TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preamble ...... 3

Obituary—Lt.-Col. B. H. Ryves ...... 6

List of Contributors ...... 7

Cornish Notes ...... 9

Arrival and Departure Tables ...... 42

The ...... 47

Arrival and Departure of Migrants in the Isles of Scilly ... 55

The Breeding Habits of the Corn-Bunting ...... 57

Supplementary Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Corn- Bunting ...... 77

Our Society and the Protection of Birds Act ...... 86

Wildfowl Counts in ...... 87

Melancoose Reservoir, ...... 88

Bird Notes from the Bishop Rock Lighthouse ...... 89

Survey of Whinchat and Stonechat ...... 95

Forest Types and Common Forest Birds in West Cornwall ... 97

The Macmillan Library ...... 104

The Society's Rules ...... 106

Balance Sheet ...... 107

List of Members ...... 108

Committees for 1960 and 1961 ...... 122

Index 123 THIRTIETH REPORT OF The Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preservation Society 1960 Edited by J. E. BECKERLEGGE & G. ALLSOP (kindly assisted by H. M. QUICK, R. H. BLAIR & A. G. PARSONS)

The Society Membership now exceeds seven hundred; during the year, forty have joined the Society, but losses by death and resigna­ tion were fourteen. On February 6th a meeting was held at the Museum in , at which a talk on " Bird recognition in the field," by Mr. Parsons, was followed by a discussion. The twenty-ninth Annual General Meeting was held in Truro on April 23rd under the chairmanship of Dr. Blair. At this meeting Sir Edward Bolitho, Dr. Blair, Mr. Martyn, Col. Ryves, the Rev. J. E. Beckerlegge and Dr. Allsop were re-elected as President, Chair­ man, Treasurer and Secretaries, respectively. Under Rule 6, Col. Almond, Col. Bertram, Mrs. Birtill, Mrs. Meares and Mrs. Visick retired from the Executive Committee and Miss Jones, Miss Pick- thall, Mr. Goddard, Mr. Khan, Mr. Parsons and Mr. T. J. Stephens were elected to it. At this meeting Dr. Coombs illustrated a talk about " Birds in Spain " by means of a film of his own making. At the Autumn Meeting held in Truro on October 8th Mr. D. R. Wilson, the Secretary of the British Trust for Ornithology, spoke about the Trust's activities and also presented a film of bird life in Foula. There was one meeting of the Executive Committee during the year. The River Board responsible for the area intends to alter the course of the Amble river so as to reduce the flooding risk. This will have considerable effect on the Walmsley Sanctuary and make it pointless to erect the proposed Memorial Observation Hut at the selected site. Consequently it was suggested that instead of an observation hut the funds should be spent on improving and, if possible, extending the sanctuary as a memorial to its former guardian the late T. J. Willcocks. At the Autumn Meeting this suggestion was approved and it is hoped that the work may be done whilst the River Board is altering the river course. This year there have been field days led by Col. Almond, Mr. Parsons, Miss Paynter (deputising for Mrs. Carter who was ill), Mr. Stevens and Miss Whelan. It is hoped to have field days at all places of ornithological interest throughout the county so that mem­ bers may become well acquainted with its bird life. 3 There is now a new stretch of fresh water, the Newquay-Porth (Melancoose) reservoir, in the county. The Water Board and Mr. Broughton, the Manager, have been good enough to grant the Society a permit, valid for a year, for up to three members of the Society at a time to visit the reservoir. As no shooting is allowed, it is to be expected that there will be a gradual build up of appropriate bird life there. Will anyone wishing to visit the reservoir please write to a secretary giving date of proposed visit and names of those going so that the requisite permit can be issued? The Society, helped by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Council for Nature, was represented at the Inquiry held at St. Austell into the proposed development at Par Beach and Polmear; the result of it is not yet known. Amongst the more unusual casual and accidental visitors this year were a Yellow-browed Warbler at , a Great Reed Warbler at Par Beach, Rose-coloured Starlings at and St. Just-in-, a Collared Dove near the and Mediterranean Black-headed Gulls at St. Ives. On the Isles of Scilly a Rustic Bunting, a White-spotted Bluethroat, an Eastern Rufous Turtle Dove and a Bartran's Sandpiper occurred. This issue of the Report is a memorial number to the late Col. B. H. Ryves, the founder of the Society. Two of his more important papers are, by kind permission of " British Birds," included in it. The late Mrs. MacMillan has made a bequest of five hundred pounds and three valuable rings to the Society. For this the Society is grateful. During the year two papers by members were printed in tech­ nical journals. Dr. Coombs' paper on the Rook in South-west Cornwall was published in the " Ibis " and Mr. Parsons' notes on the wintering in Cornwall of Greenshank, Spotted Redshank, Green Sandpiper and Common Sandpiper appeared in the " Proceedings of the 12th International Ornithological Congress." Copies of these papers may be borrowed from the Society's library. Shooting of sea birds occurred at Island in April. The matter was reported to the police who took quick action to stop the offence. Again members are asked to send their mainland records for the year to the Rev. J. E. Beckerlegge before January 15th. Records arriving after that date may be too late for inclusion in the Report. Isles of Scilly records should be sent to Miss H. M. Quick before January 15th. Members should send their contributions to the Treasurer and not to a secretary. Will members who change their addresses please notify the Treasurer as soon as possible. The Society is again indebted to Mr. Wills for auditing the accounts. The Society is indebted to Mrs. U. Menhinick, sister of the late Mr. T. J. Willcocks, for the gift of some books and journals; particulars of these will be found in the Library list. At the Annual General Meeting, 1961, Mr. N. R. Phillips and Lt.-Col. W. E. Almond were elected joint Honorary Secretaries in the place of Col. B. H. Ryves (deceased), and Dr. G. Allsop (resigned). 4 PEREGRINE ENQUIRY. Mr. R. B. Treleaven, Rockmount, Road, Launceston, is undertaking for Cornwall the B.T.O. enquiry on the Peregrine. Would members please send him any records they have of Peregrines breeding or suspected breeding, either pre-war or post-war, of kills made—in fact, any information at all.

STONECHAT ENQUIRY. Mr. N. R. Phillips, 5, The Crescent, Alexandra Road, St. Ives, is undertaking for Cornwall the B.T.O. enquiry on the Stonechat. Would members please send him all records of Stonechats that they have for 1961.

CIRL-BUNTING ENQUIRY. The Revd. J. E. Beckerlegge, St. Vicarage, Praze, , is undertaking an enquiry on the distribution of the Cirl- Bunting in the County. Would members please send him all records they have for this species.

5 BENJAMIN HERVEY RYVES (1876-1961) Our founder, Lieut.-Col. Benjamin Hervey Ryves, died on Tues­ day, 21st February in Tehidy Chest Hospital at the age of 85. Born in Multan in the West Punjab, he was educated at Westward Ho! and Sandhurst and passed into the Indian Army in 1896, remaining in that service until invalided out in 1921, when he settled at St. Mawgan. Thirty years ago, in 1931, he founded our Society and has remained a Secretary ever since, though of late years his activities have been restricted. Thanks largely to his inspiration the Society has grown steadily to its present membership of about 700, and its reports have a high reputation. In 1934 " British Birds " published his articles on polygamy in the Corn Bunting based on three years intensive study, in which he was assisted by Mrs. Ryves. They are reprinted in this Report. They proved that most males were polygamous, having from two to seven hens each. He was a regular contributor of Nature Notes to the " Western Morning News," and many articles from his pen, mainly on breeding biology, appeared in " British Birds," " Bird Notes and News," and other periodicals. His book " Bird Life in Cornwall," which was published in 1948, provides a rich mine of information on the status and habits of Cornish birds in the first half of this century. An ardent crusader for bird protection in all its aspects, in addition to legal action whenever applicable, he pioneered a system of rewards for protection of nesting haunts of rare birds, with bonuses for successful fledgings. While constant vigilance is still needed, public opinion, which he helped to mould together with the penal clauses of the new Protection of Birds Act, have now largely curtailed the activities of those arch-enemies, the egg-collector and the unscrupulous man-with-a-gun. We shall remember him with affection and esteem not only as an ornithologist of national reputation, but as a dear friend and a warm-hearted gentleman of the old school. To Mrs. Ryves and the family we extend our deep sympathy.

6 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS G. A. Dr. G. Allsop W. E. A. Lt.-Col. W. E. Almond P. A. & M. A. The Misses Aspinall J. E. B. Revd. J. E. Beckerlegge A. B. A. Beswetherick E. H. W. B. Lt.-Col. Sir Edward Bolitho J. C. B. J. C. Boutflower (non-member) C. B. Miss C. Boyer R. H. B. Dr. R. H. Blair W. G. B. W. G. Breed (non-member) G. B. G. Brenton H. V. B. Dr. H. V. Brown R. B. R. Burrows (non-member) F. E. C. Mrs. F. E. Carter D. C. Mrs. D. Cavendish H. P. O. C. H. P. O. Cleave E. M. C. E. M. Cock F. A. H. C. F. A. H. Coon F. A. C. Major F. A. Coward (non-member) R. M. C. R. M. Curber N. B. E. N. B. Exelby J. S. G. J. S. Gilbert R. G. R. Gendall A. H. G. A. H. Glanville H. M-G. H. Mayer-Gross (non-member) B. F. H. Revd. B. F. Harvey H. H. Miss H.Harvey S. C. H. Mrs. S. C. Holland (non-member) D. P. H. D. P. Holmes W. A. H. W. A. Holmes A. C. H. A. C. Hosking M. J. J. Miss M. J. Jones H. R. K. Mrs. H. Rait Kerr R. K. R. Khan 7 B. K. B. King A. A. L. A. A. Lock R. H. & M. J. M. Mr. & Mrs. Meares C. W. M. C. W. Morgan (non-member) J. L. P. J. L. Palmer W. S. P. W. S. Parry A. G. P. A. G. Parsons B. P. B. Pattenden R. J. P. R. J. N. R. P. N. R. Phillips E. G. P. Miss E. G. Pickthall A. P. Vice-Admiral A. Poland (non-member) E. M. P. Mrs. E. M. Powell J. P. J. L. Pyper P. H. R. P. H. Richards E. G. R. Captain E. G. Roper J. A. S. J. A. Sage R. J. S. R. J. Salmon A. C. S. A. C. Sawle R. P. S. R. P. Smallridge P. R. S. F. R. Smith B. S-S. Mrs. B. Spenlove-Spenlove C. J. S. C. J. Stevens G. M. T. G. M. Tanner (non-member) M. T. Mrs. M. Thomson M. L. T. Miss M. L. Trahair R. B. T. R. B. Treleaven M. P. V. Mrs. M. P. Visick^ R. P. W. Mrs. R. P. Weeks E. M. W. Miss E. M. Whelan T. R. J. W. T. R. J. Williams K. O. W. Miss K. O. Wilson I. W. Mrs. I. Winn

8 CORNISH NOTES RAVEN. February 18th. " Winnowing " display. A pair of Ravens flew over my garden at St. Just, out to sea and returned flying at different levels. One dived with closed wings and, on its approach, the other, keeping a level flight, made a loud noise with its wings such as is made by Swans in flight. The sound could be heard for a long distance, and was kept up for about a minute. Heard the same, but less sustained, on a second occasion. R.H.B. The nest recorded in 1959 in a railway viaduct was again used, and at least three young were seen. CJ.S. ROSY PASTOR. August 26th—27th. At St. Just-in-Penwith, one. R.H.B. August 23rd. One, in my garden at Saltash, was seen nearly every day up to the end of the year. On November 27th the bird was seen by E.M.W., who confirmed the identifica­ tion. J.P. (Full details of both birds submitted.—Eds.). GOLDFINCH. September 19th. A flock of about 200 in Park, shortly before dusk. J.E.B. SISKIN. January 2nd—March 6th. Birds present in Penlee Park, , with a maximum of at least 69 on February 1st, decreasing to three by 6th March. J.E.B. E.M.C. March 13th. A party of about 18 in my garden at Perran- well. M.P.V. Several in gardens in the Par district from the third week in March until April 6th. I saw and heard 12 singing in an apple tree on March 30th. C.J.S. December 27th. Two small groups near . T.R.J.W. CONTINENTAL CHAFFINCH. An injured Chaffinch picked up in in January, ringed as a nestling on June 17th, 1959, near Trysil, Hedmark, Norway, presumably belongs to this race. M.J.J. BRAMBLING. January 12th. One near . H.M-G. February 23rd. At Farmers' Common, near , a flock of 20—30. R.H. M.J.M. February 29th. At Newpark, Moor, 25—30, including some fine males, with Skylarks and Chaffinches. H.M-G. March 26th—April 3rd. One male at , Landewednack. AG.P. October 26th. One heard at Trewirgie, . A.G.P. Cornish Notes 43 CORN BUNTING. Thirty-six massed on wires on Downs on May 7th, when all local territories were occupied, were clearly migrants. They were not present the following week-end. A.G.P.

49 CIRL BUNTING. October 23rd. At St. Ives, one male seen migrating with large numbers of other passerines. The bird was seen in flight and at rest, and the distinctive call note heard. N.R.P.

58 LAPLAND BUNTING. September 25th. At Cove, , one identified by its flight calls. R.K. B.P. N.R.P. October 15th. At Hot Point, the Lizard, one identified by its flight calls. A.G.P.

59 SNOW BUNTING. October 15th—November 5th. At Hot Point, the Lizard, one. A.G.P. November 2nd. At St. Ives Island, one. J.E.B. October 19th. A male in winter plumage at Housel Bay, Lizard. G.A. November 13th. At Cam, two. E.H.W.B.

70 SKYLARK. At Widemouth Bay, during July, soft brown bread from the lawn was fed to four nestlings in a cornfield adjoining. This unusual food was consistently followed by meals of seeds, earthworms and insects. All four young were strong on the wing on July 23rd. A juvenile took its first dip in the bird bath on July 24th. After the first tentative approach to the water the subsequent sousing appeared to be enjoyed. F.E.C.

75 TREE PIPIT. April 24th. At Lizard Head, a single migrant was identified by its call note as it rose with Meadow Pipits. A.G.P. Nested at St. East, parents watched feeding three young in the nest on June 6th and 11th. A.H.G. (This appears to be the furthest west that the species breeds in Cornwall.—Eds.). Two birds were seen and heard on " moors " at Allet from May 3rd to July 3rd. On June 8th one bird was seen carrying a large caterpillar, but there was otherwise no evidence of breeding. This is the first time I have noted this species here. G.A Return passage birds were heard at Hot Point, Lizard, on September 4th and 25th. A.G.P. 10 Cornish Notes MEADOW PIPIT. At Widemouth Bay, on July 23rd, an adult brought a young bird to the lawn in my garden and fed it on soft bread. This supplementary food is regularly taken by adult Meadow Pipits. F.E.C.

WATER PIPIT. Near , two on September 25th and one on Sep­ tember 26th. On September 25th the birds were watched at very close range, on cliff-top by Mr. A. F. Walker and W.E.A. They were with two Tree Pipits, eight to nine Rock Pipits and one Pied Wagtail, which were in a ring round a Weasel. This explains why we were so close for over half an hour, and were able to pick out the short hind claws of the Tree Pipits. The Water Pipits were slightly browner above than the Rock Pipits and whiter below. Legs were the same colour. The white on the outer tail was conspicuous, and at least equally so at close range was the white tip to the second outermost tail feather. The absence of any Wagtail-like movement of the tail (which is said to be very characteristic of the American race) and the absence of buff underparts, appears to rule out the American sub-species. W.E.A.

BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. A pair were seen at the Lizard during May and June and breeding suspected. A.G.P. July 29th. At Marsh, one. A " beema" type Wagtail also present. J.E.B. ACS.

WHITE WAGTAIL. Only record received :— September 4th. At Ponsandane, Penzance, one in breeding plumage. B.K.

WILLOW TIT. January 17th. At Tamar Lake, one seen and heard. F.E.C.

PIED FLYCATCHER. April 30th. At Valley, two. G.A. R.J.S. September 5th. At , near , one female or immature. W.E.A. September 17th. At Lizard Churchtown, one immature male. A.G.P. And an adult female at same locality on October 1st and 8th. A.G.P. October 30th. One near St. Ives. B.P. N.R.P. 11 Cornish Notes 126 CONTINENTAL GOLDCREST. On March 26th a number of Goldcrests were seen at very close quarters (two feet and more) in " Housel Waterings." Two types were quite obvious, a yellowish greenish type with clean upper parts of such tint, and some very much greyer ones. These latter were rather more contrasted between the under and upper parts. The sides of the faces were definitely greyer, as were the backs of the heads and necks. Both types were in company totalling about 15—20 and gave good views. A smaller, but similar, party of contrasted types was seen inland at Trethvas. Although typical Cornish Goldcrests have been seen there many times since, I have not again met with the head race. Plumage contamination can be ruled out. A.G.P. 128 FIRECREST. January 21st—22nd. At Penrose, Helston, two. A.G.P. January 22nd. In a garden at Comprigney Hill, Truro, one. ACS. February 15th and March 14th. At Penrose, one. J.E.B. January 25th and March 7th. At Clowance, one. J.E.B. February 16th and 24th. At Penlee Park, Penzance, one. E.M.C February 21st. At Godolphin, one. A.G.P. In the Lizard area, one was seen at Churchtown, April 3rd; two on October 22nd and one on 23rd and 24th. One was also present at Housel Waterings and at Pistol Meadow on the 24th. A.G.P. N.R.P. November 9th and 14th. Two in my garden at St. Ives. N.R.P. November 21st and 29th. At Penlee Park, Penzance, one. E.M.C 129 CHIFFCHAFF. At the Lizard a notable arrival took place on the night of March 25th/26th. After sunrise about a 100 were feeding very actively on the bare cliff below Housel Bay Hotel. Many more could be traced up Housel Waterings and seen to fly like peas out of a peashooter over the village, northerly; they could then be traced working up the roadside cover beyond Trethvas. No song, and very little in the way of call notes heard, by reason of feeding activity. They were more vocal after a day's rest. A.G.P. February 14th. One heard at Swanpool, Falmouth. D.P.H. (The species usually winters here.—Eds.). February 25th. At Penlee Park, Penzance, one. J.E.B. Wintered, as usually, at Perranwell. M.P.V. October 21st. One singing at Fowey. CJ.S. December 29th. At least two at Par Beach. CJ.S. 12 Cornish Notes YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. One present at Lizard Churchtown, October 16th to the 23rd. G.A. A.G.P. Landwednack Churchtown, the Lizard, Cornwall :— (a) 16th October, 1960. (b) 23rd October, 1960. At 1000 hours G.M.T., I was examining the tree-belts over­ hanging the road for migrants, etc., when a small bird feeding up in the elms/sycamores canopy, about 60 feet away, caught my eye by reason of its furious activity. When finally picked up in 8X50 glasses it appeared to be a small phylloscopus feed­ ing extremely actively with much flicking of wings and tail. It was studied for twenty minutes with much difficulty because it remained up in the canopy, but three points were noted during this time :— 1. A very prominent, almost white, superciliary stripe. 2. Two very bright, almost white, wing-bars. 3. It was larger than Goldcrests present and of true phyl- loscopine form. (I also formed the impression at this stage that it was smaller than either Willow-warbler or Chiffchaff, although neither was present. At this stage I suspected Ph: inornatus or proregulus). Under- parts very light, apparently tinged grey. It worked along the trees and then came low down to a pollarded sycamore, in which it gave glimpses at about 20 feet distance almost horizontally (a little above horizontal). Here, I noted three further points for certain. 4. The anterior wing-bar was about half the length and breadth of the posterior one. 5. The upper parts were a very fresh green, corresponding to Wood-warbler, but brighter; without any contrasting rump. 6. Brown legs. Its feeding activity was intense and it frequently " flicked " out of the glasses field. After about another five minutes I lost it in this manner, but regarded it as certainly Ph: inornatus, probably adult. At 1545 hours G.M.T. I returned and found it again; all the above points were confirmed and a crude sketch made. On October 23rd, I looked for it at about 1100 hours G.M.T. and found it. On a single occasion, when it had its head down, I saw a pale mesial streak fading into the greenish of the crown laterally. No call-note was ever heard from it on any occasion. I could not demonstrate it later that day, but a Firecrest was present. It was seen by Dr. Allsop about October 19th and also by two members, who are not in any way experienced. A.G.P. (This record has been accepted by " British Birds" Rare Birds Committee.—Eds.). 13 Cornish Notes 145 GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. More recorded than usual. April 18th. At , one singing. F.R.S. May 1st. At St. Newlyn East, one singing. A.H.G. May 6th. Two heard singing and a third bird seen in the Lizard area. A.G.P. May 11th. Birds heard " reeling" in Valley. R.P.W. June 15th. At Widemouth Bay, one singing. F.E.C. Noted in spring among thickets in marshy ground at the foot of Carmenellis. R.G. August 11th. One adult with three young in a cornfield at . My first record for this locality. P.H.R. 147 GREAT REED WARBLER. One present at Par Beach, May 29th—June 7th. G.A. CJ.S. T.R.J.W. On May 29th my attention was attracted to the unusual song of a bird skulking in a clump of Phragmites. I watched this area from this date until June 7th and I saw a Warbler, almost as large as a Starling, of the same brownish colour as a Reed Warbler for a few seconds on only three occasions. The song which was sung for a few seconds at a time and at sporadic intervals, sometimes with the interval of 20—30 min­ utes, always commenced with frog-like croaks and then developed into a louder, richer and varied sequence of notes. Notes similar to those of Song Thrush and Blackbird were heard, interspersed with more croaking and warbling notes. The song was always delivered from the depth of the reeds. The song was louder than that of Reed Warbler, and was always per­ formed from the same site among the reeds close to a small water culvert. The bird was also seen and heard by T.R.J.W., and heard by G.A. It was not noted after June 7th. (This record has been accepted by the Rare Birds Commit­ tee. It is the only record for Cornwall, apart from a record square- bracketed by Clark in the " Victoria County " (1906). At about the same time as the Par record, the species was recorded in Hampshire, Sussex, Kent and Berkshire.—Eds.). 149 REED WARBLER. A pair present during the breeding season at a locality in East Cornwall. E.M.W. K.O.W. A maximum of five males were heard in two localities in the Par area during the breeding season. The remains of an old nest were seen on July 2nd. C.J.S. T.R.J.W. 162 BLACKCAP. January 17th. A pair on a bird table at St. Columb. B.F.H. February 16th. At Penlee Park, Penzance, a male. E.M.C. February 11th. One in Trewyn Gardens, St. Ives. N.R.P. 14 Cornish Notes January 23rd—24th. In a garden at , one, and two in early February. C.J.S. November 3rd—12th. At Penlee Park, a female. E.M.C. November 18th. At Penlee Park, a male. E.M.C. December 30th. At St. Agnes, a female observed at three yards range. J.A.S.

175/7 SONG THRUSH. Circa January 16th—17th. A large influx in the Wade- bridge area. Numbers much lower again by February 11th.

178/9 REDWING. January 25th. Near Black Rock, Crowan, some Redwings seen in good light were very dark. Upper parts almost as dark as female Blackbird. Possibly birds of the Icelandic race. On March 5th, a similar plumaged Redwing at Clowance. J.E.B. Just after dark on October 29th, a large passage began, moving south-west or west over the Lizard.

182 RING OUSEL. March 30th. On Zennor Moors, one. R.K. September 11th. At Caermellin, Lizard, one. A.G.P. September 24th. At Zennor, one. R.K. September 25th. At Zennor, one. R.K.

184 BLACKBIRD. Multiple nesting in railway wagons, four nests being found at the same locality as in 1959 (of. 28th Report). C.J.S.

186/7 WHEATEAR. April 30th. At Bay, 100 feeding in a field, both sexes, but majority of females. B.F.H. For the first time this species was seen on migration in Allet : two on October 5th, one on October 15th and one on October 25th. G.A.

197 WHINCHAT. April 16th. At Port Quin, a female. R.B. May 11th. A pair in Trevalga Valley. R.M.W. June 22nd. A pair with young at . One seen in Fowey Valley, below Dozmary. E.M,W. K.O.W. An autumn migration occurred near on Septem­ ber 6th. A.H.G. Occurred at the Lizard on October 1st. A.G.P. Also occurred at on November 1st, G.A. 15 Cornish Notes 201 REDSTART. June 14th. Near , a pair seen taking food into a nesting hole, about 30—40 feet up in old dead Sweet Chestnut tree. W.E.A. August 4th. A male in a turnip field at Salter Mill, . E.M.W. K.O.W. October 28th. At Mawgan Porth, one in my garden. B.F.H. 202 BLACK REDSTART. January 26th and February 7th. One at St. Blazey. C.J.S. February 22nd, Near Trengwainton, one. J.L.P. March 13th. At Rosewall Hill, St. Ives, one. R.K. March 24th. Two at Fowey. C.J.S. March 25th. At Par Beach, one female. C.J.S. April 3rd. At the Lizard, one. A.G.P. In the autumn the species first recorded on October 26th at St. Ives and was present until the end of the year. N.R.P. Other occurrences were; October 29th at the Lizard. A.G.P. November 5th. At Newquay Headland, one. A.H.G. November 28th. At Navax Point, two. M.J.J. December 12th. At , one male. W.E.A. 218 DIPPER. September 19th. At Melancoose, one. B.F.H. 220 SWALLOW. January 6th. At Penlee Park, Penzance, one. E.M,C. February 28th. At St. Buryan, one flew into the bathroom of my house and was found dead the next morning. C.B. January 3rd. One immature at , near Pen­ zance. R.K. The annual pre-emigration roost in a reed-bed at Par Beach held about 50 birds on July 15th, about 200 on July 25th, and 500 plus on August 22nd. The roost was abandoned by Septem­ ber 21st, the night of September 20th being cloudless, slight off-shore N.W. wind. It was the first clear night for several days. C.J.S. Return passage at Mawgan Porth, first noted on August 29th, had a completely different pattern from last year's move­ ments. No large parties were seen, none exceeding 100. Most flocks were of a dozen to a score only. In no case were more than a couple of hundred or so birds noted in a day. Last seen, single bird, October 5th. B.F.H. 222 HOUSE-MARTIN. At Pistol, the Lizard, there is a small cliff colony with 3—5 nests in use. A.G.P, 16

DUNLIN AT NEST AT DOZMARY POOL Cornish Notes The cliff nesting colony previously reported at St. Anthony- in-Roseland had no nests this year at their old site at Porthbeer Beach, but had moved to the small beach (Elwinnick Cove) just east of it. Here there were 22 nests this year, 12 of which were still occupied on September 7th. E.M.P. 223 SAND-MARTIN. June 20th. At the cliff breeding colony at it was estimated that 20—25 holes were occupied. G,A. J.E.B. 227 NIGHTJAR. July 30th—August 4th. One singing at Penanwell Valley, St. Just. Heard regularly before the war, but this is the first year since 1940 that I have heard them here. M.L.T. 232 HOOPOE. March 1st. At Bay, one. per A.P. One arrived at Penventon, Redruth, on March 5th or 6th and stayed until at least March 10th. G.A. A.G.P. A single bird was temporary resident in an area between and Mawgan Porth for a fortnight in mid-March, then moved on. B.F.H. March 7th. At St. Austell Bay, one. C.J.S. March 16th. One found dead near Penryn. R.K. March 21st—23rd. Near , Fowey, one. T.R.J.W. March 22nd. At Gillan Creek, near , one. R.K. March 23rd. At , , one. D.P.H. March 31st. At Crean, one. M.J.J. August 7th. At the Rumps, Pentire, near Polzeath, one. R.B.T. October 12th—22nd. At Widemouth Bay, one. F.E.C. October 24th. At Marazion Beach, one. B.S.S. 237 GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. June 21st. Two young birds flew out of nest hole in a railway telegraph pole near St. Dennis Junction. One more could be heard calling from inside the pole, and the parents were seen in nearby alders. This nesting in an almost tree­ less area is interesting. C.J.S.

238 LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. June 5th. At Par, one in my garden and adjoining garden. C.J.S. 255 DARK-BREASTED BARN OWL. March 4th. At St. Mawgan-in-Pydar, one seen in early afternoon at two-foot range. B.F.H. (Full details submitted.—Eds.). 17 Cornish Notes 259 PEREGRINE. A lamentable year. Only one pair known to have bred successfully. Eds.

262 MERLIN. March 29th. A male flying north at Crowan. J.E.B. In early April a male in spring passage at . R.B.T. September 4th. At , a female Merlin in flight picked up a feeding Dunlin so quickly that none of the other Dunlin even took flight. R.K. September 23rd. On the slopes of , surprised a female on the ground engaged in a tussel with a Lapwing. On my arrival the startled Merlin released her grip, allowing the Lapwing to escape. I have never before seen a Merlin try and take such a large bird. R.B.T. September 25th. At St. Ives, one. R.K. October 22nd. At Hot Point, Lizard, one. A.G.P.

263 KESTREL. A light coloured bird at Housel Bay on October 19th would appear to have been a migrant, as it was not seen by A.G.P. who was keeping regular watches in the area. G.A.

269 BUZZARD. May 1st. A flying Buzzard with a snake in its talons, on being mobbed by a Carrion Crow, made an apparently effortless complete roll, and flew away with the snake. A.G.P. September 16th. At Bochym, two birds " tilting." On one occasion the lower bird made a complete roll to avoid the attacker. A.G.P.

272 MONTAGU'S HARRIER. No breeding at one locality much favoured in previous years. Breeding took place at two other localities. Eds.

275 GOSHAWK. September 20th. One immature between King Hal Ferry and . Bird, watched at range of 15—20 yards, appeared tired and was reluctant to fly. When flushed twice it flew only about 20 yards. Large size—like a Sparrowhawk, with a streaked breast, pale stripe above the eye, long tail and short rounded wings. Upper parts dark brown. R.K.

277 SPARROWHAWK. Between August 8th and October 30th, single birds fre­ quently seen at Hot Point, Lizard in wholly unsuitable country. Apparently on passage. On one occasion, two together. On October 1st one went out to sea in E.S.E. direction. A.G.P. 18 Cornish Notes 284 OSPREY. August 10th—11th. On the , one. R.J.S. September 13th—October 13th. At River, one. G.A. J.E.B. E.M.W. K.O.W. An Osprey on the Fal at on October 4th—5th was almost certainly the same bird as that seen on Tresillian River. G.M.T.

289 HERON. April 15th. On the wooded bank of the East River, four occupied nests, and at Antony Creek, five or six nests seen with Herons definitely occupying two of them. When I visited Antony in December I noted that the wood had been felled, thus finishing the heronry. R.M.C. One young reared in the same nest as used yearly since 1957 in an alder tree at Par Marsh. A second brood of two was raised, two juveniles being seen on the nest on August 30th and last seen there on September 27th. C.J.S. At Creek heronry, 10 occupied nests. C.J.S. At heronry, seven occupied nests. C.J.S.

297 BITTERN. July 12th. At Dozmary Pool, one. F.E.C. 300 WHOOPER SWAN. At Tamar Lake, the four adults which arrived on December 30th, 1959, remained until March 3rd. F.E.C. 301 BEWICK'S SWAN. February 19th—April 11th. At , one. During its stay the bill changed from immature pink to complete adult yellow. H.V.B. H.M-G. 303 GREY LAG GOOSE. January 3rd—March 6th. At the Walmsley Sanctuary, one with the White-fronted Geese. H.V.B. H.P.O.C. H.M-G. F.R.S. 304 WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Walmsley Sanctuary. On January 17th, 120, increasing to 129 on February 14th and 21st and about 140 on March 6th. Birds last recorded on March 12th, when about 90 were preset. H.V.B. H.M-G. F.R.S. In the autumn, 14 on October 5th, decreasing to 12 on October 25th and November 12th, 11 on November 26th, 10 on December 11th and nine on December 28th. H.V.B. A.C.S. C.J.S. January 28th—February 14th. One immature at Salter Mill, River Tamar. E.M.W, K.O.W. 19 Cornish Notes 311 BARNACLE GOOSE. The bird present at Loe Pool during the latter part of 1959 was still present on January 5th. J.E.B. A.C.S. 312/3 BRENT GOOSE. September 17th—20th. At Hayle Estuary, 12 birds of the pale-breasted sub-species. First seen at St. Ives flying into the bay, rather at the mercy of the strong N.W. wind. G.A. A.H.G. B.K. M.J.J. N.R.P. September 21st. A party of about 12 at . D.C. (Possibly the same party as that seen at Hayle.—Eds.). 315 SHELDUCK. Maximum numbers of about 200 on at Ince, and about 106 on River Tamar on January 7th. E.H.W. K.O.W. May 31st. At Porthkidney Beach, two adults with eight young. I have not hitherto recorded young Shelducks as early as this. J.E.B. First seen at Hayle Estuary after the autumn moult on November 11th, when five were present. Numbers increased to about 30 by the end of the year. J.E.B. 318 GADWALL. At Loe Pool, one on January 5th, three on January 18th and four on February 15th. None seen in the autumn or early winter at this locality. J.E.B. A.C.S. April 10th. Two at Gunwalloe Marsh. A.G.P. November 18th. At Clowance Pond, an immature. J.E.B. November 22nd. At , an immature; possibly the same bird as seen at Clowance. J.E.B. 319 TEAL. At the beginning of the year maximum numbers were :— Tamar Lake. Thirty on January 17th. F.E.C. Trewornan and Walmsley Sanctuary. About 310 on January 8th, about 200 on March 13th. H.V.B. H.M-G. Hayle Estuary. About 500 on January 12th. J.E.B. At the end of the year, maximum numbers were :— Walmsley Sanctuary. Two hundred plus on November 2nd, decreasing to 150 by end of the year. H.V.B. Hayle Estuary. Four hundred and sixty plus on December 29th J.E.B. 322 GARGANEY. Marazion Marsh. March 22nd. One male. J.E.B. Several on March 24th. M.J.J. March 27th. Five. R.K. 20 Cornish Notes April 5th—6th. A pair. W.S.P April 12th. Two pairs. J.E.B. Gwithian Pond. April 10th. Ten. R.K. Copper Bottoms. Praze. March 20th. One male. J.E.B. April 11th. A pair. J.E.B. September 1st. One. J.E.B. Gunwalloe Marsh. April 10th. One male. A.G.P. Tresillian River. March 24th. A pair, with three pairs of Teal, were the first Garganey I have seen here. G.A.

