Flight 2014: Celebrating 100 years of commercial aviation

St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat Line, 1914 Newspaper in Education The Times Newspaper in Education (NIE) program is a cooperative effort between schools and the Times Publishing Co. to encourage the use of newspapers in print and electronic form as educational resources. Our educational resources fall into the category OF COMMERCIAL of informational text. CELEBRATING AVIATION Since the mid-1970s, NIE has provided schools with class sets of the Times, plus our award-winning original curriculum, at no 100 YEARS cost to teachers or schools. With ever-shrinking school budgets, the newspaper has become an invaluable tool to teachers. The Times and CITIES CONNECTED THRU FLIGHT DISTANCE TRAVELLED our NIE curriculum are rich educational resources, offering teachers an up-to-the-minute, living text and source for countless projects in 1914 1 JAN 1914 1 JAN 2014 virtually every content area. 2 Cities Connected Teachers, email [email protected] to become an NIE 30 km teacher. For information about how you can donate to NIE, call 800- 80,416,438 km 333-7505, ext. 8138 or visit tampabay.com/nie. Keep in the know about the Tampa Bay Times Newspaper in Education program by 2014 PASSENGERS following us on Twitter: twitter.com/TBTimesNIE. 40,000 Cities Connected Teachers, you can order additional copies of this publication by 1 JAN 1914 1 JAN 2014 emailing [email protected]. 1 8,547,945 Newspaper in Education staff Jodi Pushkin, manager, [email protected] Sue Bedry, development specialist, [email protected]

© Tampa Bay Times 2014

Credits In an average year, the industry carries Researched & written by Sue Bedry, Times staff The airline industry supports Educational activites by Jodi Pushkin, Times staff 3 BILLION PEOPLE + If aviation were 50 MILLION TONS OF CARGO, a country it Designed by Stacy Rector, Fluid Graphic Design, LLC which is the equivalent of would rank Cover photos clockwise from top: ; SpaceX; Boeing; St. 8 1 5MILLION JOBS. Petersburg Museum of History; Experimental Aircraft Association; Boeing 44% 21st OF THE WORLD BY GDP POPULATION 2.4TRILLION Florida Standards ECONOMIC ACTIVITY The Florida Department of Education defines that the Florida Standards provide a robust set of goals for every grade. Emphasizing analytical thinking rather than rote memorization, the Florida Standards will prepare students for success in college, career and life.

Social Studies: SS.7.E.2.4; SS.7.E.2.5; SS.8.A.1.7; SS.8.A.4.5; SS.8.A.4.6; SS.912.A.1.1; SS.912.A.1.2; SS.912.A.1.3; SS.912.A.1.4; SS.912.A.1.5; SS.912.A.1.6; SS.912.A.1.7; SS.912.A.3.12; SS.912.A.3.13; SS.912.A.3.4; SS.912.A.4.11; SS.912.A.5.12; SS.912.A.5.4; SS.912.A.6.15; SS.912.A.7.17 Science: SC.6.N.1.5; SC.7.L.17.1; SC.7.N.2.1; SC.7.P.11.3; SC.8.E.5.10; SC.8.E.5.12; SC.8.N.4.2; SC.912.E.5.7; SC.912.E.5.9; SC.912.N.1.2; SC.912.N.1.7; SC.912.N.2.4; SC.912.N.2.5; SC.912.N.4.1; SC.912.P.10.1; SC.912.P.10.11; SC.912.P.12.10; SC.912.P.12.2 Math: MAFS.6.RP.1.1; MAFS.6.NS.1.1; MAFS.6.NS.2.3; MAFS.6.EE.1.1; MAFS.6.SP.1.1; MAFS.7.RP.1.1; MAFS.7.NS.1.1; MAFS.7.NS.2.3; MAFS.7.EE.1.1; MAFS.7.SP.1.1; MAFS.8.SP.1.1; MAFS.912.N-Q.1.1; MAFS.912.A-CED.1.1 Language Arts Reading Informational Text: LAFS.6.RI.1.1; LAFS.6.RI.1.2; LAFS.6.RI.1.3; LAFS.6.RI.1.4; LAFS.6.RI.1.5; LAFS.6.RI.1.6; LAFS.6.RI.1.7; LAFS.6.RI.1.8; LAFS.6.RI.1.9 LAFS.7.RI.1.1; LAFS.7.RI.1.2; LAFS.7.RI.1.3; LAFS.7.RI.1.4; LAFS.7.RI.1.5; LAFS.7.RI.1.6; LAFS.7.RI.1.7; LAFS.7.RI.1.8; LAFS.7.RI.1.9; LAFS.8.RI.1.1; LAFS.8.RI.1.2; LAFS.8.RI.1.3; LAFS.8.RI.1.4; LAFS.8.RI.1.5; LAFS.8.RI.1.6; LAFS.8.RI.1.7; LAFS.8.RI.1.8; LAFS.8.RI.1.9; LAFS.910.RI.1.1; LAFS.910.RI.1.2; LAFS.910.RI.1.3; LAFS.910.RI.1.4; LAFS.910.RI.1.5; LAFS.910.RI.1.6; LAFS.910.RI.1.7; LAFS.910.RI.1.8; LAFS.1112.RI.1.1; LAFS.1112.RI.1.2; LAFS.1112.RI.1.3; LAFS.1112.RI.1.4; LAFS.1112.RI.1.5; LAFS.1112.RI.1.6; LAFS.1112.RI.1.7; LAFS.1112.RI.1.8; LAFS.1112.RI.1.9 Language Arts Writing: LAFS.6.W.1.1; LAFS.6.W.1.2; LAFS.6.W.1.3; LAFS.6.W.1.4; LAFS.6.W.1.5; LAFS.6.W.1.6; LAFS.6.W.1.7; LAFS.6.W.1.8; LAFS.6.W.1.9; LAFS.910.W.1.1; LAFS.910.W.1.2; LAFS.910.W.1.3; LAFS.910.W.1.4; LAFS.910.W.1.5; LAFS.910.W.1.6; LAFS.910.W.1.7; LAFS.910.W.1.8; LAFS.910.W.1.9; LAFS.1112.W.1.1; LAFS.1112.W.1.2; LAFS.1112.W.1.3; LAFS.1112.W.1.4; LAFS.1112.W.1.5; LAFS.1112.W.1.6; LAFS.1112.W.1.7; LAFS.1112.W.1.8; LAFS.1112.W.1.9 Language Arts Writing Speaking and Listening: LAFS.6.SL.1.1; LAFS.6.SL.1.2; LAFS.6.SL.1.3; LAFS.6.SL.1.4; LAFS.6.SL.1.5; LAFS.6.SL.1.6; LAFS.910.SL.1.1; LAFS.910.SL.1.2; LAFS.910.SL.1.3; LAFS.910.SL.1.4; LAFS.910.SL.1.5; LAFS.910.SL.1.6; LAFS.1112.SL.1.1; LAFS.1112.SL.1.2; LAFS.1112. SL.1.3; LAFS.1112.SL.1.4; LAFS.1112.SL.1.5; LAFS.1112.SL.1.6 Language Arts Language Standards: LAFS.6.L.1.1; LAFS.6.L.1.2; LAFS.6.L.1.3; LAFS.6.L.1.4; LAFS.6.L.1.5; LAFS.6.L.1.6; LAFS.910.L.1.1; LAFS.910.L.1.2; LAFS.910.L.1.3; LAFS.910.L.1.4; LAFS.910.L.1.5; LAFS.910.L.1.6; LAFS.1112.L.1.1; LAFS.1112.L.1.2; LAFS.1112.L.1.3; LAFS.1112.L.1.4; LAFS.1112.L.1.5; LAFS.1112.L.1.6 Language Arts Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 6-12: LAFS.68.RH.1.1; LAFS.68.RH.1.2; LAFS.68.RH.1.3; LAFS.68.RH.1.4; LAFS.68.RH.1.5; LAFS.68.RH.1.6; LAFS.68.RH.1.7; LAFS.68.RH.1.8; LAFS.68.RH.1.9; LAFS.910.RH.1.1; LAFS.910.RH.1.2; LAFS.910.RH.1.3; LAFS.910.RH.1.4; LAFS.910.RH.1.5; LAFS.910.RH.1.6; LAFS.910.RH.1.7; LAFS.910. RH.1.8; LAFS.910.RH.1.9; LAFS.1112.RH.1.1; LAFS.1112.RH.1.2; LAFS.1112.RH.1.3; LAFS.1112.RH.1.4; LAFS.1112.RH.1.5; LAFS.1112.RH.1.6; LAFS.1112.RH.1.7; LAFS.1112.RH.1.8; LAFS.1112.RH.1.9 Language Arts Reading Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical subjects 6-12: LAFS.68.RST.1.1; LAFS.68.RST.1.2; LAFS.68.RST.1.4; LAFS.68.RST.1.5; LAFS.910.RST.1.2; LAFS.910.RST.1.4; LAFS.910.RST.1.5; LAFS.910.RST.3.8; LAFS.910.RST.3.9; LAFS.1112.RST.1.2; LAFS.1112.RST.2.4; LAFS.1112. RST.2.5; LAFS.1112.RST.2.7; Language Arts Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects: LAFS.68.WHST.1.1; LAFS.68.WHST.1.2; LAFS.68.WHST.1.3; LAFS.68.WHST.1.4; LAFS.68.WHST.1.5; LAFS.68.WHST.1.6; LAFS.68.WHST.1.7; LAFS.68.WHST.1.8; LAFS.68.WHST.1.9; LAFS.910.WHST.1.1; LAFS.910.WHST.1.2; LAFS.910.WHST.1.4; LAFS.910.WHST.1.5; LAFS.910.WHST.1.6; LAFS.910.WHST.1.7; LAFS.910.WHST.1.8; LAFS.910.WHST.1.9; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.1; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.2; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.4; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.5; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.6; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.7; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.8; LAFS.1112.WHST.1.9

