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And Other Writings by Huan T'an (43 B.C

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And Other Writings by Huan T'an (43 B.C THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGM CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES MICHIGAN PAPERS IN CHINESE STUDIES NO. 20 HSIN-LUN (NEW TREATISE) and Other Writings by Huan T'an (43 B.C. - 28 A.D.) An Annotated Translation with Index by Timoteus Pokora Ann Arbor Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan 1975 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright (c) 1975 Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89264-020-1 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-472-03803-9 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12744-3 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90139-5 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe much to those who have worked on my manuscript since 1970. My sincere appreciation must be extended to Professors Chun-shu Chang, Donald J. Munro, and Rhoads Murphey for their contributions of time and expert advice through all stages of the manu- script preparation. I would also like to thank Christina Whitman and Leslie Swartz Shalen who edited the text for content and grammatical continuity. Finally, my thanks to Judy Dudley, the typist, and Lilly Chai, the calligrapher, for their excellent work. CONTENTS Fragment Page Introduction xi Huan Tfanfs Work and Its Transmission xxvii ^- Hsin-lun as Reconstructed by Yen Kfo-chun, Chfuan Hou Han wen Chapter 1 1 1. Creation (Pen tsao) 3 5 2. Kings and Hegemons (Wang pa) 3. Searching for Counsellors (Ch'iu fu) 7 9 4. On Substance (Yen tfi) 32 25 5. Observing Evidence (Chien cheng) 42 37 6. Reprimanding Wrong (ChTien fei) 52 45 7. Awakening Insight (ChTi wu) 67 65 8. Dispersing Obscurantism (Ch'u pi) 79 71 9. Correcting the Classics (Cheng ching) 87 89 10. Recognizing Intelligence (Shih t'ung) 98 103 11. Encountering Affairs (Li shih) 105 111 12. Speaking on Rhyme-prose (Tao fu) 139 145 13. Discerning Error (Pien huo) 143 149 viii 14. Explaining Plans (Shu tzTu) 159 165 15. Mourning for Friends (Min yu) 160 171 16. The Way of the Zither (Chfin tao) 169 181 Comparative Tables of Fragments in the Editions by Yen K?o-chun and Sun PTing-i 194 II. New Fragments of Hsin-lun On the Ming t'ang 175 203 Tung Yueh's Ch'i-kuo k'ao 176 205 Fei-yen wai-chuan 188 210 Wen hsiian and Its Commentaries 189 212 Cheng-i Commentary 192 214 TTai-pTing yu-lan 193 214 Wen-hsin tiao-lung 194 215 Kfung P'ing-chuan, Heng-huang Hsin-lun 198 216 Pf e i -wen yiin- f u 199 217 Poets Wu Yiin and Wang Pao 200 217 Shuo-fu 202 218 Commentaries to the Tso chuan 203 220 III. Other Writings of Huan Tfan Rhyme-prose on Looking for the Immortals (Wang hsien fu) 205 231 Discussion with Fu Yen 206 232 Letter to Tung Hsien 207 233 IX Proposal on the Regulation Projects 208 234 Statement on the Duties of Con- temporary Government 209 235 On Repressing the Ch'an Texts and Increasing Rewards 210 238 Memorial on What is Advantageous (Shang pien i) 211 241 Statement on What is Advantageous (ChTen pien i) 212 241 Notice (Chfi shih) 213 241 Letter in Reply to Yang Hsiung (Ta Yang Hsiung shu) 214 242 Esteeming Affairs (Shang shih) 215 242 Addenda 268 Bibliographies I. Editions of Hsin-lun 269 II. Studies on Huan Tfan and his Hsin-lun 273 III. Sources 276 IV. Literature in Chinese and Japanese 286 V. Literature in Other Languages 298 Index 311 INTRODUCTION Better known in his own times than later, Huan T'an was a scholar-official, independent in his thought and unafraid to criticize orthodox currents of his time. He and his more famous contemporaries Liu Hsin, Yang Hsiung, and Wang ChTung were scholars of the Old Text exegesis of the Classics. Huan T'an (ca. 43 B.C.-28 A.D.) lived in the disturbed period around the time of the Han interregnum and witnessed political crises, uprisings, and civil war. He observed the reigns of the Emperors Yuan (48- 33 B.C.), Ch'eng (33-7 B.C.), Ai (7-1 B.C.), and P'ing (1 B.C.