Available Online at http://www.journalajst.com ASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Asian Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 0976-3376 Vol. 10, Issue, 02, pp.9474 -9480, February, 2019 RESEARCH ARTICLE MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, AND PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THREE LEGOUSIA TAXA (CAMPANULACEAE) FROM TURKEY *Gulden DOGAN Firat University, Science Fac., Biology Department, 23119, Elazig-Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: In this study, morphological, anatomical and palynological features for three taxa of Legousia Durande Received 08th November, 2018 were investigated in Turkey. The morphological measurements were compared with the “Flora of Received in revised form Turkey”. This study measured all morphological characteristics that have taxonomical value to clarify 15th December, 2018 the similarities and differences between these taxa for the first time. Root, stem, and leaf cross-sections Accepted 12th January, 2019 as well as leaf surface sections of these taxa were examined under a light microscope. The usual Published online 28th February, 2019 features of Campanulaceae anatomy were observed in all the studied taxa. The outer surfaces of the roots in all taxa were covered by peridermis. Cambium was distinguishable but discontinuous. Key words: Laticifers were located in the pith region of stems in all taxa. The endodermis in the stem of all Anatomy,Campanulaceae, examined taxa consisted of large,circular, continous, parenchymatous cells, surrounding vascular Legousia, Morphology, Palynology. bundles. The leaves were bifacial and amphistomatical. Stoma type was amaryllis and anomocytic for all the taxa. Pollen grains of all studied taxa were radially symmetrical and spheroidal in shape. The type of aperture in all examined taxa was porate, but the number of pores were variable. The pollen grains of L. pentagonia were60% pentaporate, 30% tetraporate, and 10% triporate, whereas in L. falcata they were 70% pentaporate, 20% tetraporate, and 10% triporate. On the other hand, in L. speculum- *Corresponding author: Gulden DOGAN veneris, the pollen grains were 30% pentaporate, 50% tetraporate, and20% triporate. Citation: Gulden DOGAN, 2019. “Morphologıcal, anatomıcal, and palynologıcal ınvestıgatıon of three Legousıa taxa (campanulaceae) from Turkey”, Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 10, (02), 9474-9480. Copyright © 2019, Gulden DOGAN. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION Avetisjan (1967) also described the palynology of the order Campanulales. Dunbar (1975a) studied the pollen morphology The Campanulaceae family consists of approximately 90 of Campanulaceae and related families with special reference genera and 2500 species worldwide (Heywood et al., 2007). to ultra structure. Other investigations included the species of Family members are herbaceous plants growing in the tropics selected geographical areas, for example, India (Sahay, 1969), and subtropics, as well as trees and shrubs (Evans, 2000). Pakistan (Perveen and Qaise, 1999), Armenia (Avetisjan, Campanulaceae is rich in species containing flavonoids 1967), Turkey (Erkara et al., 2008; Inceoglu, 1976), and (Cuendet et al., 2001; Yaylı et al., 2003; Dumlu et al., 2008), Romania (Tarnavschi, 1919). Detailed pollen morphological triterpenoids (Yaylı et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2006; Son et al., studies on Campanulaceae using scanning electron microscopy 2007), phenylpropanoid (Lee et al., 2004), phenolic glycosides (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were (Kuang et al., 1991), polyacetylenes (Dumlu et al., 2008), performed by Dunbar (Dunbar, 1973; 1975a; 1975b;1984; alkaloids (Shibano et al., 2001; Ishida et al., 2008), Dunbar and Wallentinus, 1976). These studies revealed three cyanogenic glycosides (Harborne et al., 1996) and essential oil major aperture types in Campanulaceae: colpate, colporate, (Morteza-Semnani et al., 2008). The first study on general and porate. Campanulaceae is represented by seven genera anatomical characteristics of the Campanulaceae family. (Campanula L., Symphyandra A. DC., Asyneuma Griseb. & However, no anatomical studies on the Legousia genus of the Schenk, Michauxia L’Herit., Legousia Durande., Jasione L., family were found in the literature. Pollen morphology has Trachelium L.) and 138 species in the “Flora of Turkey”. The been studied in several species of Campanulaceae, but the Legousia genus in the Campanulaceae family is closely related application of pollen morphological characters in a to the genera Michauxia and Jasione. Seven species and 25 comprehensive study to find relationships between species or taxa of Legousia are synonyms in the world. This genushas natural groups of species in Campanula are few. Most four species in Turkey (Damboldt, 1 978). Legousia species palynological studies have focused on generic delimitation in are locally known as “Kadınaynası” in Turkey. Morphological, Campanulaceae. Chapman (1967) conducted one of the oldest palynological, and anatomical studies for Legousia were relevant palynological assessments of Campanulaceae and carried out for the first time in this study. In this study, we analyzed31 species representing 21 genera using light provide detailed information about Legousia species by microscopy (LM). 