Chicago-Kent Law Review

Volume 90 Issue 3 and Lay Participation: American Article 11 Perspectives and Global Trends

6-23-2015

Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay in Mixed Tribunals

Sanja Kutnjak Ivković Michigan State University

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Recommended Citation Sanja K. Ivković, Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals, 90 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1031 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol90/iss3/11

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 132 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ   and Law  ƒŽ•Ǣ ‹ƒŽ•  –‹‘ †‰‡• ‹–‹‘ ‡‘’Ž‡ ‡† ‹ ͳʹǣʹ͵  ‡ ƒŽ•‘ Manage ‘” –Š‡  ”‹‡•†‘ —”›Ȅƒ ’”‘ ‡Ǧ Enhancing —•‡ ‘‡ „‘–Š–Š‡ Internation  –Š‡›ƒ› Š‡‡ƒ”‡ –Šƒ‘‡ and  The „‡”ˆ‡Ž†Ȍƒ† ‘Ǧ ȋšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”Ǧ Criminology  Ǣ International  Strategies Justice:   Cornell Corruption Ǣ  Criminology  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ”‹‹Ǧ  ȗ Law  of ƒ†‹‰ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ƒ†Žƒ™Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ Police   and —•–‹ ‡ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ Reclaiming  ™ƒ”‡Ȍƒ†ƒ†‘ –‘”ƒ–‡‹Žƒ™ȋǤ ǤǤǡ  ˆ ȋšˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡•• ʹͲͳͳǢ ‘Ǧ  Law   * Journal

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The ǯ  Ǥ   Ǥ    Ǧ      ǡ͹ʹ  Ǥ  › ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ‹ ƒ’ƒǡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› Š‹ƒǡ Dz–Š‡‡ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒˆdz‹Š‹ƒǡ   Ͷ  ʹ   ͳͲǦʹ ƒ› Œ—†‰‡• •‡”˜‹‰ ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„— ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‰”‘—’•‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡š’Ž‘”‡•‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ –„‡‰‹• Courts ǯ          Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Dz’—’’‡–•™‹–Š•–”‹‰•‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡dz‹ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ™Š‘–”›ƒ†ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ǤŽ‹‡–Š‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—”›ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ǡ™Š‘’”‡•‹†‡•‘˜‡” –”‹ƒŽ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Œ—”› †‡ ‹†‡• –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–ǯ• ‰—‹Ž–ǡ–”‹„—ƒŽ•Œ‘‹–Ž›ƒ‡–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‰—‹Ž–ƒ†•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡’”‡•‹†‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽǡ„—–ƒŽŽ‡„‡”• –”‹„—ƒŽƒ”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†—”‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ††‡ ‹•‹ ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‹•—‹“—‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ• Œ‘‹–†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰„›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȅ‰‹˜‡•’”‘ˆ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†Dz ‘””‡ –dz– ‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘„”‹‰– ”‘ƒ–‹ƒǤ  ͵Ǥ ‹Ž‹‰—‡ǡ —••‹ƒǡ   ͳǤ ”†‘ Šǡ  ͳͲ͵ʹ „‡‰—–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹ ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‘•‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡•ƒ”‡„—‹Ž–‘– –Šƒ‘‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ’ƒǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡŠƒ‹Žƒ†ȌǤ ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ ͷǤ  ͶǤ ƒŒƒ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ  ʹǤ –‡ˆƒ ƒ Š—”ƒǡ Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ™‹–Šƒ•Š‘”–‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•ƒ†•‹œ‡•‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹ ‘–‹—‡•™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•‰”‘—†‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–—• ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • –Š‡‘”› ƒ† –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ –ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•™‹–Š‡’‹”‹ ƒŽƒ••‡• ‡š–‡ –Š‡•‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹š‡ „—ƒŽ•‹‰Š–ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‡š’Ž‘”‡•ƒ˜‡—‡•ƒ†”‡ ‘ †ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ Mixed ͹ʹ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 132 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 132 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 133 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ͹ ‰ Is  ‹    –‘ ”‡ : ǡ ͹ʹ Žƒ™ –ƒ‹ ’ƒ”Ǧ    ‡ ‡•Ǧ –‹‰  ƒ ‡† –‘  ͳʹǣʹ͵ ŽŽ• ‘” —–‘”•ǡ  Rule ‘—”–• —†‰‡•ǯ  ʹʹͷǡ ʹͶ͵ ƒŽ†‘ Ǧ ‡•‹ŽŽ• ‡š’‡”–   ”˜‹‰ƒ• „—–‘–   Ǥ Ǥǡ ”ƒ ‡ǡ ǣ ͳͳ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ Majority  ‘—”†ǯ••‹•‡•        Ǥ to  the ͳͺͳǡͳͻͳȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ     Ǥ  and ǯ        ͷͷͻȂ͹͹ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ    Apartheid Ǥ   ͳͲ͵͵  ƒ† ‡”ƒ›Ǣ ǡ ͹ʹ  ͷͷͻǡ   ͳͲ from Innocence ǯ ͺ͹ǡͳͲͻȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ   Ǥ   of Ǥ  Norway   Africa  TRIBUNALS ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͻͳǤ ǡ͹ʹ    Ǥ       ȌǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ in     Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ  Ǥ ͳͶ  ‘–‡Ͷǡƒ–͸͸Ǥ    supra  South ǯ    MIXED    ǡ   Presumption ǯ in     IN  supra   in ǡ   The ǡ͹ʹ   *

Participation ȋ ǡ͹ʹ   JUDGES   Lay  Tribunals ͳͷ  LAY   Participation   Procedure? Participation   ‘”‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ȌǤ Lay Danish ͻ Mixed  ͳ͵ ‘–‡ʹǡƒ–Ͷͷ͵Ǣ‡””‘ǡ   Lay  ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͻͳǤ  ‹ Š‡Ž‘‹‡—ǡ ͸ The ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͷǤ supra ʹ͹͵ǡʹ͹ͺȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ  supra Adversarial  Ǥ ‘”™ƒ› supra for generally generally  ͺ  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š    ‡ƒ”ǡ   See See Ǥ ͳʹ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ Ready    . ͳͲǦʹ ‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ ƒ•‡‹™Š‹ ŠŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ›„‡”‡“—‹”‡† –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ›”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡••‡”˜‹ Ž‹‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ™Š‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‹ŽŽ‡† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ͹   ǯ    France “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ †‡‰”‡‡ ‹‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘” ™‘—Ž† ’ƒ”‡ ƒ‡–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǣ–Š‡›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹••—‡ ƒ† ™‘—Ž† „‡†‡ ‹†‡•— Š ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡†‹• —••‹‰™Š›Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ–Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ ‡”–ƒ‹•‹ŽŽ•ǡƒŽ–‡”‡””‘‘–‡†–Šƒ–Dz‡†— ƒ–‹˜ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‹ —’„”‹‰‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡•ƒ”›‹Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥdz  ƒ•‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–• ƒ› „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‡‡– ‡”  ͳͶǤ ‹Ž–‘ ‡Ž‹‰•‘ǡ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ  ͳͲǤ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ  ͳͳǤ ƒ Š—”ƒǡ  ͳʹǤ —‡ǡ ͳ͵Ǥ ‡–‡” ƒ”†‡ǡ  ͸Ǥ  ʹͲͳͷȐ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹–‹œ‡ƒ†Dz ‘””‡ –dz–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ ”‘—–‹‹œ‡†˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‹ƒǡ  ‡”ƒ›ǡ  ͳͷǤ ‡””‘ǡ  ͺǤ ƒŽ–‡”‡””‘ǡ Šƒ˜‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘” ”‹‡•Ǥ‘”™ƒ›ǯ•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‡ •‹ŽŽ• ƒ”‡ ™Š‹–‡Ǧ ‘ŽŽƒ” ‘” ‡ ‘‘  ͻǤ •„ŒÞ” –”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ

‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‘ǦŽ‡‰ƒŽ •‹ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‹ Žƒ™ǡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹–‹œ‡ǤŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ›‘”‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ –‘ „‡ ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Šƒƒ–›’‹ ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡‹•ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•‡˜‡ƒ‡–Š‹•‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‹–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ —‡–•Ǣ –Š‡› ’”‘Š‹„‹– ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Šƒ– Žƒ™ǡ •— Š ”‡“—‹ ƒ• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•ǡƒ––‘”‡›•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡˆ”‘•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ ’”‘•‡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 133 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 133 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 133 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37    Ǧ Ž – Ǧ ‡   ͵ͳ͵ǡ ‘Ǧ  – ‘” –‡ šƒǦ Judges, Ǥ  –Š‡  ͳʹǣʹ͵  Œ—†‰‡ Decision ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ Historical  ‘—”–• ‡••‹‘Ǧ –™‘Žƒ›   šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Œ—†‰‡•  ‘–Š‡•‡Ǧ  the   Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ  Legal on Ž•‹ƒ ‘—Ǧ  ‡•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š  –Š‡‹†Ǧ    ͳͷͻǡͳͷͻȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ in ʹͳ  Professional   ǯ  Ǥ Ǥͷͷǡ͸Ͳ      Ǥ  Reflections  ǡ͹ʹ Ǥ  Croatian   

 Ǥ  Do Participation   ǯ  Ͷʹͻǡ Ͷ͵ʹȂ͵͵ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”   ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ Courts:  .   Lay Ǥ ͳ͵   Introduction   ”ƒ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š—–‹Ž‹œ‡•‹š‡† ǯ  ǡ͹ʹ Mixed  ͳͺ REVIEW Tribunals:   

to View?    Short ͳ͸  A LAW Exploring   Mixed Same Structure     Ȍǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒ ‡–‡ the ȐǤ KENT  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ  ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒ– –”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–• ‹ „‘–Š About Court  Sweden:   ͳ͹ Ȍǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡŠƒ†Ž‹‰‘”‡•‡”‹‘—• ǡ ͶͲ   Compurgators  ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹͶͶǤ in  Share    and ͳͻ   –Š‡‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡–Š‡’‡ƒŽ–›’”‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡ CHICAGO  From supra Law ʹͲ   Judges Participation   Tribunals ȋ  Amtsgericht Š‡•ƒ‡•‹œ‡–”‹„—ƒŽȄ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ Attorneys  Lay Lay ʹ͵   Ǥ ƒŒƒ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ ‘–‡͹ǡƒ–ͷͷͻǤ Landgericht Evidence Mixed   ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺʹǤ  ‘–‡ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͻͳǤ Private    supra from  supra  ǡ–”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ Exploring Ǧ  supra  and Finnish   generally  e.g. of     ”‘ƒ–‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ ‘—”–•›•–‡™‹–Š–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹œ‡•‘ˆ‹š‡†  ʹʹ See See, Id. Lessons   . ͳͲǦʹ Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘•‹ ‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǯ ‘—”–•›•–‡•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„— Attorneys,  ʹͲ ‹ƒ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡•†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ ”‘•• ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡ ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ‹•Š–”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡’”‘ˆ ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†–™‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ  ͳ͹Ǥ  ƒ”†‡ǡ  ͳͺǤ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹‡•‡ǡ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†–™‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȅ–”‹‡• ƒ•‡•ƒ––Š‡‹††Ž‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ȋ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ȍ ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ’—‹•Š‡– ‹• „‡–™‡‡ Development ͵ͳͶȋʹͲͲͳȌǢ ‡‹‹‹ŠŽƒŒƒ¡‹ǡ ƒŽ•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‹œ‡•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡•‹œ‡•‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒ –”›˜ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•‹ƒ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†– •‡”‹‘—•‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǣ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†–™‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ‘—–•‡–‡ ‡•‘ˆ—’–‘ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹’”‹•‘‡–ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„— •–ƒ–—–‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ‡„‡”•Ǥ ‘”‡ ’Ž‡ǡ ‡”ƒ›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ––™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘—”–•Ǥ Ž‘™‡•–ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘—”–• ȋ  ͳͻǤ ‘‹‡—ǡ   ͳ͸Ǥ  ͳͲ͵Ͷ –Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–™‹–Šƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ƒ’’‘‹–‡š’‡” ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ•‡•‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹‡•Ǥ –”‹„—ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–•‡”‹‘—• ƒ•‡•ȋˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹’”‹•‘‡ ‘”‡Ȍǡ Šƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†‹‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ȅ–Š”‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒ –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ –Š‡Ž‘™‡•–ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘—”–•ȋ†‹•–”‹ – ‘—”–•Ȍǡ‘ˆˆ‡• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ’—‹•Š‡– ‹• „‡–™‡‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ†‡–ƒ”‡–”‹‡†„›ƒ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǯ ‹’”‹• ƒ†–™‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ ‹Žƒ†ƒ†™‡†‡ƒ”‡•‘‡™Šƒ–Žƒ”‰‡”Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†–Š”‡‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ  ʹͳǤ ‡””‘ǡ ʹʹǤ  †Ž‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘—”–•ȋ ˆ‡Ž‘‹‡•ǡƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ† Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ State  ʹ͵Ǥ ƒŒƒ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ Making: 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 133 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 133 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 134 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37  › ›  ʹͷ ƒŽ   ˆ Ǥ ͵͵ ƒ’Ǧ ȌǤ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Œ—†‰Ǧ  ‡–‘ˆ †‡ ƒ’Ǧ  ‘—”–• „—ƒŽ•Ǣ ‡ƒ” –Š‡–”‹Ǧ ‡–‡†‹ ‡ƒ’’‡ŽǦ ‹• ‘Ǧ ‹‹Žƒ”Ǧ —ƒŽ•Žƒ› ‡—Ǧ ›ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ͵Ͳ Ž‹‡•ƒ‘”‡  ʹ͸ Revision Landgericht –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡  ͳͲ͵ͷ ʹͻ ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹʹͷǤ supra TRIBUNALS  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺͺǤ ‘–‡Ͷǡƒ–͸ͷǤ •–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ’—Ǧ MIXED   supra  ǯ•†‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡™–”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡Ž† ʹͶ IN  supra  Ȍƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•‘Žƒ™‘Ž›ȋ ǡ    ȋ  ͵ͳ JUDGES  ‡”ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•  ͵ʹ Tribunals ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡ ‘—”–Ǥ  –Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡  LAY Berufung Amtsgericht ‘–‡͹ǡƒ–ͷͷͻǢ–”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ Mixed  ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹œ‡• ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǢ‡””‘ǡ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺͺǤ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺʹǤ supra ‘–‡ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͻͳǤ ʹͺ ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǤ supra supra supra supra Landgericht supra  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š —‡ǡ  –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ     Ǣ‘‹‡—ǡ ͵Ͷ Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. See ͳͲǦʹ Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–Š‡—„‡” ‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ†Ž‡ ™Š‹Ž‡‹‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ›‘—–—„‡”Žƒ ʹ͹ ƒ ’ƒ”–› ƒ’’‡ƒŽ• –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†–™‘Žƒ Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ‘„‘–Šˆƒ –ƒ†Žƒ™ȋ ’‡ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ǥ•ƒ”—Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡•–ƒ‰‡‹’ Ž‹‹–‡† Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• –Šƒ –Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹ Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ––Š –”‹ƒŽ •–ƒ‰‡Ǥ  Žƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǢ –Š”‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† –Š”‡‡’‡ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–Ǥ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• †‡ ‹ Œ—†‰‡•ǡ‘”–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ›„‡”‡’”‡• ‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ   ʹͶǤ  ʹͲͳͷȐ ƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǯ‹’”‹•‘‡–Ǥ ‹•Š‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–‘ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹’”‹•‘‡–ǡ–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ „—ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• –‘ –™‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† –Š”‡‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• Žƒ”‰‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‡”ƒ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒ– –Š‡ ’‘•‡†‘ˆ–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†–™‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȍƒ––Š‡–”‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž ƒ˜ƒ” •‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘—–—„‡”–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡•ǡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‘•–•‡”‹‘—•’—‹•Š‡–ǡ‹’”‹•‘ –™‡–›–‘ˆ‘”–››‡ƒ”•ǡƒ”‡–”‹‡†„›‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†ˆ‘—”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ Ž›ǡ Š‹‡•‡ ‹‰Š‡” ‘—”–•ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡‹”‹š‡†–”‹ ‘” –Š‡ —’”‡‡Dz–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹ƒŽ’ƒ‡Ž‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–Š”‡‡–‘•‡˜‡Œ—†‰‡•‘”•ƒ ‘—”–ǡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ „‡”Œ—†‰‡•™‹–Šƒ••‡••‘”•Ǥdz ‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹”‘ƒ–‹ƒǡ‹‡˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹š‡†–”‹„ Œ—†‰‡•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘—–—„‡”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Ǥ  ͵ͲǤ ‡””‘ǡ  ʹͷǤ   ʹͻǤ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ  ͵ͳǤ —‡ǡ ͵ʹǤ  ƒ”†‡ǡ  ͵͵Ǥ ‡””‘ǡ  ͵ͶǤ   ʹ͸Ǥ   ʹ͹Ǥ   ʹͺǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 134 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 134 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 134 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37        Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ    ͶͶ Ͷͳ ǣ  the  ͳͷͻǡ    ‹ƒŽ  Mixed  Ǥ ͺ͵ͻ on    Ǥ ͳʹǣʹ͵ Systems  Ǥ  –Š‡•‡   ‘Ž˜‹‰  ͺ͹ȋ ‡”Ǧ ͳ Ǥ Erziehung ƒ›Œ—†‰Ǧ Š”‡‡Žƒ›   ‘—–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ  Šƒ•–Š‡     German Justice Ǥ den Ǥ      ȋͳͻ͹ͲȌ ȋ ‡”ǤȌǢ Ǥ Courts ‡ƒ”ǡ   in   Reflections ƒ†Š‹ƒǡ  Ͷ͵ Lay    und      ͶͲ ǯ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺͳǢŠ”‹•Ǧ             ȋ —––ƒ ‡”‡ƒ†ƒ”Ž  Ǥͻͷǡͻ͸ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ ǡ  –Š‡”•ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡” ǡ ͵ͺ Twin   ǯ Criminal  Courts: Ͷͻ supra      Judgement ǡ ͹ʹ     —•–”‹ƒǡ  Ƭ    Japan’s Ͷʹ