WIGEON. At the beginning of the year, maximum numbers were about 375 at Hayle Estuary on January 17th. J.E.B. M.J.J. At Tamar Lake, 20 on January 17th. F.E.C At the close of the year, maximum numbers were :— Four hundred and seventy at Hayle Estuary on December 29th. J.E.B. Two hundred and fifty at Loe Pool on December 31st. W.A.H. About 1,200 on River Lynher on December 13th. E.H.W. K.O.W.

PINTAIL. At the beginning of the year, maximum numbers were :— River Lynher. January 17th. Fifty-six. E.M.W. K.O.W. River Camel, off Tregonie. January 10th. About 80, roughly male and female. H.V.B. Hayle Estuary. Sixteen (five male and 11 female) on January 27th. G.A. J.E.B. February 28th. A male on Poldhu Marsh. N.B.E. (A new locality for this species.—Eds.). At the close of the year not in large numbers. Amongst records received are : September 19th, at Loe Pool, one. The only record for the end of the year at this locality. J.E.B. November 13th. On River Lynher, 16. E.M.W. K.O.W. A male at Marazion Marsh in December. A.C.H. A maximum of seven at Hayle Estuary on December 29th. J.E.B. A.C.S. December 17th. At Marazion Marsh, one. D.P.H. 21 Cornish Notes 328 POCHARD. In the early part of the year maximum numbers were :— Tamar Lake. Eighty on January 17th. F.E.C. Loe Pool. Fifty-eight on February 15th. J.E.B. February 6th. Two males and one female on . H.M-G. On March 3rd, 36 on Clowance Pond—an abnormally large number for this small woodland pond, where in the past five years it has been normally a very occasional visitor. J.E.B. 330 TUFTED DUCK. In the early part of the year, maximum numbers were :— Tamar Lake. Fifty to sixty on January 17th. F.E.C. A flock of 53 on Clowance Pond on January 25th was an unusually large number for this small woodland pond. J.E.B. Loe Pool. About 195 on February 15th. J.E.B. A male at Tamar Lake on July 16th was unusual. F.E.C. 331 SCAUP. January 9th and 17th. At Tamar Lake, one. F.E.C. A.C.S. August 29th. On Carminowe Creek, Loe Pool, a pair. E.M.P. September 24th. At Loe Pool, three. J.S.G. October 1st. On the Camel Estuary, three. G.B. November 2nd, At Carnsew Pool, Hayle, a male coming out of eclipse plumage. J.E.B. A male at Marazion Marsh in mid-December. A.C.H. 332 GOLDENEYE.

Maximum numbers at Loe Pool were seven on February 15th. J.E.B. A male in breeding plumage at Clowance Pond on several dates between November 24th and December 20th, was the first such plumaged bird to be seen in the parish. J.E.B. April 10th. A pair flying west past , Polzeath. W.G.B. 22 Cornish Notes LONG-TAILED DUCK. November 22nd. One immature on the sea at Marazion. J.E.B.

337 COMMON EIDER. April 7th. At Godrevy, one male in full plumage except for a very small black patch on the nape. J.E.B. August 3rd. At Gwithian, four. P.H.R. November 6th. At Godrevy, two males. B.P. N.R.P. November 13th—21st. Camel Estuary, off Rock, two males. H.V.B. E.G.R. December 17th. Off Gwithian, one male. R.G.

339 COMMON SCOTER. Although frequently seen flying past St. Ives Island in the autumn up to December 10th, the only other records received are :— J.E.B. B.P. N.R.P. September 4th. Two off Gurnard's Head. B.K. September 27th. One female or immature close inshore at Falmouth. W.E.A.

340 VELVET SCOTER. October 16th. At St. Ives Island, nine, with a female Wigeon, flew almost right over my head. B.P. November 27th. Two flew east, past St. Ives Island, into the bay. B.K. B.P. N.R.P.

342 GOOSANDER. December 12th. At Loe Pool, one " brown head." J.E.B.

343 RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. In the late autumn and early winter, noted at Hayle Estuary, Newquay, and Camel Estuary. Rather unusual records were :— March 5th. At , one male. T.R.J.W. March 5th. A flock of about 15 on between and Froe. M.P.V. September 19th. An adult male, off the Island, St. Ives. R.K.

344: SMEW. A " brown-head" present at Crowan Reservoirs, February 19th 29th. On February 22nd, 12 dives were timed, the longest was 20 seconds, the shortest nine seconds, and the average for 12 dives, 17 seconds. On the 29th, six dives were timed, the longest being 20 seconds, and the shortest four seconds. J.E.B. 23 Cornish Notes 346 CORMORANT. On May 28th, watched one soaring very high with gulls under cumulus cloud at about 1,500 feet. The action was observed for five minutes, the wings being held stiffly extended, and the tail fully expanded. A.G.P.

348 SHAG. A pair appropriated a Raven's nest which had been used in 1959. C.J.S. October 18th. At Godrevy, one with flesh-coloured legs. R.J.P.

350 STORM PETREL. August 11th. One seen from R.M.V. " " about half way between Penzance and the Scillies. T.R.J.W. September 13th. One near the Wolf Rock, Cornish Seas. B.K. September 16th. At St. Ives, one. B.K. October 10th. About 10 seen from R.M.V. " Scillonian." N.R.P. October 11th. One feeding just outside St. Ives Harbour. J.E.B.

351 LEACH'S PETREL. November 27th. One seen close to St. Ives Island. N.R.P.

356 BALEARIC SHEARWATER. Occurred off the Island, St. Ives, in the latter half of the year. First appeared on July 29th, when one was present. Last seen on December 4th. Peak numbers were : Six on September 16th, about 10 on November 2nd and over 20 on November 5th. J.E.B. B.K. B.P. N.R.P. A.C.S. October 2nd—30th. Variously seen off the Lizard. A.G.P.

363 SOOTY SHEARWATER. May 23rd. One in Par Bay C.J.S. August 11th. One seen from R.M.V. " Scillonian" about half way between Penzance and the Scillies. T.R.J.W. August 30th. Three off St. Ives Island. N.R.P. September 10th. One near the Wolf Rock, Cornish Seas. B.K. September 11th. Off the Island, St. Ives, three. B.P. R.K. 24 Cornish Notes 368 FULMAR. May 7th. Three pairs occupying new territory on very high cliffs north of Widemouth Bay. F.E.C.

370 GREAT CRESTED GREBE.

January 7th. On River Lynher, one. E.M.W. K.O.W. August 11th. An immature on the sea off St. Ives Harbour, was later seen on August 20th—21st at Carnsew Pool, Hayle Estuary. G.A. M.J.J. B.P. N.R.P. P.H.R. December 8th. On River Tamar, one. F.M.W. K.O.W.

371 RED-NECKED GREBE. The bird recorded at Loe Pool in December, 1959 was still present on March 14th. J.E.B. November 13th. One seen in flight and settled on sea at Porthmeor Beach, St. Ives. R.K. B.P. N.R.P.

373 SLAVONIAN GREBE. January 3rd. At Carnsew Pool, Hayle, one. R.K. January 17th. On the sea off Marazion Beach, one. R.K. March 4th. River Camel, near Creek, one. H.M-G. June 26th. At Dozmary Pool, one in incomplete breeding plumage. T.R.J.W. (A most unusual record.—Eds.). This species winters regularly in St. Ives Bay, usually keeping to sea off Porthminster and Bay Beaches. One was seen in summer plumage at on April 17th, and first winter bird at same place on December 18th. R.K. N.R.P. 25 Cornish Notes 374 BLACK-NECKED GREBE. Few records in 1960. January 4th. Off Penzance Harbour, one. H.H. January 18th. At Helston Park Lake, one. J.E.B. January 27th. At Carnsew Pool, Hayle, one. G.A. J.E.B. September 19th. At Loe Pool, one. J.E.B. 375 LITTLE GREBE. Again bred successfully at Clowance Pond. On August 4th, three adults feeding and accompanying one downy young each. This was a little puzzling, as during the year I never saw more than three adults on the pond. By August 9th three adults and only two young were seen. By September 8th there were only one adult and one young present. J.E.B. 376 GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. March 27th. Two migrating east past the Lizard. A.G.P. May 27th. One in partial breeding dress off Camborne north cliffs. A.G.P. During latter part of the year seen in Mount's Bay, St. Ives Bay, Carnsew Pool, Hayle, Percuil river, , New­ quay Bay, Camel Estuary. J.E.B. A.H.G. M.J.J. E.M.P. N.R.P. E.G.R. I.W. In St. Ives Bay, birds were much in evidence at the end of the year. The first autumn bird was seen on November 2nd, off St. Ives Harbour. Then on Neovember 11th, nine were seen off Porthminster, all but one being in more or less summer plumage, from nearly complete to traces of the collar being just visible. One bird had a noticeable white line along the lower edge of the upper mandible. N.R.P. On the same day there were three on Carnsew Pool, one in breeding plumage, one in partial breeding dress and one in winter plumage. J.E.B. These nine birds behaved socially for the first weeks after their arrival, moving and feeding in a close flock. Occasional aggressive display was seen, and the birds gradually dispersed as the moult was completed. After the arrival of this party it was difficult to know arrival dates of other winter residents in the area, but altogether some 15 divers were in the St. Ives Bay-Hayle Estuary at the beginning of December, and on a visit to Mount's Bay on December 11th, another 10 were seen. Most of these birds also were in various stages of summer plumage. This is of par­ ticular interest in the view of the Handbook's statement that most divers seen in winter in the British Isles are immature. Passage birds were seen as usual from the Island, with a peak on November 27th, when 30 flew west between 0930 and 1300 hours. N.R.P. A single bird off Newquay from about May 9th until third week in May. Possibly immobilised during moult? December 30th. One on Island with Shags. The first I have seen out of the water. R.J.P. 26 Cornish Notes 378 BLACK-THROATED DIVER.

April 16th. One in partial breeding plumage, accompanied by a diver in winter dress, species uncertain, in Housel Bay, Lizard. In Kennack Bay nine unidentifiable divers, and later Dr. Coombs told me he saw 25 Black-throated Divers in breed­ ing plumage in Bay on the same day. A.G.P. April 17th. Two off Carbis Bay in breeding plumage. N.R.P. May 9th. On the sea off Porthkidney Beach, one going into breeding plumage, and second bird, believed to be this species, further out to sea. The bird, which was definitely identified, dived frequently, most dives lasting less than 10 sec­ onds and many only two to four seconds. J.E.B. May 17th. Two (probably the same as above) off Porth­ kidney Beach, one in breeding plumage, the other assuming it, with upper parts almost in breeding plumage, but throat and front of neck still white. J.E.B. 379 RED-THROATED DIVER. January 30th. At Par Beach, one oiled bird. C.J.S. February 15th. At Loe Pool, two. J.E.B. February 27th. At Loe Pool, three. J.E.B. C.J.S. T.R.J.W. February and March 4th. On Camel Estuary, one. H.M-G. February 27th. At Harlyn Bay, one. H.M-G. November 13th. Off St. Ives Harbour, one. R.K. B.P. N.R.P. November 27th. Two flying west past St. Ives Island. R.K. December 3rd. Off St. Ives Island, one. B.P. December 4th. One between Rock and Padstow. The bird had been present for about a fortnight. H.P.O.C. 180 WOOD-PIGEON. A nest at Par contained three eggs on May 7th. One egg was near the rim of the nest, and apparently was not being incubated. It was placed with the other two eggs, but when the nest was revisited on May 10th, one egg was at the rim of the nest which had been deserted. C.J.S. T.R.J.W. December 8th. A flock of about 100 came in from the sea over at 8.45 a.m. N.B.E. 27 Cornish Notes 381 STOCK-DOVE. Two on the cliffs, Porthkidney, on April 27th and May 5th. J.E.B. January 21st. At , St. Wenn, a flock of about 25. 1 H.M-G. 38 COLLARED DOVE. September 24th. At Trethvas, Lizard, one. At about 1645 hours B.S.T., whilst cycling past a field half full of corn in stook, I saw a single Turtle-dove fly on to a stook and start to feed. I stopped to watch this over a hedge, I being about 50—60 yards from the stook. Whilst the Turtle-dove fed it was joined by two more Turtle-doves and a third pale dove having very dark primaries; they flew into the field of 8x glasses. The light was good, westering sun, sky blue and with cumulus clouds. Observation with 8x glasses and a 30—45x telescope showed three typical Turtle-doves with patterned wings and a fourth dove pinky-fawn with unpatterned wings, almost black primaries, and of slightly more bulky build; head and eye definitely larger than its companions. Its upper-parts varied in shade from pinky-fawn to greyish-fawn as it moved; tail rather darker and longer, but with white edgings having their convexities inwards. Beak black and legs reddish. When it faced me the breast showed a beautiful rose-pink, wholly unlike the upper parts in tint. Under-belly, vent area and under-tail never seen. A black half collar, with rather irregular white edges, extended round the back of the neck and on to the sides of the neck, where the black was visibly wider, giving the effect of a stole. A crude pencil sketch was made. Care was taken to eliminate the issue of Barbary dove. The bird was definitely slightly larger than the Turtle­ doves which could be seen in the same visual field; its head was larger and the eye fuller. On the basis of my experience of Streptopelia decactao breeding at Harlosa Hotel, Skane, Sweden, I am sure that the bird seen was an adult. I carry no reference books in the field. After about 20 minutes, feeding corvids took flight raucously, disturbing the doves which skimmed away low. Two searches on the following day at feeding times disclosed only one Turtle­ dove. A.G.P. 383 TURTLE-DOVE. April 16th. At Porthmeor Cove, near Zennor, four. R.K. May 14th. Near Penwethers, Truro, one. B.P. May 30th. Three near . H.V.B. June 3rd. At St. John's, Helston, two. J.S.G. June 24th. Near Culdrose Air Station, three. N.B.E. September 24th. At Trethvas, Lizard, three. On the fol­ lowing day, only one seen. A.G.P. October 2nd. At St. Erth, three. J.S.G. October 30th. At , one. G.B. 28 Cornish Notes 386 BAR-TAILED GODWIT. May 7th. A male in summer plumage seen on the cliff-top near Holywell. A.H.G. (An unusual situation. See 1959 Report for record of Black- tailed God wit in a similar habitat.—Eds.). On autumn passage at the Camel Estuary, a peak occurred on September 18th, when several parties, the largest 50, occurred. It was estimated that there was a total of about 100 birds. H.V.B. On September 13th, 19 on the Tresillian river. Unusual here. J.E.B. 387 BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. Among many records reviewed, the more outstanding or unusual were :— January 7th. About 200 on the River Tamar. E.M.W. K.O.W. March 24th. At Par Beach, one assuming breeding plumage. C.J.S. March 27th. At Hendy's Pond, Lizard, one. A.G.P. April 10th. Twenty-five to thirty on the Tresillian river. C.J.S. Before the birds left this locality in the spring many were in breeding plumage. G.A. August 25th. At Marazion Beach, five. D.P.H. August 28th. On River Fal, near Ardevora Veor, 27, in­ creasing to over 30 by September 4th. E.M.P. October 16th. On River Lynher, about 30. E.M.W. K.O.W. Birds occurred in autumn and winter also at Hayle Estuary, Tresillian river, with a maximum of 87 on October 5th, and 98 on November 4th, and River Camel. G.A. W.A.H. M.J.J. J.A.S. 389 WHIMBREL. May 14th. Six at Dozmary Pool were unusual. A.A.L. 398 JACK SNIPE. January 1st. At St. Kew, one. H.M-G. February 6th. At Goss Moor, three flushed in a small area. H.M-G. April 9th. At Hayle Kimbro, Lizard, one. A.G.P. 400 GREY PHALAROPE. Cornish Seas. September 13th. A " flock' of 110 counted from approx­ imately eight miles north of the Isles of Scilly and as far and just beyond the Wolf Rock. At least three-quarters of the birds were identified as fulicarius, the rest were two distant to be sure which species of Phalarope. But the total can only be called a minimum one, and there may have been at least 200 Phal- aropes present on the route of R.M.V. " Scillonian." B.K. 29 Cornish Notes More Grey Phalaropes recorded in Cornwall than ever before. St. Ives. A larger number of Grey Phalaropes was seen from the Island than in any previous year. Birds were recorded on many dates from September 5th to December 28th, with peak numbers of 97 on September 16th (B.K.) and 750—1,000 (R.K., N.R.P.) on October 16th. J.E.B. W.A.H. B.K. R.K. N.R.P. A.C.S. J.A.S. Gurnard's Head. September 4th, two. B.K. . September 17th, four. B.K. Mousehole. November 22nd, four. J.E.B. Mount's Bay. Seen on many dates between September 14th, when there were five at Newlyn, and November 10th, when one was present off Penzance Promenade. Peak numbers were 40 on September 17th (B.K.), 30 between Penzance Pier and Newlyn Harbour on October 23rd (E.M.C.) and 20 in the same area on November 13th (E.M.C.). G.A. J.E.B. E.H.C. B.K. J.L.P. Marazion Marsh. October 5th. Seven decreasing to two by October 7th. G.A. J.E.B. . November 5th. Three in outer harbour. J.S.G. Loe Pool. September 19th, one. J.E.B. November 14th, one. J.E.B. The Lizard. October 22nd, one. A.G.P. The Fal. October 6th. One dead bird picked up at . E.G.P. Newquay. Phalaropes, all probably of this species, off Newquay in small numbers between October 9th and November 19th, with a peak of at least 14 on October 12th. A.H.G. Booby Bay. November 20th, one, probably this species. R.P.W. . November 6th, one. F.E.C. Par Beach. October 3rd—5th, one. C.J.S. 30 Cornish Notes Fowey. October 4th. One found here alive and brought to me subsequently died. C.J.S. Tamar Lake. November 12th, one. G.A. East Looe Beach. October 6th—20th. Noted on ten days with 30 on October 6th, 14 October 12th—15th and decreasing to one by the 20th. F.A.H.C. R.P.S.

403 KNOT. Unusual records were :— February 10th. One, with Lapwings, in a field at Allet. G.A. August 11th—13th. At Crowan Reservoir, one. J.E.B.

404/5 DUNLIN. June 12th. At Dozmary Pool, one. C.J.S. November 15th. Near Trewornan Bridge, 400. C.J.S. (Not often seen in such large numbers in Cornwall.—Eds.). May 14th. At Dozmary Pool a nest with three eggs in­ cubated by hen. On May 16th, four eggs—elaborate broken wing act by hen. On May 30th, male incubating—allowed approach to within three feet, but otherwise more nervous than hen. On June 3rd, first egg hatched. The chick was knocked a foot from the nest by hen flying off with egg shell. She then brooded eggs and chick alternatively, changing every ten minutes. Hen called frequently to cock who was about 20 yards away, but he ignored the situation. Hen appeared to feed chick on one occa­ sion, putting bill into the chicks's throat. This was the first occasion on which the cock had joined the hen to draw away intruders. On June 11th the nest was empty and both parent birds very anxious. A.A.L. On June 12th, C.J.S. saw only one bird. (See plate showing male at the nest).

406 CURLEW SANDPIPER. April 28th. At Little Petherick Creek, two. H.V.B. (Spring passage is not often noted in Cornwall.—Eds). September 9th. At , one. B.K. September 9th—11th. At Ponsandane, near Penzance, one. M.K. B.P. September 3rd—28th. At Hayle Estuary, one to six noted on several dates. N.R.P. J.A.S. G.A. J.E.B. December 17th. Two at Hayle Estuary were unusually late. R.K. B.P. September 18th. At River Camel, one. A.H.G. September 24th. At , one. A.H.G. 31 Cornish Notes 407 LITTLE STINT. Ponsandane. September 9th. One at 8.20 a.m. (B.S.T.) and five at 3.45 p.m. (B.S.T.) B.K. September 11th, five. B.K. B.P. October 13th, three. J.E.B. Marazion Marsh. October 5th, four, decreasing to two by the 7th. G.A. Hayle Estuary. August 28th—October 16th, in small numbers with a peak of 15 on September 28th. J.E.B. A.H.G. M.J.J. B.K. B.P. N.R.P. Gwithian Pond. September 17th, at least three. A.H.G. Crowan Reservoirs. September 18th, one. R.K. B.P. September 20th, three; 21st, three; 23rd, four; 27th, one. J.E.B. Loe Bar. September 19th, one. J.E.B. Porth Joke Beach. September 25th, one. A.H.G. River Camel. September 4th—5th. At Bray Hill Spit, four on 4th and probably a dozen on the 5th. H.V.B. September 18th. Parties of five—six on the water's edge of main channel at Trewornan Bridge. And in Walmsley Sanctuary. A.H.G. On the same day at Dinham, nine. H.V.B. River Gannel. Three or four seen on September 22nd and October 1st. A.H.G. St. Eval September 28th. On a disused airstrip, one with six Ringed Plovers. B.F.H. Mawgan Porth. October 6th. One with six Dunlin and one Ringed Plover. B.F.H. . #f September 21st. Five. W.E.A. Par Beach. Twelve on September 21st—23rd, decreasing to one on October 5th. C.J.S. 32 Cornish Notes 111 AMERICAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER. September 15th—18th. At Crowan Reservoirs, one. G.A. J.E.B. R.K. N.R.P. (This record has been accepted by the Rare Birds Committee.—Eds.).

414 BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER. September 18th. At Constantine Bay, one immature. Back and wings brownish, tinged green. Breast buff slightly tinged cream, fading again to buff on lower breast. Throat also buff, tinged yellow. Bill black. Legs appeared black, but might have been a very dark green. The bird was perched on the rocks and was very tame. In flight it showed a white rump. In flight wings appeared curved and pointed. The record was submitted to Messrs. W. B. and H. G. Alexander who confirmed the identification. H.R.K.

415 PURPLE SANDPIPER. December 27th. At Constantine Bay, two. Unusual here. F.R.S. 17 RUFF. Ponsandane. August 14th. One. N.R.P. Marazion Marsh. March 11th. Three males and two females. R.H. M.J.M. Hayle Estuary. August 14th. One female. M.J.J. September 6th. One male. G.A. J.E.B. September 17th. At least five. A.H.G. November 1st—23rd. One. G.A. J.E.B. D.P.H. R.K. Crowan Reservoirs. August 1st. One female. J.E.B. B.P August 4th. One female. J.E.B. September 5th. One female. J.E.B. Hayle Kimbro. April 9th. One. A.G.P. River Camel. August 7th. One female. R.J.S. August 21st. At Dinham, two. H.V.B. September 24th—25th. One. A.H.G. Dozmary Pool. October 7th. Two males and one female. R.J.S. River Tamar. January 7th and 22nd. One. E.M.W. K.O.W. 33 Cornish Notes 421 COMMON SANDPIPER. The bird seen on the Gannel in December, 1959 was still present on January 30th. A.H.G. Two wintered on the Camel 1959/60. H.V.B. A summer resident at Melancoose Reservoir, two birds present from April 25th until about September 21st. In spite of careful observation, breeding could not be established. B.F.H. August 3rd. At Crowan Reservoir, a Common Sandpiper chased another on several occasions, singing while doing so. Unusually late for song. One bird also uttered the plaintive long-drawn-out " twee" which is normally heard at breeding grounds. Similar behaviour with song was noted on the follow­ ing day; and the "twee" note again heard on August 6th, 9th and 16th. J.E.B. November 26th. At River Camel, one. A.C.S. December 4th. At Trewornan, one. C.J.S. December 12th. At Loe Pool, one. This bird stayed on into 1961. J.E.B. December 14th. At Lake, Newquay, one. A.H.G.

423 WOOD SANDPIPER. Ponsandane. September 11th. One. R.K. Long Rock. August 14th. One. N.R.P. Crowan Reservoirs. August 4th, two; 5th, three; 6th, five; 9th, two; 11th, one. Then none recorded until three on August 15th and one on the 16th. None then recorded until one on August 26th and 27th. None then recorded until October 25th, when one was present with a damaged leg. G.A. J.E.B. A.H.G. B.P. Camel Estuary. September 16th. On River Camel, one. R.J.S. 424 GREEN SANDPIPER. Wintering birds noted in January at Hayle Estuary. J.E.B. One also seen in fields near Marazion Marsh on January 5th. C.J.S. The first noted on return passage was one at Crowan Reservoirs on July 9th. B-P*

428 REDSHANK. June 18th. First seen on return passage on River Tamar. E.M.W. K.O.W. About 110 at Hayle Estuary on July 24th was a large number at this date. M.J.J. 34 Cornish Notes 431 SPOTTED REDSHANK. Hayle Estuary. September 18th. One. M.A. P.A. . Three on August 31st. P.H.R. Tresillian River. Two seen January 1st. Last seen here on March 24th. G.A. A.C.S. One seen November 6th, four on November 11th, two on December 14th and remained until the end of the year. G.A. J.E.B. R.K. A.C.S. River Camel. August 21st, a party of nine birds actively feeding together; six were positively identified as Spotted Redshank, and the other three almost certainly of the same species. H.V.B. November 26th. One. A.C.S. River Tamar. August 4th. At Salter Mill, one. E.M.W. K.O.W.

432 GREENSHANK. Eleven at Little Petherick Creek on January 10th was an unusually large number for this time of the year. H.V.B. A good autumn passage. Birds in varying numbers were noted at Hayle Estuary, Gwithian, Crowan Reservoirs, Gunwalloe, St. Just-in-Roseland Creek, Percuil River, Devoran Creek, Tresillian River, Gannel Estuary, Camel Estuary. G.A. J.E.B. H.V.B. A.H.G. D.P.H. W.A.H. E.M.P. P.H.R. J.A.S. R.J.S. Peak numbers occurred of 15 plus on the Camel, August 7th, 27 on the Percuil river on September 10th, and 20 on the Walmsley Sanctuary on October 5th. H.V.B. E.M.P. R.J.S. Wintering birds at the end of the year noted at Hayle Estuary (one), Tresillian river (six). G.A. J.E.B. A.C.S.

435 RINGED PLOVER. February 21st. At Dinham, River Camel, a peak figure of about 300. H.V.B.

439 KENTISH PLOVER. August 31st. At Mawgan Porth, two. Points noted were distinct wing bar, olive-green legs, black bill, obvious shoulder patches, no complete ring, and general sandy colour which gave a much less bright appearance than Ringed Plover. I am very familiar with this species in Cyprus. J.C.B. 35 Cornish Notes 440/1 GOLDEN PLOVER. April 7th. About 120 at Dozmary Pool, some assuming breeding plumage, were of the northern race. E.M.W. K.O.W. April 22nd. About 200 Northern Golden Plover in breeding dress in a newly-sown field at Allet. G.A. November 20th. In the Walmsley Sanctuary, a peak figure of about 2,000. H.V.B.

444 GREY PLOVER. February 21st. At Dinham, River Camel, a peak figure of about 100, an abnormally large flock. H.V.B. December 22nd. One, on Davidstow Moor, was unusual. G.B.

449 LAPWING. Flocking began early, 43 being present at Crowan Reser­ voirs on June 21st. J.E.B. June 29th. At Hayle Estuary, seven. I have not hitherto seen them here at this time of the year. M.J.J. August 13th. A flock of about 150 at Burhos, an unusually large number at this early date in West Cornwall. A.G.P.

451 AVOCET. River Tamar. January 17th, 46; February 2nd, 44; Feb­ ruary 27th, 17. A.C.S. E.M.W. K.O.W. R.P.W. Five on November 8th, increasing to 11 on November 21st, 26 on November 27th, 30 on December 8th, and at least 50 on December 24th. A.C.S. E.M.W. K.O.W. January 3rd—4th. At Hayle Estuary, three. N.B.E. N.R.P. A.C.S. April 2nd. At Par Beach, 15 on the tide edge, after a night of atrocious weather with gale force winds. They were present from at least mid-morning to the evening, but had left by the next morning. C.J.S. T.R.J.W. April 12th—14th. At Devoran, one. On these three days there was a high wind, but on the morning of the 15th, which was calm, the bird had departed. S.C.H.

462 BLACK TERN. St. Ives Bay. Seen at St. Ives on eleven dates from August 30th in small numbers of one to eight (August 30th) until September 28th. N.R.P. September 18th. At Porthkidney Beach, one. P.A. M.A. September 28th. At Porthkidney Beach, two. J.E.B. Hayle Kimbro Ponds. One immature on August 14th and on October 1st. A.G.P. 36 Cornish Notes Loe Pool. September 19th. One hawking over . J.E.B. Melancoose Reservoir. October 5th. One. B.F.H. 467 SANDWICH TERN. Normal spring and autumn passage noted at St. Ives and Porthkidney. Ed». An adult at Hayle on November 28th was an unusually iato bird. R.K.

468 ROSEATE TERN. July 25th. Three, probably five, at Porthkidney Beach. J.E.B. July 29th. Five at Porthkidney Beach. J.E.B. A.C.S. July 29th. Two flying past St. Ives Island. J.E.B. A.C.S. August 28th. At Porthkidney Beach, one. N.R.P.

469 COMMON TERN. Largest number recorded at Porthkidney Beach on return passage was about 100 on July 25th. J.E.B. On September 21st, over 100 seen feeding in a flock off St. Ives Island, and on September 23rd a mixed flock of Common and Sandwich Terns were off Porthmeor Beach, St. Ives. N.R.P.

470 ARCTIC TERN. Again one of the least numerous of the Terns to be recorded. At Porthkidney Beach, one immature on July 29th, two adults on August 25th and one on September 28th. J.E.B. A.C.S. September 1st. An injured adult in breeding plumage picked up at the River Gannel. A.H.G. October 5th. At Newlyn Harbour, one still in breeding plumage with several other Terns, most of which were definitely identified as Common. G.A. J.E.B. On the same day at Marazion Marsh one Arctic Tern with four Common Terns. G.A. J.E.B.

471 LITTLE TERN. On autumn passage occurred as usually in small numbers, the first being seen on July 25th at Porthkidney Beach. On August 23rd an adult fed an immature bird with what appeared to be a Sand Eel. J.E.B. Other occurrences noted :— August 27th. One off St. Ives Island was unusual, although occurring regularly at Porthkidney only two miles distant. N.R.P. November 8th. One at Falmouth Harbour. W.E.A. 37 Cornish Notes 474 SABINES GULL. September 5th. Off St. Ives Island, one immature. B.K. September 13th. Near the Wolf Rock, two immatures fly­ ing low over the water, with purposeful flight in a south-east direction. B.K. September 11th. Off St. Ives Island, one immature. B.K. N.R.P. September 21st. Off St. Ives Island, one. N.R.P. October 9th. Off St. Ives Harbour, one immature. R.K. (These records have been accepted by " British Birds " Rare Birds Committee."—Eds.).

477 LITTLE GULL. January 28th. Off Penzance Promenade, one. H.H. March 24th. At Marazion Marsh, one. M.J.J. August 30th. One immature flying west past St. Ives Island. J.E.B. September 18th. At Hayle, an adult and an immature. R.K. September 20th. One adult at St. Ives. N.R.P. December 2nd. At St. Ives, one adult. N.R.P. December 3rd. At St. Ives, one immature. N.R.P.

479 MEDITERRANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL. A bird of this species, in first summer plumage, was in the St. Ives area from March 7th to April 10th, its arrival coinciding with an influx of Black-headed Gulls. During the bird's stay it was often seen at distances down to six feet, and the following description it taken from notes made at the time. Size : As Black-headed Gull, perhaps a trifle heavier. Upper Parts : Head white, with dark mark immediately behind eye, giving effect of smudgy stripe at distance. Eyelids white, showing as two crescents against the dark. Faint greyish mark round back of head like outline of hood. Mantle pale dove grey like Black-headed Gull. Back and tail white, tail with narrow dark terminal band. Wings : Primaries dark, looking black; secondaries, pale brownish-grey; inner secondaries with narrow dark trailing edge. Wing coverts as mantle, but dark edges making faint V on spread wings. Soft Parts : Legs dark red. Bill looked nearly black at distance, but when seen through glasses at close quarters the base was noted as very dark orange, sharply defined from the darker end. The bill was much darker than that of Black- headed Gull, being deeper and noticeably hooked. Behaviour much like Black-headed Gull. 38 Cornish Notes Although superficially like an immature Black-headed Gull, we found most confusion occurred with immature Common Gulls, as the lack of a white leading edge on the wings readily dis­ tinguished it from the former. When the bird was near enough to see the bill and leg colour, and the shape of the bill, together with the narrow width of the tail band, and the cleaner look of the white plumage, separation from immature Common was easy, but at any distance the Mediterranean bird could be mistaken for either. Ii.K. B.P. N.R.P. (The record has been accepted by the " British Birds " Rare Birds Committee.—Eds.). On November 26th and 27th a similar plumaged bird, but with wing coverts darker, and tail band wider was seen at St. Ives. The bill was well seen, dark, heavy and hooked. This would seem a reliable character. What was probably the same bird was again seen on December 10th. R.K. N.R.P. (These appear to be the first two records for Cornwall.— Eds.).

481 COMMON GULL. There were heavy movements west past St. Ives Island on December 2nd, 3rd and 4th. N.R.P.

482 HERRING GULL. At Newquay a pair, probably the pair which nested on a hand crane in 1959, nested on the top of a railway coach, the nest being made of grass, straw, cotton waste, pieces of wood and cord, and weeds pulled up from the station platform. One egg was laid, but the coach was subsequently shunted. The pair then nested, with similar materials, in a scrape omong small stones in the middle of platforms two and three. One egg again laid, but taken, and nest was forsaken. Nesting was also attempted on the glass roof of Newquay station. C.J.S. At least 40 birds were " sitting " in one china clay pit on May 24th. C.J.S. Two pairs nested in Delabole slate quarries, but Mr. J. A. Kent, the manager, told me the young were taken by Buzzards. Nesting first occurred there in 1958. Mr. Kent also told me that these gulls pull out the young Jackdaws from their nest holes in the quarry to feed their young. C.J.S. Again nested in front of Poldhu Hotel windows. N.B.E. (See 1959 Report.—Eds).