2 tampabay.com/nie Air Transport Action Group The Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) is an organization that brings together companies from across the aviation industry. Representing , airports, air traffic management companies and the makers of aircraft and engines, the ATAG team works on CELEBRATINGOF COMMERCIAL making sure that air transport can grow in terms of passengers AVIATION and aircraft, but in a sustainable way with environmental 100 YEARS concerns being addressed. ATAG and its members were able to develop the world’s first climate-change targets for any global

CITIES CONNECTED THRU FLIGHT DISTANCE TRAVELLED sector. Aviation provides a great number of benefits to the world 1914 1 JAN 1914 1 JAN 2014 economy and society. It is a tool for business and a way for people 2 Cities Connected to connect with their families and friends and experience the 30 km 80,416,438 km The world’s first airline world. ATAG works with the industry and governments to make sure that the industry can grow and continue to provide benefits to On Jan. 1, 1914, a small biplane 2014 the world while also meeting its environmental obligations. PASSENGERS piloted by aviation pioneer Tony 40,000 Cities Connected For more information, visit aviationbenefits.org or atag.org. 1 JAN 1914 1 JAN 2014 Jannus lifted from the water in 1 downtown St. Petersburg, Fla., 8,547,945 with one paying passenger. Twenty- Flight 2014 Planning Board Inc. three minutes later, the plane The Flight 2014 Planning Board Inc. is an organization landed in Tampa, Fla., launching the world’s first regularly sched- composed of representatives from the Florida Aviation Historical uled commercial airline flight and Society, the Distinguished Aviation Society, the Times files flying into the annals of aviation St. Petersburg Museum of History, and the cities of history. The centennial of the world’s St. Petersburg and Tampa. Just 10 years after the Wright first regularly scheduled commer- The board’s vision is “to share the story of the birth of the cial airline flight offers a unique brothers’ first flight, the world’s first scheduled airline with the world and to make all opportunity to recognize the history In an average year, St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line aware that pioneer aviator Tony Jannus’ inaugural flight of the the airline industry carries and promote the future of aviation The airline industry supports operated two scheduled round-trips 3 BILLION PEOPLE + If aviation were 1914 St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line represents the birth of daily across Tampa Bay, with two science and technology. The 50 MILLION TONS OF CARGO, a country it the global airline industry.” which is the equivalent of would rank bi-wing seaplanes called Benoist developer of the St. Petersburg- 8 1 Tampa Airboat Line, Percival More information about the Flight 2014 Planning Board can be 5MILLION JOBS. airboats. Regular one-way fare was found at airlinecentennial.org. $5. With average airspeeds of 60 Fansler, noted in his speech before 44% 21st the first takeoff, “What was impos- See page 16 for a listing of the Flight 2014 Planning Board. OF THE WORLD BY GDP miles per hour, flight time between POPULATION 2.4TRILLION sible yesterday is an accomplish- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY the bay cities was a fraction of the time required for the trip by car, ment today, while tomorrow her- Florida Aviation Historical Society rail or boat. alds the unbelievable.” The Florida Aviation Historical Society (FAHS) is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to preserving Florida’s aviation heritage Learning with the Times and to promoting Florida aviation, aerospace and airports. FAHS Learning new words is Florida’s largest aviation historical society, with approximately When you study new things, you often come up against some 900 members in 26 states. More information about FAHS can be tough vocabulary words, such as aviation, transportation and found at FloridaAHS.org. tourism. Most vocabulary words are learned from context clues or good old-fashioned dictionary work. While you read this publication, be sure to highlight or circle words you don’t know. Try to figure out the words’ meanings by looking for clues in the sentences around them. Write down your best guess, and then Tony Jannus and Percival look the words up in a dictionary. As a group activity, make a Fansler in front list of the words your classmates identified and see which ones of the Benoist stumped the class. Next, use these words for a news scavenger airboat, 1914. St. Petersburg hunt. See if you can find these words in theTampa Bay Times. Museum of The group that finds the most words wins the game. History

tampabay.com/nie 3 St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, the world’s first airline In the early 1900s, travel between St. Petersburg and Tampa was slow and difficult. With no bridges “I am pleased to join all across Tampa Bay, both trains and those celebrating the 100th automobiles had to travel north and anniversary of commercial around the bay – a five-to-12 hour flight. trip by train and an all-day trip “America has always been by car. Even the more direct route a nation that empowers across the bay by steamboat took visionaries and entrepreneurs. two hours. And for generations, daring Percival E. Fansler, a Jackson- men and women have pushed ville electrical engineer, had the idea our boundaries and kept of starting an airline between the America on the cutting edge of two cities. He enlisted the support of innovation. airplane manufacturer Thomas Be- “One century ago, a pilot noist, who agreed to supply the air- and a passenger aboard a small boats and pilots and to operate the plane carried this tradition airline on a break-even basis, and forward by successfully the St. Petersburg city government, completing a flight on the which built a hangar for the airboat world’s first airline. This short on the municipal pier. Fansler also Cameron Cottrill, Times trip from St. Petersburg to recruited investors from the city’s Tampa ignited an industry that business community to help subsi- passenger in addition to the pilot. changed the way we travel dize the airline’s cost. Airboat no. 45 could accommodate and helped lead to today’s two passengers. interconnected world. At 10 a.m. on Jan. 1, 1914, his- “As we celebrate this tory was made as pilot Tony Jannus remarkable achievement in the and his first passenger, former St. and the life Petersburg mayor Abram C. Pheil, of our nation, let it inspire us to who paid $400 in a charity auction continue the important work of for the privilege, lifted off from St. Petersburg and touched down on testing the limits of our times. Above: Times files the Hillsborough River 23 minutes While we cannot predict where St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line and Benoist School of Aviation hangar, 1914. later. This short trip was the world’s Background photo: First flight of the St. innovation will take us, this St. Petersburg Museum of History Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, 1914. milestone serves as a reminder first scheduled airline flight and St. Petersburg Museum of History marked the dawn of commercial that when bold ideas unite with These early backers, some of the 1,205 passengers and thousands of a spirit of discovery, the sky is city’s most notable citizens, included aviation. For the next three months, the pounds of freight over Tampa Bay. no limit.” men whose names remain part of St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line Financially, the St. Petersburg- ­— President Barack Obama, today’s St. Petersburg, such as Noel Tampa Airboat Line came close to January 1, 2014 made at least two regularly sched- Mitchell, C. Perry Snell and George breaking even. Its last flight was on Gandy. uled round-trips between Tampa and St. Petersburg each day, car- May 5, 1914. Scheduled commercial The St. Petersburg-Tampa passenger service would not resume rying both passengers and cargo, Visit the Tampa Bay Times’ Airboat Line consisted of a fleet in the until 1919. First Flight centennial of two Benoist airboats, an early including bundles of the St. Peters- commemorative page at form of seaplane that could take burg Daily Times. The cost to fly one Sources: Will Michaels, The Making of St. tampabay.com/topics/ off and land on water. This was a passenger or 100 pounds of freight Petersburg; Bob Bluffield, “St. Petersburg- Tampa Airboat Line: World’s First Sched- specials/centennial-jannus- necessity, as St. Petersburg’s first was $5 – more than $100 in today’s first-commercial-flight.page. uled Airline” in Airways: A Global Review airport would not be built until currency. By the end of March of Commercial Flight, June 2010 1926. Airboat No. 43 could carry one 1914, the airboat line had carried