 The Ǥ Mixed Denmark   German ‘–‡ͳͺǡƒ–͵ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ        ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ Jugendschöffen    in  to for    the      Structure ǡ  Ǧ   ber supra in  s    REVIEW Jurors    Hegemony: Court      ƒ†™‡†‡Ǥ Reasons    in   ™‡†‡ǡƒ•–Š‡ ƒ•‡’”‘‰”‡••‡• Ͷͺ Judges  ǡ ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘‡ and  Ǥͳʹ LAW Richer. """  and    ͵ͷ  ‘–‡Ͷǡƒ–͸ͷǤ ͵͸

‘–‡ʹǡƒ–ͶͷͳǢ‡””‘ǡ Compurgators Lay als Giving   Imperial      Law   Japan

 ǣ KENT  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ supra Ǧ  Judges vs. supra ǡ  in        and  Osterreich From    ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹʹͷǤ  Ƭ  Bürger ͳ͵ȋͳͻͻʹȌǢ‹‡•‡ǡ Lay ‘”™ƒ›ǡ            Ͷ͹ Bases     Panels Evidence     CHICAGO in  ǡ  supra ‘–‡͹ǡƒ–ͷͷͻǤ ǡ Tribunals    Kapitel: Assessors ȋ     ͶͺͳǡͶͺͳȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ   Military supra  Y  Finnish  ƒ’ƒǡ   Lay People’s Ǥ Mixed   

Ǥ  Ͷ͸ of of     ‘–‡ͳͺǤ   ‘–‡ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͺ͹Ǥ            ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǤ  Ǥ    ǡ   ǡ   American ǡ ‡‹‹ ‹ŠŽƒŒƒ¡‹ǡ  supra   ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ ǡ  ǡ‘‹‡—ǡ ǡ–”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ Ǥǡ –ƒŽ‡› †‡”•‘ǡ Ǧ   supra of Ǥ ͵ͻ  e.g. Jugensdstrafrechts  e.g. supra e.g Influence  ǯ e.g.  e.g. e.g.   Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ”‡ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ Žƒ›        ‹Žƒ†ǡ   Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ  ͵ͺ  des Development   ––Š‡‘—”–‘ˆ’’‡ƒŽ•ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’‡” ‡– Ͷͷ   See, See, See, See, Id. Id Id Id See, See,  ͵͹ Future     . . . ͳͲǦʹ ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡‹” ‘—”– ǡ͹ʹ Ǥͳ͵ͷǡͳ͵ͷȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǢ —––ƒ ‡”‡ǡ the ͵ͻ ͵ͺ ͵͹       –‘’Š ‡‹‰ǡ ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ȋ–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†–™‘Ž ‡•Ȍ–Šƒ–”‹ƒŽ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•†‘ȋ‘‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†– Œ—†‰‡•ȌǤ  Ͷ͸Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒŽŽǡƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ„ –Š‡ ‹••—‡•Ǥ Ǥ Š—ƒ‡†•ǤǡͳͻͺͺȌȋ ‡”ǤȌǢƒ Š—”ƒǡ  ͳͷͻȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ  Ͷ͹Ǥ  ‹”‘•Š‹ ——”ƒ‹ǡ ”‘‘•ȋ•‘‡–‹‡• ƒŽŽ‡†Dz–Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘—”–dzȌǤ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡”ƒ›ǡ  Ͷ͵Ǥ  ‰”‹† ”ƒ••‹‡‡–ƒŽǤǡ –Š‡ˆ‘”‡”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‘—–”‹‡•ȋƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ƒŽ•— ‡••‘”•Ȍǡ•— ȋͳͻ͹ʹȌȋ ‡”ǤȌǢ ‡”Šƒ”†ƒ•’‡”Ƭ ƒ•‡‹•‡Žǡ Šƒ”†ƒ•’‡”Ƭ ƒ•‡‹•‡Ž‡†•Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͻȌȋ ‡”ǤȌǤ  ͶͶǤ   ͶͺǤ   ͶͻǤ      ͵ͷǤ  ͳͲ͵͸ Œ—†‰‡•‘Ž›”‡•‘Ž˜‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•‘Žƒ™Ǥ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ ƒ† –Š”‡‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ƒ•‡•Ǥ ƒ‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ‹ ”‹ ”ƒ ‡ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡š Ž—†‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ‹˜ ‘Ž›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ––Šƒ–•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͲȌǢ ƒ”†‡ǡ  ͶͷǤ  Historical and ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘™‡ƒ‡•Ǥ  ͶͲǤ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ   ͶͳǤ —‡ǡ   ͶʹǤ   ͵͸Ǥ ‹‡•‡ǡ sanspruch Courts 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 134 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 134 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 135 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37      ǡ  ͷͳ ͷͷ  ‹‘ —Ǧ •–ƒ–‡ ͳʹǣʹ͵          * •—• ‡’Ǧ  Democratic  †‡’‡†Ǧ     in Proceedings ƒŽ•‘—–‹Ǧ  †’‘Ǧ  Ž ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡  ǡ in ‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ ͷ͹ ͷͺ Ǥǡ™Š‡  ͵Ͳͳ ȋƒˆ”‡† ‡–‡’—„Ž‹ •‘ˆ †–Š‡–‡Ǧ ’’‘‡– ͻ͹Ȃͳͳͳȋ‡•œ‡ Penal ȋͳͻͺͻȌȐǢŽƒ†‹‹”  ‡”‡•–ǡ‘”ƒ• German in      Making    The     ”‹˜‹«‘ •—†Œ‡Œ— ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ Judges in Czechoslovakia  *     ǣ in Decision    ͳͲ͵͹ ›•–‡Š‘Ž†•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘†‡Ǧ  ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•      ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤdzȌǤ 

ͷ͸ ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”Œ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺ͵ȌȐǤ Assessor    ‡‰ƒŽ›•–‡•‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ȋ‡’Ǥʹʹǡ Assessors 9     Lay Lay  ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ  Lay  ͷͶ TRIBUNALS the   ʹͳͷǡʹͳͷȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ Organizational  the  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ e      of   in   of ǡ      

  Ǥ ͷͻ MIXED   V           IN Role  ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌ ȋ‘•Ǥ Ƭ ‡”œǤȌǢ       , ǯ   Function ǣ     ȋͳͻͺͻȌȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”  O The  . ȋ  The  –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡’—”‡Ž›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ‹“—‹•‹–‘”‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡    Participation JUDGES      –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‡”ƒ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ in ‘–‡ Ͷ͹ǡ ƒ– ͳͲͲ ȋ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹š‡†  ǡ   ǡ   ͷͲ Ƭ Ƭ Lay  LAY Ǥ ”ǡ ư –Š‡ˆ‘”‡”ǡ     supra       ͷ͵    Research ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–͵ͶǤ  Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–ʹ͹͵Ǥ   ǯ —Ž •ƒ ƴ ͳͷͳȋǤ ƒŽ‘•Ƭƒ”–‹Ž„”‘™‡†•Ǥǡͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǤ     supra supra Žƒ ǡ ƴ ǡ ”‰ƒ”† — ŠŠ‘Žœǡ ǡ–‡’Š‡ǤŠƒƒǡ —”‹‡•ƒ†‹š‡†‘—”–•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‘˜‹ ǡ†‡‡”›•–‘ˆ‡ǡ ǡ ǡ‡•œ‡—„‹ ‹Ƭ›Ž™‡•–‡”ƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ——”ƒ‹ǡ ǡͳͲ ‘Žƒ†ǡ Empirical    e.g supra e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š         ͷʹ of   See, See, See, See, See, See, See, (GDR)  ͳͲǦʹ Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘ƒ ‘ ‘–Š‡””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‹•–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Light –‘”‘›ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ȍ™Š‹ Š–‘†ƒ›Šƒ• ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œ‡†‹–‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–•Ǥ ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz—’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡† Žƒ••‡•dz‘”ƒ•–Š‡‘ ȏȐ‹–Š–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰ ”‘›ƒŽŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‰ƒ‹‡†Š‡‰‡‘›ǡŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‰ƒ‹‡ Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ȋ‡‹–Š‡”‹–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–        ͹ȋͳͻͺʹȌǢƒ the      ,       –”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡•›•–‡ǣDz ƒ’ƒǯ•‡™Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”• ‘ ”ƒ–‹œ‡–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›„›  ͷͻǤ  ‹–‘ƒ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Œ—•–‹ ‡•›•–‡™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ† Republic  ͷ͹Ǥ ‡Ž‹‰•‘ǡ ͷͺǤ   ͷ͵Ǥ  Œ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ǡ —†Œ‡Ž‘˜ƒŒ‡ ‰”ƒ†Œƒƒ — •—˜”‡‡‘ Œ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‡•‘  ȋ—’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ŠǤǤ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰”‡„ǡ”‘ƒ–‹ƒȌ  ͷ͸Ǥ —‡ǡ  ͷʹǤ    ͷͲǤ    ,e*    e    ʹͲͳͷȐ ˆ‘”‡” œ‡ Š‘•Ž‘˜ƒ‹ƒǡ o ‹–”ƒ•‹–‹‘™‹–Š‹š‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ•— Šƒ•‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡ —‰ƒ”›ǡ ‘”’”‡•‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•Š‹ƒǤ —„‹ ‹Ƭ›Ž™‡•–‡”ƒ™ƒ†œ‹‡†•Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͲȌȋ‘ŽǤȌǤ  ͷͶǤ  –”›ǯ•Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡ ‘—Ž†„‡“—‹–‡†‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ƒ †‡ › –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‘” ‹†‡’‡†‡–Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— – Ž‹œ‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ  —Ž •ž”ƒ”‰—‡†ǣ ‡Š„‹†‡”‡†Ǥǡͳͻ͹͸Ȍȋ ‡”ǤȌǤ  ͷͳǤ  ‘—”–•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‹‹–•–Š‡‹” ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‹ ‡ ‡Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‘–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘—”–•›•–‡ ‘–„‘—†„›–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š—•Ž‡•• in ‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒǡ‡ –—”‡ƒ––Š‡‹–‹œ‡ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ•–•‹ƒ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  ͷͷǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 135 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 135 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 135 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37    Ǧ u ‹”    ƒ  ͹Ͳ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͸Ͷ –”‘Ǧ Ǥdz ƒ†‡ ͳʹǣʹ͵  –’”‘Ǧ –‘”‹‰Ǧ •–‡’‹ ‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ –‘™ƒ”† ›–‘–Š‡ Ǥǡ‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘—”–•›•Ǧ nepravnika Ǧ e  ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ Š‡‡›ƒ”Ǧ •–ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ ͵Ȃ͸ȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤ ͸ͺ ͸͵ ǡ͵ͳ ƒƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘  ͸͹ gradjana   SFRJ  ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǣ ͸ͻ   ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ǡͶ ͶͳȂͶʹȋͳͻͷͺȌȋ‡”„ǤȌǤ  ‘—–”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Ǧ sudjelovanjem  ͸ͷ zakonodavstva  sa  REVIEW  nog sudovanja «  –—”ǡ–Š‹•ƒ‡•–Š‡‘”‡  Š‡ ”‡˜‹•‡† •–ƒ–—–‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘  vezi     ͸Ͳ ͸ʹ

LAW u  krivi   sistemu  KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ novog  problemi   našem   u   CHICAGO  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵͸Ǥ   osnovni   ȋ odredbama   Porota ǡ Ƶ supra ‘–‡͸͹Ǥ   Ǥ Neki ǡ ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–͵͹Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–ʹ͹ͺǤ  ‘–‡ͳͺǡƒ–͵ͳͶǤ prema   supra ǡ      * supra supra

  ǡ  supra Ǧ  funkcije    ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›’ƒ••‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ  ƒ–ʹ͹͵Ǥ ƒ–͵͹Ǥ       ͸͸ ͸ͳ  * Id. Id. Id. sudske  ͳͲǦʹ Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––™‹•–‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ†‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ”  ͹ͲǤ ƒ˜‘” ”ƒ’ƒ ǡ vršenju  ͸͸Ǥ  –Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘†› ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǣ  ͸͹Ǥ  ‰—‡–Ǥ  ͳͻͻͳǡ ƒ– –Š‡ †ƒ™†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘˜‡†–‘ƒ‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡–Šƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ‘Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ƒ†‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ –Šƒ––Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡™‘”‹‰ Žƒ••Ǣ  ͸ͺǤ ‹Ž‹˜‘Œ‡‘˜ƒ«‡˜‹©ǡ ͳ͵ǡͳͶȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤ   ͸ͲǤ   ͸ʹǤ ‡Ž‹‰•‘ǡ ͸͵Ǥ  ͳͲ͵ͺ –‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• †‹”‡ – ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ ™ƒ› –‘ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹ ‡ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ƒŽ‹‰‡–™‹–Šƒ”š‹•–‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ ‰”‡••‹‘ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ ‘—‹•– •‘ ‹‡–› ™‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž–™‹–Š‡”‹‰ ‹ ƒ™ƒ› –Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡• •–ƒ–‡ ‘–”‘Ž •›•–‡ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ†ǡ ‘ ‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ‡•–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘”‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‹ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ†— –‹‘‘ˆŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘•‰‹˜‡•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ –Š‡ •›•–‡Ǥ ‡†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‘–Š‡„‘‘•ˆ‘”† „—–‡˜‡”—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡Ǥ –”‡‘˜‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ –Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȍƒ†‘’‡‡†–Š‡†‘‘”•–‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆŽƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘•Ǥ  ͸ͻǤ  ‰—‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡”Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›Ǣ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡•™‡”‡ Dz‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡„Žƒ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡ƒŽŽǦ™Š‹–‡ –‡™Š‹ Š™ƒ••‡‡„›ƒ›ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ƒ†—”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ•ƒ•–‡’‘–Š‡”‘ƒ† ‘ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•Dzƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•–ƒ–‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– œƒ–‹‘dzǢ  ͸ͳǤ ‹‡•‡ǡ  ͸ͶǤ   ͸ͷǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 135 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 135 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 136 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ‹–›ǡ ‡”• ‹Ǧ –Š‡  ƒ† †‡Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵  •–ƒ–‡  •ƒ› — Š ‹„—ƒŽ ”‡•‡– Research  Š‡’”‘Ǧ –‡”Ǧ †Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘’”‘Ǧ ‡ƒ—Ǧ ‰‡•ˆ”‘ ‡†„› ‡’‡†‡– ”‡•—Ž– ‘”‘”‹‰Ǧ Justice:  of   Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– „‡Ǧ  ‘–‡ͷͲǡƒ–ʹͺ͸ȂͻͻǡʹͺͻǤ ͹͵  ͳͷǤ’†ˆǤ ͹ʹ  ǡ  ͳͲ͵ͻ ͹Ͷ supra Administration  ƒ†Dz–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ǧ ǡ   ͹ͳ

the  in   –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹ ‘—–”‹‡• TRIBUNALS  ͹ͺ ͹͹  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ ǡ Œ—†‰‡• ƒŠƒ”†Ž›„‡‹ˆŽ—‡ MIXED    ƒ†’”‘–‡ ––Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ IN        Participation

