DOCSLIB.ORG

SEBARAN DAN KONSERVASI AMPUPU (Eucalyptus Urophylla S.T. BLAKE) DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Oleh : I Komang Sura

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SEBARAN DAN KONSERVASI AMPUPU (Eucalyptus Urophylla S.T. BLAKE) DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Oleh : I Komang Sura SEBARAN DAN KONSERVASI AMPUPU (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. BLAKE) DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Oleh : I Komang Surata Balai Penelitian Teknologi Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu, Mataram [email protected] ABSTRAK Ampupu (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) dikenal sebagai salah satu flora penyusun ekosistem hutan savana di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Maluku Tenggara Barat. Jenis ini mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi, yang dimanfaatkan untuk kayu pertukangan, industri pulp, kayu bakar, arang, dan minyak atsiri. Jenis ini termasuk pionir dan cepat tumbuh. Dewasa ini terjadi penurunan populasi dan sumberdaya genetik karena terjadi illegal logging, tekanan penduduk terhadap hutan untuk perladangan, kebakaran hutan, dan ternak lepas. Oleh karena itu maka perlu segera dilakukan upaya konservasi melalui perlindungan dan pengembangan budidaya. Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan ini maka perlu dukungan data sebaran populasi, genetik dan status konservasinya . Secara alami ampupu menyebar di 7 pulau : Flores, Timor, Weter, Adonara, Lomblem, Pantar dan Alor. Hasil uji provenan pada beberapa negara menunjukkan bahwa untuk penanaman dataran tinggi (> 1000 m dpl.) cocok menggunakan benih asal pulau Timor (G.Mutis), sedangkankan dataran rendah cocok menggunakan provenan dataran rendah (Flores,Wetar). Berdasarkan haplotypes kloroplast, migrasi gen dan diversitas genetik ampupu dikelompokkan menjadi 3 sebaran yaitu : Timor, Flores, dan Wetar. Status konservasi ampupu di 7 pulau tersebut bervariasi dari low risk‐ critically endangered. Untuk mengatasi status penurunan populasi dan genetik ini maka kegiatan yang perlu segera dilakukan adalah berupa perlindungan terhadap illegal logging, pengendalian perambah dan kebakaran hutan, dan pengembangan budidaya. Pengembangan penanaman budidaya disesuaikan dengan tujuannya a.l: perlindungan hutan untuk lingkungan, mempertahankan diversitas genetik dan populasi, serta pengembangan pada habitat alami dan di luar habitat. Kata kunci : ampupu, sebaran, genetik, konservasi PENDAHULUAN Ampupu (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman endemik yang sangat penting peranannya di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dan merupakan salah satu flora utama penyusun savana di daerah semiarid NTT dan Maluku Tenggara Barat. Jenis ini sangat potensial dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi yang dapat digunakan untuk : bahan bangunan, PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL BIODIVERSITAS SAVANA NUSA TENGGARA | 1 bahan baku pulp, minyak atsiri, dan pakan lebah (Surata, 2006). Daunnya memiliki kandungan minyak esensial: paecymene (76%), alpha‐pinene (7%) and gamma terpenene (4%), yang yang dipakai sebagai desinfektan untuk industri sabun dan farfum (Orwa et al. 2009) dan juga berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri, antivirus, analgesik, dan anti infeks (Suhendi, 2010). Pemanfaatan ampupu sebagai bahan baku pulp sangat menguntungkan karena termasuk fast growing species dan memiliki produksi yang tinggi serta cukup baik untuk produksi pulp. Pada umur 4‐7 tahun, kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan terbaik berdasarkan morfologi serat, komposisi kimia kayu, sifat optik, dan kekuatan pulp. Sedangkan pada umur > 7 tahun kualitasnya kurang baik karena menghasilkan noda pada lembaran pulp terutama untuk bahan baku pulp kertas, dan lebih baik digunakan untuk kayu pertukangan. Melihat nilai ekonominya cukup tinggi maka banyak negara yang melakukan eksplorasi di daerah sebaran alaminya di NTT untuk mencari provenan dan genetik yang baik untuk pemuliaan dalam rangka meningkatkan produktivitasnya. Sekitar 95‐97% bahan bahan baku pulp berasal dari kayu Eucalyptus (FAO, 2000). Ampupu adalah salah satu jenis kayu pulp dominan di dunia. Jenis ampupu merupakan bahan baku serat paling penting untuk industri pulp dan kertas terutama di negara‐negara Barat Daya