4 tampabay.com/nie In 2010, the American Tony Jannus Institute of Aeronautics and (1889 – 1916) Astronautics designated Anthony St. Petersburg’s Central “Tony” Haber- sack Yacht Basin as a Historic Jannus was Aerospace Site in born in 1889 recognition of its history as in Washington, D.C. Jannus the site of the world’s first taught himself Tony Jannus at the commercial airline flight. to fly at the controls of the Benoist No. age of 21, and 43, 1914. St. Petersburg Museum of History quickly became a skilled aviator. In 1911, he moved to St. Louis to serve as the chief pilot for the Benoist Aircraft Co. On March 1, 1912, Jannus was the pilot for parachutist Albert Benoist taxiing on the water, 1914. St. Petersburg Museum of History Berry’s world-first parachute jump from a moving airplane. Jannus’ Cameron Cottrill, Thomas Benoist other aviation accomplishments in- Times clude setting a record for over-water (1874 - 1917) flight by flying a Benoist airboat Benoist airboat reproduction Born in Irondale, Mo. in 1874, 1,900 miles from Omaha, Neb., to In commemoration of the centennial of the first flight, aircraft Thomas Benoist was an airplane New Orleans over the Missouri and designer Kermit Weeks built an exact, full-scale reproduction of pilot, flight instructor, designer, Mississippi rivers. Jannus was only the Benoist XIV airboat flown by Tony Jannus. marketer and manufacturer. In 24 years old when he made his his- The entire aircraft was handcrafted by Weeks and his team. 1908, Benoist founded America’s toric flight across Tampa Bay. The six-cylinder, two-stroke engine was reverse-engineered from first aircraft parts distributorship. In 1916, Jannus was killed in one of only six original Roberts engines left in the world and was He soon expanded into designing, an accident while training Russian built from scratch. Weeks planned to fly his reproduction aircraft manufacturing and selling aircraft. pilots for the Curtiss Aeoroplane Co. across Tampa Bay on New Year’s Day 2014, precisely 100 years He designed his first production- during World War I. after Tony Jannus’ historic flight, but the aircraft wasn’t ready. model airplane in 1911 and opened In 2003, Jannus was inducted Instead, Eddie Hoffman Jr. flew the flying boatMullet Skiff a flying school the same year. After into the Florida Aviation Hall of across the bay to commemorate the occasion. The Mullet Skiff the closing of the St. Petersburg- Fame, and in 2006, his portrait was was built by Hoffman and Tampa Airboat Line, Benoist added to the First Flight Shrine at his father Ed Hoffman Sr., The moved his company from St. Louis the Wright Brothers National Me- who also built the Benoist Benoist airboat’s to Chicago, and then, in 1916, to morial. In 2010, he was designated airboat replica on display engine weighs almost 300 pounds and is over 478 cubic Sandusky, Ohio. Tom Benoist was a Great Floridian by the State of at the St. Petersburg inches, but it only produces 75 inducted into the Florida Aviation Florida. Museum of History. horsepower. A similarly sized Hall of Fame in 2012. modern engine can produce more Sources: First Flight Society; Will Mi- Sources: Fantasy of Flight, than 500 horsepower. chaels, The Making of St. Petersburg; Bob Tampa Bay Times Bluffield, “St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line: World’s First Scheduled Airline” in See the details of Kermit Weeks’ Airways: A Global Review of Commercial reconstruction of the Benoist Flight, June 2010 Airboat at fantasyofflight.com/ category/benoist-2014.

Learning with the Times Breaking news In the early 1900s, travel between St. Petersburg and Tampa was slow and difficult. But Percival E. Fansler, Thomas Benoist and Tony Jannus were about to change things in a big way. Put yourself in the role of a newspaper reporter who is going to break this story to the public. Research this time period and the information about these men. In a small group, create a mini newspaper for this big event. Use the Tampa Bay Times as your model. Be sure to include some advertisements that would appear in the newspaper during this time period. Also, be sure to include direct quotes from each inventor, and include some quotes from your classmates about their thoughts about flight travel and the new airline. Share your newspaper with your classmates.

tampabay.com/nie 5 The earliest attempts at aviation The hot air balloon was the first aircraft designed airships, ornithopters and was to successfully carry human beings. Two the first to envision the powered fixed-wing French brothers named Joseph and Jacques aircraft. Montgolfier invented the first hot air balloon. German engineer Otto Lilienthal conducted The first balloon had a fabric bag attached to extensive early research into aerodynamics and a basket and used fire to heat air, which rose designed the first glider able to carry a person to fill the balloon. The first manned flight took and fly long distances. In 1889, he published place on Nov. 21, 1783. Less than two weeks the book Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation, after that first flight, Jacques Alexandre César which was used by the Wright brothers as the Charles and M.N. Robert made the first flight basis for their designs. Montgolfier’sBalloon in the Presence of the King and Queen. in a hydrogen balloon. Astronomer National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Sir George Cayley Samuel P. Langley a human. Langley used steam engines to was a pioneer of was the first to power his “aerodromes.” He built six full-scale aircraft design. He attempt to design a prototypes, several of which flew briefly but designed and built flying machine that none of which achieved controlled flight. working models was self-propelled, Sources: American Institute of Aeronautics and of many different Cayley “boy-carrier” aircraft, controlled in the Langley “quarter-scale” aero- 1849. National Air and Space drome. Eric Long, National Air Astronautics, Encyclopedia Britannica, Library of gliders. He also Museum, Smithsonian Institution air and able to carry and Space Museum, Smithsonian Congress, NASA, Smithsonian Institution, space.com Institution Airships type of aluminum-framed rigid Lilienthal, Orville and Wilbur first man-carrying glider at Kitty airship that came to be known as Wright began by designing and Hawk, N.C., in 1900. Although Unlike hot air balloons, air- zeppelins. Zeppelins were used building gliders. While Lilien- its lifting capabilities proved ships, also known as dirigibles, to bomb Paris and London dur- thal sought to control his aircraft disappointing, the control system are self-propelled and steerable. ing World War I. After the war, solely through body movements, performed as designed. Over the While there airships were used for passenger the Wright brothers designed a next two years, they tested more are several dif- service. In 1936, trans-Atlantic method of controlling the glider’s than 200 types of miniature wings ferent kinds of passenger service began with the lift by twisting, or warping, the in a six-foot wind tunnel. They airships, they zeppelin Hindenburg. Unfortu- wings to present different angles compared monoplane, biplane, tri- all include a nately, the hydrogen-filled Hin- to the wind. The pilot could plane and staggered-wing models balloon filled denburg crashed while landing cause the glider to climb, dive and measured the lift produced with a lighter- in New Jersey in 1937. This, and and bank to the right or left by by different angles, aspect ratios, than-air gas other disasters, combined with the “wing warping.” wing curvatures and thicknesses. such as hydro- advances taking place in heavier- The brothers tested their In 1902, the Wrights returned to Advertising poster for gen or helium; than-air aircraft technology led to Hamburg-Amerika airship a car or gon- line. National Air and the decline of commercial air- Space Museum, dola that is Smithsonian Institution ships. Orville piloting the carried below 1902 Wright glider. the balloon; engines for propul- National Air and Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Space Museum, sion; and rudders for steering. Smithsonian Institution In 1900, a German named Count von Zeppelin invented a The Wright brothers Inspired by the work of Otto

1000 B.C.E. - Kite is 1783 - Jean François 1797 - André Jacques 1852 - Henri Giffard’s 1900 - Count Ferdinand 1908 - Madame Therese invented in China. Pilâtre de Rozier and Garnerin makes the first steam-powered airship von Zeppelin makes the Peltier is the first woman Marquis d’Arlandes make human parachute descent makes first flight. first flight in his “rigid” to fly solo in an airplane. 1485-1500 - Leonardo the first voyage in a from a hot air balloon. airship. da Vinci designs flying Montgolfier hot air balloon. 1895 - Otto Lilienthal 1912 - Capt. Albert Berry machines and parachute. 1799 - Sir George builds and flies monoplane 1903 - Orville and Wilbur makes the first parachute 1783 - Jacques Alexandre Cayley designs gliders, and biplane gliders. Wright make the first jump from a powered 1709 - Bartolomeu César Charles and M.N. helicopters, airships and powered, sustained and airplane. Laurenço de Gusmao Robert fly in a hydrogen fixed-wing aircraft. 1896 - Samuel P. Langley controlled flight in a designs and builds hot air balloon. builds and flies steam- heavier-than-air flying balloon models. 1804 - Sir George Cayley powered Aerodrome machine. builds and flies the world’s models. first successful model glider.