͹͸    ‘–‡͹͵Ǥ ȋ   Methodology  JUDGES  Citizen ͷǤ  supra LAY 2015     ‘–‡͹Ǥ  ‘–‡  ‘–‡ͷͲǤ  World   ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͻͶȂͻͷǤ  supra supra the in   supra ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǤ Ǥǡ in  supra  ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ”‡•‹•–‹‰–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡„”ƒ Š‘ˆ supra  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒǡ Poland,  ‘‹‡—ǡ  ͹ͷ  in  See See Freedom ͳͲǦʹ ‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘ ”‹ ˆ–‡”–Š‡‹“—‹•‹–‘”‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ– ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡†‡†–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†–‘ ‘— „ƒŽƒ ‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ™Š‘‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡„—–ƒŽ•‘—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡š‡ —–‹˜ –Š‡ ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘†ƒ›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ›‘”‡ǡ‹ˆƒ ––Š‡›Š‘Ž†ƒ•–”‘‰’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‰”ƒ–‡†‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ Policy  Ž‹ –‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ǤDz ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ‘—Ž†’‡”ˆ‘” Žƒ–‡–ˆ— –‹‘ƒ†ǡ„›„‡‹‰’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǡ ‘’‡Ž– ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‡š’Ž‹ ‹– –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‹Ž‡†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‹š‡†–” •›•–‡ ‹ ƒ’ƒǡ ƒŽ‡”‹‡ ƒ• ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ Dz› ‡ ‡•• Š––’•ǣȀȀˆ”‡‡†‘Š‘—•‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•‹–‡•Ȁ†‡ˆƒ—Ž–Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›̴ ̴ʹͲ  ͹͸Ǥ  Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ ƒ”‰—‡–••‘–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‘”‡—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ›‡„ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—”ƒ†‡–Š‡ ‘—”–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰• ‘”‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡Ǥdz  ͹͹Ǥ  ͹ͺǤ   ͹ͶǤ ‡””‘ǡ  ͹ͷǤ  ‰‹• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ–ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ„‡„‹ƒ•‡†ƒ†Ȁ‘”œ‡ƒŽ‘—•Ǥ›•‹’Ž›„‡‹‰’ ƒ”‡ ‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡••‡”˜‡–‘†‡–‡”–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—† „‡Šƒ˜‹‰‹—‡–Š‹ ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†”‡ƒ Š‹‰„‹ƒ•‡††‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ‡””‘ • ”‹„‡†–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǣ  ͹ͳǤ ”›•–‘ˆ‡ǡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”‹‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ–”—Ž›‹† ʹͲͳͷȐ ™ƒ›–‘Dz„”‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǣ –Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ •— Š ‘—–”‹‡•ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ •‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ†‡–‡””‡–•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”† ƒŽ ‘—”–”‘‘• ‹• –Š‡ •‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† DzŽƒ–‡– ˆ— –‹‘Ǥdz ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–›”ƒ›„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ  ͹ʹǤ —‡ǡ ͹͵Ǥ ƒ”‹ƒ ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒǡ and 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 136 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 136 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 136 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37  Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ › ŽŽ   ‡ Ͷ͹ͻ ‡•  Cues, Ǥ ‘ ƒŽ ƒ”‡  ‘”Ǧ ƒ”ƒ Ǧ Partici •ƒ† ”†‹•Ǧ   ͳʹǣʹ͵     –”‹„—Ǧ ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹š‡† •‡† ‘  Šƒ‰‡ Ǥ ͺͶ ’Ž‘›‡‡• ƒ† Lay   •‘ˆ‡ƒ Š  Status Consequenc   ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰     ͹ͻ  Ǥ    ͺʹ     ǣ ͺͲ ʹͲͶȂͳͲȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ ‘ ‹Ž‹‰–Š‡ Exploring ǡ ͸  Theoretical ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–͵͹Ǥ   

Process  supra ǡ     ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ͻͷ͵ȋ†™ƒ”† Ǥƒ™Ž‡”‡†Ǥǡͳͻͺ͸Ȍ    ȐǢ ‘•‡’Š ‡”‰‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ       Organizing Ǥͻͷ͵ȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ REVIEW    Process      Ǥ  Ǥ LAW   Status      

  ǣ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ ǡͺ͸ Organizing  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹͳͷȂ͵͹Ǣ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ      ‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–ͳͷǤ ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲͲǢ    ȐǢƒ—Ž —’Š”‡›•Ƭ ‘•‡’Š‡”‰‡”ǡ Status       supra supra supra CHICAGO  ǡ ǡ   Cues   ™Š‘•‡–ƒ•‹•Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡   Formulation ͵ ȋ  Ǥǡ ͺͷ   in    ǡ  * Status   ǡ Ǥ ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͶͲǤ  Ȅ–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ """ 

  ͺ͵   Ƭ     

Behavior ȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǢ ‘•‡’Š ‡”‰‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ      supra   ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›’”‘‘–‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡“—‹–›Ǥ     Ǧ  Characteristics ͺͳ    Ǥ and  ‘–‡ʹͲǡƒ–Ͷ͵͸Ǥ  also     —„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ Ǥ     Id See See See  Status   supra ͳͲǦʹ –ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Š‡‘”›‹•ƒ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›–Šƒ–•‡ ›˜‹”–—‡‘ˆ•‡”˜‹‰‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽ—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›•‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǡŽƒ ‘•– • Š‘Žƒ”• ™Š‘ •–—†› ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ ‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ ǡ ȏȐ†‡” ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ› ‘†‹–‹‘•–›ǤǤǤ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘–”‘Ž‹•ˆƒ”‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹”‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– •‘ ‹‡Ǧ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ™Š‘ƒ –•‘—–‘ˆ”‘—–‹‡ –Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡™Š‘„‡––‡”•‡•‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ the  of    ͺͳǤ   ͺʹǤ   ͺͲǤ —Ž •ž”ǡ  ͺ͵Ǥ  Œ—†‰‡•–‡†–‘„”‹‰ˆ”‡•Š’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‹–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘•ǡ Expectations, –Š‡‹”Œ—†‰‡––‘„‡— Ž‘—†‡†„›—†ƒ‡ƒ†”‘—–‹‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡ –Š‡”‡„›‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡–‘†‡˜‘–‡–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ†‡˜‡”› ƒ•‡ǤŽ—Ž •”—•‡†‡šƒ –Ž›•— Šƒƒ”‰—‡–™Š Š‡†‡• ”‹„‡†Š‘™ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‹•‘ ‹‡–›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡ ‹–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ —‰ƒ”›ǣ ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǣ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡•–ƒ–‡‡ ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹†‡ ‹†‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡• ˆ‘”ƒŽ‰”‘—’•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ‡„‡”•ƒ”‡ es   ͹ͻǤ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ‘—Ž†‹–”‘†— ‡ ‘—‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†Ž ͳͲͶͲ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”‡”‰‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ  ͺͶǤ   –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹‰”‘—’•Ǣ –Š‡› •ƒŽŽ ƒ”‡ –ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ǡ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‹š‡† Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•Ǥ–ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† Š‡› –”‹„—ƒŽ• ‰”‘—’• ƒ”‡ •ƒ  ͺͷǤ  pation ȋͳͻͺͲȌ ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡” ‡”‰‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ —••‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ††‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ –”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡‹” ‘—”–”‘‘•Ǥ‡–ǡ• Š‘Žƒ”•Šƒ˜‡”ƒ”‡Ž›ˆ‘ — †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹‹š‡† ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” —–‹Ž‹œ‡• ƒ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ȅ–Š‡ •–ƒ–—•–‡”‹•–‹ •–Š‡‘”› Š ‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ›‘ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 136 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 136 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 137 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    Ǧ ‡† ‹ ‹ ”‘Ǧ ‡šǦ ˜‹ ‡ ––‹‰ ‹†‡† ͳʹǣʹ͵   ƒ•‡•  ƒ—–‘Ǧ –‡ Ǧ ‹”‡•ƒ ‘–”‡Ǧ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –‘™ƒ”† –‹ ™ƒ›ǡ —„‡” ‡•–Š‡ ‘–‹—Ǧ —‹Ž–ǡƒ†ǡ ‡Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ  ƒ ƒ—–‘Ǧ ’”‡‡š‹•–Ǧ Žȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ–Š‡ •‘”‹ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧƒ‹‰ •‡–‡ ‹‰  Groups   ͳͲͶͳ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ Oriented ‘‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹—Ǧ Ǧ ͺ͸ TRIBUNALS    Task   Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ as  MIXED        IN ǡ     ȋ   JUDGES  Tribunals Ǧ  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹͲͶǤ  LAY   Mixed supra  ǡ  A.   *   Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š generally    See   . ͳͲǦʹ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ –ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ‰”‘—’• „‡Ǧ ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ•‡ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǯ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ™Š‘•‡”˜‡ƒ–‘•–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•’‡”›‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ”‡‘– ͺ͹ ͺ͹ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‰ƒ–Š‡”–‘Š‡ƒ”Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ǡ†‡ ‹†‡–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•ǯ‰ ‹ˆ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡ ‡–‡ ‘—– –Š‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘–‹——Ǥ ’—‹•Š‡–Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ †‡ ‹•‹‘  —‹•–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ”‡•’‘•‡™Š‡–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‹•”‡ƒ Š‡†„›ˆ‹–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ƒ’”‡‡š‹•–‹‰ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡†‡ ‹•‹ ƒ––Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž”‡“—‹”‡••‹ŽŽ•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹‰ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‡™ ƒ•‡ ‹• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‡ ‡†‡–‘”–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ ‘•‹•–‡ ›„‡ ‘ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ƒ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› †‡ ‰—‹†‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ ƒ•‡Ǥ•‡–‘ˆ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡’”‡‡š‹•–‹‰ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š—•ˆ‘” ‹‰ ƒ–‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰Ž‹––Ž‡†‹• ”‡–‹‘‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹—— ‹• –Š‡™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡‹•‘’”‡‡š‹•–‹‰ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡™ ƒ•‡”‡“— ‘Ǧƒ—–‘ƒ–‹  ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ••‡••‡–ƒ†™‡‹‰Š‹‰‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‘Žƒ”•ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–•‡ ‹‰‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ–ƒ•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ǥ   ͺ͸Ǥ  ʹͲͳͷȐ Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡’‡”•‘•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹ –”ƒ‹‹‰ Žƒ™ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•‰”‘—’•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘’‘• ‘ˆ‡„‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ ’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ› „‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Š‘™ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ –Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡‹•Ǥ‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ƒ‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ‹ƒ–‹ ™ƒ›ƒ††‡˜‘–‡ ƒ Ž‡•• ‘”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘‡ƒ Š ƒ•‡Ǥš’‡”‹‡ ‡†’ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•‹ƒƒ—–‘ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†„›–Š‡•‡–‡ ‹‰‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ž‡ƒ˜‡ˆ‡™‘’–‹‘•‘”‘†‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‹”†‹•’‘•ƒ –Š”‡‡•–”‹‡•Žƒ™•ǡƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡–‡ ‹‰Žƒ™•ȌǤ•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”•ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ†‡ ‹†‡ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›–‡†–‘†‡ ‹†‡•‹‹Žƒ” ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›ȌǤ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ™•ƒ†Ȁ‘”•‡–‡ ‹‰‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡŽ‹‡Ž›†‘ •‘”––‘ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡›’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Ž‡ƒ –Š‡‘Ǧƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹——„‡ ƒ—•‡‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 137 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 137 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 137 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ   ”‹Ǧ Š‡ ‹‰ ‡Ǧ –Š‡” ˆƒ –• ”–Š‡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ”‡ –Ž›  •‹‘ƒŽ ‡– ‘ˆ –‡”•ǡ Ǥǡ ”‹–‹Ǧ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ–ƒ‰‡ –Š‡‡šǦ –Š‘—‰Š ‰™‹–Š ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ Šˆ‘” ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†  ‘ ‰‡Ǧ ‡•–‘–Š‡ †ǡ‹ˆ•‘ǡ ƒ•‡ ƒ† ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ ‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –Š‡›‘„˜‹Ǧ ‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹ „‘–Š’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ  ‡ ƒ—•‡ ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ͻͲ  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ REVIEW  LAW    •— Š ƒ•‡•ǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ͺͻ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ   ‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–ʹͳǤ   CHICAGO  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹͲͶǤ   supra ȋ ǡ supra  Ǥ ǡ """     *

    Ǧ  Ƭ  –Š‡‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǧ‹•–ƒ ‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ   ƒ–ͳͻȂʹͲǤ ͺͺ      Id. ͳͲǦʹ –Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ›ˆƒ ‡˜ƒ ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ†‡ ‹†‡–Š‡ Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǯ†‡ ‹•‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ†‡‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡Žƒ™–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡›—•–†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–Š‡ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–‹ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡‹•‰—‹Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‹‡ǡƒ™Šƒ–’‘••‹„Ž‡’—‹•Š‡–•ƒ’’Ž›ǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘†‡ƒŽ‹ –Š‡ˆƒ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ƒ›”‡“—‹”‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘Ž›–‘ –‡–‘ˆ‘™‹‰™Š‹ Šˆƒ –•ƒ”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ’” Œ—†‰‡•ǯ•–”‡‰–ŠǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡–‡”‹‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”– ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆƒ –Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘˜‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–‘™Š‹ Š„‘–Š’”‘ˆ‡• Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰Ȍ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡Ǥ  ͺͻǤ  •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•’‘••‡•••›•–‡ƒ–‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”—Ž‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ ‘—•Ž›Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ— Š ƒ•‡•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–†‹ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‹‰Š– ”‡“—‹”‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‡”ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰ •‹ŽŽ• ƒ† –Š‡™‘—Ž†‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘™‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽ’”‘„Ž ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ –Š‹ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› •‘Ž˜‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰Ȍ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ •‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹–‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘’‘  ͻͲǤ  ˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹ Žƒ™ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ† ‘—• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ›‘”•ƒ”‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹ Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ†˜ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ•‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‘™™Š‹ ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡’”‡ ‡†‡ ‡Ǥ‘ ‡š‹•– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‹•‡•™Š‡‹–‹•‘– Ž‡ƒ”™Š‹ ŠŽƒ™ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ•‡Ǥ  •— Š •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ •Š‘—Ž† ”‡Ž›Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘” „”‘ƒ† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ •–‹’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ•‡•ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡›‹••—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ   ͺͺǤ  ͳͲͶʹ –Š‡›–”›ƒ”‡‘˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡•‡•ƒ‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ –‘•‡”˜‡‘”‡‘ˆ–‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ›•–ƒ”–„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•‡–‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ȋƒŽ ‘–‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǯ•‡–•Ȍƒ†” ‹‡” ‘•‹•–‡ ›ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡•Ǥ ™‹–Š‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ• ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•‡š‹•–ǡƒ”‡—ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǡƒ† ƒ„‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 137 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 137 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    –Ǧ  ͻʹ  See ƒ Žƒ› Ǥ͹ͲͶǡ ‡–‡”Ǧ –Š‡‹” ‰‡ ‹ —ƒŽ• ͳʹǣʹ͵ „—ƒŽ ‹‰‹  ˜‡•‘ˆ ˆ–Š‡‹” ƒ‹šǦ ‹Ž‡ Žƒ› ‘•Ǥ  –‡”‹‘Ǣ ʹͲͷȋ͸–Š ˆ‹‹–‹‘  ‹‡•‹• ‘•‹†Ǧ ”‘„Ž‡•ǡdz        ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ„‘–Š ‹˜‹ŽǦ ȋʹ†‡†ǤʹͲͲͳȌǢ–”ƒ†Ǧ  ǡ͵͵ Ǥ     ‘‘ǦŽƒ™ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ    ǣ Groups ”    ƒ™ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ‘˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡  ͳͲͶ͵  ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ—‡ a ‘–‡ͻ͵ǤŠ‹ƒ‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ   •”‘Ž‡Ž‡••†‘‹ƒ–ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ• ‘–„ƒ•‡†‘ ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™ǡ„—–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–    Like 

 supra  Formal  TRIBUNALS    as

     Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ   ™‹–Š ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ ƒ –‹˜‡ “Thinking    ͻ͵ Ƭ MIXED       IN  about      Tribunals       ȋ   ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ™‘—Ž† †‹ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ Žƒ›  ǡ JUDGES  ͻͳ Critically See  ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǡ‡š’‡ –•‡Ǧ   LAY Mixed   ǡ and  B.   Ǥ  Ǥ Thinking    ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷͳǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‘—–”    Ǥ ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷʹǤ

 supra Ƭ Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ ‘—Ž†„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒƒ –‹˜‡‹“—‹•‹–‘”ǡ   ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹʹͷǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘—–ŠǦˆ”‹ ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡‹•ƒ ͻͶ  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š supra   Ǣ—‡ǡ See Id. id. supra     ͳͲǦʹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰‹š‡†–”‹„ ‘”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ƒ”‡ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’