484 SCANDINAVIAN LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. March 6th. One, with British race, migrating east past the Lizard Head. A.G.P. April 27th. Of five Lesser Black-backed Gulls on Porth­ kidney Beach, at least two were of the Scandinavian race, and one was intermediate in plumage between Scandinavian and British races. J.E.B. 39 Cornish Notes 485 BRITISH LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. October 21st. At Newlyn a bird with green-yellow legs. I have not hitherto seen this species with such green tinted legs. J.E.B. December 22nd. At Hayle Estuary, 13. An unusually large number at this date. J.E.B.

486 GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. December 4th. 125 flew west, past St. Ives Island, between 0830 and 1305 hours. N.R.P.

487 GLAUCOUS GULL. February 8th—25th. At Newlyn, one. G.A. J.E.B. J.L.P. March 28th. At St. Ives, one immature. N.R.P.

489 KITTIWAKE. April 27th. One heard to call " kittiwake" note at the Island, St. Ives. Not often heard away from breeding sites. J.E.B. A visit to the St. Agnes Head colony on July 30th showed quite a number of young still at the nests, but many nests were empty, and a number of the young could already fly. A.H.G. April 27th. On the Island at Carn les Boel, about 25 nests, and on the mainland cliffs opposite, about 12 nests. At cove sites further east, about 36 nests. At Tolpedn, 15 nests were counted, but about 25—30 pairs of Kittiwakes were seen on the cliffs. R.J.P. (A visit to these two localities later in the breeding season would have almost certainly have revealed a considerably larger number of nests.—Eds.).

491 GREAT SKUA. During January, three noted off the Eddystone Lighthouse. A.B. 493 ARCTIC SKUA. October 2nd. Off Hot Point, the Lizard, four seen separately. A.G.P. August 20th. At , a party of three (two dark phase and one light phase) flying south-west. J.E.B. A good autumn passage at St. Ives. First noted on August 10th and thereafter regularly in August and September. The only October records were of one light phase adult and one light phase immature on the 11th. Birds were seen later than usually. In previous years none seen after October, but in 1960, three (all immature light phase) on November 2nd, one on November 12th, and two were seen on December 3rd and 5th. J.E.B. K.K. N.R.P. 40 Cornish Notes 498 NORTHERN GUILLEMOT. October 5th. At Newlyn, one first winter bird. G.A. J.E.B. November 2nd. At St. Ives, four swimming near the Island. Several others (as well as Southern Guillemots) flying west. J.E.B. 502 LITTLE AUK. January 2nd. Off Porthleven pier, one. J.S.G. November 5th. On the sea at Newquay, near the Huer's Hut, one. A.H.G. November 26th. Off St. Ives Island, two. N.R.P. November 27th. Six off St. Ives Island. P.K. N.R.P. On the sea, at Falmouth Beach, one seen November 29th until December 17th. P.H.R. I.W. December 1st. One found in a garden in Tywardreath, one mile from the sea, was brought to me in good condition. I put the bird in the sea, and it swam away well. C.J.S. December 4th. Off St. Ives Island, one. N.R.P. 503 PUFFIN. April 17th. Several hundred on the sea off the Lye Rock, . R.M.C. 504 CORNCRAKE. April 27th—28th. One calling in fields adjoining Crowan Vicarage. J.E.B. May 27th. One heard calling in three different fields at . It had been heard for about a week previously. Nested unsuccessful here in 1959—the nest being destroyed by the hay-cutter. CJ.S. 511 COOT. At Tamar Lake, three pairs bred. F.E.C. 520 QUAIL. May 27th. One, and probably a second bird, heard calling at Traffal Farm, St. Newlyn East, and one probably heard at Neeham Farm on June 16th. On 16th August, at least three were disturbed by harvesting at Neeham Farm. A.H.G. March 23rd. One with a damaged wing near Marazion, was taken to the Mousehole Bird Hospital. R.K.

11 ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE TABLES Arrivals and departures are given in three lists : (a) Passage Migrants (Spring and Autumn). (b) Summer Residents. (c) Winter Visitors. It is indicated when a species properly belongs to more than one list. Passage Migrant describes a species which passes through a given area when moving from its winter quarters to its breeding area and vice versa. Summer Resident describes a species which comes to a given area and spends its breeding season here, in this case, Cornwall. Winter Visitor describes a species which enters a given area having left its breeding area, and remains there until it returns to its breeding area the following spring.

NOTES: It is important that members bear in mind that a species may belong to more than one of these groups—e.g., A Curlew Sandpiper is a Passage Migrant only, whilst A Dunlin is a Passage Migrant, a Summer Resident and a Winter Visitor. The classification in these lists applies to the various species as they occur in Cornwall and is not necessarily applicable in other parts of the British Isles.

DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL OF WINTER VISITORS Species which, although winter visitors to Cornwall, breed else­ where in the British Isles are indicated by the letter (b), and species predominantly passage migrants in Cornwall which winter in small numbers only are indicated by the letter (a).

Last Noted On By First Noted On By 21 Siskin (b) Par Apr. 6 C.J.S. Near Fowey Dec. 27 T.R.J.W. 42 Brambling' Landewednack Apr. 3 A.G.P. Redruth Oct. 26 A.G.P. 173 Fieldfare Allet Mar. 14 G.A. St. Newlyn East Oct. 16 A.H.G. Lizard Apr. 2 A.G.P. Davidstow Oct. 19 G.B. St. Breward Apr. 6 W.E.A. St. Breward Oct. 29 W.E.A. Apr. 14 R.B. St. Elvan Nov. 4 J.S.G. Lizard Nov. 6 A.G.P. Allet Nov. 9 G.A. 178 Redwing Clowance Mar. 10 J.E.B. St. Elvan Sept. 24 J.S.G. Allet Mar. 15 G.A. Oct. 12 P.H.R. St. Breward Oct. 15 W.E.A. St. Newlyn East Oct. 16 A.H.G. Allet Oct. 26 G.A. 42 Last Noted On By First Noted On By 202 Black Redstart Near St. Ives Mar. 13 R.K. The Lizard Oct. 1 A.G.P. Par Mar. 25 C.J.S. St. Ives Oct. 26 N.R.P. The Lizard Apr. 3 A.G.P. 304 White-fronted Goose Walmsley Sanct'ry Mar. 11 H.V.B. Walmsley Sanct'ry Oct. 5 H.V.B. 319 Teal (b) Marazioii Marsh Apr. 20 J.E.B. Hayle Estuary Sept. 17 M.J.J. Dozmary Pool Sept. 18 E.M.W. K.O.W. Loe Pool Sept. 19 J.E.B. 323 Wigeon (b) Hayle Estuary Apr. 3 M.J.J. Loe Pool Sept. 19 J.E.B. 325 Pintail (b) Hayle Estuary Feb. 25 J.E.B. Hayle Estuary Sept. 17 M.J.J. 326 Shoveler (b) Marazion Marsh Apr. 1 J.E.B. Loe Pool Sept. 19 J.E.B. 328 Pochard (b) Dozmary Pool Apr. 7 E.M.W. K.O.W. 330 Tufted Duck (b) Loe Pool Sept. 19 J.E.B. 332 Goldeneye Near Polzeath Apr. 10 W.G.B. Clowance Pond Sept. 30 J.E.B. 343 Red-breasted Merganser (b) Hayle Estuary Apr. 3 M.J.J. St. Ives Sept. 19 N.R.P. Newquay Oct. 11 A.H.G. 376 Great Northern Diver Dayraer Bay Oct. 30 E.G.R. 379 Red-throated Diver (b) Camel Estuary Mar. 4 H.M-G. St. Ives Nov. 13 N.R.P. 386 Bar-tailed Godwit Camel Estuary Apr. 30 F.E.C. Hayle Estuary July 25 J.E.B. Devoran May 20 G.A. 387 Black-tailed Godwit St. Clement Apr. 20 G.A. Hayle Estuary July 26 M.J.J. River Tamar May 14 A.H.G. 102 Turnstone Hayle Estuary Apr. 27 J.E.B. Porthkidney Beach Aug. 23 J.E.B. Port Gaverne Apr. 27 R.B. Widemouth Bay Aug. 24 F.E.C. 103 Knot Devoran Apr. 23 G.A. Crowan Reservoirs Aug. 12 J.E.B. 115 Purple Sandpiper Godrevy Apr. 7 J.E.B. Marazion Oct. 21 J.E.B. Apr. 14 W.G.B. Newlyn Nov. 5 E.M.C. Port Gaverne Apr. 27 R.B. Newquay Nov. 12 A.H.G. Falmouth Nov. 14 P.H.R. U6 Sanderling Widemouth Bay May 12 F.E.C. Porth kidneyBeach July 29 J.E.B. A.C.S. 43 Last Noted On By First Noted On By 424 Green Sandpiper (a) Copper Bottoms, Tory Pond, Praze Apr. 28 J.E.B. Stithians June 28 P.H.R. 428 Redshank (b) River Gannel Apr. 7 A.H.G. River Gannel June 25 A.H.G. St. Clement June 29 G.A. 431 Spotted Redshank (a) St. Clement Mar. 24 G.A. River Tamar Aug. 4 K.O.W. E.M.W. Devoran Aug. 31 P.H.R. 432 Greenshank (a) (b) Walmsley Sanct'ry May 21 H.V.B. July 25 J.E.B.

440/1 Golden Plover (b) Allet Apr. 22 G.A. Sept. 22 G.B. Hayle Estuary Oct. 5 G.A. J.E.B. 444. Grey Plover Hayle Estuary May 9 J.E.B. St. Ives Sept. 12 J.E.B.

481 Common Gull (b) Porthkidney Beach May 31 J.E.B. Hayle Estuary Aug. 20 G.A. J.E.B.

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF PASSAGE MIGRANTS Species which, although passage migrants only in Cornwall, breed regularly elsewhere in the British Isles are indicated by the letter (b).

First Recorded On By Last Recorded On By

383 Turtle-Dove (b) Zennor Apr. 16 R.K. Camelford Oct. 30 G.B.

389 Whimbrel (b) Looe Apr. 15 R.M.C. River Gannel Oct. 1 A.H.G. Marazion Marsh Apr. 20 J.E.B. Allet Oct. 9 G.A. Devoran Apr. 23 G.A. Widemouth Bay Apr. 23 F.E.C.

406 Curlew Sandpiper Little Petherick Apr. 28 H.V.B. Hayle Estuary Dec. 17 R.K./ B.P. 407 Little Stint None recorded spring passage Hayle Estuary Oct. 16 B.P. N.R.P. 423 Wood Sandpiper None recorded spring passage Crowan Reservoirs Oct. 25 G.A.

462 Black Tern None recorded spring passa ge Melancoose Reservoir Oct. 5 B.F.H. 469 Common Tern (b) Porthkidney Beach May 5 J.E.B. 44 First Recorded On By Last Recorded On By 75 Tree Pipit Lizard Apr. 24 A.G.P. Boscastle Sept. 25 W.E.A. St. Newlyn East Apr. 26 A.H.G. Lizard Sept. 25 A.G.P. 88 Yellow Wagtail Marazion Marsh Apr. 20 J.E.B. Helston Sept. 20 J.E.B. A.C.S. Lizard Oct. 9 A.G.P. 121 Spotted Flycatcher Penzance May 9 E.M.C. Allet Aug. 21 G.A. Newquay May 12 A.H.G. Lizard Churchtown Oct. 1 A.G.P. Allet May 17 G.A. Lizard Churchtown May 29 A.G.P. 129 Chiffchaff Par Mar. 6 C.J.S. Crowan Oct. 4 J.E.B. St. Newlyn East Mar. 13 A.H.G. Hayle Mar. 13 M.J.J. Crowan Mar. 15 J.E.B. Mawgan Porth Mar. 15 B.F.H. St. Minver Mar. 15 E.G.R. Fowey Mar. 20 T.R.J.W. St. Breward Mar. 22 W.E.A. St. Clement Mar. 24 G.A. Ponsanooth Mar. 25 P.H.R. 132 Willow Warbler St. Breward Apr. 5 W.E.A. Allet Aug. 27 G.A. Par Apr. 5 Housel Bay Sept. 19 P.A. T.R.J.W. M.A. Fowey Valley, near Dozmary Apr. 7 E.M.W. K.O.W. River Lynher Apr. 7 E.M.W. K.O.W. Praze Apr. 8 J.E.B. Allet Apr. 8 G.A. St. Newlyn East Apr. 9 A.H.G. St. Ives Apr. 9 N.R.P. 145 Grasshopper Warbler Mawgan Porth Apr. 18 F.R.S. Stithians Aug. 11 P.H.R. 153 Sedge Warbler Hayle Kimbro Apr. 9 A.G.P. Housel Bay Sept. 6 P.A. M.A. Par Apr. 9 Porth Joke Sept. 6 A.H.G. Mawgan Porth Apr. 15 F.R.S. Par Sept. 12 C.J.S. Marazion Marsh Apr. 20 J.E.B. A.C.S. 162 Blackcap St. Breward Apr. 19 W.E.A. Bodmin Road Apr. 20 C.J.S. 163 Whltethroat Housel Bay Apr. 23 A.G.P. St. Breward Aug. 21 W.E.A St. Newlyn East Apr. 23 A.H.G. Allet Aug. 22 G.A. Crowan Apr. 29 J.E.B. St. Newlyn East Sept. 4 A.H.G. Par May 1 C.J.S. Porthleven Sept. 23 J.S.G. St. Breward May 1 W.E.A. Housel Bay Sept. 19 P.A. M.A, 45 First Recorded On By Last Recorded On By 186 Wheatear Lizard Mar. 6 A.G.P. River Gannel Oct. 1 A.H.G. Par Mar. 7 C.J.S. St. Breward Oct. 1 W.E.A. Delabole Mar. 10 H.M-G. Davidstow Moor Oct. 4 G.B. St. Ives Mar. 13 R.K. Par Oct. 21 C.J.S. St. Breward Mar. 22 W.E.A. Allet Oct. 25 G.A. Mar. 26 A.H.G. Whitecross Oct. 28 C.J.S. Widemouth Bay Oct. 30 F.E.C. Godrevy Nov. 28 M.J.J. 197 Whinchat Port Quin Apr. 16 R.B. Lizard Oct. 1 A.G.P. Gwithian Nov. 1 G.A. 220 Swallow St. Ives Mar. 28 N.R.P. St. Breward Oct. 1 W.E.A. Crowan Reservoirs Mar. 29 J.E.B. Lizard Nov. 5 A.G.P. Widemouth Bay Mar. 31 F.E.C. Allet Nov. 13 G.A. Tamar Lake Mar. 31 F.E.C. Perranwell Nov. 15 M.P.V. Par Apr. 1 C.J.S. St. Minver Nov. 16 E.G.R. Hayle Kimbro Apr. 3 A.G.P. Lelant Dec. 2 M.J.J. Stithians Apr. 4 P.H.R. Mullion Dec. 2 N.B.E. Porthleven Apr. 6 J.S.G. Feock Dec. 6 M.T. St. Breward Apr. 7 W.E.A. Helston Dec. 9 J.S.G. Penzance Dec. 15 E.M.C. Carbis Bay Dec. 18 R.K. 222 House-Martin Hayle Mar. 11 R.H. St. Breward Oct. 1 W.E.A. M.J.M. St. Newlyn East Oct. 6 A.H.G. St. Breward Apr. 8 W.E.A. Lizard Nov. 12 A.G.P. Helston Nov. 25 J.S.G. Feock Dec. 6 M.T. Perranwell Dec. 6 M.P.V. 223 Sand-Martin Par Mar. 17 C.J.S. Loe Pool Sept. 19 J.E.B. Crowan Reservoirs Mar. 29 J.E.B. Par Oct. 1 C.J.S. Tamar Lake Mar. 31 F.E.C. Penzance Nov. 9 J.L.P. Dozmary Pool Apr. 7 E.M.W. K.O.W. Newquay Apr. 9 A.H.G.

225 Swift Hayle Apr. 23 E.M.C. Mulion Sept. 11 N.B.E. Apr. 24 E.G.R. Lizard Sept. 17 A.G.P. M.A. P.A. St. Breward Apr. 24 W.E.A. Marazion Sept. 19 D.P.H. Kelsey Head Apr. 25 A.H.G. Par Oct. 1 C.J.S. St. Newlyn East Apr. 25 A.H.G. Penzance Oct. 24 E.M.C. Luxulyan Apr. 25 C.J.S. Redruth Apr. 27 A.G.P.

240 Cuckoo St. Minver Apr. 16 E.G.R. St. Breward Aug. 30 W.E.A. Goonhilly Apr. 18 A.G.P. St. Breward Apr. 19 W.E.A. Land's End Apr. 20 M.J.J. Clowance Apr. 21 J.E.B. Par Apr. 24 C.J.S.

46 THE ISLES OF SCILLY

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS J. A. J. Abbott H.F.I.E. H. F. I. Elliott (non-member) R.G. Mrs. R. George O.D.H. O.D. Hunt C.K. C. Keen (non-member) B.K. B. King P.Z.M. P. Z. MacKenzie A.M. Dr. A. Missen (non-member) O. Members of St. Agnes Observatory (non-members) N.R.P. N. R. Phillips H.M.Q. Miss H. M. Quick R.S. R. Symons D.A.T. D. A. Todd (non-member) M.W. Miss M. Watts (non-member) T.R.J.W. T. R. J. Williams 3 CARRION-CROW. May 15th. Two seen in St. Martins. They flew off towards the mainland. J.A. A small party (four or five birds) seemed to be about most of the year. P.Z.M. 4 ROOK. December 13th. One on St. Mary's for a week. P.Z.M. December 22nd. Also seen on St. Agnes. H.M.Q. 17 GOLDEN ORIOLE. May 16th. One female at Bar Point, St. Mary's. A.M. May 26th. One male at Bar Point, St. Mary's. M.W. During the first week in June a pair was present on St. Agnes for several days. O. 30 LINNET. Exceptional numbers were present on St. Agnes in autumn, up to 600 were seen in September. O. 47 Scilly Isles 42 BRAMBLING. March 25th. One male in full breeding plumage on St. Agnes. P.Z.M.

53 RUSTIC BUNTING. October 7th. At St. Agnes a male was watched feeding on the seed of Sea Holly, by K. H. Hyatt, N. R. Phillips, E. G. Philp and E. C. Still. The bird, which was under observation for several hours, was easily approached and only became uneasy when the observers were within 10 feet of it. Its general appear­ ance was as a small female Reed Bunting, but it appeared bright and well marked with plenty of contrast to the plumage. A noticeable crest was raised when it was alarmed. The crown, lores and ear-coverts were blackish-brown, and a light buff patch on the nape was conspicuous from behind; the eye and moustachial stripes were also pale buff and noticeable. Wings resembled a male House Sparrow; rump chestnut; tail dark with whitish outer tail feathers; throat white with conspicuous chest­ nut band across upper breast, 11V" shaped ventrally; rest of underparts clear whitish with chestnut streaks on flanks; bill brown; legs flesh-pink. The flight was undulating, and a single call-note was similar to that of a Robin,

58 LAPLAND BUNTING. Recorded daily from September 12th to October 2nd; at least eight present during September 20th to 23rd. B.K. O.

116 WOODCHAT SHRIKE. May 12th. An adult on Tresco. D.A.T. May 29th—30th. An adult with rather dull orange head and shoulders used my gate for a hunting perch. H.M.Q. August 14th and 21st. Single immature on St. Agnes. O.

125 RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. October 14th. One on St. Agnes. O.

128 FIRECREST. October 23rd. One on St. Agnes. R.G. 132 WILLOW WARBLER. June 6th and 8th. One singing at , St. Mary's. T.R.J.W. (They do not usually breed in the Islands.—Eds.) 136 ARCTIC WARBLER. On October 10th, one was trapped on St. Agnes. O.

164 LESSER WHITETHROAT. April 30th and May 1st. Single birds seen on St. Agnes. O. 48 Scilly Isles 169 DARTFORD WARBLER. October 13th. At Deep Point, St. Mary's, I heard a call that was strange to me—derr—derr—derr—I then saw the bird in a bush within four feet. The crown and back were grey, and greyish brown; underparts rusty, eye bright orange. The tail was nearly as long as the bird and rather fan-shaped; it was always erect as the bird flitted with wren-like movements in the bushes. It was last seen on November 19th. P.Z.M. also saw the bird. R.S. 173 FIELDFARE. January 15th. Parties of 12 to 20 were seen to go out to sea, westward, till out of sight. H.M.Q. 175 SONG THRUSH. April 23rd. Two or three Thrushes were feeding on the maggots on the seaweed on the beach. This is the first time I have seen Thrushes feeding on the shore, although Blackbirds do so always, and so do many other species. H.M.Q. 184 BLACKBIRD. At the end of May the Puya were flowering in Tresco Gardens, and a pair of Blackbirds were feeding (apparently) on the nectar in the long, lemon-coloured bells. Their heads and shoulders became coated with yellow pollen, giving the effect of some completely strange bird ! J.A.

186 WHEATEAR. On September 12th, 40 were counted on St. Agnes, and 60 on the . Their main source of food was small humble bees which were numerous, and it was noticed that they caught their prey first by securing the insect by the head, leaving the rest of the body facing away from the bill—the bees were then almost immediately swallowed. B.K. 198 STONECHAT. After the breeding of at least eight pairs on St. Agnes and Gugh in 1959, there was a complete absence of birds during the winter, and one pair bred in 1960. There was a marked influx on October 13th, when 55 at least were present, and up to 10 remained in December. O. H.M.Q. 203 NIGHTINGALE. September 5th to 7th. One on St. Agnes. O. 206 WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. September 23rd. In my fowl-run on St. Agnes a grey-brown bird, resembling a Redstart, was seen flitting up and down to a post, and when it turned, showed a beautiful blue bib with black edge and white above and under the chin. It was also seen by Miss K. Springett (who was then at the Observatory), and identified from the Handbook as a female. R.G. O. 49 Scilly Isles 208 ROBIN. In the second half of June a very tame young bird with spotted breast haunted my garden, and would sing quietly, some weeks before achieving adult plumage. H.M.Q.

232 HOOPOE. March 1st. One on Normandy Farm, St. Mary's. March 22nd. One near , St. Mary's. R.S. March 22nd to 25th. Two on St. Mary's. P.Z.M. May 8th and 9th. One on St. Agnes. O.

250 LONG-EARED OWL. October 11th. One on St. Agnes. O.

251 SHORT-EARED OWL. October 16th. One on St. Helen's. November 12th. One on St. Mary's. R.S. 259 PEREGRINE. June 5th. A single bird seen on Gugh, and on June 8th, one on Tresco. T.R.J.W.

262 MERLIN. During December there were one or two about St. Mary's. P.Z.M. 271 MARSH HARRIER. On two occasions in early June I saw a bird (judged to be a male) on St. Martin's, once being mobbed by Gulls and an Oyster-catcher. J.A.

272 MONTAGU'S HARRIER. April 29th and 30th. An adult male on St. Agnes. O.

311 BARNACLE GOOSE. October 28th. Five on St. Agnes for one day. R.G. H.M.Q. 312/313 BRENT GOOSE. During mid-March, one on Tresco Lake. P.Z.M.

318 GADWALL. September 11th. There were 55 on Tresco Great Pool, of which there were positively 20 pairs in the party. This con­ centration is thought to be the largest for the species in the Westcountry, apart from the population at Chew Valley Res­ ervoir, , where at least 70 were present in the late summer. Otherwise I know of no such gathering either in Cornwall, or Somerset. B.K. 50 Scilly Isles 322 GARGANEY. September 11th. There were five on Tresco Great Pool, two positively identified as males, showing semblance of light mark­ ings over the side of the head. The others were in an advanced state of eclipse. The birds were grouped together and appeared a little larger than Teal—and differed from the latter in appear­ ing whitish on the lores; distinctly light throats; the upper parts were well marked, the central areas of the feathers dark brown and noticeably paler edged, therefore, no buff-smudged appear­ ance as with Teal. Part of side of neck, breast and flanks also were well marked. Garganey in similar plumage have, on numerous occasions, been seen in Somerset, etc. B.K.

326 SHOVELER. September 11th. One drake on Tresco Great Pool. B.K.

330 TUFTED DUCK. May 26th. A male in Porth Hellick Pool, St. Mary's. R.S.

331 SCAUP-DUCK. November 18th. A drake in Porth Hellick Pool, St. Mary's. R.S.

334 LONG-TAILED DUCK. October 12th, An immature female dropped into a back­ yard on St. Mary's at night and died shortly after. (Identified by British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ). P.Z.M.

339 COMMON SCOTER. April 24th. A pair in Crow Sound flying north-east. October 23rd. A female, flying south-west. R.S.

348 SHAG. Autumn gatherings on the water totalled over a 1,000 on August 26th. O.

350 STORM PETREL. June 30th. I was surprised to find a few pairs breeding on Scilly Rock, and I also found two eggs on Men-a-vaur. R.S. More than 700 ringed during the season. O.

368 FULMAR PETREL. March 24th. Several around . P.Z.M. July 3rd. An egg on Men-a-Vawr. August 28th. Young bird ready for sea. R.S. 381 STOCK-DOVE. October 22nd. Five on St. Mary's. P.Z.M. 51 Scilly Isles 384 EASTERN RUFOUS TURTLE-DOVE. At about 11 a.m. on May 3rd, Herbert Legg, one of St. Agnes islanders, informed us that he had seen, flying with Turtle-Doves over Wingletang Downs, a rather larger and darker bird. We found the bird soon afterwards, and watched it for over an hour; despite its wariness, full notes were obtained. On returning to the observatory and consulting the ' Handbook' the bird was found to be an Eastern Rufous Turtle-Dove. The bird had been reported to us the previous day, but only a very brief glimpse was obtained by R.J.E. Except for a period of about an hour the bird associated with Turtle-Doves, of which there had been a considerable influx on the night of April 30th. At all tiimes it was extremely wary and difficult to approach. When most of the upper parts and wings caught the sun, they showed a rufous or gingerish tinge. The bird could be easily identified in flight, even at a con­ siderable distance, in a flock of Turtle-Doves by its much darker appearance and larger size, but on the ground it was not so conspicuously different. (It was watched in bright sunlight for a total of about three hours at distances down to 40 yards using binoculars and x60 telescope). Crown, light grey. Cheeks, light brown tinged gingerish. An indistinct darker brown line started at the bill and continued through the eye. Nape, slightly darker brown than cheeks— again tinged gingerish. Throat, pale grey merging into cheeks and breast—not conspicuous except when it caught the sun. Breast, medium brownish-grey with a pinkish tinge. Side of neck, a rather indistinct patch of black on grey speckling. Mantle and back, dark brownish-grey with a rufous tinge. Wings, primaries charcoal-grey with slight rufous tinge; rest chestnut, darker and richer than Turtle-Dove. Patterning sim­ ilar to Turtle-Dove, but more numerous. Each speckle was caused by feathers having a dark centre with chestnut fringes. Belly, darkish grey-brown. Under tail coverts, light grey merging into belly. Rump, a fairly darkish grey, but lighter than primaries, tail and back when seen from behind. Tail, charcoal-grey with narrow tips to feathers only visible at quite close range. Bill, dark. Eye, brick-red. Legs, pinkish-red. Actions, as Turtle-Dove, but did not spread its tail so that it looked narrower than Turtle-Dove and sometimes it even looked rather " pointed." Distant views were obtained by F. R. Trust, who was able to confirm the darkness and lack of white in the tail. R. J. Eluey J. F. Card R. A. Card P. H. Crook

392 BARTRAM'S SANDPIPER (Upland Plover). November 17th—28th. A single bird was on St. Mary's airport. It arrived after heavy westerly gales and seemed very tired, but continued very tame throughout its stay. It fed on the short grass (often close to the road) Plover fashion with a few pecks and a run. It was first seen by a visitor to Scilly, Mr. C, Keen, who reported it to members of the Society. It 52 Scilly Isles was well seen by P.Z.M. and R.S., and more fleetingly by H.M.Q. A colour photograph was taken. The bird had a very characteristic figure, with long thin neck, small head and bill, and long tail. The upper parts were dark brown, finely mottled, and the breast and flanks striped. The face was pale and showed up the dark eye. There was a wide dark streak over the top of the head—otherwise no dis­ tinctive marks or bars. Mr. C. Keen thought he saw light outer tail feathers. H.M.Q. thought the slight flicker of white was a tiny wing bar. Legs, yellow; bill, dark.

400 GREY PHALAROPE. Great numbers were seen around the Islands in the autumn. About 1,000 were seen off St. Agnes on September 15th. O. October 2nd. Over 500 in an hour passed westwards off St. Mary's. October 13th and 23rd. Several flocks around the S.E. corner of St. Mary's. On 25th, 130 or more off the south end of St. Agnes. P.Z.M. October 23rd. Over 300 in Crow Sound. A few found dead on the cliffs. R.S.

403 KNOT. September 4th. A flock of 45 at St. Agnes. O.

411 PECTORAL SANDPIPER. May 8th. One was watched at close range on , for about 30 minutes, with field glasses. It was about the size of a Dunlin, legs longer, and yellow; brown crown, white eye- stripe; upper breast streaked dark brown, ending abruptly to very light brown breast; bill, shortish, blackish. It was tame, and a slow feeder. When flushed, zig-zagged widely gaining height, then straightened course still rising. Call, " crick— crick—." D.A.T.

431 SPOTTED REDSHANK. September 18th. One seen on St. Agnes. It was first noticed because the feet trailed beyond the tail in flight, and there was no white wing bar. When it landed it was taller on its legs and greyer in colour than the Common Redshank. R.G. Single birds seen on St. Agnes on August 5th, 14th and October 13th. O.

446 DOTTEREL. August 27th. One seen on St. Agnes. O.

468 ROSEATE TERN. A number of pairs bred, but it was not possible to check their success.—Eds. 53 Scilly Isles 469 COMMON TERN. A flourishing colony of about 30 pairs on Green Island seem to have come to grief, for later in the season no young and hardly any eggs were found, J.A. H.M.Q. A very small colony on Annet. H.M.Q.

489 KITTIWAKE. At the beginning of June there were 21 nests in the new colony on St. Helen's, many of them with two eggs. Again I noticed much carrying of mud from the Abbey Pool on Tresco— this is quite a noticeable traffic. J.A June 19th. Sixteen nests out of 20 on St. Heden's contained eggs. On July 21st, there were 17 young birds. R.S.

491 GREAT SKUA. September 13th. One seen near St. Mary's. B.K.

520 QUAIL. Single birds on St. Agnes on May 6th and 8th. O.

54 ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES OF MIGRANTS IN THE ISLES OF SCILLY

The new system of recording migrants is fully explained in section " Arrivals and Departures" of the mainland. The same system is followed here, but the birds are grouped according to their status in Scilly. Many of the birds that are Summer Visitors to Cornwall are only Passage Migrants in the Islands. Dates of the coming and going of those Summer Visitors that are sea-birds are seldom forthcoming, owing to the difficulty of going to sea regularly at the proper times. The precise place of the observations is no longer given, as there are regular observers on only two of the Islands, and the information, therefore, tends to be misleading.

A —PASSAGE MIGRANTS. Species First Seen By Last Seen By 59 Snow Bunting Oct. 3 O. 75 Tree Pipit May 3 O. Sept. 11 O. 88 Yellow Wagtail Apr. 17 O. Oct. 9 R.S. 91 White Wagtail Apr. 21 O. Oct. 13 O. 121 Spotted Flycatcher Apr. 23 O. Oct. 3 O. 123 Pied Flycatcher May 1 O. Oct. 6 O. 132 Willow Warbler Mar. 29 P.Z.M. Aug. 12 O. 145 Grasshopper Warbler Apr. 23 O. 149 Reed Warbler Sept. 30 O. 161 Garden Warbler May 2 O. Oct. 13 O. 162 Blackcap May 1 O. Dec. 18 O. 163 Whitethroat Apr. 24 O. Oct. 10 O. 182 Ring Ousel Apr. 19 O. Oct. 7 O. 197 Whinchat Apr. 23 O. Oct. 6 O. 55 Species First Seen By Last Seen By 201 Common Redstart Apr. 13 O. Oct. 1 O. 202 Black Redstart Mar. 20 R.S. Oct. 30 R.G. 222 House-martin Apr. 23 O. Oct. 9 R.S. 223 Sand-martin Mar. 24 R.S. Sept. 18 R.S. 227 Nightjar Oct. 7 O. 232 Hoopoe Mar. 1 R.S. 322 Garganey Sept. 30 O. 387 Black-tailed Godwlt Mar. 6 H.M.Q. 389 Whimbrel Apr. 21 O. 403 Knot Sept. 30 O. 407 Little Stint May 1 O. Oct. 6 O. 417 Ruff Mar. 20 H.M.Q. Oct. 10 O. 421 Common Sandpiper Apr. 16 O. Oct. 12 O. 423 Wood Sandpiper Aug. 19 O. 424 Green Sandpiper Aug. 27 O. 467 Sandwich Tern Mar. 31 P.Z.M. Sept. 6 O.D.H. 504 Corncrake Sept. 14 R.S.

B — SUMMER RESIDENTS. Species First Seen By Last Seen By 129 Chiff Chaff Mar. 25 P.Z.M. 153 Sedge Warbler Apr. 23 O. Sept. 3 O. 186 Wheatear Mar. 21 H.M.Q. Nov. 4 R.S. 220 Swallow Mar. 6 H.M.Q. Sept. 10 O. 225 Swift Apr. 23 H.F.I.E. Oct. 23 R.G. 240 Cuckoo Apr. 19 O. Aug. 14 O. 383 Turtle-Dove Apr. 24 O. Oct. 15 O. 469 Common Tern Apr. 19 O. Oct. 4 0. 485 Lesser Black-backed Gull Feb. 14 H.M.Q. Sept. 28 R.S.