6 tampabay.com/nie Kitty Hawk with a larger glider heavier-than-air airplanes were and carrier aircraft. It also marked refinements such as swept-back that included a tail with two verti- used only for reconnaissance. the coming-of-age of air transport wings and thinner control surfaces. cal vanes for stability. This aircraft The value of controlling the and the dawn of the helicopter. Some of these jets could exceed the could glide more than 600 feet. airspace soon became clear and speed of sound. On Dec. 17, 1903, the Wright Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica brothers made the world’s first Doing the math powered, sustained and controlled The jet age How much faster were flights in an airplane called the In 1929, a British engineer the monoplanes flying Flyer I. The Flyer I weighed about named Frank Whittle invented the during World War II than 600 pounds and had a 12-horse- gas turbine, or jet, engine. The first USAF P-51 Mustang fighter plane. power engine that generated about the biplanes flying in jet-powered aircraft flew in 1939. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution the same power as two modern World War I? Although several jet-powered fight- lawn mowers. The first flight, by ers and bombers were developed In the mid-1950s, a third genera- Orville Wright, covered more than soon led to the emergence of fighter before the end of World War II, they tion of jet-powered aircraft capable 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds. planes with more powerful en- entered the war of supersonic flight began to enter The day’s longest flight, by Wilbur gines and better designs. At the too late to make service. The 1950s also marked the Wright, covered 852 feet and lasted war’s beginning, fighter pilots and a significant dif- beginning of passenger jet ser- 59 seconds. The brothers spent the observers carried pistols or rifles ference. vice with the Boeing 707 entering next two years improving their aboard to shoot at enemy planes, The first service in October 1958 with Pan design, and on Oct. 5, 1905, Wilbur but by 1915, fighter planes armed generation of American World Airways. flew the Flyer III for 39 minutes. with machine guns began to enter jet-powered By the mid-1960s, fighter planes service for both the Germans and Whittle W.1X Turbojet airplanes was were capable of top speeds of more the Allies. New generations of Engine; National Air based on exist- than Mach 2, or twice the speed of and Space Museum combat aircraft continued to enter Archives, Smithsonian ing airframes, sound. The first V/STOL (vertical/ service throughout the war, includ- Institution which were not short takeoff and landing) fighter ing fighters, flying boats used for engineered for turbojet propulsion. jet became operational in 1967. reconnaissance and the first ship- The late 1940s marked the develop- based aircraft. ment of the second generation of jet Sources: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Encyclopedia Britannica While the typical combat aircraft aircraft, which had aerodynamic of the first world war was an open- cockpit, fabric-covered biplane with Learning with the Times Sopwith Snipe WWI fighter plane. National Air fixed landing gear and top speeds and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Learning to fly of just over 100 miles per hour, When the Wright brothers first performed experiments, people World War II opened with all-met- Aviation in World thought they were crazy. People didn’t think it was possible for al, enclosed-cockpit monoplanes humans to fly. Look how far we have come from that fateful day Wars I and II with retractable landing gear in December 1903 to today. Throughout the centuries, there have At the beginning of World War and top speeds of more than 350 been many myths and legends about flying. Myths and legends I, lighter-than-air aircraft – hot air miles per hour. Oxygen, voice ra- are fictional stories that attempt to explain a phenomena of nature, such as flight. Research myths and legends about flight, and turn balloons, zeppelins and other air- dios, parachutes, gyroscopic flight one of the stories you find into a newspaper-style article. Use the instruments and electric cockpit ships – were used extensively for newspaper articles in the Tampa Bay Times as models. Be sure to observation, reconnaissance, artil- lighting became standard equip- include the five Ws: who, what, when, where and why. Combine lery spotting, antisubmarine patrol ment. World War II brought rapid all of the class articles into a mini newspaper or magazine. Think and even for combat operations. technological innovation to fight- about and discuss with your classmates what the myths or legends The underpowered and unarmed ers, bombers and reconnaissance tell you about early ideas concerning flight.

1914 - The first regularly 1929 - Fritz Opel flies the 1937 - The Hindenburg 1939 - Germany’s Heinkel 1947 - Charles E. Yeager scheduled passenger air line first rocket-powered plane. dirigible is destroyed by 178 is the first fully jet- pilots the Bell X-1, the first begins between St. Petersburg fire while landing in New propelled aircraft to fly. aircraft to exceed the speed and Tampa, Fla. 1930 - Frank Whittle Jersey. of sound in level flight. invents the jet engine. 1942 - First successful 1926 - Robert H. Goddard 1937 - is test flight of the V-2 1957 - The Soviet Union makes the first free flight 1932 - Amelia Earhart lost en route to Howland rocket. launches the first man- of a liquid-fueled rocket. is the first woman to fly Island from Lae, New made Earth satellite, a solo non stop trans- Guinea. 1942 - Fritz Wendel flies Sputnik 1. Capt. Albert Berry, Tony Jannus and Tom Benoist 1927 - Charles A. Atlantic flight. the world’s first operational

preparing for the world’s first Lindbergh completes the 1939 - Igor Sikorsky jet-powered fighter, the parachute jump from a plane, first solo, nonstop trans- makes the first helicopter Messerschmitt 262. 1912. St. Petersburg Museum Atlantic flight. flight in the VS-300. of History

tampabay.com/nie 7 Unmanned aerial vehicles Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are aircraft that are guided remotely or autonomously. They are used for surveillance and reconnaissance and also can be used to designate targets and to drop munitions. The first UAVs were remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) used during World War II as training targets. In the 1950s, UAVs began to be used for photographic and electronic recon- naissance. In the 1980s, the develop- ment of new sensor technology, the implementation of the global posi- tioning system and the miniaturiza- tion of avionics increased the capa- bilities of UAVs significantly. Today, UAVs are used by all four branches of the United States military for a vari- ety of missions, and civilian versions are becoming increasingly common. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

Clockwise from top left: NASA Helios prototype flying wing, NASA Photo / Carla Thomas; USAF F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighter, Staff Sgt. Aaron Allmon II, USAF; The Falcon in flight, DARPA; SpaceShipTwo, Mark Greenberg, Virgin Galactic; Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, NASA Photo / Tony Landis

Stealth technology U-2 spy plane. NASA Photo Since the development of curves and large surfaces. Eyes in the sky radar in World War II, aircraft In 1940, Northrop introduced The U-2 high-altitude aircraft was designers had been seeking the N-1M flying wing. This was developed during the Cold War to ways to reduce the radar the first aircraft that contained conduct reconnaissance from above signature of aircraft. By the the pilot, engine and fuselage in the reach of Soviet anti-aircraft 1970s, new materials such a single airfoil structure. This fire. It had a range of 3,000 miles as carbon-fiber composites B-2 stealth bomber. Staff Sgt. Bennie J. Davis III, USAF radical design was the genesis of and could carry up to 700 pounds of and high-strength plastics had the design of the B-2 stealth bomber. photoreconnaissance equipment to an been developed that were light and strong enough for In 1983, the first stealth fighter became operational, unprecedented altitude of 70,000 feet. aviation use. These materials absorb radar energy and the first stealth bomber, the B-2, entered service in The U-2 entered service in 1956 and rather than deflecting it, which makes them harder to 1989. was initially projected to have an op- detect. Avoiding radar detection also requires modifying erational life of two years. However, the shape of an aircraft to avoid right angles, sharp Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica, Smithsonian Institution

