33,562 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET RS CRORE RS CRORE 9,131 4,912 21 % 27,445 NET ASSET BOOK* 0.17 % 43 6,064 NON PERFORMING ASSETS NET 4,982 % 0.31 80 4,783 NON PERFORMING ASSETS GROSS 4,112 1,793 % 3,506 22 25,539 3,339 GROSS LOAN BOOK 2,918 2,766 2,461 2,180 2,162 2,101 1,986 35 % 2,107 1,865 1,623 CONSOLIDATED OPERATING 1,567 1,476 INCOME APPROVALS DISBURSEMENTSAPPROVALS DISBURSEMENTSAPPROVALS 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 ENERGY T R A N S P O R T A T I O N SHARE OF TOTAL EXPOSURE 38.3 % 2009-2010 E N E R G Y 40.6 % *Comprising loans and equity participation, net of provisioning and 2008-2009 diminution in value of investments 2 I D F C A N N U A L R E P O R T 09 –10 2009-2010 APPROVALS AND DISBURSEMENTS FIGURES IN RS.