C —WINTER VISITORS. Species Last Seen By First Seen By 173 Fieldfare Apr. 29 O. Oct. 15 R.S. 178 Redwing Mar. 21 H.M.Q. Oct. 11 0. 395 Snipe Apr. 24 H.M.Q. Aug. 25 H.M.Q. 428 Common Redshank May 2 O. Jun. 18 0. 478 Black-headed Gull JUTI. 15 H.M.Q. 56 THE BREEDING-HABITS OF THE CORN-BUNTING AS OBSERVED IN : WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS POLYGAMOUS HABIT By Lieut.-Col. and Mrs. B. H. RYVES. [Reprinted by kind permission of Messrs. H. F. & G. Witherby, Proprietors of " British Birds," from " British Birds," Volume 28 No. 1] INTRODUCTORY These notes on the Corn-Bunting (Emberiza c. calandra) are the results of observations begun in 1932 and continued, on a larger and more extensive scale, in 1933. In 1932, twenty-seven nests, the property of sixteen males, were located, and polygamy in the case of four of them was proved, but its extent not appreciated. In 1933, during the second half of May, the " pitches " of thirty- five breeding males were located but, in the interests of accuracy, for this number would have been unwieldy, it was decided to reduce the number to twenty-four. This was done by eliminating birds established in territories which presented special difficulties from an observational point of view. These twenty-four birds were settled along a more or less coastal stretch of country about six miles in length. They do not by any means represent the total of nesting birds that this country held. It was our purport—and it was duly fulfilled—to watch these pitches," and these alone, very closely, throughout the breeding- season. Indeed, we came to knowing most of their owners almost as a man knows each individual of his dog teams. It should, perhaps, be mentioned here that experience of previous years had shown us the futility of attempting to find nests, in our district, at an earlier date than that on which we commenced serious observations in 1933. The males finally selected may conveniently be placed in two categories : (a) isolated males, namely those in sole possession of a nesting territory (whether small or apparently large enough to hold additional males) where no other male was near enough to be either seen or heard (song, in quiet weather, can be heard at a con­ siderable distance); (b) colonies of males, namely groups or linked-up " birds from two upwards, occupying tracts of suitable territory in close proximity to each other, and yet each holding a very distinct 11 individual territory." The distances between the pitches " of any two such males varied from about 45 to 180 yards. Six birds were in category (a) and eighteen in category (b). These categories are probably largely artificial in the sense that they arise more from the type of country colonized than from the habits or dispositions of the bird, but nevertheless the inference might be drawn that Corn-Buntings prefer communal nesting to nesting in isolation. Let it here be understood that once the " individual ter­ ritory " of a " group male " has been defined—not a difficult matter— quite as accurate records of polygamous birds can be secured as with " isolated " ones. 57 The twenty-four observed males owned between them forty-five hens ! Surely startling figures, since they show that the prepon­ derance of breeding hens over males was almost as two is to one. The preponderance was probably even greater, for in some cases we may have missed another hen and in four cases this was definitely suspected. It might here be noted that the lie of the country, in some territories, was somewhat tricky and this enhanced the diffi- cutly of observation over a sufficiently wide area. Equally startling, perhaps, is the fact that fifteen of the twenty-four males were definitely polygamous, namely 62.5 per cent. The total number of nests found, owned by these twenty-four males alone, was fifty-four, and each was kept under regular observa­ tion. From these nests 126 young safely left. This figure certainly does not represent the total of their progeny. In addition to the probability, referred to above, of there being other hens, there were undoubtedly a few nests belonging to known hens that evaded us. It may not exceed the mark to estimate an output of about 150 young birds. Early in June, 1933, we began daily to watch closely the selected males and continued until the end of August, when nesting opera­ tions were completely finished. On June 30th our bag of nests stood at thirteen. On July 31st the number had risen to forty-five. The fifty-fourth and last nest (holding young) was recorded on August 14th. Forty-three of the nests had been located in the building, laying or incubation periods, the remaining eleven holding chicks. The fact that, in 1932, only twelve of the twenty-seven nests had been found before the eggs had been hatched, speaks of the increased intensity of our work in 1933. Throughout the period June to August, 1933, inclusive, each of the males, with his belongings, was observed on an average three times a week and, in many cases, at critical periods, practically daily. The accuracy of the records obtained was greatly enhanced by the fact that there were, almost at all times, two pairs of eyes at work, sometimes both concentrated on the same object and, at others, on separate objects. The task we set ourselves to might justly be termed " a two-man job." The only detailed study of the Corn-Bunting of which we are aware is that by Mr. John Walpole-Bond ("British Birds," Vol. XXV, pp. 292-300). PLUMAGE We only allude to the well-known plumage of the Corn-Bunting as we can find no reference in the standard books to a certain feature which at once distinguishes the bird from other Buntings. We refer to what may be termed the " bib." It is a patch of dark feathers at the base of the throat, exactly resembling a small bib, and presents an excellent guide for identification from a distance. It is worn by both sexes but is rather more pronounced in the male. It is absent in immature birds. When seen together, the male is noticeably larger than the female and, after some experience, it is often possible accurately to name the sex, even when seen singly. Coward describes a pale eye-stripe. Though it is difficult to pick this out in a bird that is perched, it is most conspicuous when one is looking down at a hen on her nest. 58 Unmoulted young of the year can readily be identified in the field by their paler colouring and, as already stated, absence of tho bib. NOTES AND CALLS We have no desire to dissertate at length on the birds' notes and calls through a complex combination of letters of the alphabet. Such convey but little to the average human ear, which is not attuned to the subtle variations of almost any note, and it may even confuse. However, it seems desirable to allude to the few outstanding calls regularly heard in the breeding-season. There is a somewhat long-drawn note which represents at once a call and a mild warning to another bird or, more usually, to a mate. It sounds to us like " zip"—to others perhaps " chip " or even " chit." It is freely uttered by a hen returning to eggs and is then more of an informative call to the male. It may also be used by a male as a half-hearted remonstrance against a not very imminent danger. The cry of true alarm or fear is an even more long-drawn and rather plaintive " eep." It may be heard from a male when a nest with young is threatened by some foe. Should a hawk fly over a nesting colony, every bird present will take up the alarm with this note. Then there is an indescribable and very raucous sound which emanates from a male on various occasions. It is oftenest heard when a hen is reluctant to return to her nest. Her mate will flutter to a perch close to her, stretch out his body and, with quivering wings and lowered head, scold her with a series of this harsh note. Sometimes she will fly off and settle still further from the nest, only to be instantly pursued and " cursed" with doubled vigour. Occasionally she will retaliate by assuming a similar posture and opening her beak, from which, however, no sound issues. More usually, though, she will obey the command and fly to her nest. A male will often act as above described if another male or any other bird, even a Jackdaw, alights very close to him. It may be worth mentioning here that Linnets appear to be greatly attracted to Corn-Buntings, for they will frequently perch on each side of a male and really seem to be wrapt in admiration of him ! Usually he will assume an attitude of utter unconcern. So persistently will Linnets thus "mob" him that we found ourselves talking of them as " the adoring Linnets." The raucous cry is also uttered during and just before coition. The hen will often invite coition from a perch by a low squeaky call accompanied by wing-quivering. The last note to be dealt with is certainly a welcome one to the observer grown a bit weary after many weeks of intensive watching. Its utterance is a sure indication of growing restless­ ness and impending change, and the note may aptly be described as the " flocking" call. It is only heard in the closing stages of the breeding-season. Both in 1932 and 1933, we first heard it towards the very end of July, and it became more general as the days passed by. 59 Males seem to be the first to use the call, for they are the first to show an increasing disinterest in the nesting activities that may still be in progress. It starts with a single or double note—sharp, clear and staccato—a " tip" or " tip, tip," eventually developing into a treble and rapidly delivered " tip-a-tip." When nesting quarters have been finally deserted, all birds, young and old, freely utter the treble call. Never a " zip" or an " eep " now, for these are notes confined to the nesting season alone. In winter-flocks we have never heard anything but the " tip-a-tip "s. Of song in winter we have but few records. The most noteworthy is a concert by a flock of males on October 30th, 1931.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NESTING This subject covers a very wide field and must be dealt with under specific heads. (a) Occupation of territories. Although casual visits by birds are paid to old nesting haunts as early as March (or even February) and throughout April, it is not until the second half of May that males take command of nesting territories to hold them more or less permanently. Even as late as this, birds may still be seen in flocks (probably birds moving northwards). On May 16th, 1933, we saw a flock of about seventy. It is impossible to say when the birds pair off or mate. In our belief, the males make little or no effort to secure hens. Rather do they take possession of a suitable territory, hold it against all comers and advertize themselves by constant singing. Rarely is a hen to be seen anywhere and, if they are in the neighbourhool at all, they are lurking in the fields. The conclusion we came to is that a hen offers herself to the male in command of the territory she desires when, and when only, she is in breeding condition. Once she has emerged from her " hiding place" and been accepted by a male, there is no question about her presence, for she will constantly be in evidence.

(b) The Male's Song Perch. When a male has selected and acquired the "acre of land" to which he expects to allure a hen, he takes up a fixed stance on some bush, telegraph wire or other suitable perch, considerably in advance of the advent of any hen. Such a perch soon becomes well advertized by a pile of droppings below it. From this perch he pours forth his song all through the day. When at last he becomes the owner of a hen, he may retain his perch, alternate it with one or two others or desert it altogether, dependent, presumably, on the hen's choice of her nesting site. He appears to have no hard and fast rule as to the distance of his stance from the nest—it may be anything from 20 to 100 yards or even more. But there is one essential condition and it is that he must be able to command a view of the nest site. Where a male has more than one mate and the lie of the country is such that no one perch will command all the nests, he will so place himself as to command at least one nest and the route or routes to the feeding grounds of his other hen or hens. 60 It must be obvious that a male which has a telegraph wire available can, in practically any type of country, command from one perch thereon all the nests he may own, even if one of them may be a considerable way off. It might be remarked here that, in spite of the indolent appearance a male presents, huddled on his perch, he has very keen vision and nothing appears to escape his ever-vigilant eye. As regards males in a " group," we have already referred to the distances between their song-perches. Though jealous of their perches, such birds cannot be classed as really quarrelsome. One never sees trespass result in much more than an angry word or, at the worst, a chase or sham combat. A male is usually too occupied in keeping himself well posted with the doings of his own belongings to concern himself with the business of his neighbours.

(c) Period of Nesting Season. Observations have shown that July is the month in which breeding activity is at its greatest height. Some hens only lay their first clutches early in this month. A good many begin lay­ ing during the last fifteen to twenty days of June. Only a small proportion commence in the first week of June (our earliest record for the first egg is June 3rd, 1930). During the greater part of August there is still considerable bustle. Some birds are incubating July-laid eggs, while many are feeding nestlings or fledglings. But the percentage of hens laying has proved to be almost negligible. Only two cases were recorded in 1933, the clutches being completed on August 6th and 9th respectively. In 1932 (our observations had become very intensive throughout August) we secured three records only, clutches being completed on August 5th, 7th and 9th respect­ ively. But more on this subject elsewhere. A scrutiny of Mr. Walpole-Bond's observations, already alluded to, reveals a material difference of the duration of the breeding- season among birds of Sussex and of those in N. Cornwall. Whereas Mr. Bond talks of " early in their breeding-season, i.e., from about May 20th," we have found that that season here does not commence until early in June. Again, he remarks that " breeding continues throughout August," while our work shows that egg-laying has almost ceased at the end of July. As with most birds, there must undoubtedly be exceptions to prove the rule" both in early and late layings. Indeed, fresh eggs have been recorded during the first half of September. How­ ever, on what may be termed " freak cases," we are not in a position to write. It might, with some justification, be said that the observations of two successive years are insufficient for forming definite con­ clusions. On this point—at least with regard to the early layings— it is relevant to say that, although no really intensive work was undertaken before 1932, we have the experience of two or three previous seasons when we watched males closely up to the end of May, over the same ground, without securing any evidence of the presence of nesting hens. It will be necessary, under a further section, to refer again to differences in the habits of Sussex and Cornish birds. 61 It seems impossible to assign any definite cause for the gen­ erally longer nesting-season in Sussex than in N. Cornwall. Possibly climatic conditions may have some bearing, but we are not acquainted with them in Sussex. The birds observed here were established along a coast subjected to severe buffetings by cold and cutting westerly to north-westerly winds. (d) Nest Construction. Nest-building is the province of the hen alone. A nest is some­ times completed in one day but more usually in two. Laying follows quickly (in one instance a bird was watched lining her nest after the first egg had been deposited in it), sometimes on the day following completion, but more usually after one day's interval—rarely longer than this. During the short " building-period" the male appears to be more excited and interested than at any subsequent stage. The hen usually spends some hours in site-selection and is closely accompanied by the male, which frequently perches near her and indulges in vigorous bursts of song, scoldings and wing-quiverings. Her search of the ground is very thorough. She flutters from perch to perch, frequently dropping out of sight. One particular hen actually built her nest where her inspections had begun. Evidently she had not decided definitely on the site until she was satisfied that there was no other preferable. While constructing the nest itself, she often packs her beak with large quantities of materials, some of which are so long as to look like streamers as she flies, or rather, flutters. When lining the nest with materials, so fine as often to be invisible to the naked eye, she appears to carry them singly or only two or three at a time. She works at any time of the day up to sunset, but, of course, knocks off for meals, generally under the male's escort. Throughout building she is less concerned by human presence than later on. Eggs are normally laid on consecutive days until the clutch is completed. In two recorded cases, a day was missed between the layings of the second and third egg. (e) Types of Nests. Mr. Walpole-Bond has described the various types of nests so thoroughly that little about them need be said here. Generally, the nest is a bulky but neat structure with a deep and spacious cup. Most are lined only with very fine bents, some with quantities of black hair covered over by bents. One example contained such hair only and, in another, a dozen gull's feathers were woven into the general fabric with a couple round the rim of the cup. The majority of nests are well concealed, some wonderfully so.

(f) Nest Sites. With one exception, the observed males were established in country rich in cultivation—hay, corn and root crops, which pro­ vide the main feeding grounds of all the birds—with plenty of roadside gorse and brambles or large plots of similar jungle. Mixed with them there is usually undergrowth of weeds and coarse grasses. 62 Of the fifty-four nests located in 1933, forty-eight were in "gorsy" cover, one in rather an extensive plot of coarse herbage alone, and five in crops. The last five were all June nests in which eggs were laid on dates varying from the 5th to the 25th (none of the twenty-seven nests of 1932 were in crops). One of the five nests—that of the male possessing a territory devoid of gorse jungle—was built under a perennial thistle (known by local farmers as the " horse-thistle ") with the previous year's large dead leaves still adhering to its thick stem. This plant was almost the only one standing in a field of very poor, thin hay. Two of the others were in a hayfield of like nature, but containing sev­ eral big patches of horse-thistles in which the nests were built. The other two (also in thistles) were in a field of " dredge" corn cultivated almost to the cliff edge. The corn was very weak and sparse and a better name would have been " a field with a splendid thistle crop." Each of these nests was on the ground with the foundation laid in a depression of the soil apparently formed by the dislodge- ment of a big stone in the process of tillage, and consisted of fewer materials than those in all other sorts of sites. From the above, it is evident that, at any time of the nesting season, crops were the least favoured sites. This is directly opposed to Mr. Walpole-Bond's statement that, early in the season, Corn- Buntings in Sussex nest chiefly in crops of all kinds, in coarse grass and weeds, and in bare fields holding clumps of either, and that from late June they are " driven " to nest in gorse-brakes because the crops either have been harvested or have grown too tall and unruly. Lest it be inferred that we missed many early nests in crops, let it at once be said that, in view of his statement and of what Mr. Coward has written, we specially concentrated from early to late June on crop-fields. Had we paid less attention to them and more to the gorse-jungles, there is no doubt that we should have found some of the nests at an earlier stage than we did. This marked difference in the tastes of Sussex and Cornish birds seems strange and difficult to account for. However, there is this point, that there are but few localities in this district, affected by this Bunting, which are barren of the gorse-jungles. Those that there are we have not observed. The most sought-after sites were low gorse, gorse and brambles growing together and bramble only (rich and dark-leaved) running along the ground. Most nests in such cover appear at first sight to rest on the ground, but a closer inspection shows that they are really just off it or just touching it at the conical point of the foundations; others are definitely a foot or so above it. Less favoured sites, though not uncommon, were tall patches of gorse and brambles. Nests in such situations were from two to four feet above the ground and not easy to find. One cleverly-selected site was a huge plant of some very coarse grass growing on the edge of a tall bramble-brake. The nest was in the centre of it, two feet from the ground, and completely hidden by the tips of the grass-blades which had tumbled inwards and thus formed a splendid umbrella. 63 Mr. Harvey showed me some country near , affected by Corn-Buntings, which contained just the kind of cover already described in the case of one bird. He and Dr. Blair found a nest in it. The gorse and brambles of this district were lacking in the immediate neighbourhood, though they occurred a mile or so away. A last word in connexion with the proximity of the nests of two hens belonging to two neighbouring males of a group. They are often not more than forty or fifty yards apart and in one case only twenty-five yards. Hens appear to bear no animosity to each other, be they owned by the same or by different males, and we have never seen them in conflict.

(g) Nest Finding. All said and done, we are convinced that close attention to 1 the actions and movements of a male will yield, if not the biggest, certainly the most " profitable" harvest of nests. If the size of the bag be the main desire, then systematic and frequent thrashing out of likely places might produce the most. But this method is obviously disturbing to the birds and damaging to the herbage. Moreover it is not conducive to knowledge of the habits of the birds, and it throws no light on what male owns a nest so found. There- fore, as a proof of polygamy or otherwise, the nest is valueless, for the time at least. To obtain the best results, obviously the birds must be disturbed as little as possible.

As to the first method. To watch a male on his song-perch is to watch a known nesting territory. If a hen is site-hunting or building, he will, as already described, at once put you in touch with her, and her identity is immediately disclosed. If she is in- j cubating, she is bound to quit her eggs for a meal. When she does so, his sudden cessation of song and pose of alertness will proclaim that something is doing. The next moment he will prob- I ably dart from his perch and fly rapidly away. Though you may not pick up the hen, it is she whom he is following to her feeding ground. Watch for his reappearance, for he will usually return as her escort, when you are pretty sure to spot her. Then mark where she drops to her nest. If you wait for her next departure, you have plenty of time to walk out, find the nest and regain your observation post before she is due to come back. The owners of the nest have no suspicion of the work you have done behind their backs, and there will be nothing to disturb the normal trend of events. Here, too, you have learnt the hen's identity. If she is feeding nestlings, the male's demeanour will help you to locate the nest, but this will be dealt with under " Rearing of the Young."

If one marks a building hen down to her nest at long range, the best plan is to advance rapidly towards it to see exactly where she emerges (she often stays at the nest for quite a time). If one approaches too close she will sit very tight and wear down one's patience. On such occasions we have pitted our wits against hers by talking loudly for a while and then by one of us walking noisily away while the other stands silent and motionless. When the noisy person has passed out of ear-shot, up has popped her head and her secret has been wrested from her ! And, she has not been flushed ! 64 INCUBATION. Incubation, as with nest-building, is solely the business of the hen. No male has ever been seen to visit a nest holding eggs. The following are details of some recorded incubation-periods :— Nest No 1.—18.vi., 1st egg; 19.vi„ 2nd egg; 20.vi., blank; 21.vi., 3rd egg and hen brooded; 22.vi., 4th egg; 4.vii., 3 hatched; 5.vii., 1 hatched. None reared. Nest No. 2.—13.vii., 1st egg; 14.vii., 2nd egg and hen brooded; 15.vii., 3rd egg; 16.vii., 4th egg; 27.vii., 3 hatched; 28.vii., 1 hatched. All reared. Nest No. 3.—21,vii., 1st egg; 22.vii., 2nd egg; 23.vii., 3rd egg and hen brooded; 24.vii., 4th egg; 4.viii., 3 hatched; 5.viii., 1 hatched. All reared. Nest No. 4.—25.vi., 1st egg; 26.vi., 2nd egg and hen brooded; 27.vi., 3rd egg; 28.vi., 4th egg; lO.vii., 3 hatched; ll.vii., 1 hatched. All reared. Nest No. 5.—3.viii., 1st egg; 4.viii., 2nd egg; 5.viii., 3rd egg and hen brooded; 6.viii., 4th egg; 17.viii., 3 hatched; 18.viii., 1 hatched. Two reared. Nest No. 6.—9.vii., 1st egg; lO.vii., 2nd egg; ll.vii., 3rd egg; 12.vii., 4th egg and hen brooded; 13.vii., 5th egg; 25.vii., 4 hatched; 26.vii., 1 hatched. All reared. Nest No. 7.—20.vii., 1st egg; 21.vii., 2nd egg; 22.vii., 3rd egg; 23.vii„ 4th egg; 4.viii., 3 hatched (1 addled egg). Two reared. Nest No. 8.—7.viii., 1st egg; 8.viii., 2nd egg and hen brooded; 9.viii., 3rd egg; 20.viii., 1 hatched; 21.viii., 1 hatched (1 addled egg). None reared. To summarize the above :— Eggs of No. 1 hatched in 12 & 13 days after last egg was laid. No. 2 11 & 12 days No. 3 11 & 12 days No. 4 12 & 13 days No. 5 11 & 12 days No. 6 12 & 13 days No. 7 12 days No. 8 11 & 12 days In all the above cases, with the exception of No. 7, where in­ cubation was commenced with the laying of the last egg, incubation (or brooding) was begun before the completion of the clutch. Similar behaviour was observed in other nests. A scrutiny of the dates of hatching above recorded seems to disclose the fact that I incubation proper " was in progress from the moment the last egg but one was laid, the last egg hatching out about 24 hours after all the others. It would, therefore, appear that inaccurate incubation- periods are obtained if reckoned from the date the last egg is laid. The correct method would be to reckon the period for the latest hatched chick from the date of the last egg and for the previously hatched chicks from the date of the last egg but one. The correct periods would thus be 12 days in four instances and 13 days in the other four instances. The average for these eight examples works out to be 12.5 days. 65 It is not uncommon for this Bunting to be found brooding her eggs in advance of the laying of even her last egg but one, but such brooding has apparently not advanced the date of the hatching of such eggs. But it is not the purport to examine, in this paper, the intricate problem of incubation by wild birds. Suffice it here that, in our experience with other species also, birds can brood their eggs without any change taking place within the shells, that is to say that such " brooding" has not been "incubation." This explains our use of the words " incubation proper." This point may have some direct bearing on the variability of incubation-periods. Corn-Buntings are generally tight sitters. We have frequently stood directly over a sitting hen and actually tapped the herbage just above her nest without flushing her. Also they are very staunch to the nest, as the following incident will demonstrate. We had under observation two nests (in which eggs were being incubated) built in a hayfield. Learning that the crop was to be cut on the morrow, we marked the nests with branches of gorse, showed them to the man who was to work the reaper and asked him to raise the cutting blades as he neared them. On the day following the harvesting operations we visited the field and found one of the birds sitting tight on her nest which was completely exposed to view. The workman had missed our landmark and the blades had passed only an inch above the nest. We found the other hen also sitting (on chicks just hatched)—the cutters had been raised in this case and so about a foot of herbage still remained in the immediate vicinity of the nest. Unfortunately, both of the nests were robbed shortly afterwards; there was a multitude of Gulls and Jackdaws feeding on the cut-up remains of rabbits killed by the reaper and one of these birds was, no doubt, responsible for the tragedy of the Buntings. A hen is more wary about returning to a nest with eggs than when building. If one is too close, she will often take wing from a perch near it, rise to a considerable altitude and make wide circular flights, usually alighting again, only to repeat the skyward flight. Sometimes she will fly directly away right out of sight and not return at all for ten or fifteen minutes. On these latter occasions the male will often chase after her. Returning to the nest, she normally arrives by fast and low flight and settles on some commanding perch from which she drops into it without much delay. Sometimes she will first alight on a more distant perch, from which she views the situation. It was our custom carefully to mark each nest, as found, with gorse sticks placed on opposite sides of it. These landmarks were never resented. The hens seemed to delight in them, for they used them forthwith as " diving boards " to the nest. When a hen quits her eggs, she does so by suddenly shooting out of her nest and instantly taking wing and disappearing rapidly to her feeding ground. So suddenly is her departure effected that she may easily be overlooked by the watcher, but the male, if present, never misses her. A male has never been seen to feed an incubating hen, which has to fend for herself. The length of her absence varies a good deal, but she rarely returns in less than fifteen minutes and some- 66 times is away for forty minutes. Her sitting shifts are anything from about forty minutes as the shortest, to rather over an hour and a half as the longest. Whether the eggs are actually brought to an unusually high temperature we cannot say. But if one inspects a nest immediately on the departure of its owner, a very distinct glow of warmth reaches the finger tips before any egg has been touched. We have never experienced this in the nest of any other small bird. If a male is on his song-perch when his hen quits her eggs, he usually follows her, as stated before, to her feeding ground, which is almost always a long way off (600 yards or possibly more), and escorts her back, watching her down to her nest from his perch. If he happens to be absent, she seems to know where to find him—at least she frequently returns under his escort. The male's only role appears to be to keep a vigilant eye on the goings and comings of his mate. Rarely, he calls her off her eggs with a low " zip," and then accompanies her to her meal. At one nest which we were observing, the sitting hen uttered harsh chatters, which sounded like " chukka." Her male was sing­ ing about fifteen yards away. She kept up these guttural notes for about five minutes, then quitted her eggs and pitched alongside the male. A few seconds later both birds took wing together. Addled eggs occur in a fair number of nests, usually only one and more rarely two. Three infertile eggs in a clutch of five was once recorded. In this case, only one of the young was reared. Such eggs remain intact in the nest throughout the fledging-period. CLUTCHES. Eggs were laid in the fifty-four nests found in 1933 as follows : twenty in June, thirty-one in July and two in August. One nest, from which we inadvertently flushed the hen when she was lining it, was not laid in. The day following, she completed another nest about four yards distant, in which she laid her first egg the next day. As already mentioned, forty-thre of the fifty-four nests were found before any egg was hatched. The clutches laid were :— Two eggs in 1 nest (See remarks for Male No. 10 in Tables of Polygamy). Three eggs in 11 nests. Four eggs in 20 nests. Five eggs in 10 nests. Total 42 nests. The remaining 11 nests, found with chicks, held :— Three young in 3 nests. Four young in 7 nests. Four young in 1 nest; also one addled egg. The 27 nests located in 1932 held :— (a) Eggs ... two ... 1 nest (nest deserted after second egg was laid), three ... 3 nests, four ... 4 nests. five ... 4 nests. Total 12 nests. 67 (b) Young ... one young in 1 nest. two young in 1 nest; also two addled eggs, three young in 3 nests (two held also one addled egg each), four young in 8 nests, five young in 1 nest. six young in 1 nest; allreared. Total 15 nests. From the above records it will be seen that " four-egg " clutches hold a big majority. " Three " and " five-egg " clutches are in about the same proportion. A " six-egg " clutch has proved to be rare in the district, as none was recorded in 1933, and only one in 1932 (the nest holding six young).

REARING OF THE YOUNG. Here again, the indefatigable hen, practically alone, undertakes the work of rearing the young. However, a good word at last can be put in for the male, for he does, on occasions rare enough to merit specially noting, help to feed his progeny. It has already been shown that, when all the eggs of a clutch have been hatched, most nests hold one chick about twenty-four hours younger than the rest. Since the nestlings grow rapidly, the " baby," on the day of hatching, looks little more than half the size of its brethren. The difference in size, however, is less noticeable when quilling has started. For the size of this Bunting, nestlings quit the nest at an earlier age than one would expect, namely, when nine to eleven days old or, more rarely, twelve days. The period of development varies a good deal in different broods, but, generally speaking, it is rapid. Some youngsters are capable at once of flying a few yards. Others still carry a good deal of down and their quills are little more than half feathered. The latter are incapable of flight, but are extraordinarily strong on their legs and, if disturbed, can dive instantly into cover and hide themselves very effectively. They separate immediately and crouch in hiding in the surround­ ing herbage, where they usually scrape out a snug hollow almost resembling a half-built nest. Here they may remain a day or more, a ring of droppings forming in a circle round the circumference of their lairs. So long as nestlings need to be brooded (three or four days), the hen alone both broods and feeds them. At this stage, the hen's visits are frequent, but, when day brooding ceases, they become erratic; she may feed her chicks a dozen times in an hour or she may not put in an appearance at all for an hour and a half. They are not usually vociferous when fed, though their voices can at times be heard if one is fairly close to the nest. As soon as eggs are hatched, the male almost ceases to accom­ pany his mate on her foraging expeditions. His role now is to watch the nest from his perch where he continues to sing with much persistence. He still observes closely the movements of the hen and, by a change of pose, shows one that he has seen the hen's approach with a grub in her beak. If she is, for some reason, reluctant to go to the nest, he generally chases her to it. 68 In the case of a polygamous male, he often changes his perch to one close to a nest holding young. This may take him further from a nest containing eggs which, however, he watches with undiminished alertness for, when the incubating bird quits her eggs, he darts off after her and, having seen her back, returns to his perch near the other nest. When nestlings have attained a fair size, the male is occasionally seized with a fit of energy and helps the hen for a short spell which rarely exceeds half an hour. During this short burst of activity he works really hard and we have recorded twenty visits paid in thirty minutes. Whereas the hen goes far afield for food, the male, oddly enough, finds grubs close at hand. Having collected one, he alights on his perch and sings a few full bars of song with his mandibles closed over his victim. He then delivers the grub at the nest and returns to his perch where he sings again for a few sec­ onds. When the young are out of the nest, he may help the hen a little more frequently, though the latter still takes the lion's share of the work. Nest sanitation is attended to by the hen, which removes the excreta, and drops it, while on the wing, some distance away. The principal diet of the young is a pale green caterpillar (that of the cabbage butterfly, we believe). These butterflies seem to abound in the corn and hay fields. Not infrequently the butterfly itself is captured and taken, wings and all, to the nest. Other grubs—dark looking ones—are also given to the young. Hens are even more chary about visiting a nest holding young than one with eggs. One is frequently compelled (except from within a car) to move some distance away before a hen will approach it. The male, on the contrary, is almost indifferent to human pres­ ence and will usually visit the nest even when one is standing quite close to it. Fledglings of the earlier nests appear to be fed for a week or ten days after the nest has been vacated. But those of a late nest have been seen being fed by parents when apparently full grown. Mortality among nestlings is not negligible. The baby of the brood oftens succumbs, usually when quite young, and nestlings may continue to die until five or six days old. A dead chick is at once removed. Except for this mortality, nestlings appear to be very strong and sturdy. When picked up in the hand, they are surprisingly heavy. DOUBLE BROODING. Corn-Buntings are undoubtedly double-brooded, that is to say a certain proportion of hens lay a second clutch of eggs after a brood has been safely reared. A new nest is invariably built. It must be obvious, however, that, unless the previous history of a bird is known, it cannot definitely be stated that a late nest is a second brood one, even though the date is such as to justify the assumption. Many such nests may, in fact, only be second attempts after failure with first nests at any of their various stages. We believe that a third brood, namely the laying of a third clutch of eggs after two broods have been successfully reared, is a very rare occurrence here. The nesting season is scarcely long 69 enough. In our experience, at least, we have not located a single nest that could, with any justification at all, be assumed to be a third brood within the definition given. On the other hand, we are convinced that a good many hens are quite content with rearing one brood only, be it a successful first effort or the result of a second attempt after a previous failure. Appended are three tables compiled from very intensive observa­ tions which furnished sound evidence for reasonable assumption of (1) double brooding, (2) second attempts and (3) single brooding. Table of presumed Double Brooding. HEN. FIRST NEST. SECOND NEST. Distance First Young First Young Between Egg on Left on Egg on Left on Nests No. 1 ll.vi. 7.vii. 21.vii. 13.viii. 15 yards. No. 2 14. vi. 9.vii. 22.vii. young stolen 20 yards. No. 3 15. vi. 12.vii. 21.vii. young left on 10 yards. 16.viii. No. 4 17.vi. ll.vii. 25.vii. young died 22 yards. No. 5 l.vii. 26.vii. 3.viii. not recorded 3 yards. NOTES : • (a) Each of the above hens ceased breeding after the success or failure of the second nest. (b) It is certain that Hen No. 5 had not laid an earlier clutch. (c) The period between the young of the first brood leaving the nest and the laying of the first egg of the second brood varied, in the above examples, from eight to fourteen days. It should be noted that a hen can continue to feed her fledglings while building the second nest and while laying the first egg or two.