See   ‡”‡† –‘ „‡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ǡ ƒ† †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ǡ ”‹‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡• ‹ ‹“—‹•‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”›–”‹ƒŽ„›ƒ‹‰–Š‡Œ—†‰‡ǯ „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥdz—‡ǡ  ͻͶǤ  ™”‘–‡‹ʹͲͲͳ–Šƒ––Š‡Dz”‡ˆ‘”‡†ȏŠ‹‡•‡Ȑ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ž Žƒ™Ǥ ‘—–”›–Šƒ–—–‹Ž‹œ‡•‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ›‡–‹–•Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡‹• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’”‡† ‹‡† „› Žƒ™ ™‡ŽŽ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡„‡”•”‘‘Ǥ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’‡†‹‰ –”‹„—ƒŽ ‡–‡” ‘ –Š‡ ‘—” –Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ •‹œ‡ ȋ‹ ƒ› ‹•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡ Œ—† –”‹„—ƒŽȌ ‘ˆ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• –Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ –”‹„—ƒŽǡ Œ—†‰‡ ƒ–Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ›–Š‡˜‡”›ƒ–—”‡‘ –Š‡ ƒ –”‹„—ƒŽǡ ™Š ƒ••‹‰‡–ǡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡–Šƒ ‹ ‘–Š‡” –Š‡ ‡„‡”• –”‹ †‘ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡„‡”•ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ˆ‹––Š‹• ”‹ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹ŽǦŽƒ™ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘† ‘’‘‡–‘ˆDz–Š‹‹‰Ž‹‡ƒŽƒ™›‡”ǡdz‹ Dzƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—•‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡•‡•‹ŽŽ•–‘•‘Ž˜‡”‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ’ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‡”• –Šƒ ‹• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ‹ ‘‘ǦŽƒ™ ͹ͲͶȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ  ͻʹǤ     ͻͳǤ  ‘ŠǤ—††ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ Dz–Š‹‹‰ Ž‹‡ ƒ Žƒ™›‡”Ǥdz „ƒ‡ǡ Žƒ™ƒ† ‘‘ǦŽƒ™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ”‡‡–‘•‡‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ƒ†–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹–Š‡‹“—‹”›Ǥ‘”™ƒ›ǡƒ ‘—–”›™‹–ŠƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡‰”‘—†‡†‘ –—”‡‘ˆ‹“—‹•‹–‘”‹ƒŽ „‡”• ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡Ǣ –Š‡ ‘—”– DzŠƒ• ‡†ǤʹͲͳʹȌǤ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†•›•–‡ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ‹ †‡ˆ‹‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ•‡Ž‡ –‹‰ˆƒ –‘”•‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡ ƒ†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡƒ††”ƒ™‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‘ Ž—•‹  ‘”™ƒ›ǯ•Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡‹•ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽǦŽƒ™ƒ† ͻ͵Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 138 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ   ”† ‰‡ ‡ƒ –Š‡ ‡• –‹‘ ˜‡ ƒ ‡ ‹Ǧ  ͳʹǣʹ͵ ‘ ‘”  ‹ƒǦ •ƒ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡‹Ǧ ‰•–ƒ‰‡ ‡š’‡”– ‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡ ͳͲͳ Ǥ ’Ž‡‡Ǧ •ƒ†–Š‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†  ƒ Š –”‹„—ƒŽ ͳͲͶ  ‘ ‡†—”‡‘†‡Ȍȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌǤ  –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡ ͻͷ ͻ͸ Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡Šƒ•  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ͻ͹ Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘—”–Ǧ REVIEW  ͳͲʹ LAW  KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ    CHICAGO   ƒ†Šƒ•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ–Š‘”Ǧ  Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ ‘˜‡”‹‰ „‘–Š ˆƒ –—ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ȋ ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹʹͻǤ ͻͺ ͳͲ͵ ‘–Š‡”–”‹„—ƒŽ‡„‡”•ǡ–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǡ–Š‡˜‹ –‹ǡ  Ǥ  supra ǡ   Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–ǯ• ‘ˆ‡••‹‘†‘‡•‘– ‹” —˜‡––Š‡–”‹ƒŽǢ   Ǧ   ˆ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͲͲ   ͻͻ ƒ–«Žƒ ‹ʹ͹ͻȂͺ͸Ǥ ƒ–«ŽƒƒʹͻʹǤ ƒ–«Žƒƒ͵ͳͷǤ ƒ–«Žƒƒ͵ͳ͸Ǥ ƒ–«Žƒƒ͵ʹʹǤ ƒ–«Žƒ ‹͵͵ͻȂͶͶǤ ƒ–«Žƒƒ͵ͶͶǤ ƒ–«Žƒƒͳͳ͸Ǥ         Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. subsequently ͳͲǦʹ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒǯ• ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Žƒ™‘ˆͳͻͻ͵ƒ›•‡”˜‡–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ– Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”•ƒ—Ž–‹–—†‡‘ˆ”‘Ž‡•Ǥ –‘–‘Ž›†‡–‡”‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡šƒ‹‡† ƒ† ™Š‹ Š ™‹–‡••‡• ™‹ŽŽȋƒ†‹™Š‹ Š‘”†‡”Ȍǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ƒ””‹‡•‘—––Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹ „‡ Š‡ƒ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‡–Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‡šƒ‹ƒ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹” Ž‘•‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡– –”‹„—ƒŽ†‡ Žƒ”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡–”‹ƒŽ‹•‘˜‡”Ǥ ”‘‘ǡ—’‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ„‡‰‹•–Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜‘–‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ –Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡šƒ‹‡‘–Š‡”‡˜‹† “—‡•–‹‘ ™‹–‡••‡• ƒ† ‡š’‡”– ™‹–‡••‡•Ǥƒ†ǡ Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—† ƒ†–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ––‘”‡›ǡ“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–ǤŠ‡›ƒ›“—‡• –Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–†‹”‡ –Ž›‘”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡Ǥ ‘”†‹ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡ǯ• ‹–‡””‘‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋ–Š‡ •‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† Dzˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‡šƒ –‹‘dzȌ‹•†‘‹ƒ–ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰‹•Dz•—’ –ƒ”›ǤdzŠ‡–”‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡‡†•™‹–Š–Š‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‹–‡••‡•ƒ† ™‹–‡••‡•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡  ͻͷǤ –”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ ͻ͸Ǥ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,Žƒƒʹ͹ͺǤƒ‘‘”‹˜‹«‘’‘•–—’—ȋ”‹‹ƒŽ”   ͻ͹Ǥ  ͳͲͶͶ ‹†‡’‡†‡– †—–› –‘ ‡•—”‡ˆ‹‡†ǤǤǤȏƒ†Ȑƒ›†‡ ‹†‡–‘‘„–ƒ‹‡™‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥdz –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‹ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‘”ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘Ǥ –›’‹ ƒŽ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ —”‘’‡ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‡ –Š ‘—‰Š‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡–”‹ƒŽ„‡‰‹•™‹–Š”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ †‹ –‡–Ǥ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹˜‡ Œ—†‰‡ †‡ Žƒ”‡• –Š‡ ‹†‹ –‡– ˜ƒŽ‹†ǡ ‡„‡”ǯ•˜‘–‡ǡ„‡–Š‡›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‘”Žƒ›‡„‡”•ǡ ƒ””‹‡•–Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‡• –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒŽ ƒ† •—‘• †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–ǡ™‹–‡••‡•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”–™‹–‡••‡•Ǥ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡•Ǥ‡š–ǡ–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–‹•ƒ•‡†–‘‰‹ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ  ͻͺǤ   ͻͻǤ   ͳͲͲǤ   ͳͲͳǤ   ͳͲʹǤ   ͳͲ͵Ǥ   ͳͲͶǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 138 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 138 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37  ǯ•   ”‡ ‹‰ —•‡ ‹‘ǡ –‹ •ǡ –Š‡ ••ˆ—Ž ͳʹǣʹ͵  ‘–‡ ͺ͵Ǣ › –Šƒ Ž› ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹š‡†  ‘—––Š‡  –ƒ–—• ‰”‘—’• ”‘‰‡‡Ǧ ‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ ƒ‹‰ǡ ‰ǡ™Š‹ Š ‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ͳͲͻ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǧ supra  ǡ Ȍǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”  ͳͳͻǡ ͳʹͶ ȋƒ”–Šƒ ƒŒ‘”‹–›˜‘–‡ Process  Groups ͳͲͷ     ͳͲͶͷ Organizing  characteristics       Status ǣ TRIBUNALS  Heterogeneous  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ  status    ͳͲͺ as   MIXED    ͳͲ͸ IN    