-6 A.D.). He was close to Wang Mang during his quest for power and the establishment of his Hsin dy- nasty. Even at the court of the victorious Kuang-wu (25-56 A.D.), the first emperor of the restored Han dynasty, Huan T'an remained an honorary official and a well-known scholar. But he never belonged to the small group of decision-makers or highest advisors and this may account for his ability to retain a position in the court throughout these political changes. Much of the information we have on Huan Tfan comes from Fan Yeh, the author of the Hou Han shu. In addition, many important facts about Huan Tfan and his times are found in the fragmentsl of his principal work, Hsin-lun. Hsin-lun differs from other books on polit- ical criticism in that it does not deal primarily with history but takes many examples from contemporary social and political life. Unfortunately, since the greater part of his writings is lost, a full evaluation of his ideas is rather difficult. While belonging to the Old Text group of court officials and scholars, Huan T'an differed radically from them in his stress on direct knowledge, in his range of practical experience, and in his outspoken criticism of popular opinions. He was not a systematic philosopher, but his ideas were influential in the return to a more worldly conception of Confucianism. *The author feels that his original considerably longer Introduction provides a more adequate setting as well as additional helpful information. He will be glad to supply copies of this longer version on request, and may be addressed Care of Center for Chinese Studies, Uni- versity of Michigan. xi Xll His Life Huan Tfan probably came from Anhwei province. His father was a Prefect of Imperial Musicians, and like him, Huan Tran spent many years as an official of music. But his unorthodox concept of music and his musical talents on the chT in (zither) often involved him in conflicts with the emperor under whom he was serving. As a result, his career was frequently inter- rupted. It may have been Huan Tfanfs unsuccessful ca- reer that motivated his interest in the rise of Wang Mang. However, even if a modest new opportunity did open up for him around the time of Wang Mang!s accession, he did not achieve any important post and certainly had no direct influence on Wang Mang. By the end of Wang Mang's reign Huan T'an was sixty-five years old. He remained at the court but soon became embroiled in a conflict with the Emperor Kuang-wu. An experienced and courageous scholar-offi- cial, Huan Tfan continued his criticism under the new Emperor. He finished his Hsin-lun and sent it to the Emperor, as it was written as a handbook on political science for a new ruler. From extant memorials and their replies we know that Kuang-wu found Huan T'an's political views incompatible with his own. In particular, Emperor Kuang-wu was infuriated over Huan TTanfs criticism of the prognostication texts because the Emperor believed that it was by virtue of the guidance of these texts that he had ascended the throne. While Huan Tfan "said again with insistence that the prognostications were contradictory to the canonical books,"2 Emperor Kuang-wu claimed that their "reliability" was based on the Clas- sics and on Confucius himself. Huan T'an was condemned to be beheaded immediately, but was pardoned later after lengthy kowtowing. He did not, however, go unpunished. He was exiled to Liu-an in Anhwei where he was to be an Assistant Administrator. The aged scholar was unable to endure the long trip and died on the way. The case of Huan T!an established a precedent. For the first time the Emperor was directly informed that deceitful people may falsely praise the prognosti- cation texts in order to mislead the ruler. Secondly, the furious reaction of the Emperor who had declared the prognostications authentic served as a warning to other scholars to be more cautious in their utterings on the subject. Some influential Old Texters did not xiii heed these admonitions and later succeeded in imposing their ideas on the Emperor Chang (76-88 A.D.). In 85 A.D., while on an imperial inspection tour of the East, Emperor Chang sent a messenger to make a sacrifice at Huan T'an's tomb. Thus the scholar's critical attitude towards the prognostication texts and his contribution to Han thought was officially, if posthumously, recog- nized and sanctioned. His Thought Huan T'an's ideas played a large role in the development of Han thought. It was Huan T'an who, to- gether with his follower Wang Ch'ung, started the crit- ical trend of thought by attacking the New Text school and by viewing with skepticism the idealized past. Along with Yang Hsiung, all three philosophers were Confucian but had some penchant for Taoism. Huan TTan!s attitude towards Confucius was reserved, even critical. He rarely referred to Confucius as a sage. This anti- traditional tendency is illustrated in quotations from ^e Hsin-lun.
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