1959 - The Atlas rocket 1961 - Soviet cosmonaut 1963 - Soviet cosmonaut 1968 - U.S. astronauts 1969 - U.S. astronauts Neil Slayton, Alexei Leonov is the first liquid-fueled Yuri Gagarin is the first Valentina Tereshkova is the Frank Borman, James A. Armstrong and Edwin E. and Valeri Kubasov make intercontinental ballistic man in space. first woman in space. Lovell and William Anders Aldrin Jr. are the first men the first joint U.S.-Soviet missile with a range of are the first men to orbit to walk on the moon. human spaceflight. more than 5,000 miles. 1961 - U.S. astronaut 1965 - Soviet cosmonaut the moon. Alan Shepard is the first Alexei Leonov makes the 1971 - The first space 1981 - Ben L. Abruzzo 1959 - A. Scott Crossfield American in space. first spacewalk. 1969 - First docking of station, Soviet Salyut 1, is makes the first balloon flight becomes the first to pilot two manned spacecraft in launched into Earth’s orbit. over the Pacific Ocean. the fastest and highest 1962 - U.S. astronaut 1967 - U.S. astronauts Gus orbit, Soyuz 4 and 5, takes flying aircraft in history, John H. Glenn Jr. is the Grissom, Roger Chaffee place. 1973 - The unmanned space 1981 - The U.S. launches the rocket-powered X-15. first American to orbit the and Ed White are killed in station Skylab is launched. the space shuttle, the earth. the Apollo 1 capsule fire. 1969 - The first flight of world’s first reusable the takes place. 1975 - Tom Stafford, spacecraft. Vance Brand, “Deke”

8 tampabay.com/nie the U-2 would go on to see service air-launched from a B-52 aircraft at hybrid rocket motor and thrusters record for a manned aircraft is just in every post Cold War American about 45,000 feet. The rocket engine for maneuvering in space. Space- slightly more than 26 hours. conflict and is still in service today. provided thrust for only the first 80 to ShipTwo can carry six passengers NASA’s Helios prototype aircraft 120 seconds of flight. The remainder and two pilots. SpaceShipTwo is was an unmanned solar-powered Sources: Lockheed Martin, NASA of the flight was without power. Most carried to an altitude of about 50,000 flying wing designed to operate at X-15 flights only lasted eight to 12 feet by a transport aircraft called high altitudes for a long duration. minutes. WhiteKnightTwo. Once released, the In 2001, Helios reached 96,863 The fastest passenger airplane is “space plane” uses its rocket motor to feet, a world-record altitude for a the Concorde, which can reach speeds reach space. SpaceShipTwo com- non-rocket-powered aircraft. Other of more than Mach 2. This supersonic pleted its first rocket-powered flight unmanned solar planes include Au- passenger plane made its first flight in 2013. rora Flight Sciences’ Odysseus and X-43 scramjet. NASA photo / Jim Ross in 1969 and entered service in 1973. SunLight Eagle, QinetiQ’s Zephyr, Sources: Scaled Composites LLC, Virgin From 1976 to 2003, both British and NASA and AeroVironment’s Faster than a Galactic Airways and Air France flew the Con- Pathfinder. Piloted solar aircraft speeding bullet corde on transatlantic routes, cutting include NASA and AeroVironment’s The record for the fastest jet- travel time in half compared to regu- Solar aircraft Gossamer Penguin and Solar Chal- powered aircraft was set in 2004 by lar commercial aircraft. Both airlines The first flight of a solar- lenger. NASA’s experimental, unpiloted X- ceased their Concorde operations in powered aircraft took place in 1974, In 2015, a group called Solar 43A scramjet (supersonic-combustion 2003, when it became clear that the when AstroFlight Inc.’s Sunrise Impulse is seeking to complete the ramjet) project. The X-43A reached aircraft would never be financially II was launched from a catapult. first around-the-world solar-powered Mach 9.6, approximately 7,000 miles profitable. Flat, thin and light, solar aircraft flight, and the United States De- per hour and nearly 10 times the The United States Defense Ad- are covered with solar panels that fense Advanced Research Projects speed of sound. vanced Research Projects Agency power electric motors and charge Agency (DARPA) is currently The fastest air-breathing, manned (DARPA) is currently developing the batteries or fuel cells. In theory, working to develop a solar-powered aircraft is the Lockheed SR-71 Black- Falcon Hypersonic Technology Ve- solar aircraft could stay in the air aircraft called Vulture that will stay bird, which has achieved more than hicle 2 (HTV-2). The rocket-launched for years without landing. However, aloft for more than five years. Mach 3. The SR-71 was developed HTV-2 is an unmanned, maneu- the current record for an unmanned Sources: DARPA, How Stuff Works, NASA during the Cold War as a reconnais- verable hypersonic air vehicle that solar aircraft is two weeks, while the sance aircraft that could not be shot glides through the atmosphere at up down. It flew higher and faster than to Mach 20 – approximately 13,000 any aircraft before or since. The miles per hour. At this speed, the Learning with the Times SR-71, in service for more than two exterior of the HTV-2 reaches 3,500 Making connections beyond the text decades, was retired in 1990. Lock- degrees Fahrenheit – hotter than a What do you think the economic impact of flight technology heed Martin is currently developing blast furnace capable of melting steel. has been in the Tampa Bay area and Florida? This is a difficult a hypersonic successor to the SR-71 question because you would have to consider employment, called the SR-72. This unmanned air- Sources: DARPA, Encyclopedia Britannica, recreational travel, business travel, and the import and export Lockheed Martin, NASA, SR-71 Online: An craft would fly at speeds up to Mach 6 businesses, as well as the military’s and NASA’s presence in our Online Aircraft Museum state. With a partner or in a small group, research some of the and could be operational by 2030. points discussed on these pages as well as on the other pages in The rocket-powered X-15 was this publication. Take notes while you are doing research. Review developed as part of a program Suborbital flight the “Decision making/Cost-Benefit Analysis” video located at researching piloted hypersonic flight. SpaceShipTwo is a prototype of econedlink.org/interactives/index.php?iid=184&type=student. The X-15 flew for nearly 10 years a commercial manned spaceship Create a graphic organizer — chart, web or outline — with the and set unofficial speed and altitude under development by Virgin Galac- information you find. Based on what you have learned, write an argument essay for or against expansion of commercial and or records of 4,520 miles per hour (Mach tic. In design, it is an air-launched, government-sponsored air travel in Tampa Bay. 6.7) and 354,200 feet. The X-15 was carbon-fiber composite glider with a

1982 - Ross Perot Jr. and 1986 - Jeana Yeager and 1999 - Brian Jones and 2003 - Felix Baumgartner 2004 - NASA’s X-43A 2012 - Felix Baumgartner Jay Coburn make the first Dick Rutan make the first Bertrand Piccard complete flies across the English hypersonic test vehicle is the first man to break around-the-world flight in nonstop flight around the the first non stop, around- Channel on a carbon-fiber reaches Mach 9.8 the sound barrier in a a helicopter. world without refueling. the-world balloon flight. wing. (7,000 mph). freefall jump from the edge of space. 1986 - U.S. space shuttle 1995 - Space shuttle 2000 - The first crew 2004 - SpaceShipOne 2010 - SpaceX’s Falcon Challenger breaks up Atlantis and Soviet space arrives to take up residence wins the first X Prize for 9 rocket achieves Earth Sources: American Institute of shortly after launch, killing station Mir are linked. in the International Space the first private manned orbit. Aeronautics and Astronautics, seven astronauts. Station. spacecraft to exceed an Library of Congress, NASA 1998 - The first two altitude of 328,000 feet 2012 - SpaceX’s Dragon 1986 - Soviet space modules of the International 2003 - U.S. space shuttle twice within a 14-day and Falcon dock with station Mir is launched. Space Station are launched Columbia breaks up upon period. the International Space and joined together in orbit. reentry, killing seven Station. astronauts.

tampabay.com/nie 9 avi·a·tion: the business or practice of flying airplanes, helicopters, etc. — Merriam-Webster

A SINGLE JET Creating jobs AIRCRAFT FLIES April 2014 Air transport is a major ALL AIRCRAFT IN THE SKY FLY global employer, generating 70,216 a total of 58.1 million jobs 15 THE FAN BLADES annually. This includes jobs in km kilometres IN A TYPICAL Modern jets typically fly Within sixty seconds, all the aviation industry itself – in 69 850-900 kms per hour. aircraft in the skies will WILLJET ROTATE ENGINE cover a distance two aircraft times around the earth. airline and airport operations, take off 4,000 aircraft maintenance, air traffic worldwide times management, head offices and activities such as check-in and 340 Frankfurt Airport’ssystem baggage handling – as well bags go through Every year,

3 billion bagsairlines. are carried by as jobs created by aerospace OVER manufacturers. AIRLINE 60 2,025 SECONDS $12.2 HIGH MEALS ARE MILLION WORTH VALUE T IN AVIATION • Aviation directly provides 8.7 AS OF WORLD PRODUCED On average, TIME-SENSITIVE KF TRADE CARRIED EA every 60 seconds… million jobs at airlines, airports BR $ million$4.6 and aircraft manufacturers. worth of economic supported by activity • Aviation generates 9.8 million aviation 4.5 indirect jobs through the BLUE SKY flights AIRLINE passengers handled 5,953 BOARDING PASS purchases of goods and services GATE: by New York board aircraft D30 GATE CLOSES: Air transport 20:00 air traffic around the around the world from companies in its supply 17,000 world supports AA/0013597: The busiestcontrol airspace in the Data messages are sent over 58 million chain. world handles 1,776,000 every minute across SITA's jobs, 35% of world aircraft annually. specialised network for trade by value and aviation. $2.4 trillion in • Aviation industry employees www.atag.org economic activity. support 4.6 million jobs through Sources of information: IATA Economics, CANSO, SITA, CFM International, Frankfurt Airport, ATAG research, Oxford Economics S I TA spending. and the ATAG publication Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders. • Aviation-enabled tourism generates 35 million jobs.

