Chicago-Kent Law Review
Volume 90 Issue 3 Juries and Lay Participation: American Article 11 Perspectives and Global Trends
6-23-2015
Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals
Sanja Kutnjak Ivković Michigan State University
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Recommended Citation Sanja K. Ivković, Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals, 90 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1031 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol90/iss3/11
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 132 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ and Law Ǣ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Manage Ȅ Ǧ Enhancing Internation and The Ȍ Ǧ ȋǦ Criminology Ǣ International Strategies Justice: Cornell Corruption Ǣ Criminology Police ǡ Ǧ ȗ Law of ǡ Police and ǡ Ǥ Reclaiming Ȍ ȋǤ ǤǤǡ ȋ ʹͲͳͳǢ Ǧ Law * Journal
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supra Formal TRIBUNALS as
Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ “Thinking ͻ͵ Ƭ MIXED IN about Tribunals ȋ ǡ JUDGES ͻͳ Critically See ǡ Ǧ LAY Mixed ǡ and B. Ǥ Ǥ Thinking ͵ǡͷͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ͵ǡͷʹǤ
supra Ƭ ǡ ͻǡʹʹͷǤǡǦ ͻͶ Ǧ Ǥ supra Ǣǡ See Id. id. supra ͳͲǦʹ ǡ
See ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥdzǡ ͻͶǤ ʹͲͲͳDzȏȐ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Dzǡdz Dz Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ͲͶȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ͻʹǤ ͻͳǤ Ǥǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ Dz Ǥdz ǡ ǦǤ Ǥǡ Ǣ Dz ǤʹͲͳʹȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ͻ͵Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 138 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ͳͲͳ Ǥ Ǧ ͳͲͶ ȌȋǤȌǤ ͻͷ ͻ ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͻ Ǧ REVIEW ͳͲʹ LAW KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ CHICAGO Ǧ ǡ ȋ ͻǡʹʹͻǤ ͻͺ ͳͲ͵ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ supra ǡ ǯ Ǣ Ǧ ǡ ͳͲͲ ͻͻ « ʹͻȂͺǤ «ʹͻʹǤ «͵ͳͷǤ «͵ͳǤ «͵ʹʹǤ « ͵͵ͻȂͶͶǤ «͵ͶͶǤ «ͳͳǤ Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. subsequently ͳͲǦʹ ǯ ͳͻͻ͵ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡǤ Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ǧ Dz dzȌǡ ǯDz Ǥdz ͻͷǤ ǡ ͻǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,ʹͺǤ«ȋ ͻǤ ͳͲͶͶ ǤǤǤȏȐ Ǥdz ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǯǡǡ ǡǡǤ Ǥǡ Ǥ ͻͺǤ ͻͻǤ ͳͲͲǤ ͳͲͳǤ ͳͲʹǤ ͳͲ͵Ǥ ͳͲͶǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 138 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ǯ ǡ ǡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ͺ͵Ǣ ȋǤǤǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ͳͲͻ Ǧ supra ǡ Ȍǡ ͳͳͻǡ ͳʹͶ ȋ Process Groups ͳͲͷ ͳͲͶͷ Organizing characteristics Status ǣ TRIBUNALS Heterogeneous Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ status ͳͲͺ as MIXED ͳͲ IN