Eropa (Portugal dan Spanyol), Amerika Selatan (Brasil dan Chile), Afrika Selatan, Jepang, dan negara lainnya (Dvorak Dvorak, Surata, Hodge,Payn, 2008). Di Brazil, hibrid ampupu telah ditanam secara besar‐besaran oleh perusahaan industri kayu Aranta Cruz seluas 500.000 ha untuk menghasilkan pulp. Tercatat produksi yang dihasilkan dari ampupu 20‐30 m3/ha/th, hasil uji provenan 50 m3/ha/th, hibrid antara E. Urophylla x E. Grandis 70‐100 m3/ha/th yang dapat dipanen pada umur 10 tahun (Priyor et al.1995). Disamping produktivitasnya yang tinggi Eucallyptus urophylla mempunyai beberapa kelebihan antara lain mampu tumbuh pada jenis tanah yang kurang subur/di lahan kritis, tahan terhadap kebakaran permukaan karena memiliki lignotube dan berkulit relatif tebal, sebagai tanaman pionir, kesesuaian tempat tumbuhnya cukup luas, dapat tumbuh di daerah beriklim kering, mampu berkembang biak dengan vegetatif, tahan terhadap hama penyakit, dan baik untuk pertumbuhan rumput/tanaman bawah (Turnbull and Brooker, 1978). Hal ini menyebabkan kayu ampupu merupakan salah satu jenis kayu yang sangat potensial untuk di kembangkan sebagai kayu ekonomi masa depan yang kebutuhannya semakin meningkat dan juga untuk rehabilitasi lahan. Dewasa ini terjadi kerusakan habitat alam ampupu pada sebaran alaminya karena illegal logging, tekanan penduduk untuk konversi hutan sebagai lahan pertanian. Kondisi ini akan mengakibatkan penurunan populasi dan sumber daya genetik. Akibat penurunan populasi ini maka dewasa ini status ampupu di Provinsi NTT sudah dimasukkan jenis yang low risk ‐ critically endangered (Pepe et 2 | PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL BIODIVERSITAS SAVANA NUSA TENGGARA al., 2004). Oleh karena itu, perlu segera dilakukan upaya konservasi populasi dan sumberdaya genetik. Konservasi adalah upaya untuk menjamin keberlangsungan keberadaan jenis, habitat dan komunitas biologis dan interaksi antar jenis dan jenis dengan ekosistem (Young et al., 2000). Upaya konservasi ampupu dewasa ini masih sangat terbatas dan belum banyak dilakukan. Secara umum untuk melakukan konservasi dapat dilakukan dengan strategi konservasi in situ dan eks situ berupa : perlindungan, pengembangan penanaman atau rehabilitasinya di daerah penyebaran alami dan penanaman di luar habitatanya. Diharapkan dengan upaya tersebut, jenis ampupu populasi dan sumberdaya genetik bisa dipertahankan dan bahkan meningkat, terutama untuk tujuan pemuliaan untuk mendapatkan benih ampupu yang berkualitas genetik baik dalam rangka peningkatan produktivitas pembangunan hutan tanaman. Dalam tulisan ini akan di sajikan: ekologi dan morfologi, sebaran populasi dan genetik, strategi konservasi, perlindungan, dan pengembangan untuk rehabilitasi hutan di NTT. EKOLOGI DAN MORFOLOGI Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake mempunyai banyak nama sesuai dengan sebaran ekologi di NTT. Berdasarkan sebaran ekologinya ampupu di Flores dinamakan palawan atau popoo, dan di pulau Timor disebut ampupu (Surata et al., 2004). Ampupu pertama kali diidentifikasi dinamakan Eucalyptus decaisneana (Blume) pada tahun 1849 (Eldrige et al., 1993). Sejak tahun 1977 dirubah menjadi Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake (Blake 1977). Jenis ini tumbuh baik pada elevasi dataran rendah sampai pada dataran tinggi di daerah pegunungan pada ketinggian 70 ‐3000 m (Pepe et al., 2004). Tegakan ampupu penyebarannya ada yang murni dan kadang‐kadang tumbuh bercampur dengan jenis lain, Pola penyebarannya tumbuhnya di hutan alam savana di daerah semiarid yang bercampur dengan E. alba Reinw. Ex Blume pada ketinggian 500‐600 m dpl. Terutama di pulau Flores, Wetar dan pulau‐pulau kecil lainnya, sedangkan di pulau Timor (Gunung Mutis) bercampur sampai pada ketinggian 1.500 m dpl (Surata, 2005). Sebagai penyusun utama hutan daerah savana semiarid Eucalyptus urophylla di NTT dan Maluku Tenggara Barat tumbuh secara alami di daerah yang mempunyai ketinggian tempat tumbuh yang berbeda‐beda. Ampupu di pulau Timor ditemukan pada ketinggian 3000 m dpl, dengan curah hujan tahunan 700‐2500 mm dan temperatur rata‐rata tahunan 24‐28°C, bervariasi musim kering pada 4‐8 musim keringa pad daerah moonson per tahun bervariasi di pulau Timor antara 1000–2960 m dpl, pulau Wetar 70–800 m dpl, pulau Flores dan beberapa pulau kecil 300–1100 m dpl dari permukaan laut. Suhu minimum dan maksimum tumbuh pada suhu 27–30 °C pada ketinggian 400 