9475 Gulden DOGAN, Morphologıcal, anatomıcal, and palynologıcal ınvestıgatıon of three Legousıa taxa (campanulaceae) from Turkey evaluating the results obtained from morphological, Anatomical investigation: Anatomical studies were carried anatomical, and palynological investigations. out using specimens fixed in 70% alcohol. The cross sections of the roots, stems, and leaves surface sections of the leafwere MATERIALS AND METHODS done by hand and stained with Floruoglycine-HCl (Yakar-Tan, 1982). The sections were observed under light microscopy “Olympus BX51”and photographed with an “Olympus Plant materials: Plant materials were collected from natural Camedia C-4000 digital camera”. habitats from 2014 to 2015. The voucher specimens were deposited at the Firat University Herbarium (FUH). The Palynological investigation: Pollen materials were obtained taxonomic descriptions of the plants were prepared according from the herbarium samples for the palynological to “Flora of Turkey” (Damboldt, 1978). Table 1 lists the taxa investigations. Pollen slides were prepared using the technique investigated in this study with their localities and vouchers and of Wodehouse (1935). For LM studies, measurements were Figure 1 summarizes their distribution. The morphological and taken from 30 mature pollen grains for each morphological morphometrical characters are evaluated in Table 2 and characteristic using an ocular micrometer on a light herbarium specimens of these taxa are shown in Figure 2. microscope at 1000×magnification. Table 1. List of the investigated taxa with their localities and voucher specimens. Taxa Locality Voucher specimens L. falcata C5/Icel; Fındıkpınarı Plateau, 1200m, 08.05.2015 Dogan, 1820 L. speculum-veneris C5/ Icel; Gülek Gateway, 1650 m, 17.06.2014 Dogan, 1783 L. pentagonia B7/Elazig; Harput, Anguzababa Mountain, 1400 m, 11.06.2014 Dogan, 1780 Figure 1. Distribution of studied Legousia taxa in Turkey ( L. falcata , L. speculum-veneris , L. pentagonia ) Figure 2. Herbarium specimens of studied Legousia taxa A L. falcataB L. speculum-venerisCL. pentagonia 9476 Asian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue, 02, pp.9474-9480, February, 2019 Photographs were obtained using the Olympus BX51 and rarely glabrous. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lower photographed with the Olympus Camedia C-4000 digital shortly petiolate, entire or almost undulate-crenate, 2-10 x 8- camera. All of the morphological parameters investigated are 28 mm, leaf apices acute. Flowers solitary or in a panicle. given in Table 3. For SEM, dry pollen grains were mounted on Calyx lobes 0.3-1 x 7-16 mm. Coralla broadly campanulate, stubs and pulse sputter coated for 3.5 min with gold. Pollen 10-23 mm, white at base, blue in middle, apex violet. grains were examined with a Zeiss EVO MA10 SEM operated Filaments with broad ciliate base. Ovary over 15 mm, much at 15kV.The pollen terminology of Faegri and Iversen (1964) elongated after flowering. Capsule 20-30 mm, cylindrical, not and Hesse et al., (2009) were used. The class of pollen shape, constricted at apex. Seeds orbicular, 0.9-1mm (Figure2C). based partly on P/E ratio, was identified using Erdtman’s (1969) system. Flowering: April to June Habitat: Dry open places, fields, at 2000 m above sea level. RESULTS Turkish Name: Kadınaynası Table 2. Morphological and morphometric characters of studied Morphological properties Legousia taxa in ”Flora of Turkey” and our study Legousia falcata (Ten.) Fritsch ex Janch. Taxa Characters Flora of Turkey Our study = Prismatocarpus falcatus Ten., Prodr. Fl. Nap. 1:16, t. 20 (1812) Plant tall 20-50 cm 18-60 mm Leaf --- 5-12 x 12-25 mm = Speculariafalcata(Ten.) A. DC., Monogr. Camp. 345 (1830) L. falcata Leaf apices --- acute-rotund Calyx lobes over 10 mm 0.4-0.9 x 11-15 mm Description: Plantannual, 18-60 cm tall, stems mostly simple, Coralla --- 4-10 mm rarely branched, glabrous, rarely almost pubescent. Leaves Plant tall 10-30 cm 8-35 cm Leaf --- 2-20 x 6-40 mm ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lower shortly petiolate, entire or L. speculum- Leaf apices --- acute-rotund almost undulate-crenate, 5-12x