  specific ȌǤ‡–Š‡›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘”†‹ˆˆ—•‡ǡ•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ȋ  in ǡ JUDGES   „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• †‹ˆˆ‡” Tribunals  ͳͲ͹ LAY ‘–‡ͺ͵Ǥ ‘–‡ͺ͵Ǣ‡”‰‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ   Status Mixed supra   supra ǡ ‘–‡ͺͷǡƒ–ʹͳʹȂͳͷǤ  Ǥǡ C. Cues  characteristics  supra  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š Status         status Id. Id. Id.  ͳͲǦʹ ƒ˜‡”›‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‡•‡ǡ„›–Š‡‹”˜‡”›ƒ–—”‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ ‘•‡’Š ‡”‰‡” ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• Š‡–Š‡‰”‘—’Šƒ•‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ ͳͳͲ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—• ‰”‘—’• •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ› „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ•diffuse ‘Ž› ‹†‹”‡ – –Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǯ–ƒ•‹•Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ȅ–Š‡ ‘‡• †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ † ƒ‹‰Ȅƒ”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ ƒ “—‹”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š •›•–‡ƒ–‹  –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ‹ˆˆ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‡šŠ‹„‹– –™‘ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ‘‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ‘”‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ”‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡•™‹–Š —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ‹ ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡–ƒ•Ǥ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ –Š‡‘”›–‘‡š’Žƒ‹‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹•ƒŽŽǡ–ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ǡƒ†Š‡–‡ ‘—• ‰”‘—’•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› •–ƒ–‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹•— Š‰”‘—’•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„ –Šƒ–ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹• –ƒ•Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’Ǥ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ‹” ‘Ž‘”ǡ•Š‘‡•‹œ‡ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ ‘‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Ȅƒ‰‡ǡ ‰‡†‡”ǡ ‡†— ƒ– ‹•–‹ •ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡–ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ™Š‘•‡–ƒ•‹•Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •†‹”‡ –Ž›” –Š‡–ƒ••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ‹• —••‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǯ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–› •Š‘—Ž† ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡›•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ –Š‡‘”›Ǥ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ   ͳͲͷǤ  ʹͲͳͷȐ ™‡‹‰Š–Ǣ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰ȋ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽȌŒ—†‰‡˜‘–‡•Žƒ•–Ǥ •—ˆˆ‹ ‡•ˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ ‘• Š‹Ƭ†™ƒ”† Ǥƒ™Ž‡”‡†•ǤǡͳͻͻͶȌǤ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ› „‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •— ‡  ͳͲ͸Ǥ   ͳͲͺǤ  ‡”‰‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ  ͳͲ͹Ǥ  ‡”‰‡ǡ  ͳͲͻǤ   ͳͳͲǤ  ƒ‡• Ǥ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 139 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37      ƒ† •’‡Ǧ Ž‘™ ‘  ‘Ǧ ” –Š‡ ‘ƒ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ‹•–‹ •Ǥ  –—†Ǧ ‹•‹‘Ǧ ‰†‹•ƒǦ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‡† ƒ† ‡ ‡ ‹ •‹†‹Ǧ •–ƒ–—• –ǡƒ ‘—Ǧ ‡‘Ž› •ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ ”†•ǡ’”‘Ǧ ”‡‰”‘—’ ƒ‹—Ǧ ‘”‘ —Ǧ ‡ Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹• Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹Ǧ –‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹ƒ–‡ƒ‘‰ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ͳͳʹ REVIEW  LAW  KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ    ‘–‡͹͵Ǥ CHICAGO    ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ‹š‡† ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͳͷͶǤ   ȋ ͳͳͳ supra supra  Ǥ ǡ ƒ†•’‘”ƒ†‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ƒ†    *    Ǧ hoc     ad   ͳͲǦʹ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡— Š‘”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹ ƒ ŠŒ—†‰‡ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‘”Žƒ›ǡ‹•ƒ’‡”•‘™‹–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ™• Š‘‘Ž‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡† ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ȋŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ƒ‹‰Ȍƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǤŠ‡ ‘ –”ƒ‹–‘ˆƒŽŽ†‹ˆˆ—•‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”› •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‰”‘—’–ƒ ”‡ –Ž›Ǥ ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ†‹ˆˆ—• –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ”‡ ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ – ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ–Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •–”‘‰‡”Œ—†‰‡ǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•–Šƒ–Š‡‹”‰‡†‡”ǡƒ‰‡ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ••—‹‰ƒ ‘–‹——‘ˆ•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ™‘—Ž† „‡ Ž—•–‡”‡† ‘ ‘‡ ‡† ‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ—•‡ –Š‡ ‘–‹—— •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘–ƒ•ǡ†‹•’‡”•‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘–‹——ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘•–‘‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ˆ‘ –‹——–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰–ŠƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ„—–ǡƒ‘‰–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‡š–‡–ƒ†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‹‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”˜‹‡™ ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡Ǥ  ͳͳʹǤ ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒǡ –”‹„—ƒŽ•‘ ‡‘”ǡƒ–„‡•–ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•’‡”›‡ƒ”ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š ™‹–Šƒ †‘‡•‘–ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘’‡–‡–‹Žƒ™ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘” •‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ   ͳͳͳǤ  ͳͲͶ͸ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •—•‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Š‡‰”‘—’‡„‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ‰‡ƒ†‰‡†‡”Ǥ –Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡŠƒ˜‡’ƒ••‡†–Š‡„ƒ”‡šƒǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡”– „‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‘”‹‰‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘ ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ’‡”•‘•–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‹•’—–‡•ǡƒ†–Š—•ƒ ™‹–Š Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†‡„‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š•–ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡” •›•–‡ƒ–‹ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‹ Žƒ™ ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† –”ƒ‹ ‹ ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹••—‡•Ǣ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡Ž‡ –‡†’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡ǡƒ–‘• –‘ •‡”˜ ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ †ƒ›• ’‡” ›‡ƒ”Ǥ •‡”˜‡†Ž‘‰‡”ƒ†‘‘”‡–”‹ƒŽ•ȋ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡™‹–Š•–”‘ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 139 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 139 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37  ‹”   —Ǧ ˜‡ ‡ –”‹Ǧ ‘– Ǥ – ‡ ƒ ‡ ”ƒˆˆ‹  ˜‹†‡† ͳʹǣʹ͵ ƒ—•‡  ‡† ‘ ‹š‡† ’Ž‡ǡ‹ ‡ ‘—–Ǧ ’ ‘Ǧ —‹’’‡† †‰‡‡šǦ ‡• ™Š‘ •ƒ––Š‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘Ž‰”ƒ†Ǧ ƒ•‡• ‹Ǧ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ „‡Ž‹‡Ǧ ƒ””—Ž‡•ǡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘” Š‡‹” ‘Ǧ ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Šǡ ‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡‹”‡†— ƒǦ –‘–Š‡Žƒ› –Š‡ ƒ•‡  ͳͲͶ͹ ͳͷͶǡ ͳͷͶ ȋͳͻͺʹȌ ȋ”‡˜‹‡™‹‰   Ǥ  Ǥ TRIBUNALS    Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ  Ǥ  Ǥ MIXED     IN     ǡ ͵Ͳ  ȋ  JUDGES  Review LAY  ȋ ‡”Šƒ”†ƒ•’‡”Ƭ ƒ•‡‹•‡Ž‡†•Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͻȌȌǤ Book     Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š  ͳͳ͵ ͳͲǦʹ Š‡”‘ƒ–‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡ —””‡–Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡•–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘ †— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–‘‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡† †— ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•–”‘‰‡”†‹ˆˆ—•‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹      „—–‹‘•–Šƒ–•— ŠDz‡š’‡”–•dz‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒƒ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘” Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡŠƒ˜‡†‹”‡ –ǡ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ǡ‘ǦŽ‡‰ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†• Žƒ› Œ—†‰ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ•‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ’Š›•‹ ‹ƒ•˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹ ƒ••ƒ—Ž– ‘” —”†‡”Ǣ ƒ” ‡ Šƒ‹ • ‹ ƒ•‡•ƒ ‹†‡–Ȍ™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǢ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ – ‡–•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ƒ•‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ†–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘ ™‹–Š‘”‡ˆŽ‘‘”–‹‡Ǥ ‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹ ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǡ—‹ˆ‘”Ž›ǡƒ”‡Žƒ™Ǧ• Š‘ —ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ‘—Ž†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š –‹‘Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡•‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‘™‘”‡Žƒ™ƒ––Š‡‘—–•‡–ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡„‡––‡”‡“ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘ ‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ— ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ’Žƒ‹•–Š‡–‘–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‘” –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ Šƒ•Ž‡‰ƒŽ –‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ „‡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ†‡ ‘”‡ „ƒ• ‡†— ƒ–‡† Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ™‘—Ž†ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡” ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜ ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›’‘••‡••„‡––‡” ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰•‹ ‹–—”ǡ™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡–‘„‡––‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘ ’‡–‹‰Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ǡƒ††”ƒ™Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•Ǥ   ͳͳ͵Ǥ  —–Š‡” ”œ–ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ‘‰Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‹ –‘Ž‡••‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘‡‡†‘– ƒ”ǡ„—–ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹–ƒ›„‡ —”˜‹Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† Œ—†‰‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹ƒˆ‡™–”‹ƒŽ•ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ†ƒ–‡ ƒ› „‡ Ž‡•• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡”—Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ––Š‡‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ „‡ ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Šƒ––Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡Ǥ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’” Œ—†‰‡• †‹† ‘– ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ˆ”‘ ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰Ȍ †‹”‡ –Ž› ™‘—Ž† †‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ‹’Ž› –Š ƒ Ž‘™‡”•–—†› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž –Šƒ–ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‡” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡›™‡”‡–‘ƒ––‡’––‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š ‘‡Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 140 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37    Ǧ   ‘Ǧ ‡”Ǧ ƒ”› —”‡ –‹‘ ‹‘ƒŽ › ”‡Ǧ ƒ›„‡ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ǡ ƒ†  ‡š’‡ – •‹–‹‘• ‘ˆŠ‘•Ǧ Ž‹–› „‡Ǧ Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ •–‹‰‹‘—•  Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ‹”•–ƒ–‡Ǧ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘•™Š‘ ‡š’‡ –ƒǦ –”‹„—ƒŽ —†‰‡•„‡ hypothesis  ʹ͵ͷȂ͸Ͳȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤ salience  ”ƒ‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘• —”–• –Ȍȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌǤ ͳͳͶ   Š‡  ŽŽ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‹‡”Ǧ  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵   –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹š‡† ͳͳ͹ ͳͳͺ REVIEW     LAW  ƒŽ‡ ȋ•–‹ŽŽȌ ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡‡’ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ        CHICAGO   ȋ     Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͳͲǡƒ–ͳʹͷǤ   ǡ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‘—–”ƒ‡†„›‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™‘”‡ supra      ͳͳͷ  Ǧ    Ǥ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•‘ —Ǧ    Ǥ ͳͳ͸ Id. Id  ͳͲǦʹ –ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  –Š‡‘”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ƒ† Š›’‘–Š‡Ǧ ‡†‡”‹•›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡”†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ǤŠ‡–Š‡”’”  —’ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Ǥ›–Š‡ƒ– ”‘‘–‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ’”‡•–‹‰‡ǡ‘”‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹••–ƒ–—• „‡‹‰ Dz•—’‡”‹‘”dzȄŠƒ˜‹‰ ‘”‡ ’‘™‡”–‡”‹•–‹ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡‹š‡† ƒ† ‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”‹••—‡Ǣ‹–™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‘Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ ‰‡––‘„‡ ‘„‹‡†–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ •‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘„‹‡ƒ†•‡– –‹‘•ˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›‹–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽ’”‘’‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘”›ƒ”‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹ˆ‘—”Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘’‡”ƒ ‘ˆ•–ƒ–—•’”‘ ‡••‡•‹–ƒ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‰”‘—’•Ǥ ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‘”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ ‘—Ž†˜ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ •–”‹†‡• –‘–™‡‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‡“—ƒ ‡ ƒ† ™‘‡ǡ „‡‹‰ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•‡†‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ• ’‹–ƒŽ•ǡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”•ǡ Š‹‰Š Š—” Š Š‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ ŽŽ —‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘–Š‡” ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘• ’”‡•‹†‡–• Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ ƒ”‡  —’ƒ–‹‘• ”ƒ‡† –Šƒ– „‡Ž‘™ ”‡•—Ž– ’”‘ˆ‡•• ‹ ’‘™‡” ƒ†‰ƒ”†‡†Ǥ ’”‡•–‹‰‡ ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ  ͳͳ͸Ǥ    ͳͳͶǤ ͳͻͻ͹Ǥ,ŽƒƒͶͲǤƒ‘‘•—†‘˜‹ƒœƒŽƒ†‡œȋ —˜‡‹Ž‡‘ ͳͳͷǤ„ƒ•‡†‘Š‘™’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•–Š‡›ƒ”‡Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‹ƒ ”‡‹ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‡•–‹‰‡ • ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ƒ” Š›Ǥ ͳͲͶͺ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ‘ ‡”‹‰Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡•–Š‡Žƒ™”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ •‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒ•‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡ–‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’‡”• Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—˜‡‹Ž‡•Ǥ ’ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ „‡’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ„‡‹‰–”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š”‡•’‡ –ǡ„‡‹‰—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ ‘”‡ ƒ —•–‘‡† –‘ „‡‹‰ ‹‡–•˜ƒŽ—‡†ǡƒ†‘”‡ƒ —•–‘‡†–‘’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰‰”‘—’ ‘˜ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž •ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‹–Š‘”‡’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ƒ›ƒŽ•‘ –‘„‡‘”‡”‡•’‡ –‡†„›–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡†‘”‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Œ‘„ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•™‹ŽŽŠ‘Ž†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–’”‡‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ͳͳͺǤ   ͳͳ͹Ǥ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǡ •–‹’—Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹•™Š‹ Š‰”‘—’‡„‡”• ƒ„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǡ–Š‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ –‡”‹•–‹  „ ™‹ŽŽ ‘‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 140 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 140 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37     ‹ƒŽ † Ǧ ‘”Ǧ ‹‰ ”ƒ Ǧ „‡Ǧ ‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ˆ‘” ‡ –ƒǦ ‡‡šǦ ͳʹǣʹ͵  •Š‘—Ž† › ‹†‹Ǧ –ƒ–‹‘• — ƒ–‹‘ ‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”ƒ ‡ †‡” ‘”  Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ‹†‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡„‡”• †‰‡•ȌǤŠ‡ –ƒ–—• Šƒ”Ǧ —†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ  ͳͲͶͻ TRIBUNALS  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ •—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡–•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”Ǧ MIXED    ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡•‘Š‘™•–ƒ–—•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ IN  ƒ••‡”–• –Šƒ– ƒ ‡„‡”ǯ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡     ȋ  JUDGES  hypothesis  LAY hypothesis  hypothesis  proof  of  ›ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ǡ—Ž‡•• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›—”‡Ǧ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–ƒ•ǡ ͳͳͻ ͳʹͲ  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š translation aggregation burden Ǥ Ǥƒ–ͳʹ͸Ǥ Ǥ   ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ Š‹‰Š‡” ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž† Id Id Id ͳʹͳ ͳͲǦʹ Š‡ Š‡ Š‡ ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ™‹ŽŽŽ‹‹–•’‘••‡••‘”–‘–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ ‰”‘—’ǯ•–ƒ•Ǥ   ͳͳͻǤ  ʹͲͳͷȐ –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ–™‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‡š‹•–ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŽ‡‰ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ ƒ„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡ Šƒ ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ȍǡ–‡”‹•–‹ •ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ ƒ Ž‘™•–ƒ–‡•ȌǤ ‘—– ‘‡ ‹• ƒ †‹”‡ – ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”ǯ• ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡† ’‡”ˆ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ””›‰”‡ƒ–‡”™‡‹‰Š–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡’‡”ˆ‘ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ †‹ˆˆ—•‡ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡”‡ –Ž› ‘Ž ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ•Ǥ  –Š‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ•— Šƒ•Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •–”‘‰‡” ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡–‹‘• ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‡š’ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ǯ• ‘” Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ǯ• ƒ•‡•–Šƒ†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒŒ—†‰‡ǯ•‰‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ †‡ ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ„‡‹‰ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‘”ƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ƒ””›‘”‡™‡‹‰Š–‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ ‹‰ƒŽ‡‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ǥ ƒ ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡† ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‰”‘—’„‡”•Ǥ ‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆƒ† ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ‡† –”ƒ‹‹‰•Š‘—Ž† ƒ† ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ƒ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽǢ ‹ ‡š’‡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘ˆ‡„‡”•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š•–ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ –‡”‹•–‹ • ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™‹–ŠŽ‘™•–ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŽƒ›Œ— ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ •‡– —’ ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ȅ™‹–Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• „‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡•Ȅ™‹ŽŽ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘–”‹„—–‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ–‡† –‘ –ƒ• ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ •–”— –—”‹ ‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ„‘–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ††‹ˆˆ—•‡• ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ ‹• ‘„‹‡† ‹–‘ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”•‘ˆ‘”‹‰–Š ’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ͳʹͲǤ   ͳʹͳǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 141 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37  ” ›   –Š •‘Ǧ ‡”ǯ• •–‹ŽŽ ‹‡˜‡ –Š‡” –†‹ˆǦ ’• ‹ —–‹‘ ‡ˆƒ – ͳʹǣʹ͵ •Ǥ  –‘ „‡  •Žƒ–‡ •’‡Ǧ ‘™ƒ”† ˆˆ‡”‡– Š›•‹ ƒŽ ••‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ–”‹ƒŽǡ •’‘•‹Ǧ ‹„—ƒŽ• ȋǤǤŠ›‡ •ǡ•— Š  ‘”ƒ Ǧ †‰‡•ƒ† ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ „‡ƒ•‹Ǧ ‘™ƒ”†–Š‡ —• Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ”‡’”‡•‡–    ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡Ǧ  ͳʹʹ

 ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵   ͺ REVIEW  in ǡ LAW  ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•ǯ Influence KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ  Ǧ ͳʹ͵ ‘–‡ͺ͵ǡƒ–ͳǤ and     supra CHICAGO  ǡ  Status,  ȋ Cues   Ǥ Gender, Status     Ǧ    ͳͲǦʹ Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ Š‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ‹•–Š‡ ‘Ǧ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• „‡”• ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠƒ˜‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†Ǥ ‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •–”ƒ‰‡”•ǡ ™‘—Ž† ™‘”†•ǡ„›‘™‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ‡„‡”‹•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‘”ƒŽƒ Œ—†‰‡ǡ –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǤŠ—•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ— ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡„ Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ›‘–‘™‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†ƒ› –Š‡›™‹ŽŽ•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ– –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‡„‡”–‘ˆ‘”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ•‹’Ž ‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”•‘‡„‘†›‹•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‘”ƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡Ǥ ƒ††™ƒ”† Ǥƒ™Ž‡”‡†•ǤǡͳͻͻͳȌǤ  ͳʹ͵Ǥ ‡”‰‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ   ͳʹʹǤ ‹†ƒǤƒ”Ž‹ǡ ͳͲͷͲ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡‹–‘‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•– –Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ†ǡ‹–Š‡Ž‘‰”—ǡ–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡–ƒ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡŠ‹‰Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• Œ—†‰‡• ‘ ȋ‡„‡”• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ™‹ •–ƒ–—•‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡–ŠƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ȋ‡„‡”•™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”•–ƒ–‡•‘ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ȌǤŠ‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–” ™‹ŽŽ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘Ž› ƒŒ—†‰‡ƒ›„‡–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†”‡ ’”‘ˆ‡ „‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǡ„›˜‹”–—‡‘ˆ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽŽƒ™ǡ–Šƒ–Œ—† ‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡‘”‡–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‡•‘Ž ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ ‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‡‹–Š‡”™‹ŽŽ ’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘”™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ ‹–‘‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•– –ƒ•ǤŠ‡‡š ‡’–‹‘•‹‰Š–„‡•‘‡†‹ˆˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ƒ•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›Š‡Ž’•‘‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ Š Š‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ „‹‡† –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡† ‘” ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘Ǥ™Š‹ Š  –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‰”‘— ‘™ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ† ƒ„‘—–‡„‡”•ǯ ‘’‡–‡ ‹‡•‘–ƒ•”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‘”›ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡ ˆ—•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ‘” ’‘••‡••‹‘•Ǥ ƒ• —‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ˜‘‹ ‡ǡ’‘•‹–‹‘‹–Š‡‰”‘—’ǡ•’‡‡ Š”ƒ–‡Ȍ‰‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–’‡”ˆ ’ ‘—Ž† „‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ •–ƒ–—• —‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•’‡‘’Ž‡’‘••‡••Ȍǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ †‹ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 141 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 141 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37       Ǥ Ǧ    ͳʹ͸ ͳʹͻ ͳǡͳ and    Ǥ  ”‰‡” –ˆ‘” Ǥ Expec Verbal       Ǥ ͳʹǣʹ͵ 

”‹‘”  ‹–‘ ƒ’”‘Ǧ Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ of Š‡•‡ ‹” ‘Ǧ  –Š‡  —’™‹ŽŽ An ‡„‡”•  ‹•–‹ •‹•     Interactive •–ƒ–—• ǡ‘–Š‡”   Š‡š’‡ Ǧ †‹˜‹†—Ǧ  ͳʹ͹  –ƒ––‘‘•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ͳ͵ͳ  ͳʹͶ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡›’‘‹– †•Š‘™•  š’‡ –‡†–‘ –ƒ–—•Š‹‡”Ǧ Nonverbal

The ͳͶ  Quality Status: ǡ ʹ͸   ǤǤͶͻȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ  in –Š‡‘–Š‡” ǡ and –ƒŽ“—‹ Ž›ǡ and Bold:   ͳʹͷ ͶͲ͵ǡͶͲͶȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ  Study     Ǥ     ͳʹͺ   Groups   Cues Ǥ    Being    ʹͳ Ǥ   Quantity Jury   Further   Ǥ   ͳͲͷͳ of  A ǡͶͶ From Š‡‘†‘”‡Ǥƒ„ǡ      Mock  Nonverbal in Effect also       Persuasion,  see The Benefits  in ‘–‡ͺ͵ǡƒ–ͶͺʹȂͺ͵Ǥ   TRIBUNALS  Differences Strategies:   Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ   Influence ͳͳ͵ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǢ‡”‡‘‰‡”Ƭ‹ŽŽˆ”‹‡†‡••Š‘‡˜Ǧ Who  supra     ǡ  MIXED on   Power   ǡ  Variable   a IN or     ǡͳͳ Ǥ   as  Process