In North America alone, air transport supports almost 10 million jobs. Jobs in air transport cover a wide range of activities and How has flight changed skills, and many require a highly trained and qualified workforce, driving innovation and STEM our lives? skills development and providing well-paid opportunities.

The economic and social impact 25,000 aircraft and serving almost of aviation on our lives is immense. 4,000 airports. Every year, airlines Connecting our Air travel, as the only rapid transport over 3.1 billion passengers, world worldwide transportation network, and the annual global impact of Aviation promotes global is essential for global business and aviation is estimated to be $2.4 economic growth and development tourism. By facilitating tourism and trillion. by facilitating world trade, trade, aviation generates economic If aviation were a country, it would increasing access to international growth, provides jobs, improves rank 21st in size economically. By markets and allowing the living standards, alleviates poverty 2032, it is estimated that the air globalization of production. and increases revenues from taxes. transport industry will contribute World trade is expected to nearly Globally, there are nearly 1,400 more than 103.1 million jobs and $5.8 double over the next decade, and airlines, operating more than trillion to the world economy. air transport will help make it possible.

10 tampabay.com/nie Air transport is a vital component of many Nunavik, an area of more than 300,000 square industries’ global supply chain. Because it is miles, has no roads. For almost 30 years, the more expensive than other transport options, community-owned airline Air Inuit has provided it is used primarily for the rapid delivery of a fundamentally critical transport lifeline. time-sensitive goods such as spare parts for machinery and equipment; sensitive electrical Emergency assistance components; and perishable products such as Air transport allows delivery of urgently vaccines, food and flowers. needed assistance during humanitarian The total value of goods transported by emergencies caused by natural disaster, famine air represents 35 percent of all international or war. Aviation’s speed allows emergency and trade. A leading economic forecaster estimates aid workers and supplies to reach even remote that the increase in global connectivity due to or inaccessible locations quickly, when time is air transport over the last couple of decades of the essence. Both military and commercial is worth more than $200 billion to the global aircraft play roles in providing support to economy. humanitarian relief efforts by conducting Leading and innovating search-and-rescue efforts, evacuating refugees, Connecting people Aviation is a technological industry with delivering cargo and providing staging points Tourism plays a significant role in the a focus on research and innovation. This for rescuers and supplies. world economy, supporting more than 99 not only leads to more efficient aircraft The massive earthquake that devastated the million jobs and contributing $1.8 trillion to technology and operations, but also helps island nation of Haiti in 2010 illustrates how the global economy. Tourism is particularly build research capacity at universities air transport can make a life-or-death impact. important to the economies of many developing and high-tech skills across society. Every Haiti is the poorest country in the Western countries. Aviation is critical to the global $100 million of research and development Hemisphere and has experienced political tourism industry, with more than 52 percent spending by the aerospace industry instability for most of its history. In January of international tourists now traveling by air. generates additional benefits of $70 million. 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck just More than 35 million jobs in global tourism – west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. More than jobs in industries such as hotels, restaurants, A vital lifeline 300,000 people were killed, and 1.5 million were visitor attractions, local transport and car Air transport is a vital lifeline for left homeless. Haiti and its capital city were rental – are supported by foreign visitors communities that lack adequate road or rail devastated. arriving by air. networks. In many remote communities, Airlines transported emergency and relief reliable access to the rest of the world – and to workers and donated emergency supplies such Supporting development essential services such as healthcare, education as tents, blankets, medicine and food at no cost. Without these aircraft and people volunteering Air transport invests substantially in vital and government – is only possible by air. For to fly them, very little emergency airborne-relief infrastructure, with the industry funding the example, there are more than 200 communities aid would have reached Haiti because the cost vast majority of its own infrastructure costs. in Alaska, and more than 1,000 in Russia, of chartering a single all-cargo relief flight can Infrastructure includes the basic equipment that are inaccessible by road; while Indonesia be as high as $250,000. International aid would and structures needed for an organization to consists of 17,508 separate islands. Air transport have had to rely on much slower methods of function properly: in this case, investment such is relied upon for contact between communities transport, and more people would certainly as runways, airport terminals and air traffic and business links. have died of injury, disease and hunger. control towers. In 2012, airports invested In Quebec, Canada, a remote northern region $19.3 billion in construction projects, creating known as Nunavik is home to about 10,000 Sources: Air Transport Action Group, The World jobs and providing new facilities to their Inuit people who live in small family units Factbook communities. and exist by hunting, fishing and gathering.

Going beyond the text Learning with the Times As you can see from the information you have read on these The importance of air transportation pages, air transportation plays a crucial role in the everyday lives Look for an article in the Tampa Bay Times that exemplifies of many people and businesses. Ask your teacher to separate your the importance of air transportation in our society. Write an class into groups. Have your group choose one of the concepts argument-style blog posting exploring why air transportation discussed in this story to research. Research this information in did or could have made a significant impact on the situation your school media center or your local library. Find out as much being described in this article. If air transportation was used, information as you can. Write a report to share with your class. Be explain how it was used. If it was not used, explain why it should sure to document your sources. You can use print sources, such as have been. Share your information and what you have learned newspapers, as well as electronic data bases and encyclopedias with your class. and atlases.

tampabay.com/nie 11 Feedstockck growtgrowth The science and technology of flight CO2