specific ȌǤ ǡ Ǧ ȋ in ǡ JUDGES Tribunals ͳͲ LAY ͺ͵Ǥ ͺ͵ǢǤǡ Status Mixed supra supra ǡ ͺͷǡʹͳʹȂͳͷǤ Ǥǡ C. Cues characteristics supra Ǧ Ǥ Status status Id. Id. Id. ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ͳͳͲ diffuse Ǥ ǯ Ǧ Ȅ Ȅ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǦǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǤ ǡ Ȅǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧǡ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲͷǤ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǢȋȌǤ Ǥ Ƭ ǤǤǡͳͻͻͶȌǤ ȋǤǤǡ ͳͲǤ ͳͲͺǤ Ǥǡ ͳͲǤ ǡ ͳͲͻǤ ͳͳͲǤ Ǥ ǡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 139 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͳͳʹ REVIEW LAW KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ ͵Ǥ CHICAGO ǡ ǡͳͷͶǤ ȋ ͳͳͳ supra supra Ǥ ǡ Ǧ * Ǧ hoc ad ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǯ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧǡǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͳʹǤ Ǧ ǡ ǡǡǡ Ǥǡ ǦǤ ͳͳͳǤ ͳͲͶ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ ȋ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 139 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ͳͲͶ ͳͷͶǡ ͳͷͶ ȋͳͻͺʹȌ ȋ Ǥ Ǥ TRIBUNALS Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǥ Ǥ MIXED IN ǡ ͵Ͳ ȋ JUDGES Review LAY ȋ Ƭ ǤǡͳͻͻȌȌǤ Book Ǧ Ǥ ͳͳ͵ ͳͲǦʹ Ǥ Dzdz Ǥ Ǧǡ ǡ ǡǦ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ Ǣ ȌǢ ǡ Ǥ ǤǡǡǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͳ͵Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 140 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ hypothesis ʹ͵ͷȂͲȋͳͻȌǤ salience ȌȋǤȌǤ ͳͳͶ Ǧ ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͳͳ ͳͳͺ REVIEW LAW ȋȌ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ CHICAGO ȋ Ǥ ͳͳͲǡͳʹͷǤ ǡ supra ͳͳͷ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͳ Id. Id ͳͲǦʹ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ DzdzȄ Ǣ Ǥ Ǥ ǦǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͳǤ ͳͳͶǤ ͳͻͻǤ,ͶͲǤȋ ͳͳͷǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͲͶͺ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͳͳͺǤ ͳͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 140 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ ȌǤ Ǧ ǡ ͳͲͶͻ TRIBUNALS Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ MIXED IN ǯ ȋ JUDGES hypothesis LAY hypothesis hypothesis proof of ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ͳͳͻ ͳʹͲ Ǧ Ǥ translation aggregation burden Ǥ ǤͳʹǤ Ǥ ǡ Id Id Id ͳʹͳ ͳͲǦʹ ǯǤ ͳͳͻǤ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǡ ȋǤǤǡ ǦȌǡ ȋǤǤǡ ȌǤ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧǡ ǯ ǯ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǣ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ ȋǤǤǡ Ȅ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳʹͲǤ ͳʹͳǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 141 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ ǯ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ȋǤǤ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǡǦ ͳʹʹ
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Ǧ Ǧ of Ǧ An Interactive ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹ ǡ ͳ͵ͳ ͳʹͶ Ǥ Ǧ Nonverbal