Table of presumed Second Attempts after Previous Failure. HEN. FIRST NEST. SECOND NEST. Distance First Deserted First Young Between Egg on on Egg on Left on Nests No. 6 15. vi. 20. vi. 13.vii. 7.viii. 2.5 yards. No. 7 21. vi. robbed on 16.vii. lO.viii. 70 yards. 9.vii. No. 8 late June robbed on 13.vii. 7.viii. 60 yards. 7.vii. NOTES : (a) The cause of desertion of Hen No. 6 was a broken egg. The long interval before re-nesting is inexplicable. The second nest was in precisely the same type of cover and position. (b) Hens Nos. 7 and 8 had their first nests in a hay-field. Their failures, as already described, were due to harvesting the crop. Their second nests were built in the nearest gorse patches. (c) Each of the above hens departed with their broods and their males soon after the nests were vacated. It can definitely be asserted that none of these birds had laid previous clutches. Table of presumed Single Brooding. HEN First Egg Laid on Young Left on No. 9 23rd June 19th July No. 10 25th ,, 20th „ No. 11 25th „ 21st „ No. 12 5th July 31st „ No. 13 7th ,, 1st August No. 14 9th „ 5th ,, NOTES : — (a) Hen No. 9, with her family, had vanished by July 24th, and was not seen again. 70 (b) The nest of Hen. No. 10 was about three feet away from one found in 1932. She had completely vanished by July 24th, and was not seen again. (c) Hen No. 11 was one of two owned by one male. She had vanished by July 24th and was not seen again. The male remained in the territory until the brood of another of his hens was fledged. (d) Hens Nos. 12, 13 and 14 belonged to one male in an " isolated territory." Each laid a clutch of five eggs, hatched and reared them all, thus proving themselves to be both prolific and skilful mothers. The three nests were in close proximity to each other, fifteen yards being the greatest distance that separated any of them. As the young of each hen was fledged, their mothers took them right away. The male remained in his territory until August 2nd, leaving Hen. No. 14 to complete her task alone. Throughout June we had kept this male under regular observation and had begun to despair of his ever attracting a hen to his " pitch." POLYGAMY. The habits and actions of both males and females have now been described in such detail that it is unnecessary to advance further evidence in proof of polygamy. Polygamy, in the cases of " isolated" males, becomes at once apparent. Somewhat more prolonged observation is advisable before a " group " male is categoried as the owner of more than one hen. Trespass, let it be repeated, is not a crime prevalent among males. Each bird is too much concerned with the possession of his own perch and with the doings of his own hens to bother himself much over neighbouring males or their mates. We have no record of a male molesting, amorously, another's hen. It is not uncommon to observe a hen with a nest outside the boundary of a male's pitch passing to and fro quite close to him without any notice being taken of her. On one occasion, however, we witnessed a male attack another's mate which was passing close to him, carrying a grub to her nest some 20 Oyards distant. He at once flew at her and drove her to earth, when a rough and tumble ensued. She soon extricated her­ self and continued her journey with the grub still in her beak. At the end of this section will be found narrative tables of the fifteen polygamous males of the 1933 season. No bird was diaried as polygamous until one or more of the following incidents had been noted in connexion with a hen other than one already known to belong to him :— (1) Coition, followed later by building within the male's territory. (2) Nest building with the male in company. (3) The male escorting the hen to and from her nest holding eggs. (4) The male showing obvious interest in the hen feeding nest­ lings and none in a neighbouring hen known to belong to another bird. (5) The male observed feeding nestlings in conjunction with the hen. As a point of fact, these incidents—in many cases all of them— were noted on numerous occasions, and the identity of every hen definitely established. 71 The relationship between the hens owned by one male is one of amity. There appears to be no jealousy, even when the male, at certain times, shows marked favouritism. They carry out their duties, of course, quite independently of each other, and when they meet, as they often do, there are no encounters. In 1932, when watch­ ing a male which owned three hens, we saw one of them quit her nest after feeding her chicks and inspect the nest of another which also held chicks. The male was present, at the time, on his song- perch, and showed no apparent surprise or concern. The nests were about 40 yards apart.

NARRATIVE TABLES OF POLYGAMY. In the Tables, which follow, the dates given for laying are, in some cases, approximate ones. But the margin of error, we believe, does not exceed 48 hours in any instance.

1 Isolated " Males. Distance Male No. of First Hen Second Hen Third Hen between Hens Laid on Laid on Laid on Nests No. 1 2 23. vi 27. vi 50 yards No. 2 3 3.vii 15.vii 21.vii 50 yards and 20 feet No. 3 3 5.vii 7.vii O.vii All very close No. 4 2 5.vi Nest not located Remarks. No. 1.—First hen reared a brood; second hen was robbed of nestlings and disappeared. No. 2.—The nests of the second and third hens were 20 feet apart and that of the first hen about 50 yards from either of the others. No. 3.—See note (d) at foot of " Table of Single Brooding." No. 4.—When first hen was incubating, we noted ardent wooings and coition with second hen, and all three birds were seen together. We were forced to give up this territory owing to the difficult lie of the country, involving loss of much time. " Group " Males. Group I.—Two Males. Territory.—A strip of roadside gorse about 120 yards long. Song-perches.—About 50 yards apart. Males.—One polygamous and one single-mated. Distance Male No. of First Hen Second Hen between Hens Laid on Laid on Nests .No. 5 18.vii 22.vii 40 yards

Remarks. No. 5.—The second hen had reared a brood from a clutch laid on June 14th. Previous nesting or otherwise of first hen unknown. Group II.—Four Males. Territory.—Waste land of gorse, brambles and heather roughly forming a square and about four acres in extent. Song-perches.—At the four corners of the square. 72 Males.—Two polygamous, one single-mated and one uncertain (only one nest of the latter located). Second Hen Distance Male No. of First Hen Laid on between Hens Laid on Nests No. 2 18. vi No nest No. 2 25. vi 7.vii 30 yards Remarks. No. 6.—First hen hatched on July 4th/5/th. On July 4th ardent wooing d coition was seen with second hen. On July 5th site-hunting (close to st hen's nest) in company with the male was observed. On July 6th she had vanished and was not seen again. No. 7.—Both hens reared a brood and ceased breeding. Neither had laid a previous clutch.

Group III.—Four Males. Territory.—An irregular piece of rough country (gorse and brambles) about six acres in extent. This country, generally, was difficult for observation.

Song-perches.—Fifty yards between a single-mated male and No. 8; 45 yards between No. 8 and No. 9; 90 yards between No. 9 and No. 10.

Males.—Three polygamous and one single-mated.

Male No. of First Hen Second Hen Third Hen Hens Laid on Laid on Laid on No. 8 17.vi & 25.vii 18. vi 12.vii (2nd brood) No. 3 13.vii 20.vii 7.viii No. or 3 7.vii 18.vii 23.vii

Remarks. No. 8.—First hen's two nests were 22 yards apart and that of second hen about 60 yards from the first nest of the former—the third hen's nest was about 70 yards from each of the above. The male commanded all the hens from tall tamarisks growing on a high hedge. A fifth nest, owned by this male, was found, in which the first egg was laid on July 26th; this date would fit in with it being the second brood of the second hen, but, as it was 60 yards away, there is the possibility of the bird being a fourth hen.

No. 9.—These three nests were within a patch 35 yards square. No data re previous nesting of first hen. Undoubtedly second brood of second hen, as she was seen feeding fledglings on the day she site-hunted. Third hen had surely nested before, though we have no evidence. Most unlikely that first and third hens were the same bird, as the former's chicks (not well feathered) only left nest on August 3rd.

No. 10.—Second hen deserted (after laying third egg) on July 20th. Third hen laid only two eggs (she hatched and reared them) in a nest 8 yards from that deserted by second hen. There is a possibility that third hen was actually the second hen completing a clutch of five eggs in a new nest after an interval in laying, but, in this case, there is no apparent cause for deserting her first three eggs. It is far more probable that they were separate birds and that second hen came to an untimely end after the laying of her third egg.

Group IV.—Two Males. Territory.—An undulating stretch of gorse, brambles and coarse herbage close to the cliff. Bleak and exposed.

Song-perches.—Telegraph wires about two posts apart. 73 Males.—One polygamous, the other uncertain. Distance Male No. of First Hen Second Hen between Hens Laid on Laid on Nests No. 11 2 Late June Late June 60 yards Remarks. No. 11.—Both hens laid clutches of five and both nests were robbed about mid-July and the hens disappeared. The male also disappeared 10 days later. The other male's hen (the only one located) reared a brood. Group V.—Five Males. Territory.—A coastal stretch of about half a mile, comprising roadside gorse and brambles and, at its western end, two or three acres of rank herbage, thistles and gorse, extending to the cliff- edge. Song-perches.—Telegraph wires—the males' " pitches " varied from 70 to 180 yards in distance from each other. Males.—Four polygamous; the fifth male, at the extreme flank of the territory, was single-mated—his hen laid about mid-June and completely vanished during incubation, but the male out-stayed the four polygamous birds and was the most persistent songster; he remained a presumed widower throughout the season. Male No. of First Hen Second Hen Third Hen Fourth Hen Hens Laid on Laid on Laid on Laid on No. 12 2 21.vi & 31.vii 30.vi — — No. 13 2 13.vi 18. vi — — A 2nd clutch laid by one of the birds No. 14 2 ll.vi & 21.vii 28.vi — — No. 15 4 23. vi 4.vii 9.vii 24.vii Remarks. No. 12.—The nests of the two hens were 35 yards apart. The two nests of first hen were 60 yards apart (the first in corn and the second in roadside gorse). No. 13.—First hen robbed of her eggs—second hen reared a brood—nests 40 yards apart. One of the hens—impossible to say which—laid a second clutch (or possibly a third hen). No. 14.—First hen reared both broods, her nests being about 15 yards apart. Second hen reared a brood and did not lay again, her nest being 50 yards from the first nest of first hen. No. 15.—All the hens reared their broods. Fourth hen had probably laid a previous clutch which evaded detection. It is very unlikely that fourth hen was the same bird as first hen, whose young only left nest on July 20th. The three earliest nests were within a plot about 50 yards square. The latest nest was 70 yards from the nearest of the other thre which further points to the bird being a separate hen. CESSATION OF SONG AND DEPARTURE. Towards the end of July a distinct change of manner becomes apparent among some of the males. There is an atmosphere of restlessness and growing disinterest. The number of birds in nest­ ing territories has noticeably increased; they comprise adult hens, whose last broods have left the nest, and fully fledged young. By about August 10th the number of birds is considerable. The males, which have not already departed, hold their song-perches as less sacrosanct. Small parties of birds may be seen congregated around a male's perch, while others shamelessly trespass on the privacy of a hen still nesting. The air becomes ful of birds flying hither and thither and fluttering about aimlessly over the corn fields. The " tip-a-tip " notes are heard everywhere. 74 As already stated, some males, with their hens and young, have vanished before July is quite out, but most males are still present. About the end of the first week of August the diminution of song becomes noticeable, and thereafter song continues to lessen and finally to cease. By August 18th, 1933, song had completely ceased in all the observed territories; this is four days earlier than in 1932. The first real flock of wandering birds, consisting of about thirty, was seen on August 8th, 1933, and another of fifty to sixty birds on the 15th. On the 25th, numerous birds were noted on inland uplands, far from any nesting haunt. However, we must make it clear again that nesting operations are not all over in August. A good proportion of birds are still incubating eggs laid in late July and also feeding nestlings and fledglings, but as the month advances, males become increasingly uninterested. Indeed, so strongly, in the end, does the impulse to depart and to join a flock appear to grip the males, that some of them completely desert their hens and leave them to rear their nestlings unwatched and unhelped. For example, the five hens (three in 1932 and two in 1933), which laid late clutches in early August, were all deserted by their males before the young were fledged. In each case, however, the hens remained staunch to duty. One particular hen, in 1932—a bird belonging to a " group " of four males—was the only Corn-Bunting left in the territory when her nestlings were seven days old; her chicks left their nest on September 2nd, and, on the 3rd, they and their mother had vanished and may have moved a mile away; they could fly strongly an hour after the nest was quitted. On August 26th, 1933, all the observed territories, with the exception of a few loiterers (mostly young birds) in a " group" territory, were found to be empty of birds. On the 30th, no bird at all could be found in any nesting haunt, and we were able to " lay down tools," at last, with clear consciences. A last word on the cessation of song. With some males it ended abruptly. A male in good song to-day would be silent to­ morrow and his voice not heard again, although he remained at his post for some days longer. As regards the break-up of the nesting season and cessation of song, our observations of the two years showed no noteworthy variation in either year in reference to the time of the occurences of these events.

SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS Being birds of placid temperament, Corn-Buntings show no resentment towards nesting neighbours. In this district, Stonechats are their most usual neighbours. Three of the latters' nests were found close to those of this Bunting, and, in one instance, two con­ current nests were only ten feet apart. One Corn-Bunting built her nest about fifteen feet from a Nightjar brooding her two young. Other species noted were Meadow-Pipit, Linnet, Hedge-Sparrow, Wren, Sky-Lark, Whitethroat, Sedge-Warbler and Blackbird. 75 That Corn-Buntings in this district are not immune from victim­ isation by the Cuckoo was proved in 1932. It was on August 3rd, a very hot day, when we heard the shrill calls of a young Cuckoo. We soon found the bird perched high on a dead gorse bush and sat down to watch. A male Corn-Bunting was singing vigorously nearby. Soon a hen Corn-Bunting appeared with a grub and fed the Cuckoo. We spent about five hours watching, but never once, during that time, did the male help his mate. He continued to sing persistently. The hen was indefatigable and, although she flew a great distance away for each grub, fed the noisy Cuckoo, on an average, every three or four minutes. Occasionally the latter took wing and flew strongly towards a distant cornfield. This caused much consternation in both the foster parents, which hotly pursued it and seemed to head and drive it back to its perch. Even a neighbouring male joined in these chases. The birds evidently did not desire the Cuckoo to quit the territory, although it was a fully fledged bird. During a short rest between feeding journeys we saw the hen settle on a perch near her mate, which instantly trod her (she built no nest subsequently). The incident appears to have been a kind of reaction after the prolonged labours of family cares. We have observed similar coition among Shags with fledged young standing near the nest ledge, and no eggs have been laid later. We would desire to place on record here our thanks to Mr. G. H. Harvey, " Peatswood," Penzance, for his valuable assistance and encouragement in the compilation of these records.

76 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE BREEDING- HABITS OF THE CORN-BUNTING AS OBSERVED IN NORTH CORNWALL IN 1934 By Lieut.-CaL and Mrs. B. H. RYVES. [Reprinted by kind permission of Messrs. H. F. & G. Witherby, Proprietors of " British Birds," from " British Birds," Volume 28 No. 6] These notes on the Corn-Bunting (Emberlza c. calandra) are the results of further observations undertaken during the breeding- season of 1934 and should be read in conjunction with the work already done and published in " British Birds," Vol. XXVIII, pp. 2-26. The main purport in deciding to embark on a third year's investigation was twofold :— Firstly, to check and consolidate the conclusions already formed. Secondly, to ascertain whether polygamy was possibly even more extensive than previous research had shown. A feeling of doubt had been taking shape gradually. In ear­ marking so many as twenty-four males for close observation in 1933, had rather more been undertaken than could properly be dealt with? In other words, had the wideness of the field resulted in obtaining only partial records? With this doubt in the mind, it was agreed to limit the number of observed males to fifteen. Even with this reduced number, it cannot be asserted with absolute conviction that every nest or even every hen was located. Probably eight males only would have offered a better prospect of securing complete records. The fifteen males were chosen from the territories observed in 1933 with one exception, namely, an " isolated " bird in a territory untenanted both in 1932 and 1933. The disposition of males was as in 1933, with the following two notable differences : (a) No. 2 " isolated " male's territory was shared by a second bird, and (b) group III held five in place of four males. Four of the observed males were in the " Isolated " and eleven in the " Group" categories respectively, but only a proportion of the latter were selected, the remaining birds of the groups being completely ignored. Each of the fifteen birds was proved to be polygamous. Possibly, if not probably, some of them at least may have owned more hens than those enumerated below :— Four males owned definitely 2 hens each ... 8 hens. Seven „ „ 3 „ ... 21 Two „ „ 4 „ ... 8 „ Two „ „ 7 „ ... 14 Total ... 51 hens.

77 The total of nests actually found (by observation alone) was fifty-three, and each was kept under systematic inspection. In addition, one nest evaded detection, although the hen was watched feeding nestlings and, later, on the day they quitted, two of the fledglings were found and inspected. Two other nests, although their existence had been suspected, were never located; but chicks from each were discovered which, from their appearance had, obviously, only recently left their nests. Had these not been missed, the total of nests would have been fifty-six. A scrutiny of the figures discloses the fact that males were polygamous to a far greater extent than the work of the two previous years had shown. Either there had been failure to estab­ lish the existence of a good many breeding hens, or hens in 1934 were actually in greater numerical strength. Whichever it may be, the fact stands out that Corn-Buntings definitely are polygamous and that females are in considerable excess of males. This excess may vary in different years. In regard to some of the sections in the previous article, there are only a few additional points which seem to merit mention here, and itemised references to the previous article are given :— Song Perches. The most favoured stances of two males were closer to a nest with eggs than hitherto recorded, namely, in each case, under ten yards. Types of Nests. Five nests only were lined with coils of thick, black hair, cov­ ered by fine grasses. A good many contained a few feathers woven into the main fabric. Nest Sites. One nest. was marked down to a really vigorous field of hay and clover. It was built at the foot of thick clover where a few small thistles were also growing. Under this heading there is one important point which only came to light this year. Whereas the majority of hens owned by one male seem to prefer nesting in close or fairly close proximity to each other, there is a type of hen which seeks complete isolation. This she secures either by distance or by some natural obstruction (as well as distance) which screens her from the owners of all other nests. The nests of four such hens were discovered. Two of them will be dealt with under a later section. The third hen was one of four owned by a male. The nests of three of these were in the " territory proper " and fairly close to each other. This bird sought sanctuary in a separate patch of gorse about 170 yards distant, where, by the lie of the land, she was quite cut off from all other hens of her kind. She reared a brood of five, but the male took but little interest in her, and her identity was only established by seeing him (he had a cracked voice), on four occasions only, chase her back to the nest. Also, she was seen three times to leave her eggs and fly straight to the male, alighting by his side. 78 The fourth hen was one of two owned by a male. She spent two days in site-hunting and one in building, the male in close company and much excited on these three days. Her nest was about 220 yards from the other hen, which was feeding nestlings at the time she laid. Her clutch consisted of only two eggs and these she safely hatched and reared in solitude, for the male vanished (pre­ sumably with the other hen and her brood) when her chicks were two days old (the two youngsters left the nest on August 16th). Males' Behaviour. The habit of accompanying incubating hens to their meals was noticeably less regular than in the two previous seasons. No differ­ ence, however, was noted in the persistency with which males watch or chase their hens back to eggs or young. Period of Nesting-Season. July again proved to be the month in which breeding activity was at its greatest height. Cessation of song and of breeding and complete evacuation of nesting territories occurred considerably earlier than previously recorded. One can only attribute this to the exceptionally early harvesting of both the hay and corn crops which afford the main sources of the birds' food supply. In June, twenty-three clutches were laid, the earliest bird depositing her first egg on the 1st. The first eggs of the remaining twenty-two clutches were laid on dates varying between the 11th and 30th. In July, thirty clutches were laid, the latest bird completing her set of four on the 28th. In August, no clutches were laid.

INCUBATION. The dates of laying and incubation-periods were recorded at sixteen nests. Eggs, except in one case, in which a day was missed between the second and third egg (two similar records were obtained in 1933), were laid on consecutive days. The results were as follows :— (a) In four nests incubation was only commenced on the day the clutch was completed (there had been no previous " brooding"). In each, the full clutches were hatched on the thirteenth morn­ ing after the laying of the last egg. Incubation-period 12 days. (b) In eight nests all the eggs except one were hatched on the twelfth morning after the completion of the clutch. The (pre­ sumably) last-laid eggs were hatched on the thirteenth morning. Incubation-period 12 days. (c) In one nest in which the hen " brooded" daily from the laying of the first of her five eggs, one was hatched on the thirteenth and two on the fourteenth morning after the laying of the last egg. Two eggs were addled. Incubation-period indefinite. (d) In one nest (a clutch of five) four eggs were hatched on the thirteenth and one egg on the fourteenth morning after the lay­ ing of the last egg. Incubation-period 13 days. 79 (e) In one nest (a clutch of five) three eggs were hatched on the twelfth and one on the thirteenth morning after the laying of the last egg. One egg was addled. Incubation-period uncertain but probably 12 days (if it be assumed that the addled egg was one of the first four laid). (f) In one nest (a clutch of four) three eggs were hatched on the thirteenth morning after the last egg was laid. One egg was addled. Incubation-period 12 days (if the addled egg was the last one laid which seems likely). The above records show that the average incubation-period was much nearer 12 days than the 12| days in 1933. In the (b), (d), (e) and (f) nests "incubation proper' 'was reckoned to have been commenced on the day the last egg but one was laid. In all of them earlier eggs were " brooded" (in two, from the first egg onwards). Nests (a) and (c) require no comment. CLUTCHES. The clutches laid were :— Two eggs in 1 nest (definitely a full clutch). Three eggs in 10 nests (one held also a Cuckoo's egg). Four eggs in 13 nests. Five eggs in 14 nests. Total 38 nests. The remaining 15 nests, found with chicks, held :— Two young in 1 nest; also one addled egg. Two young in 1 nest; also two addled eggs. Three young in 3 nests. Three young in 1 nest; also two addled eggs. Four young in 6 nests. Four young in 1 nest; also one addled egg. Five young in 2 nests. Total 15 nests. From the above records it will be seen that " four-egg" and " five-egg " clutches ran each other close for premier place. In 1933 " four-egg " clutches held a big majority. Clutches of six eggs in this district may be reckoned as very rare. Out of 138 nests in­ spected in three years, only one record of six has been secured (a nest holding six young in 1932). MORTALITY AND REARING OF THE YOUNG The results of the 53 nests were as follows :•— (a) In thirteen nests the chicks were destroyed (no disaster befell any nest while holding eggs). In two of these the chicks died through being deserted. In one nest the reaper killed the chicks. In another a weasel was caught red-handed; three of the nine- day-old chicks had already been disposed of, the nest being dishevelled and full of feathers and a few gory remains. The fourth youngster was lying on the edge of the nest, quite intact except for deep punctures through the skull, and still warm. The remaining nests showed no signs of violence; they were merely empty but otherwise in perfect condition. Possibly adders, which have frequently been encountered in the vicinity of nests, may account for many disasters. 80 (b) From forty nests, young safely left (in no case was a nest so recorded until a fledgling or two had been located or the hen observed to be feeding young out of nest). From these a total of 144 chicks entered upon the world. Thereafter, it was impossible to keep in touch with them. In twenty nests the ages of the chicks on departure were recorded. In six of these they were 12 days old, in four 9 and 10 days and in the remainder 11 days. Only a few cases have been recorded of a chick remaining in the nest for a few hours or a day after the others had vacated it. A correspondent has written that the pale green caterpillars previously alluded to could not be those of cabbage butterflies. Not being entomologists nothing could be said, but the fact remains that in the feeding grounds of these Buntings " white butterflies" abounded and that these butterflies themselves were often fed to the young. This year there apeared to be a comparative paucity of white butterflies and, significantly perhaps, green caterpillars were less in evidence in the beaks of the hens. In any case, the insect diet of the young appeared to be of a more varied nature. Grasshoppers were identified on several occa­ sions, and a hen was watched killing one by beating it against the ground much in the manner of a Song-Thrush dealing with a snail. Males were sometimes seen to be feeding on seeds fallen to the ground. This had not been noted before. Hens have never been observed feeding themselves, and their diet during the breeding- season was not ascertained. There is one important point to which no allusion has been made and on which we have been challenged. Although " nesting" ter­ ritories are definitely defined and sacrosanct to their owners, it is quite a different matter with " feeding " territories. The latter are common property of all and sundry. Observation definitely estab­ lished this fact. A good deal might be written on this subject were time and space of no moment. It may be of interest to record observations made of a hen brooding young in inclement weather. It was truly an awful day— torrential rains driven by a south-westerly gale. Wondering how a certain nest holding four chicks, which the hen had ceased to brood by day, would be faring (particularly as it was on the weather side of a patch of low gorse), I (B.H.R.) visited it, at intervals, three times. Each time, the hen was found crouching on the rim of the nest, with her widely-fanned tail pointing towards the storm. Her wings were also open and drooped over the walls. Her body appeared to be elongated so that the bill reached the far edge. Late in the evening, when the rain had almost ceased, the nest was again visited. The chicks, though very hungry, appeared to be perfectly happy, and the cup of the nest was quite dry. Eventually, the whole brood was safely reared. The nest which held three eggs and one of a Cuckoo was in the identical territory in which, in 1932, a hen Corn-Bunting was observed feeding a young fledged Cuckoo. The egg of the Cuckoo and two of the Bunting hatched out early on June 27th and one egg was addled. At 3 p.m. on the 29th the nest held the Cuckoo and one 81 chick. The other chick, which was alive, and the egg had been ejected, but we replaced them. At 5 p.m. the Cuckoo had not re- ejected the contents of the nest and the outraged chick seemed quite to have recovered. Unfortunately further observation was cut short, for, on the 30th, the nest was found to be empty. The early intelligence of Corn-Bunting chicks appears to be evidenced by the following incident : on the usual daily round of inspection we arrived at a nest known to hold three chicks, now 10 days old. One dead chick (quite recently dead) lay in it, but the other two chicks were standing on the edge, evidently about to depart. After standing by the nest for about half a minute, one of the youngsters quietly toppled over on to its side and, with closed eyes, lay motionless. It looked as if it had expired, and we were about to pick it up to examine it when it suddenly sprang to its feet, and, uttering lusty screams, shot into the air, fluttered a few yards and dived into thick cover. The other chick instantly followed suit and hid itself in the opposite direction. There seems to be some insidious disease which sometimes over­ takes nestlings. At a nest holding five eggs, four were hatched on July 20th (one egg was addled). The chicks appeared to be per­ fectly fit up to the 26th, and the weather was dry and warm. On the 27th the hen was brooding (abnormally old for young to be brooded) three apparently healthy chicks and one which appeared to have just died, and this we removed. On the 28th the nest held only one chick; evidently two more had died and been removed by the hen. This single youngster survived and quitted the nest, leaving the egg intact, on the 30th. It was seen again on the 31st. COITION. Reference has already been made to coition late in the season without egg-laying following. Apparently this is not very unusual. This year, in the latter part of July, coition was noted on several occasions, and even occurred with hens carrying grubs to recently fledged young. None of these covered hens nested subsequently. Early in the season, coition was also observed which did not seem to be connected with egg-fertilization, for the hens did not build until about a fortnight later. For years, coition has been noted among Herring-Gulls quite considerably in advance of egg-laying. DOUBLE-BROODING. After a third year's work we have come to the conclusion that the Corn-bunting is not extensively double-brooded. In 1933 only five records were secured where a second brood could reasonably be presumed. This year only three such records were obtained, though there were three other more or less probable ones. But it must be admitted that the breeding-season terminated unusually early. The majority of nests were almost certainly cases of single- brooding. A few might be categoried as 11 doubtful " in that they may have been second attempts after failure with first nests at an early stage—nests which were not detected. 82 We are convinced that the laying of a third clutch after two broods have been successfully reared would be a freak case of extreme rarity. CESSATION OF SONG AND DEPARTURE A distinct diminution of song became noticeable about July 25th. The " tip-tip " notes had been heard several days earlier. On the 30th only a few males sang sparingly. On August 2nd several territories had been completely vacated. On the 3rd and 4th two or three males only sang spasmodically. By the 9th song had absolutely ceased, and birds were only to be found in a few territories. On the 18th all nesting haunts had been deserted except for short visits paid by a few stragglers for two or three days longer. To revert to July. On the 29th a lengthy visit was paid to a group territory occupied by two males, one of which owned seven and the other three hens. Two hens only, both belonging to the " seven-hen " bird, still had nests in which young two and three days old, respectively, were being fed. Both males were " singing themselves hoarse," crashing about everywhere in mad excitement and chasing hens and numerous young birds, which seemed equally excited. In the midst of this bewilder­ ing spectacle the two nesting hens carried on their duties unmolested, unheeded and unheeding. On the 30th, every bird, including the two males, had vanished, not to return again. Only the two hens with nests were left to complete their tasks alone. On August 1st one of the nests had been destroyed, but the hen of the other was carrying on and was now in complete isolation. On the 9th her four chicks left their nest, all of them being located. Late on the 10th not a trace of either the fledglings or their mother could be found. Gatherings of a similar nature, though of fewer birds, were observed in other territories and culminated, as above described, in evacuation. On August 2nd, at a " group" territory of five males, every bird, except one nesting hen, had already departed. This lonely hen was incubating a clutch of four eggs completed on July 28th. In complete isolation she remained staunch, and hatched three eggs on August 8th and one on the 9th. On the 11th it was noticed that the hen was not feeding her small young. Though very hungry they seemed to be well and strong. A visit six hours later revealed that they were all dead. Whether the utter loneliness had become too much for her and caused her to desert her chicks, or whether she had fallen a victim to some foe, can only be a matter of conjecture. This is our only record of a male deserting an incubating hen. Desertion of hens with nestlings is almost common. AN " ISOLATED " MALE OWNING SEVEN HENS. This male occupied the territory held in 1933 by " Isolated" male No. 3 (see Table of Polygamy). A description of our observa­ tions at this territory—a veritable mine of thrills—can hardly be omitted without loss. 83 The first nest (that actually of the second hen) was found on June 20th in the earliest stage of construction. On the 24th she laid the first egg of a clutch of four, three of which were hatched on July 8th and one on the 9th. The full brood left the nest on the 20th. The second nest (that actually of the first hen) was never found, although its existence had been suspected. It must have been at least 200 yards from the others' nest on the opposite flank of the territory, and a line of tall gorse isolated the two birds. On July 19th, after inspection of the first nest, we chanced to pull up the car at this flank, and at once spotted a hen, with a grub, drop into cover. At her next two visits she was seen to drop into different, though nearby, patches of gorse. It was now obvious that this hen was feeding fledglings, and so a search was made and one of them located. It had down on the head and could flutter only a few yards. When it rose, the hen was at once joined by the male, both birds showing great agitation. It was obvious that the brood had left their nest very recently. Reckoning the dates backwards this bird must have laid her first egg about June 23rd. Thus the two nests were contemporaneous, and it is significant that between them lay ideal nesting cover which was readily seized later by the other five hens. On July 14th four hens were watched building at the same time (simultaneous building was observed in three other territories, two nests, in one instance, being fifteen feet apart). Each had her special hunting ground for materials, and none of them ever clashed. The male was beside himself with excitement, and seemed quite bewildered upon which of them to lavish his attentions ! On July 16th the seventh hen began building. These latter five (practically) contemporaneous nests were placed within a circle of a radius of about fifteen yards. Clutches of 3, 5, 4, 4 and 4 respectively were laid, the first of each being deposited on July 15th, 15th, 17th, 18th and 19th respectively. Each of the five hens hatched all her eggs, with the exception of one which had a single addled egg. On August 8th the chicks in one nest were very vociferous and ravenously hungry. On the 9th they were all dead. There can be but little doubt that the mother had met with an untimely death. The young of the four remaining hens safely left their nests on August 10th, 10th, 11th and 13th respectively. On August 11th and 12th many hours were spent in observation from the car, which had always been used for this territory. The scene on both days was truly amazing. Youngsters were leaping out of cover everywhere, only to drop a little further on. The hens, carrying grubs, crossed and recrossed each other. Eight to ten full-grown, though " bibless," young birds were dashing about everywhere. Often they hovered over the various chicks, obviously marking them down. The air was filled with " tip-tip " notes. Some of the young birds had grubs, and gave every indication that they were feeding some of the chicks. The shifting of a chick from one bit of cover to another was the instant 84 signal for several of them to follow and to flutter over it. At one nest the " baby " was still present. At one time, four " bibless " birds perched together on one of our " landmark sticks," two of them holding grubs. The latter dived simultaneously to the nest, remaining in it for about fifteen seconds. One nest only still held its complete brood, and in this the young birds were also keenly interested, crowding round it sometimes to such an extent that the mother had almost to push her way through them to reach her chicks. The parent hens showed no discernible concern or annoyance over this extraordinary invasion. The male, only occasionally in evidence, showed no apparent interest in anything at all. On the afternoon of August 14th the whole territory was as vacant of Corn-Buntings as it would be on a mid-winter day. All had vanished, including the four chicks which had only left their nest the morning before, when twelve days old. Throughout our observations of this territory, from start to finish, never once was the male seen to help any of his hens except the one owning the first nest found. For this bird he appeared really to have some affection. From the day the latter's chicks were hatched he helped in feeding them, thus giving us our first record of a male assisting at such an early stage. His bouts of energy, of course, were never of long duration, nor were they in any way continuous. On some days, during three or four hours' watching, he was the normal idle male. Often he would alight, with a grub, at the nest and pour out several bars of full song as a preliminary to the dive into it to deliver the goods. Unless some of these seven hens had nested previously else­ where as the mates of another male or males—a supposition that does not bear even a passing thought—there can be little doubt that they all were examples of single-brooded birds.

85 OUR SOCIETY AND THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS ACT By Dr. R. H. BLAIR. " No other Natural History Society played any part in the passage of the Bill through the Commons. We played a big part." This extract is from a letter which Mr. F. H. Hayman, M.P., wrote in connection with this article. It refers to the collabora­ tion between Mr. Hayman and our Society during the various stages of the Bill which became the Protection of Birds Act, 1954. The Bill was based mainly on the report of the Home Office Wild Birds Advisory Committee on which our President, Col.—now Sir Edward— Bolitho, served during its five years work. A Bill which was introduced in the House of Lords in the autumn of 1953 was subsequently dropped. Dr. Blair and Mr. Parsons were appointed a sub-committee of our Society and sent a memorandum suggesting certain alterations in the Bill. There followed the introduction in the commons of Lady Tweedsmuir's Bill which came up for second reading on 4th December, 1953. Mean­ while, Mr. Hayman had contacted our sub-committee. His speech on second reading included reference to Col. Bolitho's work and to the work of our Society. This speech led to his being made a mem­ ber of the Parliamentary Committee to which the Bill was referred for detailed consideration point by point. The speed with which the Bill had gone forward had given no time for the National and other local Societies to take any part in the shaping of the Bill during its passage through Parliament. Mr. Hayman found himself the main spokesman for the protectionists in the many battles in which the well organised sporting interests and the protectionists hammered out the compromise which became the Act. This gave us our opportunity as Mr. Hayman met our sub-committee at a series of week-end meetings, when he requested briefing on points likely to arise in Committee. Following these meetings, on numerous occasions one read in Hansard that Mr. Hayman had said, on raising a point, " The Cornwall Society advise me. . . ." Mr. Hayman in fact raised some forty points during the Com­ mittee stage and was congratulated on his sound work when the Bill came up for the third reading. Again he generously acknowledged the help given by our Society. Not all Mr. Hayman's battles were successful, but he initiated or supported numerous amendments improving the Bill from the protection angle and closing various loopholes. Gains which gave him special pleasure were the protection from shooting of many small waders, such as Dunlin, Knot, Sanderling and Turnstone, also " special protection " of the Ruff and Reeve and—for and Wales—of the Crossbill. Mr. Hayman was made an Hon. Member for life of our Society in recognition of his services to the cause of Bird Protection during the passage of the Bill through Parliament. Our Society may claim that it made good use of an unique opportunity, for Mr. Hayman writes : "I knew that I could rely absolutely on the briefs supplied. That knowledge makes all the difference when one is engaged on the Committee Stage of a Bill." 86 WILDFOWL COUNTS IN CORNWALL —• 1959/60 SEASON By D. P. HOLMES.

As explained in the 1959 Annual Report, a team of observers began counts of wild duck, geese and swans on lakes and estuaries in Cornwall in September of that year. The following remarks are a summary of their efforts. Counts were made at the week-end nearest the 15th of each month between September, 1959 and March, 1960, inclusive. The prescribed count day is actually the Sunday, but some counters find this inconvenient and make their count on another week-day. By the end of 1959, 11 areas were being counted, but the results from two of them are such that they do not justify the attention of a full time counter. These areas, the Gannel and Mawgan Porth Marsh, have been discontinued during the current 1960/61 season. Fourteen different species, plus the Mute Swan, were recorded. The highest totals of birds of each species recorded in any one month are : Mallard, 311 in January; Teal, 400 plus in February; Wigeon, 1,665 in December, and over 1,000 in January and February; Shelduclk, 400 in January; Pintail, 75 in January; Shoveler, 73 in January; Pochard, up to 90; Tufted Duck, up to 200; Goldeneye, up to 10. Other species were a Barnacle Goose, a Long-tailed Duck, a Bewick's Swan, four Gadwall and up to 130 White-fronted Geese. As some members have questioned these figures as being low, may I emphasize that they are only the highest figures for the season AS RECORDED IN THE COUNTS, which are made at fixed times. It is incorrect, and possibly misleading, to say, for instance, that only about 400 Teal visited Cornwall last winter. There were as many as that in one area at one time, but not on a count day ! An estimate of County populations and fluctuations can, of course, be made, but not until at least five seasons counts have been made—in other words, not until after March, 1964. Thanks are due to all the counts team for making this first season such a successful one. By the time this Report is published, a second season's results, which promise (in December) to be as good as the first, will be ' in the bag.'

87 MELANCOOSE RESERVOIR, NEWQUAY Revd. B. F. HARVEY.

This new reservoir is secluded and kept by the Water Company as a Sanctuary. I have kept it under weekly observation since April, and during the ten months have recorded 52 species of birds. These include Dipper, Montagu's Harrier (on passage), Common Sandpiper (sum­ mer resident), Black Tern, Mallard, Wigeon, Grey Plover, Little Grebe, Coot, Moorhen, Cormorant, Heron and most of the passerines which could be expected. The reservoir is 40 acres in extent, about two-thirds of a mile long, and from 150 to 300 yards wide. The bottom is clay; the surroundings are pasture and woodland. The water is 30 feet at the outflow. There is a small reed bed at one end. The reservoir has been stocked with fish (to the great satisfaction of the local Cormorants), but there is at present not enough variety or quan­ tity of suitable food to attract many duck. The most I have so far recorded, at one time, is a dozen Mallard and half a dozen Wigeon, for a few days in the spring. The Society is most grateful to the Water Company for having made this reservoir a Sanctuary.

88 BIRD NOTES FROM BISHOP ROCK LIGHTHOUSE, 1960 By A. T. BESWETHERICK.

Although I have entitled this " Bird Notes from the Bishop Rock," I feel I must mention the Eddystone where I spent the month of January, getting there eventually after waiting some 20 days. Actually it was not a particularly interesting month, with very little to record. Single Great Skuas were seen on three occasions and during a foggy night we were visited by a few Redwings. A Starling put in an appearance, too. I left the Eddystone on Feb­ ruary 6th and, after a month's leave, I made my way to the Scilly Isles to await the Bishop relief due on 6th March. There was a delay of six days, during which time my fellow keeper, also a keen amateur ornithologist, and myself visited all the inhabited islands. On March 5th we visited Tresco and recorded the first Sand- Martin and Swallow over Tresco Pool, and on the 7th, saw the first Wheatear (male) on . On the 11th a Greenshank on Bryher and on the 12th—Bishop Rock ! ! ! During the report from now on, almost every entry is followed by letters and a number. This refers to the weather conditions— 89 i.e., N.N.E., 3, B. indicates wind nor-nor-east, force 3, Blue skies. Other letters with meanings follow below :— C, Cloudy skies with clear patches; F., Fog; M„ Mist; O., Over­ cast; P., Showery conditions; Q., Squally or gusty wind; R., Rain; Z., Haze. Before continuing, I must mention one of our regular visitors— a Herring Gull, which has been named Jenny, why, I don't know, because as far as I can gather its sex has never been determined. However, for convenience, I shall stick to the name and sex. Her mate of last year, Jack, was found dead on the base of the tower last August (1959), but this year "she" had another, though by no means as tame as Jack by all accounts or as Jenny herself. She really is a character, little is left uneaten on the kitchen window recess where a piece of wood is bolted to facilitate perching. I have seen her stuff herself with various left-overs, and then retire to the perch and crane her neck from side to side, presumably in an effort to make room for more. About the only thing she refuses is boiled carrots. Cabbage is by no means a favourite, but was eaten at times. She was seen on one occasion to swallow the complete skin of a 1.5 lb. wrasse, somehow folding the skin over as it entered the beak, and after this she went on to mackerel tails and it was amusing to see her standing on the window with a tail fin sticking out on each side of her beak. After this it will be obvious that a reasonably sized pork chop bone presented no diffi­ culty whatsoever. It has been interesting to note certain preferences of food. Sometimes bread would be refused, but at the same time bread soaked in fruit juice, and bread, butter and jam were both readily taken. Pastry, too, when mixed with bread would be taken, but the pieces of bread left untouched. At one time an empty sar­ dine tin, upside down, gave rise to considerable interest and while eating various morsels frequent visits were paid to the tin which was pecked repeatedly. Was she attracted by the smell? Certainly not the sight of any food in it, and I cannot find myself able to credit a gull with an imagination. I am under the impression that gulls, as with other sea birds, have no sense of smell or taste, but the attraction of an empty sardine tin seems to contradict this.

This, I think, must end the account of Jenny, although much more could be written. Although she will take food from the hand, as yet she will not allow herself to be touched let alone stroked. She does display a certain degree of confidence, however, by pre­ senting her rear view to the window, a thing which her presumed mate (also a regular visitor) has never done. " He " sidles out to the perch keeping a wary eye open on both sides. Now to proceed with the report. The first noteworthy occurrence was on :— March 18th, when at 10 p.m. there were several Meadow Pipits about. One was caught and examined (S., 4, F.). On the 24th, both Herring Gulls were on the perch, the first time for the year. Later they appeared on several occasions, and these visits were often accompanied by bill-cooking. It is interesting to note here that for some time a sardine tin was used to put scraps in and for two or three days a large rib bone was on the window ledge. This was much too large for the Herring Gulls, but on the 25th a Great Blacik-backed Gull paid a hurried and frightened visit, making 90 off firstly with the bone and returning a few minutes later to remove the sardine tin, scraps and all. I have never seen one since at the window. March 29th, at 6 a.m. (N.E., 7, O.), I saw a Water Rail on the catwalk, a narrow ledge half way up the outside of the lantern. This flew off when I began hanging the curtains on the lens. Nothing more of interest now until : April 26th, when a male Wheatear alighted on Jenny's perch at about 5.30 p.m. It stayed for a few seconds and then flew off. At 7 p.m. a pair of Sand-martins were seen fluttering about the base of the tower. One alighted on the " set off" (a three foot ledge round tthe base of the tower) within six feet of me and promptly closed its eyes. I crouched and crept to within three feet of it, but it ignored me. At about the same time, five Whimbrel were seen making towards the islands (N.E., 1, B.). April 28th, at 1 a.m. (E.N.E., 1, C), a Mistle Thrush and Starling were seen on the gallery. May 5th, a Swallow appeared on Jenny's perch for a few seconds (S.W., 1, F.), and on 6th, a dead Swallow was found in the tower entrance (S.S.W., 2, C). May 12th, a Swallow flying about the tower base, presumably attempting to reach the islands, but was not able to face the strong wind and returned to the set-off (S.E., 6, O.Q.). May 13th, a Swallow appeared on Jenny's perch while she was breakfasting, but didn't stay more than a few seconds. I don't know which was the more surprised, Jenny, the Swallow or myself ! (S.E., 7, C.Q.). Also on this day there were several Gannets diving (by no means the first seen), and also between 7 and 8 a.m. several Common/ Arctic Terns flying into the wind. Shearwaters, too, were plentiful on this date, sweeping low over the southerly swells dipping their feet into the water in the troughs and paddling furiously. I could not be sure whether this was to help them up the side of the trough, or just sheer " joie de vivre." Concluding my first visit to the Bishop I must add that Shear­ waters and Gannets were seen almost every day, particularly the former during rough weather. Also numerous Kittiwakes during March and April. May 15th. Walking near Old Town Church, I was attracted by, and to, an unusual bird song—a flute-like " choo-choo-cheeoo." I never did get a good look at the bird, but caught a fleeting glimpse of yellow through the trees as it was chased by a Mistle-Thrush. I have no doubt that this was a Golden Oriole. Now we move on to June 14th, when I returned for my second two-month stay on Bishop Rock. June 16th, at 1.40 a.m., Terns were heard screaming somewhere near the tower (S.W., 4, F.). June 18th, what I consider to be one of the most interesting records. At 10.35 p.m. a Little Owl came to Jenny's perch and stayed just long enough to be identified. When it left it flew almost vertically off the perch so that I had no idea which way it went (E., 2, C). 91 June 20th. About mid-morning I was attracted by the plaintive calling of a bird on the water and later spotted it quite close to the tower. The sea was calm and, with the aid of a telescope, I decided that this was a young Guillemot, although the time of year would contradict this. The age, I decided, was obvious as down was visible, the plumage characteristic Auk black and white, and the up-tilted bill. This bird was about the tower most of the morning, but I never saw the going of it (N.E., 4, B.). The rest of the spell was most uninteresting apart from the usual Gannets and Shearwaters. On calm days it was possible to follow the former under water by the stream of bubbles left behind. The months of June, July and August were most uninteresting as far as bird life was concerned, but my third spell, which began on September 11th, proved to be the most interesting so far. During the night of September 19th to 20th, the air was liter­ ally full of birds (O.R., S.W., 1, to N.W., 2). They were very much like moths round an enormous candle, but, I am glad to say, none dashed itself to destruction against the lantern glass. The first bird caught was a Willow-Warbler, and after it was inspected it was placed on a sheltered window ledge. By morning it had died, in its sleeping position. There were numerous female Pied Fly­ catchers, too, and at one time eight were seen resting on the cat­ walk. Also seen at the same time was a female Black Redstart. A Pied Flycatcher was caught and examined during the night. Other birds heard during the night I identified as Dunlin, Common, Sandpiper and Whimbrel. September 25th, at 1.30 a.m., I found a Storm Petrel on the gallery. It had gone by daybreak (E.,3, C). September 26th. Another female Pied Flycatcher caught at 11 p.m., and just afterwards a juvenile Turtle-Dove was caught on the gallery. This I placed on a sheltered window ledge where it happily spent the rest of the night. The Flycatcher, being more restless, I put into a box from which it was released at daybreak (E., 5, O.Z.). On September 28th came the first observed Wheatear move­ ment—several were flying about in the early hours of the morning. All seen were females as far as I could tell—those resting on the cat-walk certainly were, as was the one I caught (O.R., 5—3). It is interesting to note that they were present during light rain and overcast skies. When the rain ceased and stars appeared they left, except for the ones that had settled. This strongly suggests that, during night movements, birds use some form of astronavigation. Small waders had, for some time, been seen about the tower, both on the water and flying, with rapid wing beats, low over the water. These were positively identified on 30th as Grey Phalaropes. Three were inspected with a telescope when feeding quite close in. The rapid bobbing of the head while feeding, the continual rapid movement both on water and wing, the plumage, resembling at first glance a small gull on the water, with small dark patches behind the eye, grey crown of head, the grey continuing down the nape and neck to darker grey on the back. In flight a prominent white wing bar was noticeable, toward the trailing edge of the wing. 92 October 7th, during the late evening, a Meadow Pipit entered the open butcher window. This was caught, inspected and placed in a box until morning (S.W., 2, O.).

October 17th. A Skylark, which entered the sitting-room, was caught and inspected. It was quite happy lying on its back on my hand, making no attempt even to get up. When I put it in a sheltered window ledge it had to be persuaded to leave. Also caught in the same room, an unidentified Warbler which at one time settled on my head (S.S.W., 4, O.).

October 19th. More Wheatears about during the early morning Two caught and inspected, 12 resting on the cat-walk at 4 a.m. All seen were females again and, as on September 28th, they were about only while the sky was overcast. As soon as stars appeared they made off. The two which I caught had to be persuaded to leave my hand when placed on a sheltered window ledge.

October 20th. The first casualty. A Skylark which had pre­ sumably flown into the lantern glass. On numerous occasions birds were seen fluttering against the glass, but they either settled eventually on the gallery or went off for another circuit.

A Meadow Pipit was seen on the rocks during the morning and a small flock (10) of Grey Phalaropes was seen feeding near the base of the tower. On the evening of the 23rd, I caught a female Chaffinch on the gallery. Just prior to this capture I was startled by the fluttering of an obviously larger bird. This quickly settled on the gallery and when I flashed a torch on it, I was surprised to see a Woodcock. Attracted by the light, it slowly approached to within three feet before suddenly taking wing and vanishing. A second Chaffinch (female) was later caught and made company for the first in a shelterd window ledge. The second had entered the sitting-room—uninvited ! Both settled down and slept peacefully.

October 24th. Peace was disturbed at breakfast this morning when a female Chaffinch entered the kitchen by the door, having flown up from somewhere lower down the inside of the tower. She flew to a closed window and was easily caught and put outside. This one was considerably more aggressive than the others, no doubt because it was daylight and the bird was wide awake. There was a large number of Grey Phalaropes about to-day, feeding in the foam of the wash of the water around the rocks. I estimated 100 to 150—it was impossible to count them because of the con­ tinual movement from one small party to another. They kept up a continuous and excited noise as they fed, rather like the " cheep­ ing " of day-old chicks (N.W., 2, O.). October 25th. Birds were again plentiful during the night. Positively identified were, female Chaffinch, female Common Red­ start, and the first Redwing, which was hopping round the cat-walk. In fact, at times it " lapped " the lantern so quickly that I thought there must be two ! ! Several others were heard and seen in the rays of the light. Grey Phalaropes were heard during most of the night. Another unidentified Warbler was caught and inspected. This was quite tame and went to sleep in my hand (W.N.W., 2, C.Z.). 93 October 29th. Another Redwing on the cat-walk at 5.15 a.m. Several Grey Phalaropes about again to-day. Two " rafts" were estimated to contain at least 100 birds each and there were num­ erous other small parties, all busily feeding in the foam round the rocks and at times it was difficult to distinguish birds from foam. October 30th. A female Black Redstart was seen throughout the day on various window ledges. Also more Grey Phalaropes below. From now on bird life became considerably quieter, and through­ out November until the 28th, when I was relieved, very little variety was noted. Gannets were plentiful, and the occasional Shearwater was seen. There was a reappearance of Kittiwakes, particularly during the latter part of the month, usually alone and flying to the west. Some points of interest, I think, come out of these notes. Firstly, the sky was invariably overcast when birds appeared in any numbers at night. Secondly, the fact that no males were definitely seen. Admittedly, for those few birds which were caught or seen at close range hundreds must have passed by. Thirdly, the species recorded seemed to appear at differing times during the autumn, in waves as it were. In conclusion, I must point out that all the observations recorded are casual, no set times being adhered to for specific watching. No doubt numerous other species would have been recorded if such a routine had been worked.

94 SURVEY OF WHINCHAT AND STONECHAT By N. R. PHILLIPS.

Following the request in the 1958 Report, records were received of six pairs of Whinchats and over fifty pairs of Stonechats on breeding territory in 1959. Records were also received of Whinchats passage and Stonechats wintering out of the breeding areas. From the few breeding records received of Whinchat they would appear to be restricted to the high moors of the Bodmin region. Elsewhere in the County they are regular passage migrants in small numbers, chiefly on the coast. The breeding ranges of the two species do not seem to overlap. Of the Stonechats, all but seven were on or near the coast, and of the seven, five were on St. Breock Down, one near Camborne and one at Crowan. This distribution is no doubt a reflection on the distribution of watchers, but there is a tendency in any survey of this type for positive records to be forwarded and not negative. Regrettably, no such negative records were received. The coastal birds were generally distributed all along the north coast and around the peninsular of the Lizard. On the south coast, only four records were received, one at Par and three near Down- derry on the eastern border of the County. Despite a tendency to a higher breeding density near the sea, I believe the birds have no preference for the coast as such. After examining some twenty territories, inland and coastal, it was seen that a particular habitat was common to them all. The Stonechat requires a fairly large stretch of open grass, usually close cropped by rabbits or cattle, with areas of low thick vegetation for the actual nest site, song and display positions, and vantage point. Gorse is not essential, heather or low brambles being equally suitable, rough grass is also used, and I have one record of a nest four feet off the ground in a Cornish " hedge." Thick bracken is avoided. Most of the food is obtained from the grass areas, the birds dropping to the ground to feed and returning to a sprig or bush. The manner of feeding is probably a strong limiting factor in restricting the birds to the habitat described. Thus no reports were received of breeding (or wintering) on the actual moors, where the large stretches of low heather and gorse provide ample nesting sites but no feeding area. In Cornwall, the required habitat is chiefly found on the margins of cultivated land and on coastal headlands where the winds and salt spray restrict vegetation. The linear distribution is seen to be coincidental with the line of coast, but the marginal farmland is the controlling factor. This is well demonstrated in the Land's End peninsular, where a belt of flat farmland separates the central hills from the coast. The chain of coastal territories is maintained, with an inner chain on suitable areas round the base of the hills. The five pairs on St. Breock Down also occupy this ecological niche on the fringe of the moors. 95 Autumn and winter records were received from wildly spread areas outside the breeding territories, birds occurring in root crops, gardens and on beaches. Many of the breeding pairs are on territory throughout the year, and the question arises whether the birds off territory are winter visitors or an increase in population from the previous breeding season. Judging from the events at St. Ives, the former seems to be the case, an immigration of varying degree taking place in October/November. For instance, on October 6th, 1957, five males were seen here in an area not normally occupied by local birds. One or more of the five was singing strongly at 0600 hours (approx.). From remarks of contributors and personal observations it is evident that the Stonechat population has recovered well from the decrease in the winter of 1955-56. The breeding at Crowan Reservoirs was the first record for the area, but Mr. A. G. Parsons recorded breeding a mile away in a previous year; and on the Scillies recovery has been notable. On St. Agnes and Gugh, where the birds were completely wiped out, eight or more pairs bred in 1959. Personal records show that some territories are less affected by hard winters than others; as may be expected pairs on high ground are the first to succumb. Thanks are due to the following observers, of whose notes, submitted in answer to my request or appearing in past records, I have made full use : Lt.-Col. W. E. Almond, Dr. G. Allsop, Rev. J. E. Beckerlegge, Miss J. R. Butcher, Charles Callender, John Daniel, Mrs. E. M. Gutteridge, Mr. R .Khan, Mr. H. Mayer-Gross, Mr. A. G. Parsons, Miss H. M. Quick, Miss E. G. Willcocks.

96 FOREST TYPES AND COMMON FOREST BIRDS IN WEST CORNWALL By A. G. PARSONS. Owing to the grandeur of the Cornish cliffs and the wealth of bird life to be seen on our estuaries the forest birds have been rather neglected: I believe this to be all the more unfortunate because the relatively small number of breeding species and their low population density, in many cases, might be turned to good account by a close comparison of the individual species requirements in Cornwall and other parts of the British Isles. The observations on which this contribution is based have been made in the area enclosed by a line from Padstow to Bay and another line from Zennor to Long Rock. So far as I can judge there is now no natural forest in the study area and no existing planted forest older than about 200 years (, Penrose, Helston, 1780-1790). Alder, ash, elm, field maple and oak are probably native species, but it seems uncertain whether Scots pine and birch were native after the close of the pre-Boreal A.ge (about 5000 B.C.). The elms are often a subspecies not found even in Devon : Sycamore is known to have been introduced into the British Isles about 1400 A.D. These matters are mentioned because it seems likely to me that the relative sparsity in West Cornwall of elsewhere common passerine species may be partly due to relatively recent afforestation and partly to the geography of the Cornish peninsula itself. For practical purposes I find that a closed assemblage of trees forming a rectangle about 400 yards by 300 yards is about the minimal area necessary to create real forest conditions for birds; but the species of trees, their age and the disturbance factor all play an important part in determining the nature and the number of bird species. Two very important factors are : whether the tree species are such as to discourage or promote other vegetation within the forest and whether the forest is " cleaned" of dead wood by man; these factors operate for or against both food supplies and nesting sites for birds. Such areas are not numerous and mainly consist of " mixed woodland" in private estates; by contrast, long narrow belts of woodland are fairly common but true forest conditions are not met with in them (e.g., Tehidy Long Walk, Insignis pines; Penair, Truro, Beeches). Two accessible mixed woodlands are Woods, near Redruth, and Lamorran Woods, near Truro, in both of which nearly all the tree species and associated bird species discussed later may be found. Essentially forest birds fall into two categories: — (i) Species breeding and feeding within the forest, e.g. Treecreeper. (ii) Species breeding within the forest, but feeding mainly or wholly outside it; e.g. Buzzard. The individuals of some species, e.g. Great Tit, vary as to feeding and breeding sites, but were originally forest species. 97 Only those birds which are found as breeding species in the Cornish forests, whether resident or migrant; or as winter visitors, are considered here, passage migrants being excluded. TREE SPECIES AND SOME COMMONLY ASSOCIATED BIRDS Alder, Alnus glutinosa. Occurs by most streams and rivers; is extensive locally (e.g. above Setts Bridge, Ruanlanihorne; Treloweth Woods, St. Erth). I have seen Great Spotted Woodpecker cut a nesting hole in the living bole and old such holes used by Nuthatch (Trenerry, Drive). Marsh-Tit finds the dead stump easy to work. In winter, seeds are plentiful in the cones and are much appreciated by Great and Blue Tits, Goldfinch and Siskin, the latter being almost confined to alder (Treloweth; Kiggon, Tresillian). Sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanoides. Widespread within forests and more especially as a shelter-belt in hedgerows. It is much used as a nesting tree by Carrion-Crow and Green Woodpecker; I have also seen a Buzzard nest in a low hedgerow tree. I have not observed the fruits being taken by birds. Ash, Fraxinus excelsior. Widespread both within and without forests. Outside Cornwall " pollarded" ash is much favoured by Little Owl, Athene noctwa, for nesting and I have once seen this in West Cornwall (Gwinear). Such trees often become very hollow. Within the forest I have not seen any special associations. Elm, Ulmus glabra stricta. Widespread both as forest, especially around churches, and in hedgerows; much favoured by Rook and Green Woodpecker. Oaks. Two main groups, the native English deciduous species Pedunculate, Quercus robur, Sessile oak, Q. Petrea, and the intro­ duced evergreen, Holm oak, Q. ilex, occur widely. The English oaks are found as forest trees and in " scrub oak " woods (these latter being planted to provide oak bark for tanning). Nuthatch is very frequently found on forest oaks; clefts are used for holding nuts during splitting and an individual tree much resorted to (Gweek Drive). Buzzard nests not uncommon. " Scrub oak " plantations are numerous (e.g. by the Truro—Fal and Helford Rivers). Some such have a dense ground flora of Blue­ bell, Scilla nonscripta, (Trenerry) while others (Scorrier) have Bracken, Pteris aqmlina, and ferns; in both cases Honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum, may be present: bramble, Rubus fruticosus, is often dense. The bird species breeding in these plantations are not numerous, possibly due to their dark and impenetrable nature (part of Tre­ nerry; Merthen, ). Honeysuckle provides a nesting site for Songthrush, Blackbird and Wren. I have found Marsh-Tit nesting in decayed stumps and branches, but only in otherwise inhabited plantations. In the canopy, Magpie nests are frequent and in one area (Merthen) "splinter " nests of Heron, from the heronries mentioned later, are found. In another oak wood (Mill Creek, Ruan River) Herons have remained on a site known since the 1877 Ordnance Survey. 98 In winter, I have found Blue Tit and Goldcrest commonly; Long- tailed Tit and Great Tit occur less frequently. Jay probably enters for acorns. Two notable species apparently absent from these oak woods are Pied Flycatcher, Muscicapa hypoleuca, and Wood-Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Holm Oak, Quercus ilex. This was introduced about 1827 and is widespread singly and in small groups, or as a long belt (Tre- gothnan Drive). I have frequently seen Nuthatches visiting it and Jays in winter definitely like it, possibly because the dense foliage screens them effectively. Beech, Fagus sylvatica. This is widespread, occurring as closed forest (Scorrier; Enys, Penryn) and in avenue form (Illogan Rectory). If the area covered be sufficient the ground flora will be suppressed, due to exclusion of light by the dense leafy canopy, with the result that Wood-Warbler finds a suitable biotope and breeds (Nine Maidens, St. Columb; Enys, Penryn, once). In an old beech a decayed area with a narrow cleft about 1—3 feet above the ground may occur and I have found Marsh, Great and Blue Tit nesting in such (Illogan Woods). Owing to the cavitation common in old trunks Tawny Owl finds both breeding and roosting sites. Green and Great Spotted Wood­ pecker excavate nesting holes, usually in a dead branch on a living tree. The presence of a dense ground flora of Bluebells does not prove antagonistic to these latter three species (Godolphin Manor). Buzzard may nest in a secondary branch fork.

Rhododendron, Rhododendron ? sp.t can be underplanted to beech to provide cover for Pheasants (Scorrier). I have found Jay and Wood-pigeon nesting in the dense cover thus created. Rookeries are not uncommon in beech canopy: a secondary effect of Elder, Sambucus niger, presumably seeded from droppings, may occur (Nine Maidens, St. Columb) and will provide sites for Blackbird and Songthrush nests. On both sides of the Helford River (Bonallack; ; Tremayne Quay) Herons nest in the canopy. In winter Great and Blue Tit are regularly found ground feed­ ing. Chaffinch also occurs commonly but Brambling does not seem to join it, although occurring regularly in West Cornwall; this absence of Brambling is in definite contrast to its associations in e.g. Burnham Beeches, Bucks. Birch, Betula alba. Small plantations occur (Ruanlanihorne; School, Truro) and single examples are widespread, but seem to have no special bird associations. Redpolls do not apparently occur in West Cornwall, they being closely associated with birch. Poplar, Populus hybrids. Occurs in plantations (Scorrier) but mainly in hedgerows. Green Woodpecker uses it for nesting. Conifers. Probably the most common pine is the Insignis occuring as closed forest (Trevince, Redruth; N. Treveneague, St. Hilary, now partially felled) and as an avenue (Tehidy Long Walk). Coal-Tit and Goldcrest are very frequent: Treecreeper is regular as is Chaffinch. Buzzard sometimes nests, placing it high up on a branch and against the main trunk. Rookeries are common in the canopy and are well screened from below by the thick needles - (Penrose, Helston). Tawny Owl finds excellent day roosts, 99 Spotted Flycatcher may be found " hawking" from the lower dead branches regularly and nests in suitable cavities on the trunk. Scots Pine, Pinus sylvestris. Widespread, but not in large tracts. In mixed forest is a usual site for Sparrowhawk nests and is also used by Carrion-Crow. Larch, Larix deciduosa. Three existing stands and one since felled had nests of Blackbird, Wood-Pigeon and Sparrowhawk regularly. One stand of the Japanese subspecies (Arrallas, Truro) gave similar findings. Chiffchaff was present in all during the breeding season and Dr. R. H. Blair showed me an old nest at Arrallas. Spruce. Both " Norway" spruce, Picea abies, and " Sitka" spruce, Picea sitchensis, occur; the latter especially as a " nurse % belt. I have noted that Great Spotted Woodpecker may be seen on the " spire " of Norway spruce apparently sunning itself on suitable days. (I have also noted this in Uppland, E. Sweden). Cypress, Cupressus spp. The species macrocarpa, when trimmed as a hedge, is appreciated as a nesting site by Hedge-Sparrow. Both macrocarpa and lawsoni are used for nesting by Goldcrest, and the only low nests of it (2—5 feet above ground) that I have ever seen have been in one or other species. Blackbird and Wood-Pigeon nest in both species when growing as forest trees. W. H. Hudson remarked upon the absence of song-birds at Trevethoe, Lelant; the relative scarcity of small birds in the West Cornish woodlands has often been commented upon to me, even with the suggestion that Buzzards may be responsible. Of our three common forest raptors, Buzzard, Tawny Owl and Sparrowhawk only the last preys upon song-birds to a major degree because they form the bulk of its food; but I do not think that Sparrowhawks rank as a major controlling factor of the population of our small passerines because Sparrowhawk is itself not numerous and hunts away from forest. Tawny Owl is much more numerous, but is mainly active by night and I have no evidence that birds are extensively taken by it. Buzzard hunts mainly outside the forest and passerines form but a small part of its diet. I am inclined to think that the reasons for the scarcity of migrant species are different from those in respect of resident species. It is accepted that many passerine migrants form local popula- tions, the young returning to the district, though not necessarily to the site, where they were hatched. If, however, the forests are rel­ atively new and themselves lie on the fringe of the geographical range of a species then the time required for cononisation and establishment of any considerable local population of such migrant species as Blackcap and Spotted Flycatcher may not yet have elapsed. It is also likely that our small breeding population is derived from a westward extension of the main migratory movement into England, and not by " squatting " of those Blackcaps and Spotted Flycatchers which, arriving on our south coast in April—May, are themselves bound for some more northerly territory. The hazards of migration also must be reckoned with. 100 Careful recording of the precise localities of unmated singing males of these species might show whether any gradual extension of range westwards is taking place, but such observations would have to be continued for many years. When I consider the sparsity of resident species not in direct competition with man, e.g. Treecreeper and Nuthatch, I find the problem much more difficult. Both these species would seem to have adequate territory for a larger population in our woodlands, yet neither species is common although both are well distributed. As far as I can tell both adequate nesting sites and food supplies are available for a larger population. The one factor common to both migrant and resident species is that of natural regulation of numbers due to a normal considerable first winter mortality amongst the young stock. It may well be that the temperate Cornish climate is no certain insurance against a large first winter mortality rate of the sedentary species. These problems offer a considerable field for profitable study. Our three species of Woodpecker show a graduation of behaviour. As is well known, the Green Woodpecker, especially out of the breeding season, quits its forest haunts and resorts to open country and to even bare coasts to a quite extraordinary degree. In many cases it is quite content with a clump of two or three hedgerow trees for nesting. The Great Spotted Woodpecker is occasionally seen in the open, but retains its forest ways; it has, however, spread westwards in the past thirty years as recorded by the late Colonel B. H. Ryves and Dr. R. H. Blair. The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker remains hidden in the forests and is static in numbers as far as I know, besides being rather rare. The following list of bird species is not exhaustive, but comprises only those which I have found to be of regular occurrence within the forests, trinomials being used in cases where material or field- observations justify such. CORVIDAE. Carrion-Crow, Corvus c. cor one (L.J. Resident, breeds, common. Rook, Corvus f. frugilegus (L.). Resident, breeds, common. Jackdaw, Corvus monedula spermologus Viellot. Scarce breeding resident, but common at roosts. Magpie, Pica p. pica (L.). Resident, breeds, common. Starling, Sturnus v. vulgaris (L.). Rather uncommon in forest, but does breed in holes in hedgerow trees. FRINGILLIDAE. Goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis (L.). Not common within forests except where Alder is present. Siskin, Carduelis spinus (L.). Autumn and winter visitor, mainly found in Alder. Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs gengleri. Very common breeding resident. Species also common during winter. Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla. Autumn and winter visitor, but not at all common, even in beeches. 101 CERTHIIDAE. Treecreeper, Certhia familiaris britannica. Resident; breeds; gen­ erally but thinly distributed as far west as Bowgheere, Marazion, and south to Landewednack Churchtown, The Lizard. SITTIDAE. Nuthatch, Sitta europea affinis. Resident; breeds; generally but thinly distributed as far west as Treloweth and south to Bochym, Lizard. PARIDAE. Great Tit, Parus major newtoni and Blue Tit, Parus caeruleus obscurus. Resident; breeds; common in autumn and winter. Both species commoner in relation to broad-leaved trees. Coal-Tit, Parus ater britannicus. Resident; breeding in relation to conifers; rather common. Species occurs in winter away from conifers. Marsh-Tit, Parus palustris dresseri. Resident; breeds. Generally but thinly distributed in damp forest, occasionally in dry forest. Long-tailed Tit, Aegithalos caudatus rosaceus. Resident; breeds. Generally but rather thinly distributed. Very common in winter. MUSCICAPIDAE. Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa s. striata. Summer breeding resident. Not numerous and becoming scarcer as one goes west. REGULIDAE. Goldcrest, Regulus r. anglorum. Resident; breeds essentially in conifers; very common. Very common in broad-leaved trees also in autumn and winter. Firecrest, Regulus i. ignicapillus. Autumn and winter visitor; regular in small numbers, commoner singly. Frequents especially Common Holly, Ivy and Holm oak; far less common in conifers, usually found along an open edge. SYLVIIDAE. Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus c. collybita. Summer breeding resident; common but variable in numbers. Species also winters. Wood-Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Summer breeding resident; local and not numerous. I have not found it breeding west or south of Enys, Penryn. Blackcap, Sylvia a. atricapilla. Summer breeding resident; generally distributed and fairly common. I have not proved breeding west of Penrose, Helston, but have found singing males on territory as far as Treveneague, St. Hilary. TURDIDAE. Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris. Autumn and winter visitor, resorting to forests mainly in hard weather. Mistle-thrush, Turdus v. viscivorus. Resident; breeds; generally distributed and fairly common. Song-thrush, Turdus e. ericetorum. Resident; breeds; generally distributed and common. Redwing, Turdus m. musicus. Autumn and winter visitor, resorting commonly to forests apart from hard weather considerations. 102 Blackbird, Turdus m. meruta. Resident; breeds; very common. Robin, Erithacus rubecula melophilus. Resident; breeds; very common. Hedge-sparrow, Prunella modularis occidentalis. Resident; breeds commonly in secondary vegetation at the edge of the forest, but is far less common within it. Wren, Troglodytes t. troglodytes. Resident; breeds; very common. Also appears to be the commonest small passerine in forest areas shunned by other passerines. PICIDAE. Green Woodpecker, Pious viridis pluvius. Resident; breeds; gen­ erally distributed and is the commonest woodpecker. Not confined to forest. Great Spotted Woodpecker, Dryobates major anglicus. Resident; breeds; generally distributed as far west as Treveneague and south to Gwendreath, Lizard. Apparently confined to forest. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Dryobates minor comminutus. Resident; breeds; scarce and very local as far west as Gweek Drive. A single female once seen by me further west, at Penrose, Helston. STRIGIDAE. Tawny Owl, 8trix aluco sylvatica. Resident; breeds; very common, occurring in the smallest plantations and as far south as Landewednack Churchtown. ACCIPITRIDAE. Common Buzzard, Buteo b. buteo. Resident; breeds; fairly common. Sparrow-Hawk, Accipiter n. nisus. Resident; breeds; generally but thinly populated. A definite wintering population occurs. ARDEIDAE. Common Heron, Ardea c. cinerea. Resident; breeds; generally but locally distributed usually in relation to estuaries, as far west as Bowgheere and south to mid Helford River. All the heronries are small and it is not clear why splintering and shifting of some colonies and not others takes place. COLUMBIDAE. Wood-Pigeon, Columba p. palumbus. Resident; breeds; common. In autumn and winter a very variable increase in numbers takes place. Stock-Dove, Columba aenas. Precise status uncertain, but it seems to be far less common both in the breeding and winter seasons as one goes west. More data needed. SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola. I only have records for autumn and winter; I have never found it numerous in general distribution. PHASIANIDAE. Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus. Generally but thinly distributed; is more numerous than usually thought to be the case. I am very grateful to the following estate owners for permission to enter their land and to make observations there : Lord St. Levan, for Treloweth Woods; Capt. J. Lionel Rogers, for special entry and for many talks about Penrose Estate; to Mr. B. G. Schofield, in respect of Godolphin and Gwedna; to Capt. G. P. Williams and the late Brig. Stephen Williams, in respect of Scorrier Estate. 103 THE MACMILLAN LIBRARY

Books, the property of the late Mr. J. M. Macmillan, kindly presented to the Society by Mrs. Macmillan. (Librarian: Mr. C. J. Stevens, 2, Gordon Terrace, Lamb Park, Par). The Handbook of British Birds. H. F. Witherby, et al. (5 vols.). Morris's British Birds. (8 vols.). Manual of British Birds. Howard Saunders. British Birds. Kirkman. Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs. T. A. Coward. (3 vols.). How to study Birds. Stuart Smith. Birds of the Grey Wind. Edward Armstrong. Wild Exmoor. E. W. Hendy. Somerset Birds and some other folk. E. W. Hendy. A Naturalist on Lindisfarne. Richard Perry. Shetland Sanctuary. Richard Perry. British Sea Birds. C. A. Gibson Hill. A Naturalist on Rona. Fraser Darling. Island Farm. Fraser Darling. The Birds of Britain. James Fisher. Watching Birds. James Fisher. (2 copies). Bird Recognition—Sea Birds and Waders. James Fisher. Birds at Sight. Vere Benson. Natural History in the Highlands and Islands. Fraser Darling. World of Birds. Eric Parker. Rare, Vanishing and Lost British Birds. From notes by W. H. Hudson, compiled by Linda Gardiner. Edward Wilson, Nature Lover. Seaver. The British Bird Book. Pyecraft and Wood. More Birds of the Day. Eric Hosking and Newberry. Thirty Years of Nature Photography. Seton Gordon. Worthing Cavalcade. Richard Jeffries. The Bird Book. Rogerson and Tunnicliffe. Bird Portraiture. Tunnicliffe. The Birds of Cornwall. Rodd, by Harting. The Charm of Birds. Grey, of Fallodon. Wiid Geese and Wild Duck. Here and There with Birds. E. W. Hendy. Bird Study. The Quarterly Journal of the British Trust for Ornithology. 104 Kindly presented by Mr. A. C. Polwhele: British Waders in their Haunts. S. Bayliss Smith.