m dpl, dan menurun pada ketinggian 15–21 °C pada ketinggian 1900 m dpl di pulau Timor. PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL BIODIVERSITAS SAVANA NUSA TENGGARA | 3 Curah hujan tahunan rata‐rata 1300‐2000 mm/th dengan jumlah bulan kering 5‐8 bulan pada daerah keing curah hujan 600‐1500 mm dpl (Surata et al, 2004). Secara alami ampupu tumbuh pada jenis tanah mediteran, litosol, dan regosol di daerah berbahan induk vulkanik dan campuran dengan kapur, bahkan tumbuh sebagai tumbuhan pionir di daerah letusan gunung berapi (Pepe et al. 2004). Ampupu toleran terhadap tanah kurang subur, tekstur berbatu‐liat pada tanah kering (Surata, 2006). Tumbuh di daerah pegunungan pada daerah hutan menggugurkan daun dan hutan selalu hijau. Eucalyptus urophylla menghendaki cahaya sepanjang tahun (jenis intoleran), dan juga merupakan pohon yang tetap hijau sepanjang tahun Mengingat tidak memerlukan tempat tumbuh yang terlalu sfesifik maka jenis ini dapat tumbuh pada kondisi edafik yang luas, dan cukup baik terutama untuk penghutanan kembali baik pada tanah kering dan basah (Marten et al., 1975). Perkembangan penanaman ampupu sudah menyebar di beberapa negara dan hasilnya cukup baik seperti di Papua Nugini, China, Malesya, Thailand, Vietnam, Kamerun, Kongo, Gabon, Afrika Selatan, Madagaskar, Kosta Rika, Solomon, dan Mexiko. (Dvorak et al. 2008), dan dapat tumbuh baik di luar penyebaran dan dapat tumbuh pada zona iklim basah sampai iklim kering yaitu tipe hutan C, D, dan aE pad
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study on the Tissue Culture of Eucalyptus Urophylla X Eucalyptus Grandis
    SHENGJIAN MA et al: A STUDY ON THE TISSUE CULTURE OF EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA x EUCALYTUS … A Study on the Tissue Culture of Eucalyptus Urophylla x Eucalyptus Grandis Shengjian Ma, Chaoping Cai, Jinxiang Liu College of Life Science and Technology, Linnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guandong 524048, China Abstract — Eucalyptus Urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis is a hybrid variety with good adaptation to Gangdong provincial area, China and elite wood quality and fast growth speed. Callus induction, shoot organogenesis and plantlet regeneration from leaves, buds and stem segments explants of Eucalyptus Urophylla x Eucalyptus Grandis’s aseptic seedling were studied and reported in this paper. The optimum tissue culture conditions were established by the comparative experiments of different concentration combinations of many growth regulators as follows: i) callus induction medium: MS+1~2mg/L2,4-D; ii) shoot proliferation culture medium: MS+0.5mg/L6-BA; iii) rooting culture medium: 1/2MS+2.0mg/LNAA. Keywords - Eucalyptus Urophylla; tissue culture; plantlet regeneration I. INTRODUCTION was sterilized at 121 ºC for 20 min and the pH was adjusted to5.8-6.0. Vitamin C was sterilized by filtration using a Eucalypt is the most widely planted forest species in membrane with 0.22 µm pore diameter before combining tropical and subtropical regions in the world[1,2], and it is the into the medium. The explants were incubated at 25 ± 2 ºC most important forest tree in China, covering more than in darkness for a couple of weeks until calli appear. three million hectares of commercial plantations[3], and the plantation areas are increasing about 0.1 million hectares C.
    [Show full text]
  • Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed Eucalyptus Forests of Different Tree Species in a Typhoon-Prone Area
    Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed Eucalyptus Forests of Different tree Species in a Typhoon-prone Area Haiyan Deng South China Agricultural University Linlin Shen South China Agricultural University Jiaqi Yang South China Agricultural University Xiaoyong Mo ( [email protected] ) South China Agricultural University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-1499 Research Keywords: Mixed forest,Preservation rate,Stability,Stemform,Non-spatial structure Posted Date: February 3rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-160935/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1 of 29 1 Stand stability of pure and mixed eucalyptus forests of different tree 2 species in a typhoon-prone area 3 Haiyan Deng, Linlin Shen, Jiaqi Yang, Xiaoyong Mo* 4 5 Full names and email addresses: 6 Haiyan Deng, [email protected], South China Agricultural University. 