The ͳͶ Quality Status: ǡ ʹ ǤǤͶͻȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ in ǡ and ǡ and Bold: ͳʹͷ ͶͲ͵ǡͶͲͶȋͳͻͷȌǤ Study Ǥ ͳʹͺ Groups Cues Ǥ Being ʹͳ Ǥ Quantity Jury Further Ǥ ͳͲͷͳ of A ǡͶͶ From Ǥǡ Mock Nonverbal in Effect also Persuasion, see The Benefits in ͺ͵ǡͶͺʹȂͺ͵Ǥ TRIBUNALS Differences Strategies: Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Influence ͳͳ͵ȋͳͻͷȌǢƬǦ Who supra ǡ MIXED on Power ǡ Variable a IN or ǡͳͳ Ǥ as Process
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Conversational ǤͻͷͷǡͻͷͺȋͳͻͺͷȌǢ Ability JUDGES Triads: ǡʹʹͳǤ Loudness LAY Characteristics Ǥ Ǥ Dyadic Organizing and Ƭ in supra ǡ ͳͳͲǤ Leadership Status ǡͻͲ of Status Dyads and in supra ǡ * Ǥ ͳ͵Ͳ ʹ͵ͷǡʹ͵ȋ ǤǤǤǡͳͻͻȌǤ Cues Differences Ratings Ǧ Ǥ Approach on Control Task of States ͳͲǦʹ
Individual Interaction Effects ͳʹǤ Ǥǡ ȋͳͻͶȌǤ ͳ͵ͳǤ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͳʹͻǤ ǤƬ Ǥǡ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳʹͶǤ Ǥ Ƭ Ǧǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǡ ǡ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͳ͵ͲǤ Ǥ ǡ ͳʹͷǤ ǡ Paraverbal Dzdz ǡ ǡǡǤ ǡ ͳʹǤ ǡ ͳʹͺǤ Ǥǡ Ƭǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ tation 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 142 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ͳ͵ʹ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ǡ Processes ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǦ ͳ͵ͷ Cognitive ǣ Ǧ Structural ǡǦ ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͳ͵ ͳʹͻǤ Ǥ Perception: supra REVIEW ȋǤǤǡǦ ͳ͵Ͷ ǯ LAW Influence ǤʹͶʹǡʹͷͲȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ Roles Ǥ Ǥ Work CHICAGO generally ȋͳͻͺȌǤ ͳ͵͵ ȋ How ͺ͵Ǥ ǡͷͲ see Ǥ supra Ǥǡ ͳʹʹǤ ͳʹʹǢƬǡ Behavior Ǧ supra supra ʹͶǡ ʹͶ ȋͳͻͺȌǢ Id. Ǥ ͳͲǦʹ ǡ Organizational ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ ͳ͵ͶǤ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ Dzdz ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ Ȍ ǣ ǡ ǡ ȋ ǡ Ȍǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͲͷʹ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǦǢǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳ͵ʹǤ ǡ ͳ͵ͷǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ and 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 142 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ in ʹ ǯ Ͷ͵ Ǧ ǣ supra daljeg ǡ China’s gradja ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ praksi, ͳ͵ͻ e * Ǧ Ǧ © ǯ Ǧ Ǥ Assessors eš « pravci Ǧ U ʹǢǡ Ǧ Tribunals Lay sudskoj ǡ ʹ ʹͳ u dalji ͶʹǢ i © supra ͳ͵ͳͷ ȋͳͻͺͶȌ ȋǤȌ Mixed supra Vojvodine mogu ǡ i ©Ǧ©ǡ ͶʹǢ©ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ porotnika SAP Contemporary ͳͲͷ͵ ǡ of Ǥ supra sudija e ʹͲǢ ǡ ostvarivanja sudovima ͷͷǢ TRIBUNALS Interviews ǡ ͵ͺ supra osobenosti ǡ ȋ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ višim i Ǣ ©ǡ ͵ǢƬ ǡ supra i and ǡ obilježja MIXED sudjenju supra IN Odlike ǡ supra , Surveys Ƭ nom Ǥ « Osnovna Participation ȋ opštinskim * JUDGES ͳ͵ u Lay krivi
System: u ʹ͵ǡͷȂͷͺǤ LAY ǯ Ǥ ͶʹǢǡ funkcije ǡ supra Justice ͶʹǢ Exploring e.g. supra gradjana the