Propulsion systems Earth orbit, about 25 times faster tions on the outboard portion of a Lift than the cruising speed of a pas- wing. They can be used to gener- Flight NASA defines a propulsion sys- Drag senger jet. ate a rolling motion. tem as “a machine that produces • The rudder is a hinged section at thrust to push an object forward.” CO2 Sources: Air Transport Action Group, How the rear of the vertical stabilizer. Stuff Works, NASA, Smithsonian Institution Propellers act like a spinning wing, Traansportnsport Thrust It can be used to produce a yaw- creating lift by moving through ing motion. the air. The engine used to power Roll, pitch and yaw • The elevators are hinged sec- CO2 Gravity CO the propeller is most commonly an 2 Unlike cars or boats, aircraft and tions at the rear of the horizontal CO2 internal combustion engine similar ProcessingProcessing DistributionDistribution spacecraft can move freely in three stabilizers. They can be used to at airportsairports to that used in automobiles, but dimensions. A pilot must control produce a pitching motion. CO The forces they also can be powered by jet or 2 the attitude, or orientation, of a • Slats are moving parts on the electric engines. vehicle in all three dimensions. leading edge of an aircraft’s wings RefiningRRfiefining of flight Propellers have been used on air- that can be extended forward to Four forces act on an aircraft in craft since the Wright brothers’ era • Roll is movement of the wings of increase the wing area, which flight: thrust, drag, gravity and lift. and are still found on most general the aircraft up and down. The motion of the aircraft through generates more lift at slow speeds. aviation airplanes. They are very • Yaw is movement of the nose of the air depends on the relative • Flaps are moving parts on the efficient for low-speed flight, but the aircraft from side to side. strength and direction of these trailing edge of an aircraft’s wings they are not used on high-speed • Pitch is movement of the nose of forces. that can be extended aft (toward aircraft. the aircraft up or down. the tail) to increase the wing area, Thrust is the mechanical force Gas turbine, or jet, engines Sources: NASA, Smithsonian Institution which generates more lift at slow which moves an aircraft through burn fuel and air in a combustion speeds. the air. The amount of thrust is de- chamber, creating hot exhaust that • Spoilers are small, hinged plates termined by the propulsion system. is passed through a turbine and Controlling the air on the top portion of an aircraft’s out a nozzle to produce thrust. Jet Pilots control the attitude of their Drag is the aerodynamic force wings that can be used to slow an engines can power aircraft for long aircraft using control surfaces that that opposes an aircraft’s motion aircraft or to make an aircraft de- distances and at high speeds. A tur- produce aerodynamic forces and through the air. Drag is generated scend. Spoilers also can be used to by every part of the external sur- boprop engine is a gas turbine that cause the aircraft to roll, pitch or generate a rolling motion if only face of an aircraft. powers a propeller. yaw. Varying the type and amount one is deployed. Ramjets are a type of jet engine of aerodynamic force allows the Weight is the force generated by used for high-speed flight. However, pilot to maneuver the aircraft. Sources: Air Transport Action Group, How the gravitational attraction of the unlike other jet engines, ramjets • Ailerons are small hinged sec- Stuff Works, NASA, Smithsonian Institution earth on the aircraft and is always directed toward the center of the have no moving parts – only an earth. inlet, a combustion chamber and 4 a nozzle. Air is “rammed” into the 2 Lift is the mechanical aerodynam- combustor using the forward speed 1 4 ic force, produced by the motion of the aircraft, burned with fuel, of an aircraft through the air, which 2 and ejected out of the nozzle to cre- 1 directly opposes the weight of an ate thrust. Because of this, ramjets 3 airplane and holds the aircraft in can produce thrust only when the 1 the air. aircraft is moving. Sources: Air Transport Action Group, NASA Rockets combine fuel and an 1 Slats 3 Aileron onboard source of oxygen called an 2 Flaps 4 Spoilers oxidizer. The oxygen and fuel ignite Going in a combustion chamber, explod- Controlling attitude in space beyond the text ing in hot exhaust that is passed Because there is no air in space, the control surfaces that an airplane Research one of the concepts through a nozzle to produce thrust. uses do not work there. To change orientation in space, a spacecraft discussed on these pages. Because, unlike turbines, rockets uses torque, a twisting force that causes rotation. Typically, spacecraft Present an oral report to your carry their own oxygen and do not use small thruster rockets to control their attitude. Some satellites use a class explaining what you have need air, they can fly in space. A system of spinning reaction wheels similar to gyroscopes. learned. rocket must accelerate to about five miles per second just to reach Source: Smithsonian Institution

12 tampabay.com/nie CO2

Feedstockck growtgrowth

CO2

Flight

Flight

CO2 CO 2 DDistributionistribution at airairportsports CO2

Traansportnsport Transport

CO2

CO 2 CO2 CO Refining ProcessingProcessing DistributionDistribution 2 at airportsairports

CO 2 Transport O2 ExtractioExtractionn CO CO2 RefiningRRfiefining

Sustainable aviation biofuels Unlike fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas, biofuels are fuels that are produced from When fast moving air along the top of the wing meets the slow air moving underneath at the wing’s tip, it creates renewable biological resources such as plant or animal materials. Sustainably produced biofu- a swirling vortex of air – known as a ‘wake’. This illustration shows how this wake vortex can be significantly reduced by the use of wingtip devices. Reducing the disturbance caused by the vortex makes the passage of the aircraft els result in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels. One of the smoother and therefore more ecient. most common biofuels is the petroleum substitute ethanol, which is produced by fermenting Conventional wingtip Winglet crops such as sugar cane or corn. Ethanol is a first-generation biofuel. First-generation bio- fuels are generally not suitable for use in aircraft and often come from non sustainable crops. Efficiency in action: Second-generation biofuels, which come from non food crop sources such as oil plants or mu- winglets nicipal waste, can be processed into high-quality jet and diesel fuels. Developing sustainable Adding tilted-up biofuels for aviation will provide the industry with an alternative to petroleum-based fuels and “winglets” to the tips of enable it to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. aircraft wings significantly Sustainable development reduces drag on the In 2008, the aviation industry committed to the world’s first sector-specific climate- aircraft, resulting in fuel change targets. Goals include improving fleet fuel efficiency by 1.5 percent per year until usage reductions of 2020, capping net carbon emissions beginning in 2020 and reducing net carbon emissions between 3 and 5 percent. to 50 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. Airlines are using multiple strategies to meet these ambitious targets: new technology, efficient Since their introduction, operations, improved infrastructure and market- winglets have saved more based measures. For more information about the than 4 billion gallons of aviation industry’s commitment jet fuel. They are being Source: Air Transport Action Group to sustainability, visit retrofitted to more than aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org. 5,000 aircraft.

All the graphics for Pages 12-13 Learning with the Times Air Transport Action Group Planning for the future Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other types of air pollution are important for the future of our environment. We need to think about reducing our carbon footprint today for it to affect the environment tomorrow. That is why it is important for the aviation industry to develop sustainable biofuels that will To learn more about provide the industry with an alternative to petroleum-based fuels and enable it to reduce its greenhouse how the aviation industry gas emissions. Working together with other students in your class, come up with a plan to get your school is working to reduce 2 and family to reduce their carbon footprints. Next, look at the ads in the Tampa Bay Times. Think about CO emissions, visit the dynamics of the ads. Think about ways to draw people’s attention to an ad and its message. Now, enviro.aero. design an ad for the print and digital editions of the Times that encourages people of all ages to reduce their carbon footprints. Share your ideas with your classmates.

tampabay.com/nie 13 Careers in aviation and aerospace

Are you interested in exploring career paths in aviation and aerospace? There are hundreds of options, including the ones outlined on these pages.

test and an air traffic controller, a person maintain must be a U.S. citizen, pass equipment used medical and background checks, in developing, achieve a qualifying score on the testing and producing Federal Aviation Administration new aircraft and (FAA) pre-employment test, and spacecraft. This may include complete a training course at the programming and running FAA Academy. Most air traffic computer simulations or working controllers have a four-year with additive manufacturing, degree. or 3D, printing. Most aerospace engineering and operations Aircraft mechanic crew, mission success and technicians have a two-year safety of the flight. The pilot Aircraft and avionics equipment degree in engineering technology, assists the commander in mechanics repair, maintain and but some have a high school controlling and operating the perform inspections on aircraft. Aerospace education plus a vocational vehicle. Mission specialists Many mechanics are generalists certificate or diploma. coordinate systems, crew engineer who work on many different types activity planning, consumables Aerospace engineers design of aircraft. Others specialize in a usage and experiment/payload aircraft, spacecraft, satellites and particular type of aircraft – such operations. Astronauts need a missiles. They typically specialize as jets, piston-driven airplanes minimum of a four-year degree in one of two types of engineering or helicopters – or in a particular from an accredited institution in – aeronautical or astronautical section or system, such as the engineering, biological science, – and can specialize in different engine, hydraulics or electrical physical science or mathematics, types of aerospace products, system. Although some aircraft such as aircraft, remotely piloted mechanics enter the field with aircraft, spacecraft, or missiles a high school education or and rockets. Aerospace engineers equivalent and are trained on must have a four-year degree in the job or receive training in the aerospace engineering or another Air traffic military, most learn their trade field of engineering or science at an FAA-approved aviation related to aerospace systems, and controller maintenance technician school may require security clearances. Air traffic controllers coordinate and are certified by the FAA. the safe and efficient movement Aerospace of air traffic by managing the flow of aircraft into and out of airport Astronaut The duties of professional engineering airspace, guiding pilots during NASA astronauts depend takeoff and landing, monitoring and operations on their crew assignment as aircraft as they travel through commander, pilot or mission technician the skies and directing the specialist. The commander Aerospace engineering and movement of vehicles on airport is responsible for the vehicle, operations technicians operate, runways and taxiways. To become

