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Vincent Doix 2013 Memoire.Pdf Université de Montréal Les difficultés d’application du droit international au conflit du Haut-Karabagh : effectivités et causes géopolitiques Par Vincent DOIX Faculté de Droit Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit international, option recherche Directrice de mémoire : Madame le professeur Suzanne LALONDE Septembre 2012 © Vincent Doix, 2012 Résumé Conflit présenté comme gelé, la guerre du Haut-Karabagh n’en est pas moins réelle, s’inscrivant dans une géopolitique régionale complexe et passionnante, nécessitant de s’intéresser à l’histoire des peuples de la région, à l’histoire des conquêtes et politiques menées concomitamment. Comprendre les raisons de ce conflit situé aux limites de l’Europe et de l’Asie, comprendre les enjeux en cause, que se soit la problématique énergétique ou l’importance stratégique de la région du Caucase à la fois pour la Russie mais également pour les Etats-Unis ou l’Union Européenne ; autant de réflexions que soulève cette recherche. Au delà, c’est l’influence réciproque du droit international et du politique qui sera prise en compte, notamment concernant l’échec des négociations actuelles. Les difficultés d’application du droit international à ce conflit sui generis se situent à plusieurs niveaux ; sur le statut de la région principalement, mais également sur les mécanismes de sanctions et de réparations devant s’appliquer aux crimes sur les personnes et les biens et qui se heurtent à la classification difficile du conflit. Mots clés Arménie, Azerbaïdjan, Caucase, conflit, droit à l’autodétermination, droit international, énergie, Haut-Karabagh, intégrité territoriale, minorités, droit international humanitaire. Abstract The Nagorno-Karabagh conflict, often described as frozen, reveals the certainty of a war encompassed in complex regional geopolitics. To understand this complexity, one must look closer to the history of peoples, of conquests and of ruling politics over this region. Not only are to be understood the energy issues, but also the strategic importance regarding the interests of Russia, the United States or the European Union. Here is the purpose of this research. Also, the relationship between international law and politics is of a particular importance, especially regarding the difficulties of the current negotiations. The difficulties in regard of the application of international law to this sui generis conflict are to be seen at different levels; concerning the statute of the province, as well as the mechanisms of sanctions and compensations that must be applied over crimes on people and goods, facing the issue of the definition of this conflict. Key words Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, conflict, energy, international law, Nagorno-Karabagh, right to self-determination, territorial integrity, minorities, international humanitarian law. Légende AG : Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies CE : Commission Européenne CEDH : Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme CIJ : Cour Internationale de Justice CPI : Cour Pénale Internationale CPJI : Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale MAEE : Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et Européennes ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies OSCE : Organisation pour la sécurité et la Coopération en Europe OTAN : Organisation du Traité Atlantique Nord UE : Union Européenne (EU en anglais) URSS : Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques Sommaire Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. i I] Le conflit du Haut-Karabagh, au statut sui generis, est né de l’ensemble géopolitique complexe du Caucase et son règlement se heurte à des négociations internationales stériles ......................... 1 A] L’historique géopolitique complexe du conflit du Haut-Karabagh ainsi que son caractère particulier freinent les négociations actuelles ................................................................................. 1 1) L’histoire profonde du conflit du Haut-Karabagh révèle le jeu stratégique des puissances de la région et marque l’impuissance de la communauté internationale ................................................. 1 i. Le conflit du Haut-Karabagh, un conflit né d’une certaine histoire .......................................... 1 ii. Les négociations du conflit du Haut-Karabagh ........................................................................ 9 2) Le difficile règlement du conflit du Haut-Karabagh et l’impuissance de la communauté internationale provient de son caractère sui generis. ..................................................................... 16 i. La classification du conflit du Haut-Karabagh en conflit interne ou international ................. 16 ii. Les limites de l’application du droit international humanitaire au conflit ............................. 20 B] Le conflit du Haut-Karabagh est marqué par de nombreuses atteintes aux droits de l’Homme, tant en ce qui concerne les personnes que les biens .................................................... 25 1) Le conflit du Haut-Karabagh est marqué par de nombreuses atteintes aux personnes et aux biens dénoncées par diverses organisations non gouvernementales .............................................. 25 i. Les conséquences humaines du conflit ................................................................................... 25 ii. Les atteintes au patrimoine culturel ....................................................................................... 32 2) La protection offerte par le doit international humanitaire et les droits de l’Homme se heurte à l’impossibilité d’une application concrète au conflit du Haut-Karabagh ...................................... 37 i. L’application des mécanismes de sanctions réparations du droit international ...................... 37 ii. Face au nécessaire processus de judiciarisation, les mécanismes de sanctions réparations sont enrayés ........................................................................................................................................... 41 II. L’application du droit international pour la définition du statut du Haut-Karabagh se heurte à des limites juridiques aux réalités géopolitiques ............................................................................ 47 A. La résolution du conflit du Haut-Karabagh met en œuvre une opposition entre deux principes du droit international, le principe d’autodétermination et le principe d’intégrité territoriale ........................................................................................................................................ 47 1) La détermination du statut du Haut-Karabagh oppose deux droits dont l’existence ne peut être jugée qu’en fonction de la situation de facto ................................................................................. 47 i. L’existence politico-légale du Haut-Karabagh née d’un certain droit à l’autodétermination . 47 ii. La difficile sauvegarde de l’intégrité territoriale de l’Azerbaïdjan face à la situation de fait 55 2) L’application du droit international au statut du Haut-Karabagh .............................................. 62 i. La question du statut du Haut-Karabagh repose sur l’appréciation du niveau d’indépendance actuel .............................................................................................................................................. 62 ii. Le statut du Haut-Karabagh s’exprime à travers certaines effectivités .................................. 68 B] Les enjeux géopolitiques afférents au conflit opposant l’Arménie à l’Azerbaïdjan : le Caucase au cœur d’une nouvelle « guerre froide » ....................................................................... 77 1) La problématique de l’énergie dans l’agenda des grandes puissances confronte certains intérêts stratégiques et économiques ............................................................................................. 77 i. Présentation du contexte énergétique ...................................................................................... 77 ii. Les intérêts américains et russes en question ......................................................................... 86 2) Les limites à l’affirmation d’un jeu russo-américain dans la crise du Haut-Karabagh ......... 93 i. Des limites factuelles de l’influence russe dans le Haut-Karabagh ........................................ 94 ii. L’utilisation par Erevan et Baku du conflit du Haut-Karabagh à des fins nationalistes ......... 99 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 106 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................. 118 Annexe 1 : Cartes ................................................................................................................ i A. Les républiques autonomes du Caucase .......................................................................................... i B. Les conflits du Caucase .................................................................................................................... ii C. Les ethnies du Caucase .................................................................................................................. iii D. Le jeu de contrebalancement des minorités en œuvre ................................................................. iv E. La problématique énergétique dans
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