ͳ͵ͺ sudske in supra ǡ in ǡ ͷͷǢ©Ǧ©ǡ generally Ǧ Ǥ Y ǡ See Courts sudjelovanja supra ͳͲǦʹ ͷͷǢ ©ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡǡ ǡ ͳͶͲ ͺǢǡ ͶͺȋͳͻͺͷȌȋǤȌȏ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌȐǢ ostvarivanju ͶǢ ©ǡ Participation u razvoja Ǥ ǡ ȋǤǤǡ Ǥ Ȍǡ ȋǤǤǡ ȌǤ Ǥ note ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ supra Lay Chinese ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ ͳ͵ͺǤ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȏ©ȋͳͻͺͶȌȐǤ ͳ͵ͻǤ ͳͶͲǤ ©ǡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌȋǤȌȏ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌȐǢ ǡ supra ǡ ǡǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ na 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 143 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ supra Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ͳͶͷ ͳͶͶ ǡͳͺǢǡ ȏͻͲǣ͵ Preparations supra Trial REVIEW and LAW KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ Tribunals ͷ͵ǡͳͲʹǤ ȄǦ CHICAGO ͶʹǤ ͳͶͳ ͷͷǤ supra ȋ supra Mixed Ǧ ͳ͵ǡͻͳǢ ©ǡ Ǥ supra ǡͷͷͻǤ A. ǡ ͳͶ͵ Ǧ supra ͳͶʹ supra , Ǧ Ƭ ǡ See ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͺǡͳͺʹǤ ͳͶͷǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͶͶǤ ǯ Ǥ Ƭ, Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ȌǤ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ȌǤ ͳͶͳǤ Ƭǡ ͳͲͷͶ ͳͶʹǤ ǡ ͳͶ͵Ǥ ȋȌǤ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ƭ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 143 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ͳͶͻ ͳ͵ͺǢǦ ͳͷͶ ͳ͵ͺǤ ͳͶͺ supra supra ǡ ͳͶ ͳͲͷͷ ǡǦ ͺǡͳͺͶǤ ͳͷʹ supra TRIBUNALS Ǧ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ ͳͷͳ MIXED IN ͳ͵ͺǢ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ ͳ͵ͺǡͶͶȋ ͳ͵ͺǢ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ ȋ ͷ͵ǡͳͲͶǤ JUDGES supra supra ʹǡͶͷͶǢǡ supra ǡ͵͵͵Ȃ͵ͺǤ ǡʹͻȂͻͻǤ LAY ǡǦ supra supra ͳͷ͵ ͳͷͷ supra supra ǡ ǡ ͷʹǡͳͲͳǤ ͳͶ ͳ͵ͺǤ * * supra ǡ ǡ ǡ supra e.g. Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ Id Id. See, ©Ǧ© ͳͲǦʹ ͳͷͲ ǯȌǤ ͳͶͻǤ ©ȋͳͻͺͶȌǡ ͳͶͺǤ ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ ͳͷͲǤ ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ ͳͷͳǤ ͳͷͷǤ ͳͶǤ ©Ǧ©ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ Ǥ ǯǡǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͳͶǤ ʹͲͳͷȐ Ǥ ͳͷʹǤ Ǥ ͳͷͶǤ ͳͷ͵Ǥ Ƭǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡȄ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ ǯǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 144 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ ǢDz Ǧ ǡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ͳͷͻ ͳͷͺ ͳͷ ȌȋǤȌǤ ȌȋǤȌǤ Trials ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͳͷ perceived and ȏȐ REVIEW LAW crime Tribunals KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ ͳʹ Ǧ ͳͻͻ͵Ǧ after Mixed ͷ͵ǡͳͲͶǤ economic ǡ Ǧ CHICAGO B. ǡʹͻͻȂ͵ͲͲǤ ͳͳ supra ȋ ͳ͵ǡͻͶȋȌǤ supra Ǥ ǡ note ͵ǡͷʹǤ * Ǧ supra supra Ǥ Id ͳͲ ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ȋȌ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǢȄ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ ǣ Ǥ Ǥdz ͳʹǤ Ƭǡ ͳͳǤ ǡ ͳͲǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,ʹͻʹǤ«ȋ ǡ ȀǤ DzdzǢ Ǥ ͳͷǤ ͳͲͷ Ǥ Ǣ ǢǢ ǡ Ǣ ǢǤ ǡ Ǥ ͳͷǤ ǡ ͳͷͺǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,͵ͳͷǤ«ȋ ͳͷͻǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 144 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ͳͶ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ ǯ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ͳ͵ ͳ ͳͲͷ Deliberations ǡ Ǧ ͳ TRIBUNALS and Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ MIXED ͳͷ IN ͳͻ Tribunals ȋ JUDGES ǡʹͶͷȂͷͲǤ LAY Mixed ͻǡʹ͵ͳǤ C. supra supra ͺǡͳͺͷǤ ͳͺ * ǡͷʹǡͳͲͷǤ supra Ǧ Ǥ Id. Id. Id. ͳͲǦʹ ǡ Þ ȌǤ ȋ ǡ ǡ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ȁ ƲǤ ȋǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ͳͶǤ ǡȄǤdz ǢDz ͳ͵Ǥ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǢǦ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ DzdzDzǤdz ͳͷǤ Dz dz Dz Ǥdz Ǧ Ǥ ǡǣ ͳǤ ǡ ͳǤ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͺǤ ǡ ͳͻǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 145 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ ǣ ͳ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ͳ Ǧ ͳͷ ͺǡͳͺǤ supra ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͷ͵ǡͳͲǤ REVIEW supra ͳͲ LAW ͻǡʹ͵ͳǤ ͳͶ ͳ͵ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ supra Ǧ ǡ͵ͺ͵Ǥ ͳͻ ǡ͵ͺ͵Ǥ ǡ͵ͷǢǡ supra ǡ supra supra CHICAGO ǡ ǡ͵ͻͶȂͻͺǤ ȋ * * * supra Ǥ ǡ ͺǡͳͺǤ ͳͺǢ Ƭǡ ͵ͷǢǡ ͵ǡͷ͵Ǥ * id. supra supra ǡ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǥǡ ͳͺ supra e.g. e.g e.g ͶͳȂͳͺǤ ǤͳͺǢ Ǥ Ǥ Id. See, Id Id See, See, ͳͳ ͳͲǦʹ Ǧ ͳʹ ǡ Ǥ ͳǤ ͳͷǤ ǡ ͳͶǤ ǡ ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͺǤ ͳʹǤ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ ͳͲͷͺ Ǥ Ǥ ǣDzǡ ǡǡ Ǥdz ͳͻǤ ǡ Ǥ ͳͳǤ ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ DzȏȐ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȏȐǤdz 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 145 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ǡ ǯ Ǧ ͳͺʹ Ǥ * Ǧ ǡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ ͳͺͶ ǡ ǯ ͳͺ͵ Ͷ͵Ǣ Ǥ ǡǦ supra ͳͲͷͻ ǡ ͳͺ ͷ͵ǡͳͲǤ ͳͺͷ ͳͺͻ TRIBUNALS supra ǡ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ MIXED ͳʹͷǤ IN Id. Ǧ ȋ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ JUDGES ͳͺͺ Id ͶʹǡͳͺǢ Ǥǡ ͳͺͳ ͶʹǡͳͺͻǤ ͳ͵ͻǡͳ͵Ǥ Ƭ LAY ͷͷǡͺͷǤ supra supra supra supra ʹǡͶʹǤ ǡ ͺǡͳͻ͵Ǥ ͳͺǢ Ƭǡ supra , supra supra Ƭ ͳͺ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ Id Id. ͳͻȋǡ Ƭ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳͲǦʹ ǡͺͲΨ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡͶʹͲȂʹͶǤ ͳͺͲ ͳͺ͵Ǥ ǡ ͳͺͶǤ ͳͺͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǣͻͲΨ Dz dzDzǤdz Dz dzDzǤdz ǣ ͳͺǤ ǡ ͳͺͷǤ Ǥ ǡǤ ǦǤ ͳͺͻǤ ͳͺͺǤ Ƭ ǡ ͳͺͲǤ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ͳǤͶΨ Ǥ ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ supra ͳͺʹǤ ͲΨ, ǡ ǡ ȋȌǤ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 146 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ȏͻͲǣ͵ ͳͻ͵ REVIEW Ǧ LAW ͳͻͶ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ ͶͻǡͶǤ ǡ CHICAGO ǡͶʹͲǤ supra ͳͻʹ ȋ ǡ ͳͻͲ supra ͳͻͷ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻ ͶʹǡͶͺǤ ͳͺǡ͵ͳͶǤ ͳͺǡ͵ͳͶǤ ͳͻͳ ͵ǡͷʹǤ """ *
