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Eucalyptus Urophylla S.T Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Ecology and silviculture in Vietnam Chaw Chaw Sein Ralph Mitlöhner Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Ecology and silviculture in Vietnam Chaw Chaw Sein Ralph Mitlöhner © 2011 Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved ISBN 978-602-8693-69-1 Photos by Sebastian Schnell, Nguyen The Dzung and Chaw Chaw Sein Sein, C.C. and Mitlöhner, R. 2011 Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake: ecology and silviculture. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] www.cifor.org Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the authors’ institutions or the financial sponsors of this publication. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Description of the species 1 2.1 Taxonomy 1 2.2 Morphological characteristics 1 2.3 Distribution 2 2.4 Ecological range 2 2.5 Wood characteristics 3 2.6 Uses 3 3 Seed production 4 3.1 Seed collection 4 3.2 Seed preparation and storage 4 3.3 Seed viability 4 4 Propagation and planting 4 4.1 Sowing 4 4.2 Clonal technology 5 4.3 Preparation of planting site 6 4.4 Planting 6 5 Plantation maintenance 7 5.1 Weeding 7 5.2 Fertilising 7 5.3 Refilling 7 5.4 Coppice system 8 5.5 Pruning 9 5.6 Thinning 9 5.7 Control of pests and diseases 10 6 Growth and yield 10 6.1 Growth in diameter and height 10 6.2 Productivity 11 6.3 Biomass estimation 12 6.4 Rotation 14 7 Schedule of activity 14 8 References 14 List of figures and tables Figures 1 Eucalyptus urophylla leaves 2 2 Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings 2 3 Two-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla plantation in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 2 4 Wood of Eucalyptus urophylla 3 5 One-year-old coppice rotation of Eucalyptus urophylla in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 4 6 Three-year-oldEucalyptus urophylla plantation in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 5 7 Growth in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam (Michailow’s growth function) 6 8 Growth in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam (Michailow’s growth function) 7 9 The average annual increase in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam 8 10 The average annual increase in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 9 11 Average stand volume and average annual increase in volume of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam 11 12 Average stand volume and the average annual increase in volume of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 12 13 Aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam 13 14 Aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla in different age classes in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 13 Tables 1 Growth in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam (age classes 1–5 years) 6 2 Growth in diameter and height of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam (age classes 1–6 years) 7 3 Productivity of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam 8 4 Productivity of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 10 5 Aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam 11 6 Aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla in sample plots in Phu Tho Province, Vietnam 12 7 Eucalyptus urophylla schedule of activity for smallholder industrial plantations in Binh Dinh and Phu Tho provinces, Vietnam 13 Preface Smallholders plant a wide range of tree species. In Institutions to Support Livelihood Security for Vietnam, much of the planting involves the use of Smallholders Involved in Industrial Tree-Planting fast-growing trees geared towards the production Programmes in Vietnam and Indonesia’, a scheme of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry coordinated by the Centre for International Forestry and woodchips. The Vietnamese government is Research (CIFOR). This project is funded by carrying out a large scale ‘reforestation’ programme the Advisory Service on Agriculture Research for with the aim of improving local livelihood security, Development (BMZ/BEAF), through the German environmental sustainability and industrial wood agency for international cooperation, Gesellschaft supply. Smallholders are involved in plantation für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) for the timber production through various schemes. period 2008–2011. This manual brings together a wealth of information on Eucalyptus urophylla In general, smallholder plantations are successful S.T. Blake from several sources, with particular but farmers often lack the appropriate technical relevance to Vietnamese sites. However, in terms knowledge for efficient tree management. The of growth and yield aspect, data for this species is harvesting of forest products is usually the primary limited, particularly from smallholder plantations. management activity, with other practices being A concerted effort has been made to collect less frequently conducted. As a consequence, inventory data from the research sites in smallholder growth rates may be suboptimal. The productivity industrial plantations in Binh Dinh and Phu Tho of smallholder plantations can be improved by provinces, Vietnam. enhancing smallholders’ management knowledge and skills, including species selection (site matching), We believe this manual offers valuable assistance silvicultural management to produce high quality to smallholders and organisations involved in products, and pest and disease management. implementing tree planting programmes. This manual is one of a series of five produced as part of the research project ‘Strengthening Rural The authors Acknowledgements We would like to express our deep gratitude to for their great help in data collection. We thank Christoph Kleinn, Sebastian Schnell and Nguyen the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful The Dzung from the Institute of Forest Inventory comments, Ahmad Dermawan for his continuous and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, for support, Owen Elias for his careful editing and many their coordination of and contribution to field work others who have provided invaluable contributions and their scientific guidance. The administrative to the development of this manuscript. This and scientific support of Kerstin Wydra, Centre publication has been made possible through the for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and financial support from the Advisory Service on Forestry (CeTSAF) is gratefully acknowledged. Agriculture Research for Development (BMZ/ We also thank our colleagues from the Institute of BEAF), through the German agency for international Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University cooperation, Gesellschaft für Internationale of Göttingen, and the staff of the Silviculture Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Division at the Forest Science Institute of Vietnam 1. Introduction scale in Vietnam because they can grow well on degraded, unfertile soils, where it is very difficult The largest plantations of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. to establish other tree species. Moreover, Eucalyptus Blake occur in Brazil. In recent years, the popularity plantations have a short rotation in Vietnam (5–7 of planting this species has increased markedly in years) and return on investments is relatively fast. humid and subhumid tropical climates. These regions The wood from forest plantations can be used for the include areas such as parts of Brazil, Indonesia and production of goods for the large international and southern China (Eldridge et al. 1993). As the global domestic markets (Kien et al. 2009). population has increased and areas of native forest diminished, tree plantations and agroforestry have become an increasingly important source of timber, 2. Description of the species fuel-wood and raw materials for pulp and paper, particularly in developing countries. From these new 2.1 Taxonomy forests, species of the genus Eucalyptus are widely Botanical name: Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake used to provide wood products in regions where Family: Myrtaceae timber and other tree products are scarce. The total Subfamily: Myrtoideae global area of Eucalyptus plantations in the year 2000 Vernacular/common names: was nearly 18 million ha, mainly located in China, Bach dan Urophylla (Vietnam); Timor white gum, India, South Africa, South America and southeast Timor mountain gum (United Kingdom); Popo, Asia (FAO 2000). Ampupu (Indonesia); Palavao Preto (Portuguese), Eucalipto (Brazil) (Jøker 2004). For nearly 20 years, Eucalyptus species have been important for plantations in Vietnam at elevations 2.2 Morphological characteristics below 800 m, where they are grown to produce pulpwood and poles for construction. The total Eucalyptus urophylla can reach heights of 45–55 m area of Eucalyptus plantations in Vietnam in 2001 and is evergreen. In unfavourable environments it was 348 000 ha, which represents about 30% of grows as a gnarled shrub, though its bole is usually the country’s total plantation area (MARD 2002). straight. The bark varies depending on available Eucalyptus urophylla was introduced to Vietnam in moisture and altitude but is usually persistent, the 1980s (Tai 1994) and it has been widely planted smooth and subfibrous, reddish brown to brown since the early 1990s. It has performed well on sites in colour, with shallow, close longitudinal fissures. with reasonably deep soils in central and northern Sometimes, however, it may appear rough, Vietnam, and also in parts of the central highlands especially at the base of the trunk. Juvenile leaves are where elevation is below 900 m (Kha et al. 2003). subopposite, whilst the stalks are broadly lanceolate The total area of Eucalyptus urophylla plantation, and and discolourous, and measure 10–15 cm × 5–8 its interspecific hybrids, was about 200 000 ha at the cm.
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