   Sex  Ǥ   ȋ 

Conversational ǤͻͷͷǡͻͷͺȋͳͻͺͷȌǢ  Ability JUDGES     Triads:  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹʹͳǤ     Loudness LAY Characteristics Ǥ     Ǥ  Dyadic  Organizing    and Ƭ  in supra  ǡ ‘–‡ͳͳͲǤ Leadership  Status   ǡͻͲ of Status    Dyads   and       in supra ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‹–‡””—’–ǡƒ†ƒ”‡‘”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹   *  Ǥ  ͳ͵Ͳ ʹ͵ͷǡʹ͵͹ȋ†™ƒ”† Ǥƒ™Ž‡”‡–ƒŽǤ‡†•Ǥǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ Cues Differences Ratings      Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š Approach  on   Control     Task   of  States ͳͲǦʹ  –ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ†•–ƒ–—• —‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ   

Individual  Interaction Effects  ͳʹ͸Ǥ ‡”‰‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ  ͳ͵ͳǤ  Šƒ†ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–—• —‡•ȋ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–ƒ• —‡•Ȍ’‘‹–‹ƒ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ–ƒ–—• –‡”‹•–‹ •–Š‡‘”›‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–‡„‡”•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š•–ƒ–—•‹ƒ‰”‘ „‡‰‹˜‡‘”‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‰”‘—’ǡƒ†–Š‡ –”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•ˆ”‘ ‹–‡””—’–‹‰™Š‡–Š‡›‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”•–ƒ–—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ  ͳʹͻǤ ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ‘””‡–‹‘Ƭ‘„‡”– Ǥ‘—–‹ŽŽ‹‡”ǡ •–—†‹‡•‘•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•’”‘˜‹†‡•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ••‡”–‹‘•ǣ‹ ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–—••’‡ƒˆ‹”•–†—”‹‰‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ’Ž‡–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹„—ƒŽ–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ǡ•‘•–ƒ–—• —‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ˆŽ‡••‡”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹ˆ– ™ƒŽ ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ   ͳʹͶǤ ‹•ƒ Ǥ ƒ•Š‘––‡ Ƭ › ‹–ŠǦ‘˜‹ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ ™Š‹Ž‡„—•‹‡•• ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ •—‹–ǡ —‡• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Œ‡™‡Ž”›Ȍ ‰‹˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‡Ž‹––Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Žƒ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†ǡ •–ƒ–—• —‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ —•‡† ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ  ͳ͵ͲǤ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤƒ ™‘‘†ǡ  ͳʹͷǤ  ‡”ǡ Paraverbal ”‘—’•–‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡‘”‡‘”Ž‡••DzˆŽ‘‘”–‹‡dzƒ‘‰–Š‡‹” ‹†‹”‡ –”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š‘™—•‡ˆ—Žƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‹•‡ „‡ǡ™Š‹ Šǡ‹–—”ǡ‹•‹ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘Ǥ ƒ†Ž‘—†Ž›ǡ  ͳʹ͹Ǥ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǡ ͳʹͺǤ ‡ ‹Ž‹ƒǤ‹†‰‡™ƒ›ǡ ‘•‡’Š‡”‰‡”Ƭ‡‘›‹–Šǡ  †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–—• —‡•ƒ›„‡—•‡†–‘ƒŽ–‡”–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ• ƒ” Š‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆƒˆ‡ƒŽ‡Œ—†‰‡•’‡ƒ•‹ƒŽ‘™˜‘‹ ‡ƒ ‘˜‡”„ƒŽ —‡•‘ˆˆ‡‡Ž‹‰— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Ž‘™‡”–Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽǡŠ‹‰ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–•Š‡‹• ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡Ǥ tation 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 142 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ǡ Ǧ   ‡Ǧ ˜‡ Š‡ ͳ͵ʹ –—• –•  –‡† ƒŽŽ –„‡Ǧ ›‹‡Ž† –›Ǥ ’‡”Ǧ  ͳʹǣʹ͵ ƒ–Žƒ›   •–ƒ–—• ǡ ‘”‡ ‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ Processes ‡† „› ”ǡ™‹ŽŽ  š‡†–”‹Ǧ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–Ǧ ‹„—–‹‘• Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ †‡”‡†–‘ ƒ”‡‡˜ƒŽǦ †‡”•Ǥ‡”Ǧ     ͳ͵ͷ   Cognitive ǣ Ǧ    Structural  ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ͳ͵͸ ‘–‡ͳʹͻǤ       Ǥ Perception:  supra REVIEW  ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹‹š‡†–”‹„—Ǧ  ͳ͵Ͷ ǯ LAW  Influence  ǤʹͶʹǡʹͷͲȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ   KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ     Roles  Ǥ       Ǥ  Work   CHICAGO    Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ˜‡”„ƒŽ ‘–” generally ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ  ͳ͵͵ ȋ How ‘–‡ͺ͵Ǥ ǡͷͲ see  Ǥ supra Ǥǡ  ‘–‡ͳʹʹǤ ‘–‡ͳʹʹǢ‘””‡–‹‘Ƭ‘—–‹ŽŽ‹‡”ǡ  Behavior      Ǧ  supra supra      ʹͶ͹ǡ ʹͶ͹ ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǢ Id.  Ǥ ͳͲǦʹ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ƒŽ•‘ ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„— –Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‡š’‡     Organizational      ͳ͵͸Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹ǡ  ͳ͵ͶǤ  –Š‡Žƒ™Ǣ‘Ž›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ›’”‡•‹†‡‘˜‡”–”‹ƒŽ•„›‹ „—ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ–‡•–Š Œ—†‰‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‡Ž‡••DzˆŽ‘‘”–‹‡dz‘”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘’ƒ”– ƒ†ǡ‘ ‡–Š‡›†‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘•‹ „‡‘ˆŽ‡••‡”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•„›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ •‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ǯ• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‡–‡”‹  –‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǡ„‡‘”‡ ‘’‡–‡–ǡ„‡ ‡†ƒ•‘”‡ ‘’‡–‡–ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘”„‡––‡”‹ƒ‹‰ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘–ŠƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • –Š‡‘”› ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ– Š‹‰Š •–ƒ–—•‰”‘—’• ‡„‡”• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‹ Œ—†‰‡• • ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ȍ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ–ŠƒŽ‘™•–ƒ–—•‡„‡”• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽ•Ȍ ƒŽ‘‰ –™‘ †‹‡•‹‘•ǣ „›†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘ƒ†„›„‡‹‰•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•Ž‡ƒ ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ‹ – ‰‡” ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ —”ǡŠ‹‰Š•–ƒ–—•‡„‡”•‹•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ –Šƒ–ǡ ™Š‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡ ‘”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ȋ‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ„— ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–Ȍǡ™Š‹ Šǡ‹–— Ž‡ƒ†–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ˜‘”Ǥ   ͳͲͷʹ ˆ‹†‹‰•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–– –‘ƒ‰”‘—’‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡‘’‹‹‘–Šƒ–‰”‘—’‡„‡”•Šƒ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”ǯ• ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ„‹Ž‹ ‡‡ˆ‹–• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” •–ƒ–—•ˆŽ‘‘”Ǧ–‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǣ•–—†‹‡••Š‘™–Šƒ–ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™ –”ƒ• ‡† –Š‡ •‹’Ž‡ ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•„‡Šƒ˜‡‹ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”™ƒ›ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• —ƒ–‡†‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  ͳ͵ʹǤ ƒ”Ž‹ǡ  ͳ͵ͷǤ   ͳ͵͵Ǥ ‘ƒŽ† —’Š”‡›ǡ ƒŽ• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ• Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘”‡ ‘ˆ–‡Ǥ and 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 142 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 142 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37       Ǧ in ʹ ǯ•    Ͷ͵    ƒ• –Š‡  ”‘ˆ ”‡Ǧ ǣ  supra daljeg  ǡ  China’s gradja ͳʹǣʹ͵ ƒ–‹ƒŽ  •–—†Ǧ  ”‘™ praksi, —Ž–•‘ˆ ͳ͵ͻ e   *  ˆ‹†Ǧ –‡”ƒ Ǧ ••‡– ©  –Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡•ǯ ‘Ǧ ‡Ǥ Assessors eš   « pravci ‹–‡†‹‰Ǧ   U ‘–‡ʹǢ‡””‘ǡ „‡—•‡†–‘ ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠǦ   Tribunals Lay sudskoj ǡ ʹ͹     ʹͳ u dalji   ‘–‡ͶʹǢ i  © supra ͳ͵ͳͷ ȋͳͻͺͶȌ ȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌ  Mixed  supra Vojvodine mogu ǡ   i ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ǡ ‘–‡ͶʹǢŒ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ porotnika         SAP Contemporary ‘Ž›‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ™‹•†‘‘”    ͳͲͷ͵  –Š‡”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‡†’ƒ’‡”•‹™Š‹ Š of   ‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ  supra sudija      e    ‘–‡ʹͲǢƒ Š—”ƒǡ ostvarivanja sudovima    ‘–‡ͷͷǢ  TRIBUNALS   Interviews ǡ ͵ͺ   supra osobenosti ǡ ȋˆ‘”–Š ‘‹‰ʹͲͳͷȌǤ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ  višim i ‘–‡͸Ǣ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ   ‘–‡͵ǢŠ—‘›—ƒ‰Ƭ ‹”‘•Š‹ ——”ƒ‹ǡ supra i and     ǡ  obilježja  MIXED     sudjenju supra  IN Odlike ǡ         supra ,     Surveys  Ƭ nom  ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘•–Ž›‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤ Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ « Osnovna Participation ȋ   opštinskim  *  JUDGES  ͳ͵͹  u   Lay  krivi     

  System: u ‘–‡ʹ͵ǡƒ–ͷ͹ȂͷͺǤ LAY         ǯ  Ǥ ‘–‡ͶʹǢ—‡ǡ funkcije ǡ   supra  Justice  ‘–‡ͶʹǢ Exploring   ‹–Š‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘–‹—‡†”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘‰Ž‹•Š e.g.  supra gradjana    the 