supra supra supra Ǧ Ƭ supra ͶͺͺǤ Id. ͳͲǦʹ ǡ DzȏȐ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǣ ȋǮ ǦǯȌ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻ͵Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͶǤ ǡ ͳͻͷǤ dzDzǤdz ǡDz ͳͻͳǤ ǡ ͳͻʹǤ Ǥ Ǥ Dz dz ǣ ͳͻͲǤ ͳͲͲ ǣ ǡ ͳͻǤ ǡ ͳǦ͵Ψ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͻͷΨǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥdz 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 146 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ǡ and Ǧ Ǧ ǯ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ ǣ Legal Ǧ supra A ʹͲͳ Courts: Contribution Criminal ͳͲͳ Overall Polish the Judges’ ǡͷʹǡͳͳǢǡ in TRIBUNALS Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Lay Judges MIXED the ǡǦ IN ǤͳͻͺǡʹͲ͵ȋͳͻͶȂͳͻͷȌǤ Lay ǯ ʹͲͲ ͳͻ Ǧ
and ȋ Ǥ ͳͻͻ JUDGES Ǥ ͶʹǡͳǤ LAY ͷͷǡͺͷǢ Ǥ supra ͳͻͺ supra ʹǡͶ͵Ǥ Tribunals ǡ ͳ͵ǡͳͲͳǤ ǡ supra , supra Ƭ Mixed Ǧ Ǥ D. Description ͳͲǦʹ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ȅ ǡ Ȅ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ͳͻͺǤ ǡ ͳͻͻǤ ǡ Ǥ ǣ Ǥ ͳͶǡʹͺͳǤ ʹͲͲǤ ǡ ʹͲͳǤ ǡ ǡ ¡¡¡ǯ ȋ ͳͻǤ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǦǤ Empirical Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 147 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 nom « dz ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ ʹͲͶ Ǧ krivi Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ našem u porotnika ȏͻͲǣ͵ sudaca REVIEW LAW ʹͲ sudjelovanju o ͳͲͲȂͲͳǤ , KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ ʹͲͺ ͶͻǡͷͶȂͷͷǤ ͶͻǡͷͺǤ ͳͺʹ CHICAGO razmišljanja supra supra ͷͷǤ ȋ ǡ ǡ ͲͷȋͳͻͺȌǤ supra ǡǡ ǡ Neka ʹͲ͵ ʹͲͳǡʹͲʹǤ ʹͲͳǡʹͲ͵ȂͲͶǤ Ǥ supra ǡ Ǧ ǡ ʹͲ supra supra """ """ Ƭ ,
Ǧ Ƭ Ƭ Ƭ e ʹͲʹ ǡͶͲ ͳͲǦʹ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ ʹͲͷ ȌǤ ȋ ʹͲͶǤ ǡ ʹͲͺǤ ǡ Ǥǡ ʹͲǤ Ǥ Dzdz ȋ Ȍǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲ͵Ǥ ǡ ʹͲǤ ǡ ʹͲͷǤ ʹͲʹǤ ͳͲʹ ȌǤ Dz DzǤdzǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ postupku ǣ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 147 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ ʹͳʹ Ǧ ǫ supra ǡ ǡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ supra ʹͲΨ ʹͳͶ ʹͳ͵ Ǥ Participation supra Lay ǡ * ͳͲ͵ Exploring ͷͷǢ Ƭǡ TRIBUNALS supra Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ generally MIXED see IN ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ ȋ ʹͳͳ ͷͷǢ JUDGES ͺͷ * ʹͲͻ ǡͶͶͻǢ ©ǡ LAY ͷͷǡͻͶǤ supra
supra ʹͲͳǡʹͲʹǤ Ǥ ǡ supra ʹǡͶͶǤ ǡ ͶʹǢ ͳͺǡ͵ͳͷǤ supra supra * , supra supra ǡ Ƭ Ǧ Ǥ DzȏȐǦ ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ʹͳͲ ʹͳ͵Ǥ ͷ͵ͳͳͲǢ©ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ ǡ ͷͲΨ Ǥ ʹͳͶǤ ǡ ʹͲǤ ʹͳͳǤ ǡ ʹͳʹǤ ǡ ʹͲͻǤ ʹͲͳͷȐ ʹͳͲǤ ǡ ȏ Ȑ DzȏȐ Ǯ ǡǯ Ǯǯ Ǥdz Ǥdz ͻͲΨ, Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 148 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ ǫ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ͶʹͳǢ Ǧ ʹͳͷ supra ǡ * ǡͶʹͳǤ ǡ͵ͳ͵Ȃͳͻǡ͵ͻͶȂͻͺǢǦ ȏͻͲǣ͵ supra ǡ supra ǡ REVIEW * * LAW KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ Ͷͻǡ ͵ȂͳǢ CHICAGO supra ǡ ȋ Ǥ ͶʹǡͳͷͶǤ ͷ͵ǡͳͲͶǤ """ supra