7 Linlin Shen, [email protected], South China Agricultural University. 8 Jiaqi Yang, [email protected], South China Agricultural University. 9 Xiaoyong Mo (Corresponding author), [email protected], South China Agricultural University. 10 11 Abstract 12 Background: Stable stand structure of mixed plantations is the basis of giving full play to forest ecological 13 function and benefit, and the pure Eucalyptus plantations with large-area and successive planting have 14 presented to be unstable and vulnerable in typhoon-prone area. In this study, we investigated eight 30 m × 15 30 m plots randomly in pure and mixed eucalyptus forests on growth status, characterized and compared 16 the distribution of non-spatial structure of mixtures with that of mono-species plantation, and evaluated 17 the stand quality and stability from eight indexes including preservation rate, stand density, height, 18 diameter, stem form, degree of slant, tree species composition and age structure, so as to find out the best 19 mixed composition and pattern of eucalyptus and other tree species in typhoon-prone area.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees for Farm Forestry: 22 Promising Species
    Forestry and Forest Products Natural Heritage Trust Helping Communities Helping Australia TREES FOR FARM FORESTRY: 22 PROMISING SPECIES Forestry and Forest Products TREES FOR FARM FORESTRY: Natural Heritage 22 PROMISING SPECIES Trust Helping Communities Helping Australia A report for the RIRDC/ Land & Water Australia/ FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program Revised and Edited by Bronwyn Clarke, Ian McLeod and Tim Vercoe March 2009 i © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 821 0 ISSN 1440-6845 Trees for Farm Forestry: 22 promising species Publication No. 09/015 Project No. CSF-56A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Worldwide Activities in Tree Improvement for Eucalyptus Grandis, Eucalyptus Urophlla And
    A REVIEW OF THE WORLDWIDE ACTIVITIES IN TREE IMPROVEMENT FOR Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla AND THE HYBRID UROGRANDIS Dr. J.A. Wright Abstract:--The most commonly utilized hardwood plantation species for pulp and paper production are Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla and their hybrid, urograndis. These species have been developed in a large number of countries due to their rapid growth in areas that receive more than 700 mm of rainfall and that have little or no frost. In addition, the species produce seed in a number of locations when planted as exotics and can be cloned using rooted cuttings. Their adequate wood properties mainly for pulp and paper but also for lumber have made them highly desirable and relatively well researched compared to the many hundreds of other eucalypt species. This paper is a review of the worldwide activities in tree improvement with Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla and their hybrid, urograndis. Keywords: tree improvement strategy, cloning, seed production, plantation development, gene conservation INTRODUCTION The native range of Eucalyptus grandis includes the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia with a range of south latitude from 18 to 33 degrees, a range of altitude from sea level to 1100 m, and a range of annual precipitation from 690 to 2480 (Eldridge et al., 1993). In the native range E. grandis receives very few frosts and this affects the areas where the species can be planted. For E. urophylla the native range includes a number of islands in Indonesia of which the most important are Wetar, Timor, Flores, Adonara, Pantar, Alor and Lomblen.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Classification of Eucalyptus Urophylla Eucalyptus Grandis Plantations in China
