Peak Efficiency at All Eight Mainstem Federal Dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers.”

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Peak Efficiency at All Eight Mainstem Federal Dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers.” Effects of Turbine Operating Efficiency on Smolt Passage Survival John R. Skalski University of Washington and Dilip Mathur Normandeau Associates History of Presentation • Turbine Passage Survival Workshop, Portland, Oregon, 14-15 June 2000 • Skalski, Mathur, and Heisey, 2002, North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22:1193-2000 • New input from 2002 McNary Dam studies, US Army Corps of Engineers Purpose of Talk Review of existing data on relationships between smolt survival and turbine operating efficiency using: 1. Bell (1981) report 2. Analyses of planned experiments – Lower Granite Dam 1995 – Wanapum Dam 1996 – Rocky Reach Dam 1997 – Bonneville Dam 2000 – McNary Dam 2002 3. Meta-analysis across multiple projects Background 1994 Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program 5.6D.1 “Operate turbine units within 1 percent of peak operating efficiency from April through August of each year, and especially during peak migration periods.” Background (con’t) 1995 FCRPS Biological Opinion (IV) • “Improvement in the operational control of turbine units, allowing operation within one percent of peak efficiency at all eight mainstem federal dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers.” • “Turbine survival is directly related to turbine efficiency.” • “ . But the precise benefits of increased turbine efficiency . are unknown.” Background (con’t) 2000 FCRPS Final Biological Opinion Action 58: “The Corps and BPA . shall operate all turbine units at FCRPS dams for optimum fish passage survival. The Corps and BPA will operate turbines within 1% of peak efficiency during juvenile and adult migration seasons . .” 10.5.1.8 Monitor Turbine Efficiency “The BPA and the Corps shall provide an annual summary report detailing compliance with the 1% peak efficiency turbine operation guideline . .” Historical Information Bell (1981) Report Big Cliff Dam Study (1964, 1966) Evaluated Kaplan turbine unit • 6 blades • 164 rpm • Head at 90 ft Study design • Release at 1 location Fish • Chinook salmon (mean length 101 mm) Bell (1981) Kaplan Turbine at Big Cliff Dam Regression Year Efficiency Range r 2 P-value 1964 32.5% - 96% 0.254 0.017* 1966 32.5% - 96% 0.020 0.258 Combined 32.5% - 96% 0.112 0.003* Survival vs. Efficiency Plot Big Cliff (1964 and 1966) Sˆ Efficiency Bell (1981) “There does not seem to be a smooth ascending and descending curve following the efficiency line of the turbines as might have been expected.” “The data offer some support, however, . the best points of machine efficiency should give the best points of fish passage survival.” Bell (1981) •Did not actually measure turbine efficiency – Instead used % wicket-gate opening as surrogate •Hence, no actual data on efficiency-survival relationship Site-Specific Studies Columbia Basin • Lower Granite, 1995 • Wanapum, 1996 • Rocky Reach, 1997 • Bonneville, 2000 • McNary, 2002 Lower Granite Dam Study (1995) Evaluated turbine unit 4 •Kaplan • 6 blades •90 rpm • Head at 98 ft Study design • 3 turbine operating levels – Low end of +1% –Normal +1% – Cavitation mode • 1 mid-release location Fish • Spring chinook salmon (mean length 150 mm) Survival Plot: Lower Granite Dam (1995) Peak efficiency 1.00 0.99 l 0.98 a v i 0.97 v r u 0.96 S d 0.95 te a 0.94 m 0.93 ti s E 0.92 0.91 0.90 130001350014000 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 Discharge (cfs) Wanapum Dam Study (1996) Evaluated turbine unit 9 • Kaplan with adjustable blades • 5 blades • 87.5 rpm • Head at 74.5 ft Study design • 4 turbine operating levels • 2 release locations – 10 