14 tampabay.com/nie although an advanced degree is must have an Airline Transport desirable. Astronauts also must Pilot (ATP) certification. Most pass a NASA space physical and pilots begin their flight training be citizens of the United States. with independent instructors or In addition, commanders and through flight schools. You can pilots must have at least 1,000 search for a flight school near you hours of pilot-in-command time at av-info.faa.gov/PilotSchool.asp. in jet aircraft. Sources: Federal Aviation Administration, NASA, U.S. Bureau of Flight attendant Labor Statistics Flight attendants ensure the safety and comfort of airline Military careers passengers by ensuring that everyone follows security in aviation and Tampa Bay-area aviation regulations. Flight attendants, aerospace who must have at least a high The U.S. armed forces offer educational institutions school diploma, receive initial many occupational specialties Hillsborough County Aviation and aerospace training from their employer and related to aviation and aerospace are certified by the FAA. for both officers and enlisted men Hillsborough County Career and career resources: Technical Education in Aerospace Air Line Pilots Association and women. Many do not require Technologies any previous education or International Pilot sdhc.k12.fl.us/cte/ alpa.org experience; training, which may aerospacetechnology.asp Airline and commercial pilots also qualify for college credit, Air Transport Association of fly and navigate airplanes, America Inc. is provided by the military helicopters and other aircraft. airlines.org immediately following basic Pasco County Airline pilots fly for airlines that American Institute of Aeronautics training. Of course, the Air Force Aerospace Career Academy, transport people and cargo on a and Astronautics Inc. offers many occupations directly Sunlake High School fixed schedule, while commercial aiaa.org involved with aviation and slhs.pasco.k12.fl.us pilots fly aircraft for other reasons, Ask Polaris aerospace. However, the Army, including charter flights, rescue askpolaris.org Coast Guard, Marine Corps and operations, firefighting, aerial Pinellas County Association of Flight Attendants Navy also have many jobs in photography and agricultural East Lake High School Academy afanet.org these fields, including air traffic crop dusting. Most airline pilots of Engineering Federal Aviation Administration controller, air transportation begin their careers as commercial eastlake-hs.pinellas.k12.fl.us faa.gov specialist, aircrew member, pilots. Commercial pilots typically Clearwater Aeronautical Space Helicopter Association flight engineer, aircraft launch need a high school diploma, while Academy International and recovery specialist and airline pilots typically need a clearwater-hs.pinellas.k12.fl.us rotor.com crewchief. four-year degree. All pilots who National Aviation Academy National Agricultural Aviation naa.edu are paid to fly must have at least Sources: U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Association a commercial pilot’s license from Coast Guard, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. agaviation.org the FAA, and airline pilots also Navy Professional Aviation Polk County Maintenance Association Central Florida Aerospace aviationeducation.org Academy Learning with the Times Regional Airline Association polkacademies.com/cfaa Aviation careers raa.org So are you interested in exploring career paths in aviation and U.S. Army aerospace? There are hundreds of options. Some career options Other goarmy.com are listed on these pages, but there are many more choices. What Embry-Riddle Aeronautical U.S. Coast Guard other types of jobs do you think there are in this field? Check out gocoastguard.com the websites listed on these pages. Write down all of the different University types of jobs you can find. Choose five of these jobs and write a erau.edu U.S. Marine Corps few sentences about how you feel these people make a difference Florida Institute of Technology marines.com in their community. Next, find an article in theTampa Bay Times College of Aeronautics U.S. Navy that depicts someone making a difference in the community. coa.fit.edu navy.com Write down the main points of the article. Share what you have U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics learned with your class. Occupational Outlook Handbook bls.gov/ooh

tampabay.com/nie 15 Tony Jannus Centennial Exhibit The St. Petersburg Museum of History Distinguished Flight One Gallery, was founded in 1920 as the St. Petersburg Memorial Historical Society. The mission of Aviation Society St. Petersburg the St. Petersburg Museum of History is to Founded in 1964, the Tony Museum of History collect, preserve and communicate the history Jannus Distinguished The St. Petersburg Museum of History’s and heritage of Florida with emphasis on St. Aviation Society is a 501(c)(3) signature exhibit traces the story of commercial Petersburg and the Pinellas Peninsula. The nonprofit organization that recognizes aviation from its inception in St. Petersburg on museum maintains a collection of more than extraordinary accomplishments in the field of Jan. 1, 1914. The World’s First Airline Gallery 32,000 artifacts and an archive of more than commercial aviation. Each year, the society proudly features a full-size, working replica of the 8,000 historic photos and 5,000 documents. More honors a historic aviation achievement by Benoist airboat, which was flown from information about the museum can be found at recognizing a distinguished individual for St. Petersburg to Tampa by pilot Ed Hoffman spmoh.com. outstanding contributions to scheduled air Sr. to recognize the 70th anniversary of the first transportation with the . flight in 1984. The society also looks to the future by offering the annual Tony Jannus Student Essay Contest and the Tony Jannus Scholars Awards. • Joseph W. Kittinger Jr., balloonist and test pilot Florida (2003) More information on the Tony Jannus • William Krusen, pioneer pilot (2011) Distinguished Aviation Society can be found Aviation Hall • Col. & Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh, pioneer pilots at tonyjannus.org. of Fame (2004) Membership in the Florida Aviation Hall • Lewis Maytag, CEO of National Airlines (2007) Tony Jannus student essay of Fame is awarded annually by a selection • David McCampbell, Navy pilot and Medal of committee of aviation historians chosen Honor recipient (2010) contest by the Florida Aviation Historical Society. • A.B. McMullen, builder of many of Florida’s airports (2004) The Tony Jannus Distinguished Aviation Honorees are inducted into the Hall of Fame • Zack Mosley, creator of nationally syndicated Society is proud to partner with the Florida at an installation ceremony at the Florida aviation comic strip “Smilin’ Jack” (2008) Council on Economic Education to offer the Air Museum at Lakeland Linder Airport in • Charles E. Richbourg, Navy test pilot (2006) annual Tony Jannus student essay contest. Lakeland, Fla. • Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, CEO of Eastern The goal of the essay contest is to encourage Honorees Air Lines (2003) the interest of high school students in • John Paul Riddle, founder of Embry-Riddle • Douglas Baker, test pilot (2003) scheduled commercial aviation and in Tony Aeronautical University (2005) • George “Ted” Baker, founder of National Airlines • Lawrence Sperry, inventor of the autopilot, turn- Jannus' history-making role. Students enrolled (2004) in grades 9 – 12 in a Florida school are eligible and-bank indicator and artificial horizon (2011) • Thomas W. Benoist, pioneer aircraft builder • Nicole Stott, astronaut (2011) to enter. The Grand Prize winner is awarded (2011) • Paul W. Tibbets Jr., pilot of the B-29 that a trip to Tampa for the award presentation in • Leroy Brown, pioneer pilot, crop-duster, airline carried the first atomic bomb (2005) pilot and co-founder, U.S. Airline Industry November, three round-trip airline tickets and • Juan Terry Trippe, founder of Pan American Museum (2009) a $600 spending allowance. World Airways (2003) • Jacqueline Cochran, pioneer aviatrix (2004) The deadline to enter the 2014 essay contest • Kermit Weeks, aerobatics pilot, experimental is Sept. 29, 2014. For more information about • , pioneer pilot, inventor and aircraft builder and founder of Fantasy of Flight founder of three Florida cities (2006) the Tony Jannus student essay contest, visit air museum (2008) • Jimmy Doolittle, pioneer pilot and war hero TonyJannus.org. • Robert M. White, WWII fighter pilot and test (2007) pilot • Amelia Earhart, pioneer aviatrix (2010) Tony Jannus Scholars Award • Chalmers H. Goodlin, WWII fighter pilot and test pilot (2005) Flight 2014 Planning Board The Tony Jannus Distinguished Aviation • George Haldeman, test pilot and holder of • Will Michaels, Ph.D., President Society provides financial support to students numerous aviation records (2006) • Capt. David McLay, Vice President enrolled in college-level courses leading to a • Ed Hoffman Sr., pioneer pilot (2008) • John N. Bowman, CPA, Treasurer degree in fields related to potential careers in • Howard Hughes, pioneer pilot and movie scheduled commercial aviation. Each year, the producer (2007) • H. Britt Bochiardy society honors six aspiring aviation leaders • Jack Hunt, Navy blimp pilot, Distinguished • Warren Brown, M.D. with awards totaling $15,000. Flying Cross recipient and founding president of • Robert J. Carter Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (2011) The deadline to apply for a 2014 Scholars • Joan Karins • Antony H. Jannus, pilot of the first airline (2003) Award is Sept. 29, 2014. For more information • Al Michejda, AIA • Colin Kelly, WWII B-17 pilot and “first hero of • Frank Robertson about the Tony Jannus Scholars Award, WWII” (2011) including how to apply, visit TonyJannus.org. • Chris Steinocher

16 tampabay.com/nie