    Article Site Classification of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis Plantations in China Haifei Lu , Jianmin Xu *, Guangyou Li and Wangshu Liu Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (W.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-0973-0753 Received: 23 May 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 10 August 2020 Abstract: Background and Objectives: It is important to match species needs with site conditions for sustainable forestry. In Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis plantations in southern Yunnan, × China, species-site mismatches have led to inappropriate expansion and management, which has degraded forests and decreased efficiency in plantation production. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between tree growth and site productivity. We empirically explored site features and classified site types within these plantations in southern Yunnan. Our objective was to develop a theoretical basis for improving site selection for afforestation, and to establish intensive management in that region. Materials and Methods: 130 standard plots were set up in 1 15-year-old eucalyptus plantations in Pu’er and Lincang. We used quantification theory to examine − the relationship between dominant tree growth traits and site factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis and canonical correlation analysis were applied to classify sites and evaluate the growth potential of E. urophylla E. grandis plantations, respectively. Results: The multiple correlation coefficient between × eight site factors (altitude, slope, slope position, aspect, soil depth, texture, bulk density, and litter thickness) and the quantitative growth of the dominant tree was 0.834 (p < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Eucalyptus Urophylla
    Eucalyptus urophylla (Timor mountain gum, Timor white gum) -- Answer Score FLORIDA 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to FL climates (USDA hardiness zones; 0-low, 1-intermediate, 2- 2 high) 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with an average of 11-60 inches of annual y 1 precipitation 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 0 3.03 Weed of agriculture n 0 3.04 Environmental weed n 0 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic ? 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals n -1 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 1 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle ? 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). y 1 North & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets ? 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015
    21-24 October,2015 | Zhanjiang, Guangdong, CHINA Scientific cultivation and green development to enhance the sustainability of eucalypt plantations Abstracts IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015 October 2015 IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015 Sponsorer Host Organizer Co-organizer 金光集团 PART Ⅰ Oral Presentations Current Situation and Development of Eucalyptus Research in China 1 Management of Forest Plantations under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in a Perspective of Climate Change 2 Eucalypts, Carbon Mitigation and Water 3 Effects of Forest Policy on Plantation Development 4 Nutrient Management of Eucalypt Plantations in Southern China 5 Quality Planning for Silviculture Operations Involving Eucalyptus Culture in Brazil 6 Eucahydro: Predicting Eucalyptus Genotypes Performance under Contrasting Water Availability Conditions Using Ecophysiological and Genomic Tools 7 Transpiration, Canopy Characteristics and Wood Growth Influenced by Spacing in Three Highly Productive Eucalyptus Clones 8 Challenges to Site Management During Large-scale Transition from Acacia mangium to Eucalyptus pellita in Short Rotation Forestry on Mineral Soils in Sumatra, Indonesia 9 Operational Issues in Growing Eucalyptus in South East Asia: Lessons in Cooperation 10 Nutrition Studies on Eucalyptus pellita in the Wet Tropics 11 Sustainable Agroforestry Model for Eucalypts Grown as Pulp Wood Tree on Farm Lands in India–An ITC Initiative 12 Adaptability and Performance of Industrial Eucalypt Provenances at Different Ecological Zones of Iran 13 Nutrient Management of Eucalyptus pellita
    [Show full text]
  • Scientia Forestalis Pruning Effect in Eucalyptus Grandis X Eucalyptus
