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Poetry Genres Epic Poem  a Long Narrative Poem on a Serious Subject Presented in an Elevated Or Formal Style

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Poetry Genres Epic Poem  a Long Narrative Poem on a Serious Subject Presented in an Elevated Or Formal Style Poetry Genres Epic Poem A long narrative poem on a serious subject presented in an elevated or formal style. An epic traces the adventures of a hero whose actions consist of courageous, even superhuman, deeds, which often represent the ideals and values of a nation or race. Epics typically address universal issues, such as good and evil, life and death, and sin and redemption Beowulf, the Illiad, The Odyssey Lyric Poems A short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings. Most poems other than dramatic and narrative poems are lyrics. Narrative Poem A poem that tells a story using elements of character, setting, and plot to develop a theme. Beowulf, the Illiad, and “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” Prose All forms of written or spoken expression that are not in verse Short stories and essays, for example Structure Stanzas A grouping of lines, set off by a space, that usually has a set pattern of meter and rhyme Usually share common rhyme scheme (pattern of end rhymes) Couplet: Two lines that usually rhyme and have the same meter Tercet: Three-line stanza; triplet: three-lines rhyming Quatrain: four-line stanza, various rhyme schemes Couplet Any 2 lines that work as a unit, whether they make a single stanza or are part of a larger stanza, most rhyme. Example: “Be not the first by whom the new are tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.” "Good nature and good sense must ever join; To err is human, to forgive, divine.“ "’Tis education forms the common mind,/Just as the twig is bent, the tree’s inclined." Quatrain a stanza, or a complete poem, consisting of four lines of verse. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Rhyme Scheme the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem Bid me to weep, and I will weep A While I have eyes to see; B And having none, and yet I will keep A A heart to weep for thee. B A shift in rhyme scheme indicates a shift in tone, events, etc. Graphical Elements What to notice . Number and Length of Lines Word Position: Centered? Left? Right? Spacing? Stanzas Verses “Shape” of a poem and its visual presentation How does the poem’s appearance on the page affect its interpretation? Forms of Poems Fixed Form Poems that follow a prescribed model Follows a pattern of lines, meter, rhyme, and stanza Fixed form poems do not always fit models precisely; writers sometimes work variations on traditional forms to create innovative effects. A variance from the fixed form indicates a variance in tone, events, etc. English/Shakespearean Sonnet • Usually written in iambic pentameter with 14 lines Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee. --William Shakespeare Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet 14 lines, divided into 2 parts • first 8 lines (octave) usually rhyme abbaabba • last 6 lines (sestet) rhyme will vary: cdecde, cdcdcd, and cdccdc Very often, the octave presents a situation that the sestet resolves. “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” by John Keats Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-brow'd Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He star'd at the Pacific--and all his men Look'd at each other with a wild surmise-- Silent, upon a peak in Darien. Spenserian Sonnet A variation of the Shakespearean sonnet which has the same structure but uses the interlocking rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee “Fire and Ice” -- by Edmund Spenser My love is like to ice, and I to fire: how comes it then that this her cold so great is not dissolv'd through my so hot desire, but harder grows, the more I her entreat? Or how comes it that my exceeding heat is not delayed by her heart frozen cold, but that I burn much more in boiling sweat, and feel my flames augmented manifold? What more miraculous thing may be told that fire, which all thing melts, should harden ice: and ice which is congealed with senseless cold, should kindle fire by wonderful device? Such is the pow'r of love in gentle mind that it can alter all the course of kind. “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” Villanelle By Dylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good night, 19 lines of any length divided into 6 Old age should burn and rave at close of day; stanzas: Rage, rage against the dying of the light. 5 tercets with aba rhyme scheme Though wise men at their end know dark is right, a concluding quatrain with abaa Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. rhyme scheme Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Line I repeats as lines 6, 12, and 18 Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Line 3 repeats as lines 9, 15, and 19 Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on that sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Sestina by Algernon Charles Swinburne I saw my soul at rest upon a day As a bird sleeping in the nest of night, Among soft leaves that give the starlight way To touch its wings but not its eyes with light; Sestina So that it knew as one in visions may, And knew not as men waking, of delight. This was the measure of my soul’s delight; 39 lines of any length It had no power of joy to fly by day, Nor part in the large lordship of the light; divided into 6 six-line But in a secret moon-beholden way Had all its will of dreams and pleasant night, stanzas And all the love and life that sleepers may. But such life’s triumph as men waking may It might not have to feed its faint delight 3-line concluding stanza Between the stars by night and sun by day, Shut up with green leaves and a little light; called an envoy Because its way was as a lost star’s way, A world’s not wholly known of day or night. Repeated 6 words at the All loves and dreams and sounds and gleams of night Made it all music that such minstrels may, And all they had they gave it of delight; ends of the first stanza’s But in the full face of the fire of day What place shall be for any starry light, lines at the ends of the lines What part of heaven in all the wide sun’s way? in the other five 6-line Yet the soul woke not, sleeping by the way, Watched as a nursling of the large-eyed night, And sought no strength nor knowledge of the day, stanzas Nor closer touch conclusive of delight, Nor mightier joy nor truer than dreamers may, Those words must also Nor more of song than they, nor more of light. For who sleeps once and sees the secret light appear in the final three Whereby sleep shows the soul a fairer way Between the rise and rest of day and night, lines, where they resonate Shall care no more to fare as all men may, But be his place of pain or of delight, important themes. There shall he dwell, beholding night as day. Song, have thy day and take thy fill of light Before the night be fallen across thy way; Sing while he may, man hath no long delight. Epigram Brief, pointed, and witty poem. Most rhyme and often are written in couplets No prescribed form Typically polished bits of compressed irony, satire, or paradox “Coward” by A. R. Ammons Bravery runs in my family “Epitaph on a Waiter” by David McCord By and by God caught his eye. Limerick Short five-lined humorous poems Usually anapestic lines rhyming aabba There once was a man from Nantucket Who kept all his cash in a bucket; But his daughter, named Nan, Ran away with a man, And as for the bucket, Nantucket.
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