supra ǡͷʹǡͳͲͶǢ ǡͷʹ͵ͶȂͶǢ Ǧ Ƭ ʹͳ ǡ ʹͳ ͳͲǦʹ Ǧ ʹͳǤ ǡ ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǣ Ǥǡǯ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǫ ǡ ǡ ǦȋȌǤ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡȌ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ȌǤ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ʹͳͷǤ ͳͲͶ ȋȌǡ Ƭǡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 148 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ and ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ʹʹʹ dz ͷ͵ǡͳͲǤ supra ʹʹͷ ǡͶͶǤ ͳͲͷ ʹʹ͵ ʹͳͺ supra ͳͻȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ ǡ ʹͲǡͷͳʹǤ
* supra TRIBUNALS ǡ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ MIXED ǣ IN DzǦ Participation ȋ ʹʹͲ
Lay ͷͷǡͺͷǢ ͷ͵Ǥ JUDGES ͵ǡʹͻͲǤ ͵Ǥ ͶʹǡͳͺͻǢ Ƭǡ LAY note supra Ǣ supra supra supra ʹʹͳ Exploring supra ǡ ʹʹͶ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ʹͳͻ Ǥ Id . ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǫ ʹʹͲ ǡ Ǧ ǡDz ǡ Ǥdz ͵ͲΨ ǡ ǦDz ǡ ǡ dz ȋʹΨȌ DzǤ ʹͳͻǤ Ǧ ǡ DzdzDz dzǡ ʹͳͺǤ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǡ Ǥ ǫ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ʹʹͶǤ ©ǡ dzǡ Dzdz Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ʹʹͳǤ Ƭǡ ʹʹʹǤ Ǧ ǡ ʹʹ͵Ǥ ʹʹͷǤ Ƭ,ǡ ǡ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 149 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ ǣ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ʹʹ ǯǤ Ǧ ʹʹ ȏͻͲǣ͵ REVIEW LAW ʹ͵Ͳ ʹʹͻ ʹʹͺ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ CHICAGO ǡ͵Ͷǡ͵͵ǡ͵ͻͷǤ ǡ͵͵ͶǤ ȋ supra supra Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͷʹǡͻʹǤ * * supra
ǡ Ǧ ͵͵ͺǤ Ͷͳ͵Ǥ Id. Id. ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋȌ ʹ͵ͲǤ ʹʹǤ ʹʹͻǤ ǯ ǫ Ȁ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ ȌǢ Ǥǡ ǡ Ȁ Ǥ ǫ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǫ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ʹʹǤ ͳͲ ǡ ʹʹͺǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǫ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 149 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 150 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Ǧ Decision Ǧ Ȍ Ǧ Ǧ Legal in Gender ͳͲ Judge’s of Role TRIBUNALS The Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǥͳ͵ͳǡͳͷͲȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ Ǥ ʹ͵ʹ MIXED Matter: Ǥ IN ǯ ȋ Gender JUDGES ǡʹ͵ Does LAY Tribunals ͳͳ͵Ǥ Mixed supra ʹ͵ͳ Ǧ Ǥ Croatian by ͳͲǦʹ ǡ ǡ ǫ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǫ ǫ Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋȌǤ ʹ͵ʹǤ ǡ ǫǫ ȋ Ȍȋ ǯ ȋ ǡ ȌǤ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ Making ʹ͵ͳǤ ©ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 150 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 150 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 150 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 150 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 150 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3