    Scientia Forestalis Pruning effect in Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clone growth Efeito da desrama no crescimento de clone de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho¹, Blas Mola-Yudego², José Ramón González-Olabarria³ e José Roberto Soares Scolforo¹ Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o nível de desrama que não afeta o crescimento da árvore, aumentan- do a produção de madeira livre de nós com apenas uma aplicação de desrama na idade de 1,3 anos. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Aracruz, estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. As intensidades de desrama testadas foram: 40%, 55%, 70% e 85% da altura total da árvore desramada, bem como uma testemunha não desramada. Os resultados obtidos três anos após a desrama mostraram que é possível atingir até 70% da altura da árvore desramada (altura desramada média de 7,3 m) em uma única operação sem afetar o tamanho das 700 árvores com maior diâmetro por hectare. Desramas de alta intensidade (85%) resultaram em efeitos negativos no crescimento. Desramas de baixa intensidade (40%) apresenta- ram efeito moderado no crescimento, possivelmente devido à exposição aos efeitos negativos da remoção de área foliar sem se beneficiar dos efeitos positivos nas características do dossel. Por fim, este trabalho discute diferentes regimes de desbaste e sua implicação no regime de desrama. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem contribuir para melhorar o manejo de plantios de espécies de rápido crescimento para produção de madeira sólida. Palavras-chave: modelos de crescimento e produção; manejo florestal; plantios de rápido crescimento; madeira livre de nós; remoção de área foliar.
    [Show full text]
  • EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS X EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA) in RESPONSE to FOLIAR and SOIL FERTILIZATION Scientia Agraria, Vol
    Scientia Agraria ISSN: 1519-1125 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brasil Rodrigues de Melo, Thadeu; Antonangelo, João Arthur; de Carvalho Delalibera, Gabriel; Firmano, Ruan Francisco; de Freitas Fregonezi, Gustavo Adolfo; Ribeiro Barzan, Renan INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUCALYPTUS CLONE I144 (EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS X EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA) IN RESPONSE TO FOLIAR AND SOIL FERTILIZATION Scientia Agraria, vol. 18, núm. 4, octubre-diciembre, 2017, pp. 114-120 Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99554928015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative REVISTA SCIENTIA AGRARIA Versão On-line ISSN 1983-2443 Versão Impressa ISSN 1519-1125 SA vol. 18 n°. 4 Curitiba Out/Dez 2017 p. 114-120 INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUCALYPTUS CLONE I144 (EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS X EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA) IN RESPONSE TO FOLIAR AND SOIL FERTILIZATION Desenvolvimento inicial de eucalipto clone I144 (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) em resposta à fertilização foliar e de solo Thadeu Rodrigues de Melo1, João Arthur Antonangelo2; Gabriel de Carvalho Delalibera3; Ruan Francisco Firmano4*; Gustavo Adolfo de Freitas Fregonezi5; Renan Ribeiro Barzan1 1PhD candidate; Agronomy Department, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil - [email protected];, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 5 Molecular Genetic Diversity of E. Urophylla
    ABSTRACT PAYN, KITT GARNET. Molecular Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of the Commercially Important Tropical Forest Tree Species Eucalyptus urophylla. (Under the direction of William S. Dvorak.) Eucalyptus urophylla is an economically important plantation tree species in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Its natural distribution is limited to a series of populations on seven islands of the Sunda archipelago in eastern Indonesia. The largest populations are found on the islands of Timor and Wetar, whereas smaller populations occur on the islands of Alor, Pantar, Lomblen, Adonara and Flores. Of concern is the depletion in the species’ genetic resource, primarily on the latter five islands, as a consequence of land conversion to agriculture. Proficient management of the E. urophylla genetic resource, with respect to both conservation and breeding programs, requires a good understanding of the level of genetic diversity and population genetic structure across the species’ native range. This may be achieved through the application of DNA marker techniques that measure genetic diversity at different levels (e.g. organellar vs. nuclear, or genome-wide vs. gene locus). Historical events such as range expansion and genetic bottlenecks can leave an imprint on contemporary levels of genetic diversity. Therefore, the geographical distribution of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in E. urophylla was studied to gain insight into its historical seed migration routes along the island archipelago. Chloroplast DNA sequence data were obtained from 198 plants broadly representing the native range of the species. Twenty haplotypes were identified. A moderate to high level of chloroplast genetic differentiation (GST = 0.581, NST = 0.724) and significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST; P < 0.01) were observed, suggesting low levels of recurrent seed-mediated gene flow among the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Structure Through Three Cycles of a Eucalyptus Urophylla S.T.Blake Breeding Program