ft and 30 ft below intake ceiling Fish • Coho salmon (mean length 154 mm) Survival Plot: Wanapum Dam 10 Feet 30 Feet Efficiency Peak efficiency 0.99 99% l a 0.97 97% v i v cy r 0.95 95% en Su 0.93 93% ci d fi e f t a 0.91 91% E m % i t 0.89 89% Es 0.87 87% 0.85 85% 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 17000 Discharge (cfs) Rocky Reach Dam Study (1997) Evaluated turbine unit •Kaplan • 6 blades •90 rpm • Head at 92 ft Study design • 3 turbine operating levels • 2 release locations – 10 ft and 30 ft below intake ceiling Fish • Spring chinook salmon (mean length 184 mm) Survival Plot: Rocky Reach Dam Peak efficiency 10 Feet 30 Feet Efficiency 1 95% 0.99 94% l a 0.98 v i v 93% cy r 0.97 u en S ci i d 0.96 92% f f te a 0.95 E m 91% % ti s 0.94 E 90% 0.93 0.92 89% 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Discharge (cfs) Bonneville Dam Study (2000) Evaluated turbine unit 5 • Kaplan with adjustable blades • 5 blades •75 rpm • Head at 57 ft Study design • 4 turbine operating levels • 3 release locations – Hub, Tip, and Mid-blade Fish • Spring chinook salmon (mean length 155 mm) Survival Plot: Bonneville Dam (2000) Tip Mid Efficiency Peak efficiency 1.00 90% 0.99 90% l a 0.98 89% iv y v 0.97 c r 0.96 89% en Su ci d 0.95 88% i f e f t a 0.94 88% E m % i 0.93 t 87% Es 0.92 0.91 87% 0.90 86% 5000 6200 7000 9000 1050011000 12000 13000 Discharge (cfs) Survival Plot: Bonneville Dam (2000) Hub Efficiency Peak efficiency 1.02 90% l 90% a 1.00 v i 89% v r 0.98 cy u 89% n e S ci d 0.96 88% fi e f t a 88% 0.94 E m % i t 87% Es 0.92 87% 0.90 86% 5000 6200 7000 9000 1050011000 12000 13000 Discharge (cfs) McNary Dam Study (2002) Evaluated turbine unit 9 • Kaplan with adjustable blades • Six blades • 85.7 rpm • Head at 75 ft Study design • 4 turbine operating levels in April • 2 levels repeated in May • 1 release location below screen Fish • Spring chinook salmon (mean length 155 mm April, 140 mm May) Survival Plot: McNary Dam (2000) April May Efficiency Peak Efficiency 1.00 1.00 l a v 0.98 i 0.95 v r cy u 0.96 S en d 0.90 ci i te f 0.94 f a E m ti 0.85 s 0.92 E 0.90 0.80 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Discharge (Kcfs) Multi-Project Analysis Across Country • Meta-analysis across: − 51 trials − 17 turbine units − 13 projects • All Kaplan turbines Multi-Project Analysis • Assess correlation between turbine passage survival and – Efficiency – Mean length – Number of blades – Speed (rpm) –Head – Strike probability Results of Regression Analysis Factor P-Value r 2 Efficiency 0.2933 0.0298 Mean Length 0.0149* 0.1173 No. of Blades 0.2498 0.0275 Speed 0.1021 0.0547 Head 0.2412 0.0285 Strike Probability 0.0157* 0.1157 Scatterplot: Survival vs. Efficiency non-salmonid salmonid 102 100 98 l a v i 96 v r 94 Su d te 92 a m ti 90 Es 88 2 86 r = 0.0311 84 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% % Efficiency Conclusions • Bell (1981): Did not measure turbine efficiency despite wide-spread interpretation • Lower Granite (1995): Peak survival ≠ peak efficiency • Wanapum (1996): Peak survival ≠ peak efficiency • Rocky Reach (1997): Peak survival ≠ peak efficiency • Bonneville (2000): Possible peak efficiency relationship • McNary (2002): Peak survival ≠ peak efficiency – In 8 of 10 curves, peak survival not at peak efficiency • Meta-analysis: No efficiency relationship, r2 = 0.030 Conclusions (cont’d) • Turbine efficiency curves for Kaplans have broad shallow shapes –+1% rule encompasses wide range of discharges – Range generally includes maximum survival • Peak survival usually not at peak efficiency • Difference between: Peak Survival and Up to 3.2% Survival at Peak Efficiency Conclusions (cont’d) • Potential benefits from operating turbines at peak survival • Rule needs to be examined for new generation of turbines.
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