  ͳ͵ͺ sudske  in supra   ǡ in ǡ ‘–‡ͷͷǢ‹†ƒƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ǡ  generally  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š    Y    ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‡•œ‡—„‹ ‹ƒ†›Ž™‡•–‡”ƒ™ƒ†œ‹•–—†‹‡† See Courts sudjelovanja supra    ͳͲǦʹ ‘–‡ ͷͷǢ Žƒ†‹‹” Œ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ǡ Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ• Š‘Žƒ”•ǯ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•‡†–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ – ‡ ‘†ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‰”‘—’•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘—–”› Š‡’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Š‡‘”›ƒ›•‡”˜‡ ‹”•–ǡ›•—”˜‡›‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹–Š‡”‡• ͳͶͲ ‘–‡ͺǢ‡‹‰ǡ ͶͺȋͳͻͺͷȌȋ—••ǤȌȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷƒȌȐǢ‹†ƒ ostvarivanju   ͶǢ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ  Participation   u     razvoja ‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”™‘”ǤŠ‡‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹‡•‘Žƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†‡‡’‹‹†‘–‘Ž›•—„•–˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Žƒ™•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”‹‡•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Žƒ™˜Ǥ ‘‘Žƒ™Ȍǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹ ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡ †‘ȌǤ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• “—‹–‡ †‹˜‡”•‡ ƒ† ‘—Ž† ’ƒ”–Ž› ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰•Ǥ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ note  ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ –Š‡†ƒ–ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†—•‹‰‘‡‘”‘”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š supra Lay Chinese   ͳ͵͹Ǥ’‘’—Žƒ”•‡–‹‡–•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥƒ  †‹†‘–‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡’ƒ’‡”•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•”‡Ž‹‡†  ͳ͵ͺǤ  ʹͲͳͷȐ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Šƒ• „‡‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡ™‹–Šƒ—–Š‘”• ‘†— –‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹–Š‡‹ ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ–‹˜‡–‘‰—‡Ǥ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† •‘‡ •–—†‹‡• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ‡”ƒ ƒ† ”‘ƒ–‹ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡—„‡ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹‰Ž‹•Š‘‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Šƒ•„‡‰—–‘‹ ”‡ƒ• ȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”Œ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͶȌȐǤ  ͳ͵ͻǤ   ͳͶͲǤ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌȏŠ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷ„ȌȐǢ ‡”‡ǡ supra ƒ‰—‹†‡‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‘—”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‘”‘ˆǡƒ†‹ –‹‘‹ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•™‹ŽŽ †‹• —••Š‘™–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰ –”‹„—–‹‘•”‡ƒŽŽ›‹‰Š–Ž‘‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ› ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡ •Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ˜‡ƒ–•Ǥ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• na 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 143 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ‡   Š † —‡Ž –Š‡ ‘–‡ •’‡” –‹‘Ǥ ‹‘•ǡ —†‰‡ ” ‡’Ǧ ‘•‹ƒ ƒŽƒ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵  ”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ Š‡› „‡–‘ ‹†‹ˆǦ „‡”• ˆˆ‡ –‡† •ƒ‡ supra Œ—†‰‡ ”‡Ǧ ‡–ƒ‘–ŠǦ ‘• –‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ǡ•‡†• Ž•‘ǡ‹š‡†  ͳͶͷ  –‘ ƒ• ƒ› ƒ• ‹‡ ͳͶͶ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͳͺǢ‡””‘ǡ  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ Preparations  supra Trial  REVIEW  and LAW   KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ   Tribunals ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲʹǤ   ƒ†”‡Ž‹‡†‘ ‘—”–ƒ’’”‡–‹ ‡•Ȅˆ—–—”‡’”‘Ǧ CHICAGO  ‘–‡ͶʹǤ  ͳͶͳ ‘–‡ͷͷǤ supra ȋ supra Mixed  ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡† Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• „› –Š‡ ’‡”Ǧ  ‘–‡ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͻͳǢ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ  Ǥ supra ‘–‡͹ǡƒ–ͷͷͻǤ A. ǡ ͳͶ͵  ƒ•‡† ‡”ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• –‘ ”‡’‘”– –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ supra ͳͶʹ     supra ,    Ǧ  Ƭ    ƒ”†‡ǡ   See ͳͲǦʹ Ž–Š‘—‰Šƒ–”‹ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‡›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‡–”‹ ‘—”–Šǡ™Š‡™‡–”›–‘ƒ••‡••Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ™‡ƒ›„ ‹ˆ–Šǡ‘–ƒŽŽ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡•‹œ‡ƒ† ‘’‘•‹ ͺǡƒ–ͳͺʹǤ  ͳͶͷǤ ‘‹‡—ǡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ —” ‹ ‹–• ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡‹˜‡•–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡”ǡ”‡ƒ†•‹–ǡ• Š‡†—Ž‡•–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ •—‘•–‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•ǡ†‡ ‹†‡•™Š‹ Š‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘‡šƒ‹‡ǡƒ ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›”ƒ‰‡‹•‹œ‡ˆ”‘ƒ•ˆ‡™ƒ•–Š”‡‡‡ ȋ‘‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ ƒ† –™‘ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡•Ȍ –”‹„—ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’‘•‡†‘•–Ž›‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‘”‘•–Ž›‘ˆ’ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽƒ›„‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›ƒ„›–Š‡•‹œ‡ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ  ͳͶͶǤ  •—Ž–• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘†— –‡† ‹ ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ‹š‡†‡ƒ•—”‡†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǯ’‡ –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒŠ‹Ƭ”ƒ‘,ƒŽ‹Œƒ•—”˜‡›‡†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹ ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ ƒ ƒ† ‡”œ‡‰‘˜‹ƒ ‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆƒŒ‘”‹–›˜‡”†‹ –•Ǥ ƒ••‡••‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹••—‡•Ǥ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‘—Ž† ƒ••‡••–Š‡„”‘ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‘”‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ ‹‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–•›•–‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ ™‘—Ž†„‡–‘ˆ‘ —•‘”‡ƒ””‘™Ž›‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –ƒ••’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ†‡ ‹†‹‰ˆƒ –•ǡƒ‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ȌǤ ‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‘—Ž†„‡–‘†‹• —••–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†‡ ˆ‡”‡– •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡–”‹ƒŽǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡˜‡”†‹ –ȌǤ ‘–”‹„—–‹   ͳͶͳǤ —„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ ͳͲͷͶ ‘Ž‹•Š‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•  ͳͶʹǤ ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ ͳͶ͵Ǥ  ‡„‡”•ȋ–Š”‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†•‹šŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ȌǤ ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Ȅ–‘‘„•‡”˜‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡›‡ƒ•—”‡†Žƒ›Œ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• „› ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‡†—”‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ ‘‡–•ƒ†‡†—”‹‰†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ– ‘ˆ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ†ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•†—”‹‰†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ”†ƒ ‘‡–• Ƭ ƒ• ‡‹•‡Ž 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 143 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 143 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37  Ǧ ‘ †   Š‡ –Š‡ Žƒ› ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ–‡• ͳʹǣʹ͵  ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ ƒ ‡•• –Š‡ˆ‘”Ǧ —†›–Š‡ ‡’‘”–‡†  •–‡ƒ†ǡ ŽŒ—†‰‡‹• ƒŽŽ ‘—Ǧ „—–•–—†Ǧ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ‘”’”ƒ –‹Ǧ ͳͶͻ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡• Š‡’”‘ ‡•• ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǢŒ—„ƒǦ ͳͷͶ ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǤ ͳͶͺ supra supra  – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ͳͶ͸  ͳͲͷͷ  Œ—†‰‡• ‡˜‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ”‘ƒǦ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺͶǤ ͳͷʹ supra TRIBUNALS   ”‡•’‘†ƒ†—•‡†–Š‡‘”‡‘ˆǦ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ   ͳͷͳ MIXED    IN     ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǢƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷ„Ȍǡ ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǡƒ–ͶͶȋ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–‘‡‘—–‘ˆˆ‹˜‡‡Ž‡ –‡†Žƒ› ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǢƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷ„Ȍǡ ȋ  ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲͶǤ JUDGES  supra supra ‘–‡ʹǡƒ–ͶͷͶǢ‡””‘ǡ supra ‘–‡͸ǡ͵͵͵Ȃ͵ͺǤ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹͻ͹ȂͻͻǤ   LAY ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡”‘ƒǦ Š‡†‘••‹‡””‡ƒ‹•Ž‘ ‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ supra supra ͳͷ͵ ͳͷͷ supra supra ǡ ǡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ›Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•†‹†‘–”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͲͳǤ  ͳͶ͹ ‘–‡ͳ͵ͺǤ  *  * supra ƒ Š—”ƒǡ  ǡ   ǡ supra e.g.  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š   Ǥ      Id Id. See, ‹†ƒƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–•— Š„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‹ˆŽ— ͳͲǦʹ –—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ–‡†‡ › Š‡ –”‹ƒŽ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡ –‹‡ ™Š‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ƒ ƒŽ• ͳͷͲ Œ—†‰‡•†‹†”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–ǯ•ƒ‹ŽȌǤ  ͳͶͻǤ  ‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͶȌǡ  ͳͶͺǤ ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷ„Ȍǡ  ͳͷͲǤ ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷƒȌǡ ͳͷͳǤ   ͳͷͷǤ   ͳͶ͹Ǥ ƒŒ‹©Ǧ‡–”‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺͷƒȌǡ –‡Ǥ ‘—”–•”‡Ž‹‡†‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™Š‘†‹† ‘—”–ǯ•ƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ–Š—•ǡ†‹†‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‘”ƒ Ž‡”‹–Š‡ ‘—”–ƒ†‹‹•–” ‘–‹ˆ‹‡•Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ†ƒ–‡Ǥ –‘–”›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•–—†‹‡• ‘†— –‡†‹ ‡”—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ   ͳͶ͸Ǥ  ʹͲͳͷȐ •‡†• ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ™‹–‡••‡• ƒ† ‡š’‡”–•Ǥ  ͳͷʹǤ  ‹ —‰ƒ”› ‘’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡›”‡ƒ•‘™Š›–Š‡›†‹†‘–”‡ƒ† ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡”™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‘–‰‹˜‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‹‡–‘•– †‘••‹‡”‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ  ͳͷͶǤ   ͳͷ͵Ǥ —„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ –‹ƒ•–—†›”‡’‘”–‡†”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡†‘••‹‡”‘Ž›‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‡ ‡† –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ ƒ†–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’”‡•‹†‹‰ ’”‡†‹•’‘•‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• –‘™ƒ”† Žƒ› ‘ˆ†‹•‹••‹‰•— ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ˆ”‘†—–›™ƒ•‡˜‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ Œ—†‰‡•™ƒŽ‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘•Ǥ –‹ƒƒ†‘Ž‹•ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’–‹‘‘ˆ†‘‹‰•‘ǡ ‹‡• •Š‘™ –Š‡› †‘ ‘– –ƒ‡‘Ž‹•Š•–—†›— ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ–‘Ž›‘‡‘—–‘ˆ‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•” ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ‘ˆ–‡Ǥ ”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡†‘••‹‡”Ǥ Œ—†‰‡•ǯ Ž‘•‡–‘”•–‘”‡†•‘‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡ ‘—”–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ›’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǡ™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȅ‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ȅ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹†‘–”‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡”Ǥ‘–Šƒ˜‹‰ –‘–Š‡†‘••‹‡”ǡƒ•Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹—Ž •”ǯ••–—†›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†ǡ ” ’”‡’ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ„›”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘– –”‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡‹”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡”Ǥ ‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 144 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37   ƒŽ• ƒŽǦ ’”‡Ǧ ‹š‡† ǢDz‹ ’‘”Ǧ ••‡•ǡ ‹†‹‰ ͳʹǣʹ͵ „—ƒŽ  ‡ –”‹ƒŽ ”‘ƒǦ ”‡†„› ‘– ‹Ǧ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ† ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” ‘—Ǧ ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›–‘ •†‹• —••‡† Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰ ͳͷͻ  ͳͷͺ ƒ•‘–„‡‹‰˜‡”›   ͳͷ͹ ”‘ ‡†—”‡‘†‡Ȍȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌǤ ”‘ ‡†—”‡‘†‡Ȍȋ”‘ƒ–ǤȌǤ Trials   ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ‡–‡” ƒ”†‡ ‘‡–‡† ͳͷ͸ perceived and  ȏƒ•Ȑ‹–‹• —•–‘ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ›  REVIEW   LAW  crime  ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–‘Ž‹•ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‡”‡ –Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡Šƒ• Tribunals  KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ ͳ͸ʹ Ǧ ‘ˆͳͻͻ͵ƒ••‹‰•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†”‡Ǧ  after   Mixed ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲͶǤ economic    †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†Ǧ CHICAGO  B. ‘–‡͸ǡʹͻͻȂ͵ͲͲǤ   ͳ͸ͳ supra ȋ ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͻͶȋ‡’Šƒ•‹•‹‘”‹‰‹ƒŽȌǤ  supra  Ǥ ǡ note  ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷʹǤ    *    Ǧ supra  supra   ƒ†ƒ•“—‡•–‹‘• Ǥ   Id ͳ͸Ͳ ͳͲǦʹ •‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹ƒŽŽ ‘—–”‹‡•—•‹‰‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡’”‡• Ž‹‡–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›•–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǡ–”‹ƒŽ‹–•‡Žˆ‹•ƒ’ ‹Ž‹‰ —‡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† –Š‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡•ǯ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ Š‹Ǧ •’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ ȋ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽȌ Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ Œ—†‰‡•‹”‘ƒ–‹ƒ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒ˜‡”›ƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡–‹ƒ”‹‹ƒŽ”‘ ‡†—”‡ƒ™ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ–‹•Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ƒ† ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‘‹–‘ „‘–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ†–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‘Ǥ‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Ž –”› ’”‡• ”‹„‡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ ‹•Ž‘™‡† ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ †‘Ǥ –‘ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‘ ‘– ƒ† ƒŽŽ ‡„‡”• ‘– ‘ˆ ‹š‡†Š‡”‡Ǣ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•Ȅ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡Ȅ‹•–Š‡ –”‹„—ƒŽ ƒ”‡ ‡“— •‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ”—Ž‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘ ‘—–”›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‘‘ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒŽŽ–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǣ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡Šƒ•ƒ‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š ‘—–”‹‡• —•‹‰  –Šƒ–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ ƒ••‡••‘”•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡†‘••‹‡”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥdz  ͳ͸ʹǤ —„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ  ͳ͸ͳǤ —‡ǡ  ͳ͸ͲǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,ŽƒƒʹͻʹǤƒ‘‘”‹˜‹«‘’‘•–—’—ȋ”‹‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡–••’‡ƒ ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡†Š‹•ȀŠ‡”‘™‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡•‡–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ•Dz˜‡”›™‡ƒdzǢ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•†‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡–” Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ••‹˜‡Ǥ –Šƒ–ƒ‹•ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‘”‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡†‘••‹‡” ”‡ƒŽŽ›„‹‰ ƒ•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹‡•‘‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ• ‘ˆ‹”–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰’”‘ˆ Œ—†‰‡ †‘‹ƒ–‡• ƒ† –Šƒ– Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡   ͳͷ͸Ǥ  ͳͲͷ͸ ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡• ˆ‘” ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Œ—†‰‡ ‡‡’• ‘”†‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǣ ƒŽŽ• –Š‡ƒ†‡š’‡”–™‹–‡••‡•Ǣ“—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡Ǣ‰‹˜‡•‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•ƒ‘’ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•ǡ ™‹–‡ –—‹–›–‘•’‡ƒǢ‘’‡•ƒ† Ž‘•‡•–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǢƒ†•‘‘Ǥ ƒ –‹˜‡ †—”‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ—„‹ ‹ƒ†ƒ™ƒ†œ‹ ƒ•  ͳͷ͹Ǥ  ƒ”†‡ǡ  ͳͷͺǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ,Žƒƒ͵ͳͷǤƒ‘‘”‹˜‹«‘’‘•–—’—ȋ”‹‹ƒŽ ͳͷͻǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 144 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 144 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ͳ͸Ͷ •‡†  ͳʹǣʹ͵  •‹‘ƒŽ ‡’”‘Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ Šƒ– Žƒ› ƒ Ǧ ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡•ǯ –‘”Ǧ ‘Ǧ ƒ•ƒ› ‡–•ǡ ’”‡•Ǧ ƒ––‘ —†‰‡•†‹† †˜‘–‹‰ǡ ‘—•‡Ž ‘•Š‹’ ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ‹‰’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ›Œ—†‰‡• ——•—ƒŽ   ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ͳ͸͵   ͳ͸͹  ͳͲͷ͹ Deliberations  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹••‡‡• –‘”‡Ǧ  ͳ͸͸ TRIBUNALS  and  Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ   MIXED   ͳ͸ͷ  IN ͳ͸ͻ     Tribunals  ȋ  JUDGES  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ʹͶͷȂͷͲǤ LAY  Mixed  ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹ͵ͳǤ C. supra Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡  supra ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺͷǤ ͳ͸ͺ  *  ǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͲͷǤ supra  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š       Id. Id. Id. ͳͲǦʹ Ž‹‡–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ‹–•‡Žˆǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š ‡””‘™”‘–‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡†‹• —• •„ŒÞ” –”ƒ†„ƒ‡ †‹• —••‡† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” Žƒ› ‡›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”›ƒ —•‡”ȌǤ Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǡ†‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘—•‡Žǡ•‡ ‘†ƒ”› —•‡”Ȍ ƒ†‹• —••–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•–ƒ–—–‡•‹–Š‡‹” Ž‘•‹‰ƒ”‰— –Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ ƒŽŽ—’‘–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–‘‘’’‘•‡–Š‡ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Ǥ•ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ”—Ž‡ ‡”ƒ ‘—”–•ƒ”‡“—‹–‡”‡Ž— – ƒ‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Žƒ™ǡ–”›‹‰‘––‘‰‹˜‡ƒ›‹ •‹‘‘ˆ„‹ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ƒ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡„›–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ ‰”‘—†•‘ˆ„‹ƒ•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡ƒ††‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘—•‡ŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹ ‘ˆ–”—•–™Š‡”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ”‡‘—–‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‘–ƒ–ƒŽŽ ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘†‹• —••Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘”‡‘’‡Ž›Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ†‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘ˆ–‡‘ˆˆ‡”• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•Š‘™•Š‹•ȀŠ‡”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘ƒ‡ ‡••‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‡–ƒ‹†‡ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘—”–Ʋ•ƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥƒ ”ƒ”‡Ž›’Žƒ›ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡™Š‡ƒ ƒ•‡‹•†‹• —••‡†‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ‘‰•–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ȋŒ—†‰‡•ǡ’”‘•‡ —–‘”•ǡ†‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘—•‡Žǡƒ– ‡••ǡ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ƒ †—”‹‰–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǤ  ͳ͸ͶǤ  Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ˜‡”›•‡Ž†‘Šƒ’’‡Ȅ‹ˆ‡˜‡”Ǥdz ƒ‹ƒ”ƒ”‡Ž›‡š‡” ‹•‡†‘’–‹‘ǢDz•‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡‘‰   ͳ͸͵Ǥ  ʹͲͳͷȐ ‘–˜‡”›ƒ –‹˜‡†—”‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•Ǣ–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•†‹†‘– “—‡•–‹‘• †—”‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡŒ—†‰‡•ǡ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘”•ǡ Žƒ› ƒ† †‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ––‘”‡›• Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ ”‡’‘”–‡† ’”‘ˆ‡• – Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•‡†“—‡•–‹‘•Dz˜‡”›‹ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›dz‘”Dz‡˜‡”Ǥdz  ͳ͸ͷǤ  –Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŽƒ™›‡”••—”˜‡›‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡Žƒ› “—‡•–‹‘• –‘ „‡ Dz•‘‡™Šƒ– ‹’‘”–ƒ–dz ‘” Dz‘– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ– ƒŽŽǤdz —Ž •ž”ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ǦŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ —‰ƒ”‹ƒŽƒ›Œ ‘–ƒ‡ƒ› ‘‡–•‘ˆ‡”‹–Ǥ ‹–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘ǡ„—–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–‡†–‘ƒ„•–ƒ‹ǣ  ͳ͸͸Ǥ –”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ ͳ͸͹Ǥ  Œ—†‰‡• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ †—”‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• Š ”‹‰Š––‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ‹ˆ–Š‡›‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‹† •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ‡• ƒ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ‡””‘”Ǥ  ͳ͸ͺǤ ‡””‘ǡ ͳ͸ͻǤ  36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 145 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 Ǧ   ‡Ǧ ƒ– ‘ –Š‡ –‹‰ —Ž‡•  ‹ ƒŽŽ› ͳʹǣʹ͵  ƒǦ ‹–Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ †‘‘”•ǣ Šƒ–Žƒ› ͳ͹͸ ’ƒ”–‹ Ǧ Ǥ Ž›Ž‡ƒ† ”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‹”Žƒ ‘ˆ •–ƒ‘‰ ͳ͹͹ ’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†Ǧ ͳ͹ͷ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺ͸Ǥ supra  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲ͸Ǥ REVIEW  ƒ†ƒ›„‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ supra ͳ͹Ͳ  LAW  ‘–‡ͻǡƒ–ʹ͵ͳǤ  Š‡ Žƒ™• ƒ› ‡˜‡ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ͳ͹Ͷ  ͳ͹͵ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ supra Ǧ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵ͺ͵Ǥ ͳ͹ͻ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵ͺ͵Ǥ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵ͷ͸Ǣ‡””‘ǡ    supra ǡ  supra supra CHICAGO   ǡ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵ͻͶȂͻͺǤ   ȋ  *   *  * supra    Ǥ ǡ ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͺ͸Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͺǢ—„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ   ƒ–͵ͷ͸Ǣ–”ƒ†„ƒ‡ǡ  ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷ͵Ǥ        * Š‡›ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–Š‡ƒŒ‘”•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ id.     supra  supra ǡ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǥǡ  ͳ͹ͺ supra  e.g. e.g e.g     ƒ–Ͷͳ͹ȂͳͺǤ   Ǥƒ–ͳͺ͸Ǣ Ǥ    ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ‘”’”‡•‡–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ž‡‰ƒŽ”—Ž‡•–‘–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ Id. See, Id Id See, See, ͳ͹ͳ ͳͲǦʹ ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ”†ƒ••‡••‹‰Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•†—”‹‰†‡ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ™•†‘‘–†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡‘”†‡”‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‹• —••‹ ‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ‹ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ‹• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „‡Š‹† Ž‘•‡† ͳ͹ʹ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ •–—†› ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ‹‰ ‘‡–• †—”‹‰ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•“—‡–Ž›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•–—†›”‡’‘”–‡†– ˆ” Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†‡ ‘‡–• ‘Ž›‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ǥ  ͳ͹͹Ǥ   ͳ͹ͷǤ —‡ǡ  ͳ͹ͶǤ ‡””‘ǡ  ͳ͹͸Ǥ ‹‡•‡ǡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹•–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ› Œ—†‰‡•’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–‘ —”•†—”‹‰†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ› Š‘Ž† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–  ͳ͹ͺǤ   ͳ͹ʹǤ  Žƒ™• Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǯ ‘‡–•–‘–Š‡‹”Žƒ ‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘”–‘–Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‘”•Ǥ  ͳ͹ͲǤ   ͳͲͷͺ ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› —”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‹‰ ‘–‹—‡•ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ –›’ ‹‡••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡•‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘•”‡•‘ƒ–‡ƒ ”‘••‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡• ‘”†‡”‹™Š‹ Š˜‘–‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡Ǥ‡””‘†‡• ”‹„‡† ‡”ƒ” ‘˜‘–‹‰ǣDz–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•˜‘–‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡›‘—‰‡ –Š‡ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡›‘—‰‡•–˜‘ ˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‹†‹‰Œ—†‰‡Žƒ•–Ǥdz  ͳ͹ͻǤ  •Š‘—Ž† ’”‘ ‡‡†ǡ –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› †‡–‡”‹‡ –Šƒ– ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ˜‘–‡• ƒ”‡ ‡“—ƒŽǤ  ͳ͹ͳǤ   ͳ͹͵Ǥ  –Š‘”‘—‰Š ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•‡Ǥ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹••—‡• ‹ •‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ‘‡–• ƒ• ‘Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ •‘‡™Š †‘‘”•ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡Ǥ—‡•— ”‹œ‡†–Š‡Š‹‡•‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–‰‘‡•‘„‡Š‹† Ž‘•‡† Dzȏ†Ȑ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘‹•‡ ”‡–Ǥ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ Œ—†‰‡•’Žƒ›ƒ†‘‹ƒ–”‘Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›‘–‘ –Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ȏ–Š‡Ȑ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›Ǥdz 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 145 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 145 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ǡ ǯ  •Ǧ  ͳͺʹ Ǥ †‡†  * –‡†Ǧ –•ǡ ‘” ͳʹǣʹ͵ ‡••‡†   ‡‹–Š‡” ‡– Žƒ› •‡”– ‹ ‡‘Ž› ”‘–Š‡   •†‘ ‡Žƒ–‡ ‰‡•”ƒ”‡Ǧ ͳͺͶ  ”‡†ǡ ‡”–ƒ‹ Š‘ Š—    ǯ ‘”‡–Šƒ ͳͺ͵    ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‘Ž›‹–Š‡ ‘–‡Ͷ͵Ǣ     ”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ supra  ͳͲͷͻ Š‡”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‹ŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹ƒ ‡””‘•—ƒ”‹œ‡•–Š‡  ƒ ‡”ƒ•–—†›ǡ–‡ˆƒ ͳͺ͸   ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲ͹Ǥ  ͳͺͷ  ͳͺͻ  TRIBUNALS   supra  ǡ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ MIXED    ƒ–ͳʹͷǤ   IN  Id.    ƒ›Œ—†‰‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘–”‹Ǧ ȋ    –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ •–—†›ǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ǤŠ‹”†ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‘–—•—ƒŽŽ›‹ Ž—†‡†‹•‡–‡ ‹‰ǡƒ† JUDGES    ͳͺͺ   Id ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͺ͸Ǣ ”ƒ••‹‡‡–ƒŽǤǡ ͳͺͳ  ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͺͻǤ ‘–‡ͳ͵ͻǡƒ–ͳ͵Ǥ Ƭ LAY ‘–‡ͷͷǡƒ–ͺͷǤ supra supra supra supra ‘–‡ʹǡƒ–Ͷ͸ʹǤ    ǡ  ‘–‡ͺǡƒ–ͳͻ͵Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͺǢ—„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ   supra ,   supra supra  Ƭ ͳͺ͹  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š  Ǥ   Id Id. ͳͻȋƒ™ǡƒ ‡Ƭ ‡†‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–ͳͻͻͺȌǤ‡ ‘†ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•  ƒ†ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‡ǡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡† „› –Š‡ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ͳͲǦʹ ƒ”‡ ‡–•—”˜‡›‘ˆŠ‹‡•‡‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ‘˜‡”ͺͲΨ‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡ ‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‘—Ž†„‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• —ƒ‹‘—•Ž› ’‘‹– –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–‡†Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡ ‡”ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽǤ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘–‘ˆ–‡†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‡™†‹• ‘”†ƒ ‡•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡—•—ƒŽŽ›” –‘ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ‘–„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ǡ‹–‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•™Š‘ƒ• “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰—‹Ž–Ǥ ˆ ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”Žƒ› ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǤŽŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ‘ˆ‹ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•†‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•–‘ƒ ‡š–‡–Ǥ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶʹͲȂʹͶǤ ͳͺͲ   ͳͺ͵Ǥ ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ  ͳͺͶǤ   ͳͺͳǤ ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ †‹†‘–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ†ƒ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡˜‡”†‹ –Šƒ––Š‡›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†˜‡”†‹ –•˜‡”›”ƒ”‡Ž›Ǥ „—–‹‘•‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”˜‹‡™ǣ‘˜‡”ͻͲΨ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›‡š’” †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Dz‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›dz‘”Dz”ƒ”‡Ž›Ǥdz •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‘ Dz‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›dz‘”Dz”ƒ”‡Ž›Ǥdz ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ ‡”ƒ•–—†‹‡•‘‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǣ  ͳͺ͹Ǥ ‡””‘ǡ Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡  ͳͺͷǤ  Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘Ǥ ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹•‘Ž›ƒ†˜‹•‘”›Ǥ ˆƒ –Ǧˆ‹†‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–Ǥ  ͳͺͻǤ    ͳͺͺǤ ƒ‰Ƭ ——”ƒ‹ǡ   ͳͺͲǤ ‹‡•‡ǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ƒ Š—”ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Ž‡••–Šƒ‘‡Ǧˆ‹ˆ–Š‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹„‘– ƒ† ”ƒˆ—”–ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†•–ƒ–‹‰ƒ‘’‹‹‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•ǯ †—”‹‰ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ•’‡” ƒ† ‡‹•‡Ž ‡šƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ƒ†–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†–Š‡˜‡”†‹ –‹ͳǤͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‘ Ž—  ͳͺ͸Ǥ ƒ Š—”ƒǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–”‹ƒŽǤ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ–†‹•–”‹ – ‘—”–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡†‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ•–‘™Š‡– supra  ͳͺʹǤ Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹•—‹“—‡ˆ‘ ͸ͲΨ‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡•–—†›„›ƒŠ‹ƒ†,ƒŽ‹Œƒ Ž›ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•™‡”‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—† Ž›ǡ ȋ†‹•Ȍƒ‰”‡‡‡–•„‡–™‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ—‹–‡‡š’‡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 146 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37   ‘ ƒŽ  „‡ ˆƒŽŽ • ͳʹǣʹ͵  ƒ– –Š‡ ••‹‘ƒŽ ‡ ƒ –Š–Š‡‹” ƒ Ǧ ‹•ŠǦ –Š‡” ‰‘–Š‡” ‹‘Ž›ƒ ‹‘‡˜‡ †ƒ”‰—‡• Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‡••‘” †•œ‡Ǧ ‡ ‘Ǧ –•‡–‘ˆ Š‡’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ †‡Ǧ —†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡   ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ ͳͻ͵ REVIEW    ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‹Ǧ LAW  ͳͻͶ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ   ‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–͸ͶǤ   –Š‡ˆ‡™ ƒ•‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›†‹††‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ǡ‹– CHICAGO  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶʹͲǤ  Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹‡•‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–•—”˜‡›‡†Žƒ›  supra ͳͻʹ ȋ ǡ  ͳͻͲ ƒ Š—”ƒƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹ supra  ͳͻͷ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻ͸  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡ ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–Ͷͺ͹Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͺǡƒ–͵ͳͶǤ ‘–‡ͳͺǡƒ–͵ͳͶǤ ͳͻͳ ‘–‡͵ǡƒ–ͷʹǤ """     *