    Article Genetic Diversity and Structure through Three Cycles of a Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake Breeding Program Wanhong Lu 1, Roger J. Arnold 1,* ID , Lei Zhang 2 and Jianzhong Luo 1 1 China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 30 Mid Renmin Dadao, Zhanjiang 524022, China; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Forest Science Institute, Dongmen State Forest Farm, Fusui 532108, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-158-1170-6013 Received: 17 April 2018; Accepted: 15 June 2018; Published: 21 June 2018 Abstract: Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake is an important commercial tropical plantation species worldwide. In China, a breeding program for this species has progressed through three cycles but genetic diversity and structure in the breeding populations are uncertain. A sampling of field trials from these populations was carried out to evaluate their genetic diversity and structure using 16 microsatellite loci. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were recorded at all 16 loci in the populations. Overall expected and observed heterozygosity (He and Ho) estimates of 0.87 and 0.59 respectively for the first cycle population, and 0.88 and 0.60 respectively for the third cycle population, revealed reasonably high levels of genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) revealed low differentiation among pairs of provenances (from the species’ native range) comprising the first cycle population (range: 0.012–0.108), and AMOVA results showed that the majority of molecular genetic variation existed among individuals rather than among provenances for the first cycle population and among individuals rather than among field trial sources in the third cycle population.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eucalypts of Northern Australia: an Assessment of the Conservation Status of Taxa and Communities
    The Eucalypts of Northern Australia: An Assessment of the Conservation Status of Taxa and Communities A report to the Environment Centre Northern Territory April 2014 Donald C. Franklin1,3 and Noel D. Preece2,3,4 All photographs are by Don Franklin. Cover photos: Main photo: Savanna of Scarlet-flowered Yellowjacket (Eucalyptus phoenicea; also known as Scarlet Gum) on elevated sandstone near Timber Creek, Northern Territory. Insets: left – Scarlet-flowered Yellowjacket (Eucalyptus phoenicea), foliage and flowers centre – reservation status of eucalypt communities right – savanna of Variable-barked Bloodwood (Corymbia dichromophloia) in foreground against a background of sandstone outcrops, Keep River National Park, Northern Territory Contact details: 1 Ecological Communications, 24 Broadway, Herberton, Qld 4887, Australia 2 Biome5 Pty Ltd, PO Box 1200, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia 3 Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia 4 Centre for Tropical Environmental & Sustainability Science (TESS) & School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia Copyright © Donald C. Franklin, Noel D. Preece & Environment Centre NT, 2014. This document may be circulated singly and privately for the purpose of education and research. All other reproduction should occur only with permission from the copyright holders. For permissions and other communications about this project, contact Don Franklin, Ecological Communications, 24 Broadway, Herberton, Qld 4887 Australia, email [email protected], phone +61 (0)7 4096 3404. Suggested citation Franklin DC & Preece ND. 2014. The Eucalypts of Northern Australia: An Assessment of the Conservation Status of Taxa and Communities. A report to Kimberley to Cape and the Environment Centre NT, April 2014.
    [Show full text]