Kindly presented by Mr. and Mrs. Thomson: A Book of British Waders. Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald.

Kindly presented by Mr. J. R. Gist: Natural History of Cornwall. William Borlase. Antiquities of the County of Cornwall. William Borlase. Natural History. Rev. J. G. Wood. An anonymous book on Birds.

Kindly presented by Mrs. Weeks: Several copies of " Bird Notes " and " Bird Notes and News."

Kindly presented by Mrs. K. Taylor: Sea Birds. J. Fisher and R. M. Lockley. Broadland Birds. E. L. Turner.

Kindly presented by Mr. E. T. Crosoer: Bird Life in Cornwall. B. H. Ryves, The Birds of Guernsey. C. Smith. The Golden Year. R. M. Lockley. Let's Watch the Birds. W. P. Westall. The Isles of Scilly. Gibson & Sons. Three Maps of the Isles of Scilly.

Kindly presented by the Authors: The Birds of Brecknock. G. C. S. Ingram and H. M. Salmon.

Bird Books and Journals belonging to the late Mr. T. J. Willcocks, kindly presented by Mrs. U. Menhinick : British Birds Nests. Richard & Cherry Kearton. Secrets of the Eagle, etc. Gilbert & Brook. Iceland Adventure. A. Beckette. Territory in Bird Life. H. E. Howard. Days with Book of the Golden Eagle. Seton Gordon. A Bird-watcher in Scandinavia. C. Davidson. British Birds —1949-1959. Bird Notes and News — Many years. Severn Wildfowl Trust Reports. Reports of the Devon and Cornwall Bird-watching Societies — Many years. 105 THE SOCIETY'S RULES (Revised to 30th June, 1951) Rule 1. (Name). The Society shall be called " The Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preserva­ tion Society." Rule 2. (Objects). The Objects of the Society shall be: — (a) To further the study of birds in the field. (b) To assist in their preservation. Rule 3. (Membership). The Society shall consist of a President, a Chairman, one or more Hon­ orary Secretaries, Honorary Treasurer, and Full and Junior Members. Any person who has attained his or her 14th or 18th birthday shall be eligible for Junior or Full membership respectively. Junior members shall be entitled to participate in the activities of the Society, but they shall not be eligible for election to the Executive Committee or Offices of the Society. The Officers shall be elected annually at the first General Meeting of the year (which meeting shall be named the Annual Meeting) and shall be eligible for re-election. New members may be elected at any General or Executive Committee meeting provided they have signed the declaration on the subject of protection and paid the current year's subscription. Rule 4. No person shall become a member of the Society until he declares in writing that he will not take the eggs or skins of any birds protected by law and any member proved to the satisfaction of a General Meeting of the Society to have taken or incited any other person to take the eggs or skins of such birds shall forthwith cease to be a member of the Society. Rulo 5. (Subscription). The Subscription shall be 5/- in the case of Full members, and 2/6 in the case of Junior members, payable on election and thereafter annually on January 1st. But any member who both signs the declaration form and pays the first subscription after September 30th in any year, shall not be liable to pay a further subscription until the close of the following year. A Junior member, on attaining his or her 18th birthday, shall not be liable to pay a Full member's subscription until after the close of the current year. Rule 6. (Management). The Secretaries shall keep Minutes of the meetings and prepare such literature as will keep members informed of the Society's activities. The Treasurer shall present a Statement of Accounts at the Annual Meeting each year. There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of the Officers and not less than six ordinary members. This Committee shall be elected annually at the Annual Meeting and shall deal with all routine business. The Executive Committee shall have power to add to this number, subject to confirmation at the next Annual Meeting. No ordinary member shall serve on this Committee for more than three consecutive years. Rule 7. (Meetings). General Meetings shall be held as often as necessary, but not less than twice a year (including the Annual Meeting). The Executive Committee shall meet when necessary for the transaction of routine business. All meetings shall be convened by the Secretaries in consultation with the President and Chairman. Rule 8. (Alterations of Rules). An alteration of Rules may be made at any General Meeting, provided that the precise alteration has been shown in advance on the Agenda, and that the alteration be passed by two-thirds majority of those present. 106 RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNT —31st DECEMBER, 1960

RECEIPTS £ s. d. £ s. d. Subscriptions 146 2 0 Netherton & Worth Ltd.—825 Reports 147 12 10 Donations 1 15 6 Netherton & Worth Ltd.—Agendas and Notices 5 7 6 Sale of Reports 3 7 6 Expenses of Meeting 15 0 Sale of Badges 1 6 0 Subscriptions Rent, Walmsley Sanctuary ... 52 0 0 6 6 0 3.5% War Loan Interest 31 11 6 SeverRoyaln InstitutWildfowe lo Trusf Cornwalt ... l 2 2 0 Donations—Willcocks Memorial 78 5 6 S.W. Naturalists 2 15 0 Cash at Bank, 1st January, 1960 ... 283 19 7 Council for Nature 10 0 Cash in Hand 1 12 8 British Ornithology Trust 2 0 0 Harvey & Co.—Hayle Estuary Shooting Rights 1 0 0 Hurrell, Hayle—Regulation Notices ... 4 10 6 o Penzance Typewriting Co. ... 31 12 0 Stationery, Post and Phones 12 10 7 Bank Charges 5 15 6 Transferred to Deposit Account 200 0 0 Cash at Bank less outstanding Cheques 125 9 8 Cash in Hand, 31st December, 1960 51 3 8

£600 0 3 £600 0 3 1960 Dec. 31 P.O. Savings Bank—Deposit ... 18 7 1 National Provincial Bank—Deposit 200 0 0

I have examined the above accounts and certify t hem to be correct. February 1st, 1961. F. H. WILLS, Auditor. LIST OF MEMBERS FOR 1960 * Denotes New Members. (a) Honorary Members. Koch, Dr. Ludwig D., Bird Cottage, 39, Walton Avenue, S. Harrow. Palmer, J. L„ Trethias, Lidden Estate, Penzance. Hayman, F. H., M.P., 8, West Park, Redruth. Quick, Miss H. M., Priglis Cottage, St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly, via Penzance. (b) Ordinary Members. *Abbott, J., Birchen Hey, Frensham, near Farnham, Surrey. Adkins, Miss Prudence, Godolphin School, Salisbury. Adshead, J. W. R., Trecarrel, Penpol, Devoran, near Truro. Adshead, Mrs. E., Trecarrel, Penpol, Devoran, near Truro. Allen, W. F., Trelowarren, Mawgan, Helston. Allsop, Dr. G., Five Acres, Allet, Truro. (Joint Hon. Secretary). Allsop, Mrs. O. M., Five Acres, Allet, Truro. Almond, Lt.-Col. W. E., Laverock House, St. Breward, near Bodmin. Almond, Mrs. E. L. Laverock House, St. Breward, near Bodmin. Andain, R. M., 2, Glanville Terrace, St. Agnes, Cornwall. Andain, W., 2, Glanville Terrace, St. Agnes, Cornwall. Anderson, B. W., Ladylane, Ditchling, Sussex. Andrews, Miss C. M., Providence House, Carbis Bay, St. Ives. Andrews, Miss E., Providence House, Carbis Bay, St. Ives. Archer, Miss K. F., Herracs, Tintagel. Archer, Miss N., Herracs, Tintagel. Armfield, F., 15, Berry Road, Newquay. Arnold, R. F., Glen Haven Cottage, Penventinnie Lane, Truro. *Hargood-Ash, Deaconess D., Kiln Cottage, Bay, Looe. Asher, Miss L. B., Pine Cottage, Amberly, Arundel, Sussex. Asher, Mrs. M. J. C, Tregatreath, , near Helston. Ashwell, Major A. L., Chapel Point, , St. Austell. Aspinall, Miss H. R. A., Warren Cottage, Cranleigh, Surrey. Austin, P. H., Windsor Bungalow, Bodmin. Aylwin, Mrs. E., Hope House, Bishop's Waltham, Hants. Aylwin, C. D. L., Treyford, Hillside Road, Long Ashton, Bristol. Baigent, Miss F. M., Flat 3, Gluth, Falmouth Road, Truro. Bailey, Mrs. A., Trevarno, Church Road, Mylor, Falmouth. Baird, Major, Mullion Cottage, Smith, near Falmouth. Balfour, L., 19, Great Winchester Street, London, E.C.2. Ball, A. Shorland, Littlewood, Lelant. Banks, Miss F. M., 49, Crantock Street, Newquay. Barker, Miss E. M., , Lelant. Barnes, D. G., Hungerdown, Seagry, Chippenham, Wilts. Barnes, Mrs. R. G., M.B.O.U., Hungerdown, Seagry, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Barnicoat, Miss K. I., 20, Well Way, Newquay. Barrett, W. R., 6, Pengover Road, Addington, . Barron, Miss G. B., Boscarn, . Barron, Mrs. N., Boscarn, Port Isaac. Barron, Miss H., Boscarn, Port Isaac. Barrow, Miss J. S., Killigarth, 39, Riddlesdown Road Purley, Surrey. Bates, J. H., The Battery, Newquay. Batten, C, Trewolvas Farm, St. Columb Major. 108 Beckerlegge, The Rev. J. E., B.A., St. Crowan Vicarage, Praze, Camborne. (Joint Hon. Secretary). Beckett, Miss R., Tregullow, , Falmouth. Bedell, Miss E. M., Chy-mor, The Wharf. St. Ives. Belcher, M. K. C, Stile House, Dracaena Avenue, Falmouth. Bell, Major A. M. M., Winton Lodge, Stockbridge, Hants. Bellers, R. W., Harlyn Bay, near Padstow. Bennett, W. C, 70, Fore Street, Newquay. •Bennett, Mrs. W. H., 43, Polkirt, Mevagissey. Bennetts, Mrs. W. M., 5, Old Falmouth Road, Truro. Bertram, Lt.-Col. W. R., Old Quay House, Lelant, via Hayle. Bertram, Mrs., Old Quay House, Lelant, Hayle. Beswetherick, A. T., St. Anthony, St. Mawgan, Newquay. Beswetherick, R. J., 21, Broadclose Hill, Bude. Betteridge, Miss R. H., 40, St. Nicholas Street, Bodmin. Bewes, Mrs. N., Trelil, Marlborough Road, Falmouth. Bickersteth, Mrs. H. M„ Little Trengilly, Constantine, near Fal­ mouth. Bickford-Smith, M. G., Trcvarno, Helston. Bickford-Smith, Mrs. G., Trevarno, Helston. Biddle, N. H., Rosedene, Hill, Mousehole, Penzance. Birtill, Mrs. R. G., Cothelstone, Landeryon Gardens, Penzance. Blair, A. B., c/o Roslyn, Carrallack Terrace, St. Just, Penzance. Blair, J. K., c/o Roslyn, Carrallack Terrace, St. Just, Penzance. Blair, Dr. R. H., M.B.6.U., Roslyn, Carrallack Terrace, St. Just-ln- Penwith, Penzance. Blair, Mrs. D., M.B.E., Roslyn, Carrallack Terrace, St. Just-in- Penwith, Penzance. Blight, Mrs. Beryl, 12, Road, Camborne. •Blight, Miss F., 46, Bodmin Road, St. Austell. Body, R. E., , Sydney Road, . Bolitho, Lt.-Col. Sir E. H. W., K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O., J.P. (Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall). Trengwainton, . (President). •Bolitho, R. J. B., Rosil Minw, Jersey, Channel Islands. Bonham, C. O., 3, Tettenhall, West Hill Road, Woking, Surrey. Booth-Jones, Mrs. M., Undertown, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Bowers, F. M., Elm House, Lelant, St. Ives. Bowlby, H., 100, Elm Park Gardens, London, S.W.10. Bowlby, Mrs. H., 100, Elm Park Gardens, London, S.W.10. Brand, R. H., 10, Deinol Road, Bangor, North Wales. Bray, A. C, Trevenwith, , The Lizard. Brenton, G., 5, Dark Lane, Camelford. Brewer, S. E., Avery House, . Bridger, J. A. D., J.P., Pill, Feock, Truro. Bridger, Mrs. J. A. D., Pill, Feock, Truro. •Brooks, Mrs. A., Meadowside, , Redruth. Brotherton, Miss H. J., Burwage House, Martello Park, Canford Cliffs, Bournemouth. Brown, G. L., Carnglaze, Holywell Bay, Newquay. Brown, Dr. H. Vivian, Catesby, Wadebridge. Bryant, D. D., Gwarder, . Burden, Major E. A. R., Tresillian, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Burden, Mrs. H. G., Tresillian, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Burgess, Miss D., Trenadlyn, , near Falmouth. Bury, Miss V. M., Red Rock, Topsham, Devon. Butcher, Miss R. J., 14, Gloucester Road, Ealing, London, W.5. 109 Butler, Miss F. S., Loe Vean, Feock, Truro. Butler, Miss G. L., Tregenna House, St. Mary's Terrace, Penzance. Buxton, G. C, 2, Somerset Road, Bristol 4. Buxton, Mrs. S. I., 2, Somerset Road, Bristol 4. Cadbury, C., Beaconwood, Rednal, Birmingham. Callender, C. H., Shearwater, , Torpoint. Cameron, Mrs. M. Fisher, Bridge Cottage, Perran-ar-Worthal, Truro. Campbell, Mrs. H. M. E., Trevellan, St. Teath. Carr, Lady N., Trig, Reck, Wadebridge. Carter, Mrs. F. E., M.B.O.U., Kestrels, Widemouth, Bude. Catchpole, Mrs. I. M., Chyals, , Mevagissey. Cavendish, Mrs. D., Constantine Bay Cottage, near Padstow. Chadwick, Rev. R. P., Old Rectory Guest House, St. Columb. Chamberlain, Miss M., Richmond, Tower Road, Newquay. Chapman, Mrs. M. R., Chalfont Cottage, Carbis Bay. Chipman, H. J., Burford, Alexandra Place, Penzance. Clague, W. D., Lamana, Hannafore, Looe. Clarke, A. C, , Mawnan, Falmouth. Clarke, R. K., The Tower, Saltash. Cleave, H. P. O., M.B.O.U., Trevanion, Wadebridge. Clemens, Mrs. H. W., Cloister Cottage, Speldhurst, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Clift, Miss F. H. L., Brentwood, Florence Terrace, Falmouth. Coad, R. T., Rosslyn, Dun vegan Road, Penryn. Cock, E. M., Penlee Lodge, Trewithen Road, Penzance. Coda, D. R., 44, Eastwood Road, Leicester. Coe, Miss M. E., Windyridge, Polzeath, Wadebridge. Collins, W., Lin-Orda, 7, Mayfield Road, Falmouth. Comber, Miss E. O., Briarbank, Chyoone Hill, Newlyn, Penzance. Cooke, Major J. C, Simonsbath Lodge, near , Somerset. Coombs, Dr. C. J. F., Perran-ar-Worthal, Truro. Coon, F. A. H., Pen Mar, Barbican Hill, Looe. Cordiner, Miss E. G., Trevelyan Cottage, Roseudgeon, Penzance. Counter, Mrs. S. J. V., Bosula, Carne, Manaccan, near Helston. Counter, I., Bosula, Carne, Manaccan, near Helston. Coutts Deacon, Mrs. G., Penarrow House, , near Flushing, near Falmouth. Crabb, R. E., 6, Dean Terrace, Liskeard. Creed, A. Lowry, Kingswood School, Bath, Somerset. Croft, Brig.-Gen. W. D., C.B., C.M.G.. D.S.O., The Anchorage, Mawnan, near Falmouth. Crosoer, E. T., 353, Station Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Cross, D., Fugler's Close, Portloe, Truro. Crossman, A. L., Meadowside, Ruan Minor, Helston. Crossman, Mrs., Meadowside, Ruan Minor, Helston. Crowther, W. C, M.A.. F.Z.S., Polteana, Looe. Cuddy, Mrs. M., 7, Lafrowda Terrace, St. Just, Penzance. Cunningham, Miss D., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., Penzance. Curber, R. M., 31, Marston Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. Curnow, Dr. R. N., Orleigh, Bolenna, Perranporth. Cutlack, R. A., Lamorna Cottage, Bay, Padstow. Dakin, E. T., 22, Carminow Way, Newquay. Dakin, Mrs. W. M., 22, Carminow Way, Newquay. Dakin, Miss J. P., 22, Carminow Way, Newquay. Daniel, W. J., Hardware Stores, Downderry, Torpoint, 110 Daniel, R. J., Maytree Cottage, Downderry, Torpoint. Darroch, M. S., 7, The Circus, Bath. Davenport, Miss D., Boase Castle House, Newlyn, Penzance. •Davey, G., Lanverne, , Truro. *Davey, Mrs. D. G., Lanverne, Cusgarne, Truro. Davey, Miss E., House, St. Agnes, Cornwall. Davey, Miss R. I., Solvia, Cross Street, Helston. David, Mrs. E. M., Skippers Cove, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Davies, E. R., B.A., 83, The Commons, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Davies, Mrs. R. K., Treffgarne, 7, Hamoaze Terrace, Saltash. Davis, Air Vice-Marshal J. G., C.B., O.B.E., M.A., M.B.O.U., R.A.F., Inglemere, Blyth Road, Worksop, Notts. Day, Mrs. G. M., Cotwood, Ponsanooth, Truro. Devonshire, G. R. P., Failand, Cross Street, Helston. Dickson, Mrs. D., Curgurreil Corner, Portscatho, near Truro. Dixon, Perrin A., F.Z.S., Far End, , near Falmouth. Dolphin, Miss K. I. N., The Dolphin, Paul Lane, Mousehole, near Penzance. Dorrien Smith, Lt.-Commander, T. M., Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly. Douch, H. L., The Museum, Truro. Doughty, Miss F., Carminow, Falmouth. Douglas-Jones, N., Winterstoke House, Langland, Swansea. Dover, Mrs. A. B., Trewithian, Portscatho. Downing, Mrs. Carl, Pentyre, Carbis Bay. Drew, Miss, 53, Morrab Road, Penzance. Drew, S. J., 75, Crantock Street, Newquay. Dutton, Mrs. E. B., Glebe Cottage, St. Mabyn, Bodmin.

•Earl, Mrs. E. D., Sycamore Cottage, Perran-ar-Worthal, Truro. Ebert, B., 70, Clydeway, Rise Park, Romford, Essex. Eden, Mrs. R. Edward-Collins, Major-General C. E., Trewardale, . Edward-Collins, Mrs., Polgwin, Bodmin. Egerton, Lady Rachel, Innisfree, Polzeath, Wadebridge. Elliott, Miss H., , Villa, 1, Norton Terrace, Penzance. Elliott, Mrs., Eastnor Cottage, , Wadebridge. Ellis, M., 2733919, Air Ministry Unit, R.A.F. St. Eval. Elvins, M. L., 54, Cliff Street, Mevagissey. English, Miss D. M., Tresco, Higher Trehaverne, Truro. Enys, Miss J., Tremedden, Woodlane, Falmouth. Evans, H. Cresswell, The Rock Garden, Gerrans, Portscatho. Evans, Mrs. G. E. M., Abington, , Penzance. Evans, P., Beach Cafe, Lelant, St. Ives. Exelby, W. B., Naini Tal, Mullion. Eyre, C. V., Trelawden, St. Minver, Wadebridge.

Farrant, A. A., Roskrow, Penryn. Farrant, Miss B., Roskrow, Penryn. Ferguson, Miss Juliet, 5, Berkley Court, King's Road, Brighton. Ferrier, Miss Judith M., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Blakeney Downs, Blakeney, Norfolk. Fiddick, R., 7, Tregothnan Road, Falmouth. Field, G. D., Eagle House, Launceston. Fisher, J., M.A., M.B.O.U., Old Rectory, Ashton, Northampton. Fitschen, Miss A., 8, Clare Terrace, Falmouth. Flawn, E. G., The Stannery, , Penzance. in Flawn, Mrs., The Stannery, juudgvan, Penzance. Foot, Isaac, The Right Hon. P. C, Pencrebar, . Foster, Miss L., Oak Cottage, Lostwithiel. Fox, C. L., Glendurgan, near Falmouth. Fox, Mrs. G. R., Trewardreva Manor, Constantine, Falmouth. Fox, Mrs. J. M. K., Penjerrick, Falmouth. Fox, Miss M. V., 4, Woodlane Crescent, Falmouth. Fry, R. M., No. 6, St. Kilda, Springhill, Elshead, near Godalming, Surrey.

*Gait, Mrs. J. M., 26, St. George's Villas, Truro. Gallagher, J. D., Kinsale, Eastbourne Close, St. Austell. Gallup, Mrs. J. P., Blackdown House, near Mary Tavy. Gardner, Miss D., Bunny's Hall, Falmouth. Garnett, J., , Wadebridge. Garnish, W. J., 34, Moorland Road, St. Austell. Gellatly, Miss N., New Close, Mawgan, Newquay. George, H. G., Porthconger, St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. George, Mrs. R., Porthconger, St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. Gilbert, J. S., 7, Ocean Crescent, Porthleven, Helston. Gilbert, W., Cranbrook, Splatt, St. Minver, Wadebridge. Gill, Mrs. M. E., Riverside, Lelant. Gimson, Miss M. E., Greengates, Trevone, Padstow. Girling, Rev. C. A. W., Rectory, Looe. Gist, J. R., Valiona. , Callington. Glanville, A. H., Neeham, Newlyn East, near Newquay. Glazebrook, B. R., Brynbella, St. Asaph, North Wales. Goddard, W. J., Cheyney, Constantine Bay, Padstow. Goddard, Mrs. E. M., Cheyney, Constantine Bay, Padstow. Goodman, Miss M. E., Dilkhusha, Perrancombe, Perranporth. Goodsell, R., 24, Bellevue Road, Saltash. Gould, Miss D., Elstree, Wootton, New Milton, Hampshire. Graham, Dr. C. I., 5, St. Sampson's Terrace, Golant, Par. Grand, Mrs. Irene, Coolgrena, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Graves, Miss L. I., 14, Trehaverne Terrace, Truro. Greenland, Mrs. E. M., Wayside, Low Street, Hardingham, Norwich. Grogono, Miss M. D., The Croft, Mylor, near Falmouth. Grove, E. A., Pyott's Cottage, Airlie Road, Winchester. *Guttridge, Mrs. E. M., 16, The Avenue, Truro. Gwinn, R. F., White Wings, Trebetherick, Wadebridge.

Hadden, R. G., The White House, Pengersick, , Penzance. Haden, G. N., 36, Wildwood Road, London, N.W.ll. Haden. Mrs. P. J., 36, Wildwood Road, London, N.W 11. Hair, Dr. J. A. G., Polwithan, Falmouth Road, Truro. Hair, Mrs., Polwithan, Falmouth Road, Truro. Hall, W. J., 9, South Road, Histon, Cambs. Halsey, Miss V. M., Windmill House, St. Minver, Wadebridge. Hambly, A. C, 59, Fore Street, Redruth. Hambly, E. H. T., Treharrock, St. Kew, Bodmin. Hamilton-Browne, Miss M. Hilary, Cargurrel, Portscatho. Hancock, C. A., , Wadebridge. Hankey, Mrs. F., Laregan, Penzance. Harcourt, R. A., 23, Braid Crescent, Edinburgh, 10. Hardy, J. D., " ," , Truro. Hardy, M. T., " Lanhydrock," Kenwyn, Truro. 112 Hardy, P. de H., 21, Street-an-Garrow, St. Ives. Hardy, Mrs. H. G., 21, Street-an-Garrow, St. Ives. Hartley, The Rev. P. H. Trahair, M.B.O.U., Badingham Rectory, Woodbridge, Suffolk. Harvey, Mrs. A. S., Rosehill Cottage, Padstow. Harvey, Rev. B. F., Owls, Trenanoe, Mawgan Porth, Newquay. Harvey, Mrs. M. G., Owls, Trenance, Mawgan Porth, Newquay. Harvey, Miss E. I., Rosehill Cottage, Padstow. Harvey, G. H., Trenance, Hawkins Road, Penzance. Harvey, Mrs., Trenance, Hawkins Road. Penzance. Harvey, L. A., University College, Exeter. Hawke, C. J., Lloyds Bank, Redruth. Hayman, Mrs., M.B.E., J.P., West Park, Redruth. •Healey, D. G., 51, Dunheved Road, Launceston. Heath, Dr. C, Ashfield House, Falmouth. Heath, Miss M. B., The Wood, Arbroath Lane, Esher, Surrey. Heath, V. H., Riviera Gardens, St. Mawes. Hemsiey, G., Rock, Wadebridge. Hemsley, Mrs. M., Rock, Wadebridge. Henry, G. M., Ainsgarth, Constantine, Falmouth. Henwood, P. H., , Callington. Henwood, T. L., Vallis, 46, Ennor Road, Newquay. Hepburn, Miss E. M., 6, Avenue Road, Teddington, Middlesex. Hewish, E. W., 1, Inglewood, Torwood Gardens Road, Torquay. Hicklin, Mrs. J. M., 47, Old Coach Road, , Kea, near Truro. •Hicks, F. D. H., The Lighthouse, St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. Hicks, Mrs. L., The Lighthouse, St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. Hicks, Mrs. S. L., Paradise Cottage, , near Truro. Hicks, L., 8, Harbour View Crescent, Penzance. Hicks, Mrs. P., 8, Harbour View Crescent, Penzance. Higgs, Mrs., Whistow, , Bodmin. Higman, N., 5, Overton, Launceston. Higman, Mrs. J., 5, Overton, Launceston. Higman, S. M., 36, Barnard Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Hiller, C. M., Gernick Field, Newlyn, Penzance. Hodge, Mrs. J., Waresley, Melville Crescent, Falmouth. Hogan, Miss C. E., 46, Polkyth Road, St. Austell. Hoggins, H. S., 13, Wadebridge Road, St. Mabyn. Holmes, D. P., Dwina, Barncoose Lane, , Redruth. •Holmes, W. A., 17, Carvosa Road, Truro. Hooper, W. Tregoning, Trevaunance Road, St. Agnes, Cornwall. Hopewell, A., 13, Grove Hill Drive, Falmouth. Hopkins, A. M., Trelowarren, Mawgan-in-, Helston. Hopkins, Mrs. G. M., Trelowarren, Mawgan-in-Meneage, Helston. Horder, P. T., Avalon, Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Horder, Mrs. J., Avalon, Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Hosken, R., 3, Old Hill, Falmouth. Hosking, A. C, Wyndhurst, , Penzance. Hosking, H. H., 8, Ferndale Road, Church Crookham, Aldershot, Hants. Hosking, K. F. G., Glanmire, Basset Street, Camborne. Howard, H., , The Lizard. Howard, Mrs., Tresawle, The Lizard. Howell, J. E., Windyridge, St. Mawes, Truro. Howell, J. O., Windyridge, St. Mawes, Truro. 113 Howland, Miss E. R., Chy-an-Garth, Feook, Truro. Hunkin, Miss G., Fern Glen House, St. Ives. Hunt, O. D., Corrofell, Newton Ferrers, Plymouth. Hurrell, H. G., M.B.O.U., Moorgate, Wrangaton, Plymouth. Hurrell, K. G., Maryland, 43, Henver Road, Newquay. Hutchings, W. J., Trelawny, The Gernicks, Newlyn, Penzance. Hyde, Mrs. H. N., 4, Mill Lane, , Truro.

•Ironside, Miss J., 8, Market Street, Leicester. Jackson, Mrs. D., Hermitage, St. Mawes. Jago, T. B., J.P., 2, The Godolphin, Marazion. •James, C. B., Rotherwick, Truro Road, St. Austell. Jeacock, Miss Y., Twyford, Perranwell Station, Truro. Jeffreys, A. H., 13, Cheyne Gardens, Chelsea, S.W.3; and House, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Jeffreys, Mrs. D. B., 13, Cheyne Gardens, Chelsea, S.W.3; and Doom Bar House, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Jenkins, Miss E., B.A., Loo Meadow, Portscatho. Jerram, Lady Christine E. M., Golden Hill, Hannafore, Looe. Jerram, Mrs. M., Trehane, , Wadebridge. Jerram, Miss R. M., Pengwedhen, Helford, Helston. Jerram, Miss S., Trehane, Trevanson, Wadebridge. Johns, Miss L. A., Carnkie, 25, Hillcrest Avenue, Truro. Johns, Mrs. S. D., Carnkie, 25, Hillcrest Avenue, Truro. Johnson, Mrs. E. M., Budock Vean Cottage, Mawnan, Falmouth. Johnson, Miss E., Gwel Towans, Treloyhan, St. Ives. Johnstone, G., Oxford and Cambridge University Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W.I. Jones, Capt. C. H., D.S.O., R.N., Trewenna, . Jones, Mrs. Maud, Trewenna, Gorran Haven. Jones, Miss M. J., St. Piran Lodge, Lelant, St. Ives. Jose, Mrs. E., Farm, Troon, Camborne.

Kelsall, N. E., Savings Bank Buildings, Camborne. Kendall, J. R., Croft Michael Farm, Troon, Camborne. Kennedy, W. P., la, Vivian Terrace, Truro. , Mrs. A. J., 68, Bodmin Road, St. Austell. Khan, R., Tregurthen, Camborne. King, B., Meyfield, Uplands Road, Saltfork, Bristol. Kingwell, A. H., Trewithian, Portscatho, Truro. Kirby, Mrs. M., Bishops Quay, St. Martin, near Helston. Kitson, Miss D. H., Morval House, near Looe. Kltto, J. H., 30, Lyndhurst Road, Stretford, Manchester. Knock, R. H., Thimble Hall Cottage, Penshurst, near Tonbridge, Kent.

Laithwood, Miss K. C, 64, Park Avenue, Worcester. Lambert, Miss O. R. A., Woodland View, Old Falmouth, Road, Truro. Langdon, F. C, 3, Waterlane, Delabole. Langham, C. H., Carmeal, Breage, Helston. Latham, H. R., Tregudda, Port Gaverne, Port Isaac. Lawry, F. J., Bossullow Veor, Newbridge, Penzance. Lawson, H. B., Churchmead, Pirbrlght, Surrey. Lee, R. W., 1, Elm's Avenue, Eastbourne. Leggatt, C. I., " Mye Waye," Stoney Road, Torpoint. 114 Leonard, W. J., 83a, Hornchurch Road, Ernesettle, Plymouth. Lepper, Dr. E. H., 5, Road, Falmouth. Lethbridge, Miss D. M. B., J.P., , near Launceston. Lewis, L. B., 7, Old Paul Hill, Newlyn, Penzance. Liddicoat, R. O., Sunny side, Trenance, Mawgan Porth, Newquay. Lightfoot, Miss J., Greengates, Trevone, Padstow. Lock, A. A., 55, Bowden Park Road, Crown Hill, Plymouth. Luck, Mrs., Golant, Fowey. Lynch, Miss M. P., 7, Weethes Cottages, Penzance. Lyne, Miss R., 8, Strangways Terrace, Truro. Lyster, Major P. G., The White House, Marazion.

Mackenzie, Mrs. A. C, Millefleur, Penmere, Falmouth. Mackenzie, Mrs. K., , near Port Isaac. Mackenzie, P. Z., Penold Farm, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Maclaren, Mrs. M., Peterhouse, Feock, Truro. Macnaghten, Mrs. L., 2, Western Terrace, Falmouth. Macphie, D. J., Khandalla, Port Isaac, N. Cornwall. Maddern, R., 32, Treveneth Crescent, Gwavas Estate, Newlyn, Penzance. Malan, E. M., The Knoll, Peterborough Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Mance, J. H. F., 61, Marlborough Road, Langley, Bucks. *Manley, Miss D. M., The Other Cottage, Wood Lane, Falmouth. Manvell, H. S., Luccombe Knap, near Minehead, Somerset. Manvell, Mrs. E., Luccombe Knap, near Minehead, Somerset. Marshall, Commander D., R.N.V.R., M.P., House of Commons, Westminster, London. Marshall, E. J., 41, Castle Hill, Bodmin. Martyn, S. A., Pen-y-Bryn, Wadebridge (Hon. Treasurer;. Martyn, Mrs. M. M., Pen-y-Bryn, Wadebridge. Mason, H. R., Treloyhan Lodge, St. Ives. Mason, Mrs. M. E., Treloyhan Lodge, St. Ives. Matthews, Miss M., Shene, Love Lane, Bodmin. McKie, Dr. D., 18, Brookland Hill, London, N.W.ll. Mead, Miss B. C, Greystones, , Helston. Meade, Col. P., Morreps, Lelant. Meares, R. H., 2, Western Terrace, Falmouth. Meares, Mrs., 2, Western Terrace, Fay mouth. •Menhinick, Mrs. E. E., Cottage, Wadebridge. Middlemass, Miss D. I., Two Gables, Trelyon, St. Ives. •Milward, A., Polventon, , Porthcurnow. *Milward, Mrs. L. M., Polventon, Porthgwarra, Porthcurno. Miners, W. T., Ivydene, Marazion. Mischler, S. M., Copeland Court, Cathedral School, Truro. Mitchell, B. H., 26, Dean Street, Liskeard. Mitchell, E. Foster, Harwell, Lelant, St. Ives. Mitchell, H. B., Treloweth House, Hayle. Mitchell, H. S., Treloweth House, Hayle. Mollard, W. H., 105, Dolcoath Road, Camborne. Mollison, Mrs. B. M., Picket Hill, Ringwood, Hants. Mollison, J. E., 7, South Street, Barnstaple, Devon. Moor, Miss M. R., 13, St. Austell Street, Truro. Morcom, G., 38, Briar Road, Hartley, Plymouth. Morgan, E. R., The Right Revd. the Lord Bishop, Lis Escop, Truro. Morgan, Mrs. E. R., Lis Escop, Truro. Moule, Rev. G. W. H., Damerham Vicarage, Fordingbridge, Hants. 115 Moy, E. T., Minions, Constantine Bay, Padstow. Moy, Mrs. K. S., Minions, Constantine Bay, Padstow. Nance, Miss P., Nurses' Home, Royal Cornwall Infirmary, Truro. Nash, K. O., 20, Regent Terrace, Penzance. Neale, Mrs. E., Polgwynne, Feock, Truro. New, L. P., St. Enodoc Hotel, Rock, Wadebridge. Newham, R. E., Evendale, Melville Road, Falmouth. Newton, Miss M. G., 43, Bodmin Road, St. Austell. *Nicholls, Miss C, Delancey, Lostwithiel. Nicholson, Miss I. G., 16, Coombe Road, Saltash. Nowell-Usticke, Miss P., Farthings, Uplands Crescent, Truro. Oakley, R. J. L., Whitebays, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Oakley, Mrs., Whitebays, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Oates, K. E., Penlyne, 39, Higher Lux Street, Liskeard. Ockford, G. A., 28, Sydney Road, Newquay. Oliva, Mrs. A. K., The Maggie, Lelant, St. Ives. Oliver, J. C. C, Idris, Carbis Bay. Oughton, W. H., " Roseneath," 15, Shepherd's Way, Rickmansworth, Herts. Pagan, Miss E. L., Callater Cottage, King's Mead, Painswick, Glos. Page, Dr. H. H., Trehurst, 4, Millbourne Lane, Esher, Surrey. Palmer, A. R., Half-Acre, Rose Hill, Penzance. Palmer, Miss E. M., Highfield, Sandford Hill, Bridgwater. Parke, Mrs. E. F., Lower Tregorland, St. Just Lane, Truro. Parker, G. A., Gwel-an-mor, Mylor, Falmouth. Parrinder, E. R., M.B.O.U., Trewent, 91, Weald Road, Sevenoaks. Kent. Parrinder, Mrs. E. D., Trewent, 91, Weald Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. Parry, F. R., M.B.E., Franchis, Cross Lanes, Helston. Parry, Mrs. F. R., Franchis, Cury Cross Lanes, Helston. Parry, W. S., Monkton Elm, near Taunton. Parslow, J. L. F., c/o Edward Grey Institute, Botanic Gardens, Oxford. Parsons, A. G., The Bungalow, Trewirgie, Redruth. Patten, A. W., Roughtor Farm, Camelford. *Pattenden, B., 19, Sunningdale Road, Truro. Creswell Payne, H. M., Eliot Garth, 15, Edgcumbe Gardens, New­ quay. Creswell Payne, Mrs. H. M., Eliot Garth, 15, Edgcumbe Gardens, Newquay. Paynter, Miss E. M., Kilbroney, Week St. Mary, Holsworthy. Pearce, Miss C. L. W., Trelyn, Trenwith Lane, St. Ives. Pearce, Mrs. M., Faralong, Rock, Wadebridge. *Pearse, Miss M., Mildren House, 6, Church Street, N. Liskeard. *Peart, R. H., 38, Prospect Park, Exeter. Pellow, Miss M., Tyringham Place, Lelant. *Penhallurick, R. D., School House, Hoel Fair, Llandaff, Cardiff. Pentreath, R. J., 7, Roskilly Cottages, Mousehole Road, Mousehole, Penzance. Perrett, D. H., Downham Lodge, 15, Springfield Avenue, Bridgwater. Peters, M. J., Road, St. Ives. Peters, W. R., 9, Stanford Terrace, Penzance. Peters, Mrs. M., Therapy House, 97, Meneage Street, Helston. Phillips, A. C. J., Trevelyn, Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Phillips, D. H., Buena Vista, Mount Ambrose, Redruth. 116 Phillips, N. R., 5, The Crescent, Alexandra Road, St. Ives. Phillips, Mrs. M. R., 5, The Crescent, Alexandra Road, St. Ives. Phillips, Mrs. N. E., Airport Lane, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Phillips, Miss R. M., Pare Vean, Stonefield, near Oxford. Phillips, W. E., Old Farm, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Pickthall, Miss E. G., Missenden, My lor Bridge, Falmouth. Pierson, T. A., The Anchorage, St. Ives. Pilkington, Major R. C. L., Holl House, Stanstead Abbotts, near Ware, Herts. Pinkney, Mrs. I. V., Ludon Hill, Crackington Haven, Bude. Pollett, G. P., Nansvallon, St. Mawes, Truro. Polwhele, R. K., Polwhele, Truro. Polwhele, Mrs. J. G., Polwhele, Truro. Pool, Miss L. A. I., Langarth, Tregurthen Road, Camborne. Pope, Miss, West Cornwall School, Penzance. Powell, A. B., River Bank, Coombe Road, Saltash. Powell, Mrs. E., Chard School, Chard, Somerset. Price, O. F., Fern Cottage, , Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Prideaux, V., Stamford, Tregolls Road, Truro. Prior, Mrs. E. J., Bishop's Hill, Polzeath, near Wadebridge. Probert, J. F. C, 1, Penventon Terrace, Redruth. Pyper, J. L., 30, North Road, Saltash.

Radcliffe, Mrs. R. M., Killacourt, Newquay. Radford, Miss E., St. Anthony-in-Roseland, Portscatho. Radway, F. P., Tresco, Moorland Road, Par. Radway, W. P., Penarwyn Road, Par. Rae, Miss Mary, Whitehouse, Rock, Wadebridge. Rait Kerr, Mrs. H., M.B.O.U., Paddocks, Copperkins Lane, Amer- sham, Bucks. Ray, R. L., Gwavas, Budock Vean, Falmouth. Ray, Mrs. S., Gwavas, Budock Vean, Falmouth. Reed, Dr. J., West Heath Avenue, Bodmin. Reed, Mrs. M., Broadhanger, Froxfleld, Petersfield, Hampshire. Rendell, L. W., Turlea, Stokeclimsland, Callington. Rham, The Rev. R. C, Madron Vicarage, Penzance. Richards, Mrs. A., Lake View, Tory, Ponsanooth, Truro. Richards, P. H., Lake View, Tory, Ponsanooth, Truro. Richards, B. A., 10, Adelaide Street, Camborne. Richards, Mrs. E. W., 10, Adelaide Street, Camborne. Richards, Miss J. A., 10, Adelaide Street, Camborne. Richards, Miss D., 13, Clare Terrace, Falmouth. Richards, S. H., Vicarage Road, St. Agnes, Cornwall. Richardson, W. L., Chy-an-carn, West Hill, Wadebridge. Roberts, Miss D. W., Milton, Trevone, Padstow. Roberts, Miss N. M., 7, Porthpean Road, St. Austell. Roberts, Miss Vere, Crossfield, Mawnan, Falmouth. Robson, J., May field, Park Holly, Camborne. Robson, Mrs. A. D., Mayfield, Park Holly, Camborne. Rogers, C. T. H., Carwinnion, Mawnan Smith, near Falmouth. Rogers, Mrs. E. A., 7, King Square, Bridgwater. Rogers, Miss E. P., Minalto, Church Street, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Rogers, J. L., C.A., J.P., Penrose, Helston. Rogers, J. M. F., 15, Tregenner Road, Falmouth. Rogers, Miss Marjorie, Milgey, Newquay. 117 Roper, B. F. H., Higher , Wendron, Helston. Roper, Capt. E. G., D.S.O., D.S.C., Polmayne, St. Minver. Roper, P., Beechlands, Wood Meadow, Feock, near Truro. Roper, Mrs. C. B., Beechlands, Wood Meadow, Feock, near Truro. Roseveare, C. R., St. Thomas' Road, Launceston. Roseveare, Miss I., 9, Roy den Road, Launceston. Rosewarne, J. N., Cliffside Private Hotel, Perranporth. Rosewarne, Miss I. M., Cliffside Private Hotel, Perranporth. Rougier, Mrs. F., Trerose Vean, Mawnan, Falmouth. Rowe, E. A., Barclays Bank House, Camborne. Rowe, M., Hea Cottage, , Penzance. Rowe, W. S., 1, Ivor Close, Alderney Road, Guildford, Surrey. Rule, Miss J. M., 6, Harrison Terrace, Truro. Ryves, Lt.-Col. B. H., Wurdwan, Mawgan, Newquay (Joint Hon. Secretary). Ryves, Mrs., Mawgan, Newquay. Ryves, Miss S. C, Scarteen, Headland Avenue, Seaford, Sussex.

Salm, Mrs. R., 35, Tredova Crescent, Falmouth. Salmon, R. J., Claremont, Churchtown, Lanivet, Bodmin. Samuel, Miss B. F. M., 27, Yew House, Shardelers Road, London, S.E.14. •Sanders, Mrs. H„ Park and Bouncey, St. Clement, Truro. Sargent, H. B., 8, Bayview Terrace, Porthleven, Helston. Savage, B. F., 15, Victoria Parade, Torquay. Sawle, A. C, 10, Stafford Terrace, Houndsiscombe Road, Plymouth. Scoble, Miss L. W., 41, Broad Park, Launceston. •Seagar, Dr. A. F., Chynalls, 6, Cabrera Avenue, Virginia Water, Surrey. Seddon, Miss H., 17, The Warren, St. Ives. Sellon, Miss M. D., Windyridge, Polzeath, Wadebridge. Semmens, R. J., Dromana, Tremorvah, Truro. Semmens, Mrs. E. L., Dromana, Tremorvah, Truro. Sewart, Miss D., Lower Treneague, Wadebridge. Sexton, Miss, West Cornwall School, Penzance. Shearer, Mrs. G., Westaway, Barnstaple, N. Devon. Sherlock, A., 1, Tremelling Villa, Mt. Ambrose, Redruth. Sherlock, Mrs. J. J., 1, Tremelling Villas, Mount Ambrose, Redruth, Sherlock, T. J., 1, Tremelling Villa, Mount Ambrose, Redruth. Simms, G. W., Little Trefewha, Praze, Camborne. Singer, Professor Charles, Kilmarth, Par. Sitwell, Mrs., Elm Cottage, Truro. Skilbeck, Miss A. T., Trevanson, Wadebridge. Skinner, Miss M., St. Enodoc Golf Hotel, Rock, Wadebridge. Smart, Mrs. K. I., Ty Bryn, St. Ives. Smith, Miss A. M., Lynn Allen, Truro. Smith, A. V., Telford, Hill Barton Road, Exeter. Smith, F. R., Telford, Hill Barton Road, Exeter. Smith, G., 2, Crescent, St. Ives. Smith, Miss K. H., 69a, Madeley Road, Ealing, London, W.5. Smith, Miss M. Hill, Windmill House, St. Minver, Wadebridge. Smith, M., Bellenden, Langbank, Renfrewshire. Smith, Mrs. M. L., Bellenden, Langbank, Renfrewshire. Smithies, F., The Old House, , Callington. Solomon, D. M., 7, Tregothnan Road, Malpas Estate, Truro. Soper, Miss M. B., Fiona, Rock, Wadebridge. 118 Southern, J. B., Penmount Farm, Liskeard. Southgate, Mrs. M., Dawn 'o Day, Gwavas Road, Newlyn, Penzance.

Spenlove-Spenlove, Mrs. B.f Orchard Flower Farm, Madron, Penzance. Sprent, W., Widemouth Bridge Cottage, , Bude. •Staal, C, House, Callington. •Staal, Mrs. J., Cotehele House, Callington. Stafford, Mrs. Truro Vean, Truro. Stafford, Miss P., 15, Berry Road, Newquay. Staite, Mrs. F. A., Carlidnack, Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Stauffer, Miss M. V., 22, Victoria Road, St. Austell. Steele, Lieut. W., D.C.L.I., The Barracks, Bodmin. Stephens, Mrs. M. S., Rosemaen, Mawnan Smith, Falmouth. Stephens, Miss R., Hayne, Newquay. Stephens, T. J., Sunny Acre, Gweek, Helston. Stevens, C. J., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 2, Gordon Ter., Lamb Park, Par. Stevens, Miss J., Morwenna, Mylor, Falmouth. Stokes, Miss S., , Newquay. Stone, G. H., 29, Molesworth Street, Wadebridge. Stone, Mrs. G. H., 29, Molesworth Street, Wadebridge. Stoney, Mrs. D. A., Stokelake House, Chudleigh, S. Devon. Sutton Nelthorpe, J. W., Temple House, Harbury, Warwickshire. Sykes, A. N., Thorpe End, Almondbury, Huddersfield. Symons, R., Spray View, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Symons, Mrs., Spray View, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Symons, K. W., Church Street, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly.

Tamblyn, J. T., Carbeile House, Torpoint. Tangye, D., Rorminack, St. Buryan, Penzance. Taylor, Mrs. K., Greengates, Lower Sea Lane, Charmouth, . •Taylor, Mrs. Wynne, 26, Downs View, Bude. Teague, Miss K. E., Glamis Road, Newquay. Thelwell, Miss R. W., Tresillian, Constantine Bay, Padstow. Thomas, Mrs. M. F„ Hawk's Point Cottage, Carbis Bay, St. Ives. Thomas, Mrs. R., Trevitho, Pentire Avenue, Newquay. Thompson, Miss M. S., M.A., , Poldhu Cove, Mullion. •Thomson, B., Loe Wall, Feock, Truro. •Thomson, Mrs. M., Loe Wall, Feock, Truro. Throssel, Miss A. G., Lynam Cottage, Rock, Wadebridge. •Thwaites, R. E., Windrush, Greenwith, Perranwell Station, Truro. •Thwaites, Mrs. M., Windrush, Greenwith, Perranwell Station, Truro. •Thwaites, P. R., Windrush, Greenwith, Perranwell Station, Truro. Titmuss, Miss M., 69a, Madeley Road, Ealing, London, W.5. Tomlin, Miss J., Polgoon, Penzance. Trahair, Miss M. Loveday, The Cottage, Dousland, Yelverton, Devon. Tranter, Miss G. M., 2, St. Michael's Terrace, Penzance. Travers, Mrs. D. M., J.P., Gwel Meneth, Liskeard. Tregenza, C. W., Rocklands, Carrallack, St. Just, Penzance. Tregenza, Mrs. M., Rocklands, Carrallack, St. Just. Tregenza, L. A., Boslandew, Paul, Penzance. Tregenza, V. L., Redenek, Road, Camborne. Tregenza, Mrs. M. L. G., Redenek, Barripper Road, Camborne. Tregenza, W. A., Boslandew House, Paul, Penzance. Tregurtha, T. H., 12, Charles Street, Newlyn. Treleaven. R. B., M.B.O.U., Rockmount, Dutson Road, Launceston. •Tremethick, M. R., 8, West Terrace, Newlyn, Penzance. 119 Trevethan, R. M., The Observatory, Falmouth. Treseder, Mrs. M. G., The Moorings, Mylor Creek, Falmouth. Triniek, M. E. N., Newton, Lanhydrock, Bodmin. Trudgian, Dr. H. M., 2, Marcus Hill, Newquay. Tucker, T. C. J., 6, Tregoddick Cottage, Madron, near Penzance. Tunnard, John, Tredinnick, Lamorna, Penzance. Tunnard, Mrs. M., Tredinnick, Lamorna, Penzance. Turk, Dr. F. A., Ph.D., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.A.S., Shang-ri-la, Reskadinnick, Camborne. Turk, Mrs., u Shangri-la," Reskadinnick, Camborne. Turner, H. J., 4, Fore Street, St. Ives. Turner, R. G., 18, Four Ashes Road, Bentley Heath, Knowle, near Birmingham. Tyacke, Miss E. E., Brill, Flushing, Falmouth.

Veall, Mrs. L. E., Fore Street, St. Dennis. Venn, Mrs. G. M., The Studio, Morreps, Lelant, near St. Ives. Vessey, Mrs. N. A. M., Weir Cottage, Restromguet. Vince, A. A. P., 14, Church Hill, Winchmore Hill, London, N.12. Visick, H. A., 7, Pydar Street, Truro. Visick, Mrs. M. P., Trendain, Perranwell Station. Vivian, Nancy, Lady, M.B.E., Windyrush, Treyarnon Bay. Vyvyan, Lady, Trelowarren, Mawgan, Helston.

Waithman, J. S., Ferry Climb, -by-Fowey. Waithman, Mrs. R. M., Ferry Climb, Polruan-by-Fowey. Wakefield, H., St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Wakefield-Richmond, Miss K., St. Gonnan School, Gillan, Manaccan, near Helston. Wales, Miss M., Blue Seas, James Meadow, Newlyn. Walker, A. F., Melbourne Cottage, Boscastle. Walker, Mrs. M. I., Melbourne Cottage, Boscastle. Wall, Mrs. E. M., Caerleon, Trebetherick, N. Cornwall. Wallis, Miss D., Valley Edge, , Tintagel. Ward, J. H., Flat 1, 43, England's Lane, London, N.W.3. Ward, Mrs. P., Pendragon Cottage, Tintagel. Ware, E. H., High Beech, Woodbury, near Exeter. Warner, G. Macd., Clapper, Wadebridge. Warnington, Miss E. M., St. David's Flat, Fowey. Watkins, Miss D., Pengowan, Point, near Truro. Watson, H. G., Worthylands, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Watson, Mrs. M. N., Worthylands, Trebetherick, Wadebridge. Watts, W. S„ Penvean, Manaccan, Helston. Watts, Mrs., Penvean, Manaccan, Helston. Webb, B., 1, Hendra Place, Pydar Street, Truro. Webb, Miss F., 7, Fox's Lane, Falmouth. *Webb, Miss S., 7, Fox's Lane, Falmouth. •Webster, Rev. G. M., Faire, Downderry, Torpoint. Webster, M. A., 15, St. Leonard's Gardens, Hove, 3. Weeks, Mrs. R. P., Trehayle, West Hill, Wadebridge. Wells, Mrs. W. A., Pine Cottage, 13, St. Michael's Road, Worthing, Sussex. Welton, W. K., Little Priory, Ipplepen, near Newton Abbot. Wesley, Miss O., 4, South Parade, Penzance. West, Mrs. E. L., 24, Carminoe Way, Newquay. Westmacott, Miss E., 13, Roy don Road, Launceston. 120 Westrup, Miss E., Lamorna Gate, St. Buryan. Whelan, Miss E. M., 10, Coombe Villas, Saltash. •Whiffen, Miss O. E., Dolphin Cottage, Porthgwarra, Porthcurno. •Whitaker, Miss D., Redstone, Polmear Road, Par. *Whitaker, Miss G. E., Redstone, Polmear Road, Par. White, Lady A. B., The Elms, Mylor Bridge, near Falmouth. White, Miss A., Katoomba, The Crescent, Truro. White, G. P., Gwel Efan, Southern Road, Callington. White, Mrs., Gwel Efan, Southern Road, Callington. White, Mrs. N., The Lodge, St. Anthony-in-Roseland, Portscatho. •White, Miss P. J., 56, Mount Pleasant Road, Camborne. Whittingham, H. H., 43, Avondale Road, Wolverhampton. Whittingham, Miss M., Penwarren, Crackington Haven, Bude. Wilkinson, Mrs., Windmill, St. Minver. Willcocks, Mrs. B., Little Strand, Rook, Wadebridge. Willcocks, Mrs. G. H., 12, Beacon Hill, Bodmin. Willcocks, Miss E. G., Estia, Highcliff, Polzeath, near Wadebridge. Willett, Miss R. J. W., Calais, Amble, Wadebridge. Williams, Mrs. Charles, Trewidden, Buryas Bridge, Penzance. •Williams, G. L., Jolly's Bottom Farm, , Truro. Williams, R. W. E., Allerford Lake House, Portgate, Lewdown, Okehampton. Williams, Mrs., Scorrier House, Redruth. Williams, T. R. J., 31, St. Agnes Road, Gabatfa, Cardiff, Glam. Willmore, C. F., Tregwylan, St. Mawes, Falmouth. Willmore, Miss M., 4, Florence Terrace, Falmouth. Willyams, Mrs., Carnanton, St. Columb. Wills, F. H., Cliff Villa, Wadebridge. •Wilson, Mrs. E. L. J., 52, Church Street, Padstow. Wilson, Miss K. Orr, 12, Compton Avenue, Plymouth. Wilson, Mrs. B., Tregara, The Lidden, Penzance. Wilson, Miss B., Tregara, The Lidden, Penzance. Wilson, J. H., Tregara, The Lidden, Penzance. Wiltshire, L. V., Ministry of Agriculture, Bridge Chambers, Truro. •Winn, D., 9, Dracaena Avenue, Falmouth. •Winn, Mrs. I., 9, Dracaena Avenue, Falmouth. Winter, R. L., Rockmount, Hill Barton Road, Exeter. Witting, Miss M., The Cottage, Beaumont Terrace, Lincoln. Wood, Miss D. Scobell, 31, Trebarthwith Crescent, Newquay. Wood, Miss M., 25, Carminow Way, Newquay. Wood, The Rev. E. F., Trelawne, Looe. Worth, Miss V., 34, Tredova Crescent, Boscawen Park, Falmouth. Wright, Miss P. L., 57, Abingdon Villas, Kensington, London, W.8. Wright, Miss R., Anchorage, North Parade, Falmouth. Wynn-Werninck, Mrs., Old Cottage, Pentire Glaze, St. Minver.

Young, Mrs. E. A., Polventor, Condor Villas, , near Falmouth. Young, Miss M. L. E., Trevone, Bell's Hill, Mylor Bridge, Falmouth.

ASSOCIATES Adams, R. G., Pathside, Lympstone, Exmouth. Smith, T. F., St. Clement, Truro.

121 THE COMMITTEE FOR 1960

President: Lt.-Col. Sir Edward Bolitho, K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O., J.P.

Chairman: Dr. R. H. Blair

Honorary Treasurer: S. A. Martyn, Esq.

Joint Honorary Secretaries: Lt.-Col. B. H. Ryves The Rev. J. E. Beckerlegge Dr. G. Allsop

Committee Members: Mrs. Carter, Mr. W. J. Goddard, Miss M. J. Jones, Mr. R. Khan, Mr. A. G. Parsons, Mr. N. R. Phillips, Miss E. G. Pickthall, Miss H. M. Quick, Mr. T. J. Stephens, Mr. C. J. Stevens, Miss Whelan.

THE COMMITTEE FOR 1961

President: Lt.-Col. Sir Edward Bolitho, K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O., J.P. Chairman: Dr. R. H. Blair

Honorary Treasurer: S. A. Martyn, Esq.

Joint Hon. Secretaries: The Revd. J. E. Beckerlegge N. R. Phillips, Esq. Lt.-Col. W. E. Almond

Committee Members: Col. Bertram, Mrs. Carter, Captain Cresswell-Evans, Mr. W. J. Goddard, Mr. D. P. Holmes, Miss M. J. Jones, Mr. R. Khan, Mr. A. G. Parsons, Miss E. G. Pickthall, Miss H. M. Quick, Mr. T. J. Stephens, Mr. C. J. Stevens, Mrs. Visick, Miss Whelan. 122 INDEX How to use it. The names of birds are arranged in strict alphabetical order in the following Index to this Report, like the Telephone Directory— thus " Blue Tit" will be found under M Blue " and u Common Sand­ piper " under "Common"; there is no cross indexing—e.g., "Tit, Blue." The number following the name of each bird is the same as that at the left-hand margin of the pages containing records of birds: and the letters following the number—e.g., CN, are abbrevia­ tions for the different sections of the Report. CN Cornish Notes ... Pages 9—41 CAD Arrival and Departure of Cornish Breeding Migrants ... Pages 42—46 SI Scilly Isles Notes ... Pages 47—54 SAD Arrival and Departure of Scilly Isles Breeding Migrants ... Pages 55 & 56 To use the Index find the name of the bird of which records are wanted: the letters following its name indicate in which sec­ tions of the Report that bird is recorded: the record in any section can then readily be found preceded by the key number. The key number is the same for any bird in all the sections, being the " check-list numbers " from Volume V of the " Handbook." American Pectoral Sandpiper. 411 CN SI Arctic Skua. 493 CN Arctic Tern. 470 CN Arctic Warbler. 136 SI Avocet. 451 CN CAD

Bartram's Sandpiper. 392 SI Balearic Shearwater. 356 CN Barnacle Goose. 311 CN SI Bar-tailed Godwit. 356 CN CAD Bewick's Swan. 301 CN Bittern. 297 CN SI Blackbird. 184 CN SI Blackcap. 162 CN CAD SAD Black-tailed Godwit. 387 CN CAD SAD Black-headed Gull. 478 SAD Black-necked Grebe. 374 CN Black Redstart. 202 CN CAD SAD Black Tern. 462 CN CAD Black-throated Diver. 378 CN 123 Blue-headed Wagtail. 84 CN CAD SI Brambling. 42 CN SI CAD Brent Goose. 312/3 CN SI Buzzard. 269 CN SI

Carrion Crow. 3 SI Chaffinch. 40/41 CN Chiffchaff. 129 CN CAD SAD Cirl Bunting. 49 CN Collared Dove. CN Common Gull. 481 CN Common Snipe. 395 SAD Common Pochard. 328 CN Common Scoter. 339 CN SI Common Sandpiper. 421 CN SAD Common Tern. 469 CN CAD SI SAD Coot. 511 CN Cormorant. 346 CN Corn Bunting. 43 CN Corncrake. 504 CN SAD Cuckoo. 240 CAD SAD Curlew Sandpiper. 406 CN CAD

Dark-breasted Barn Owl. 255 CN Dartford Warbler. 169 SI Dipper. 218 CN Dotterel. 446 CN SI Dunlin. 404 CN

Eider. 337 CN Eastern Rufous Turtle-Dove. 384 SI

Fieldfare. 173 SI CAD SAD Firecrest. 128 CN SI Fulmar. 368 CN SI

Garganey. 322 CN SI SAD Gadwall. 318 CN SI Garden Warbler. 161 SAD Goldcrest. 126/7 CN Glaucous Gull. 487 CN 124 Goldeneye. 332 CN CAD Golden Oriole. 17 SI Golden Plover. 440/1 CN CAD Goldfinch. 20 CN Goosander. 342 CN Goshawk. 275 CN Grasshopper Warbler. 145 CN CAD SAD Great Black-backed Gull. 486 CN Great Crested Grebe. 370 CN Great Northern Diver. 376 CN CAD Great Reed Warbler. 376 CN Great Skua. 491 CN SI Great Spotted Woodpecker. 237 CN SI Greenshank. 432 CN CAD Green Sandpiper. 424 CN CAD SAD Grey Lag Goose. 303 CN Grey Phalarope. 400 CN SI Grey Plover. 444 CN Guillemot. 498/9 CN

Heron. 289 CN SI Herring Gull. 482 CN Hoopoe. 232 CN SI SAD House Martin. 222 CN CAD SAD

Jack Snipe. 398 CN CAD SI

Kentish Plover, 439 CN Kittiwake. 489 CN SI Knot. 403 CN CAD SI SAD

Lapland Bunting. 58 CN SI Lapwing. 449 CN Leach's Petrel. 351 CN Lesser Black-backed Gull. 485 CN CAD SAD Lesser Whitethroat. 164 SI Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, 238 CN Linnet. 30 SI Little Auk. 502 CN Little Grebe. 375 CN Little Gull. 477 CN 125 Little Stint. 407 CN CAD SAD Little Tern. 471 CN CAD SI Long-eared Owl. 250 SI Long-tailed Duck. 334 CN SI

Mediterranean Black-headed Gull. 479 CN Marsh Harrier. 271 SI Merlin. 262 CN SI Meadow Pipit. 76 CN Montagu's Harrier. 272 CN SI Nightingale. 203 Nightjar. 227 SI CN SAD Osprey. 284 CN

Peregrine Falcon. 259 CN Pied Fly-catcher. 123 CN SAD Pintail. 325 CN CAD Pochard. 328 CN CAD Puffin. 503 CN CN CAD Purple Sandpiper. 415 CN SI Quail. 520 CN Raven. 1 SI Red-breasted Fly-catcher. 125 CN CAD Red-breasted Merganser. 343 CN Red-necked Grebe. 371 CN CAD SAD Redshank. 428 CN SAD Redstart. 201 CN CAD Red-throated Diver. 379 CN SAD Reed Warbler. 149 CN CAD SAD Redwing. 178/9 CN Ringed Plover. 435 CN SAD Ring Ousel. 182 SI Robin. 208 SI Rook. 4 CN Rosy Pastor. 16 CN SI Roseate Tern. 468 CN SAD Ruff. 417 SI Rustic Bunting. 53 126 Sanderling. 416 CAD Sabine's Gull. 474 CN Sand-Martin. 223 CN CAD Sandwich Tern. 467 CN CAD Scaup Duck. 331 CN SI Sedge Warbler. 153 CAD SAD Shag. 348 CN SI Shelduck. 315 CN Short-eared Owl. 251 SI Shoveler. 326 SI CAD Siskin. 21 CN CAD Skylark. 70 CN Slavonian Grebe. 373 CN Smew. 344 CN Snow Bunting. 59 CN Song Thrush. 175/7 CN SI Sooty Shearwater. 363 CN Sparrowhawk. 277 CN Spotted Fly-catcher. 121 CAD SAD Spotted Redshank. 431 CN CAD Stock Dove. 381 CN SI Stonechat. 198 SI Storm Petrel. 350 CN SI Swallow. 220 CN CAD Swift. 225 CAD SAD

Teal. 319 CN CAD Tree Pipit. 75 CN CAD SAD Tufted Duck. 330 CN CAD Turnstone. 402 CAD Turtle Dove. 383 CN CAD SAD

Uplands Plover. 392 SI

Velvet Scoter. 340 CN

Water Pipit. 186 CN Wheatear. 186 CN SI CAD SAD Whimbrel. 389 CN CAD SAD Whinchat. 197 CN CAD SAD White-fronted Goose. 304 CN CAD 127 White-spotted Bluethroat. 206 SI Whitethroat. 163 CAD SAD White Wagtail. 91 CN SAD Whooper Swan. 300 CN Wigeon. 323 CN CAD Willow Warbler. 132 SI CAD Woodchat. 116 SI Woodpigeon. 380 CN Wood Sandpiper. 423 CN CAD Willow Tit. 108 CN

Yellow-browed Warbler. 137 CN Yellow Wagtail. 88 CN CAD

128