  supra   supra supra Ǧ  Ƭ supra   ƒ–ͶͺͺǤ     Id. ͳͲǦʹ —‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ–ǡ DzȏȐ˜‡ ‹ˆ Žƒ› ƒ••‡••‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘’‹‹ Š”‹•–‘’Š ‡‹‰ ”‡’‘”–• –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ Žƒ› ‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• „‡–™‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ —•‡†‘”–‘‰‹˜‡Š‹ƒ‘”‡Ž‡‹‡–•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†„›ƒ•’‡”Ƭ‡‹•‡Žƒ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‡†‡ ›Ǣ ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– ‘—–”‹‡• –‘ ȋǮ–Š‡ Œ—”‹‡• ‹ „Ž‡‡†‹‰ ‘ Š‡ƒ”–Ǧ•›†”‘‡ǯȌ –Š‡–‡†–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–‰—‹Ž–›ǡ‘””‡“—‹”‡ƒ‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡’— ™‡†‹•Š Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ‡––Šƒ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ǡ™Š‘–‡†•–‘™ƒ––‘ˆ”‡‡–Š‡ ‹‰•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”•ǯ Šƒ ‡•–‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž–‡†–‘™ƒ” ”‘‹ˆ–Š‡Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”•†‘‘–Š‘Ž†ƒ ‘‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‘— –Š‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ ‹‰‘‘† Šƒ ‡–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”•ǤŽƒ›ƒ•• –Š‡ ‹‘”‹–› Šƒ• “—‹– ‹–Š‡‹‘”‹–›™‹ŽŽ”ƒ–Š‡”„‡ ‘˜‹ ‡†„›–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›–Šƒ„ ˜‹ ‹‰Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ  ͳͻ͵Ǥ ‹‡•‡ǡ ͳͻͶǤ ‡‹‰ǡ  ͳͻͷǤ  ˆ‡™ ƒ•‡•dz‘”Dz‡˜‡”Ǥdz ”‘ƒ–‹ƒ•–—†›ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Dz  ͳͻͳǤ ‹‡•‡ǡ ͳͻʹǤ  •‡‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•”ƒ”‡Ž›‡š‡” ‹•‡†–Š‡‹””‹‰Š––‘‘—–˜‘–‡– •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹™Š‹ ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‘—–˜‘–‡’”‘ˆ‡ Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ǥ‹‡•‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡•‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•DzŽƒ›˜‡”†‹ –•dzƒ –Šƒ––Š‡›ǣ   ͳͻͲǤ  ͳͲ͸Ͳ ƒŠ‹‰Š‡” Šƒ ‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰–ƒŽ‡†‹–‘ƒ ‡’–‹‰ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘’‹ ™Š‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‹•‹–Š‡‹‘”‹–›–Šƒ‘ˆ ‘˜‹ ‹ ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ǣ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Š‡‘”›ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ  ͳͻ͸Ǥ —‡ǡ Œ—†‰‡•‹™‡†‡‘—–˜‘–‡†–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡‹‘Ž›ͳǦ͵Ψ‘ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•Ǥ Œ—†‰‡• ™‡”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• Ž‡••Œ—†‰‡–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ƒ”‘—†Ǥ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ’‡”•—ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡”ƒ–Š‡”Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ‰”‡‡‡–‹•Š‹‰ŠǤ †‡‡†ǡ•–—†‹‡•”‡’‘”–‡†–Š ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—”– †‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• —’ –‘ ͻͷΨǡ—ƒ‹‘—• •‡‡‡† ˜‡”†‹ –•Ǥ –‘ ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ›–”›–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡–Š‡™‹ ‘™ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥdz 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 146 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 146 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37     Š‡ ǡ ƒ and ‰ƒŽ  ‘–‡ ”ƒ Ǧ  ƒ† Ž ‘ˆ‡•Ǧ †‰‡•ǯ ‘–‘ ˜‘‹ Ǧ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ˆ‘”‡Ǧ  ‡••‹‘ Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‡•ǣ ‹‰ Œ—†‰‡• Legal ”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ supra  ˆ–Š‡ –Šƒ A ƒ”‡“—‹–‡ –‘”ƒ  ‡••‘”• ʹͲͳ ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ ›Ž‘†‰‡ ƒŽ‹‰‡†–Š‡ Courts:  Contribution  Criminal   ͳͲ͸ͳ Overall  Polish  the  Judges’ ǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͳ͹Ǣ‡Ž‹‰•‘ǡ in TRIBUNALS    Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Lay   Judges MIXED      the ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰‘—–˜‘–‡†ǡ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ IN ǤͳͻͺǡʹͲ͵ȋͳͻ͹ͶȂͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ    Lay  ǯ  ʹͲͲ ͳͻ͹  ‘”–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹Ǧ 

and ȋ    Ǥ  ͳͻͻ JUDGES Ǥ   ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–ͳ͹͹Ǥ Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•‹–Š‡‘Ž‹•Š•–—†›•—’’‘”–‡†    LAY  ‘–‡ͷͷǡƒ–ͺͷǢ Ǥ supra ͳͻͺ  supra ‘–‡ʹǡƒ–Ͷ͸͵Ǥ Tribunals ǡ  ‘–‡ͳ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲͳǤ ǡ͹   supra ,  supra Ƭ Mixed   Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š D.   Description  ͳͲǦʹ Š‹Ž‡„‘–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–– Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰••—’’‘”––Š‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ Š‡Œ—†‰‡Šƒ•–™‘‡ƒ•‘ˆ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ”‡•’‡ –‘ Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‹•Žƒ ‹‰Ǥ ‡ƒ›™ƒ”–Š‡Žƒ›ƒ•• –Šƒ–ƒ—”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡˜‡”†‹ –‘”•‡–‡ ‡™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ƒŽŽˆ‘” ƒ’’‡ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘•‹‰’ƒ”–›ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‘Šƒ•– ”‹‰Š––‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽǡ–Š‹••Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡‹‰‘”‡†ǤŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡ƒ ƒ†‹••‡–ǡƒ†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š•— Š†‹••‡–‹•‘–•‹‰‡†ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”– ‘™–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†–Š‡™‘”† ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹••‡–Ǥ ›‘™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡƒ‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†‹••‡ ’”‘’Š‡ ›‘ˆƒƒ’’‡ƒŽŠƒ••‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•’”‘’–‡†–Š‡Žƒ›ƒ••‡•Ǧ •‘”•Ȅ‘” ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š •—ˆˆ‹ ‡•Ȅ–‘ ‰‘ „ƒ ˜‘–‡ƒ†Œ‘‹‡Ǥ ‘ –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ƒ ‘ ‡’–‘”‹†‡ƒ‘ˆŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ Žƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ‹–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘ǡŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ˜‡”†‹ – ™‹–Š ’—„Ž‹  ‘’‹‹‘ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘™ƒ”† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ„‡––‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†‡Šƒ ‡†–Š‡ ‘—”–ǯ•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ Œ—  ͳͻͺǤ  ƒ”†‡ǡ ͳͻͻǤ  ƒ† ‰‡–Ž› ‰—‹†‡ –Š‡ ‹–‘ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡Š‹•‡Žˆǡ†‡• ”‹„‡†Š‘™Š‡’‡”•—ƒ†‡•Žƒ›Œ—†‰ ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ ƒ”†‡ –‡”‹•–‹  –Š‡‘”› ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǣ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•†‘‹ƒ–‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹’” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†„›Žƒ™›‡”•™ƒ•–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†‡ƒ‹‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹ –Š‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ ͳͶǡƒ–ʹͺͳǤ  ʹͲͲǤ ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ ʹͲͳǤ –ƒ‹•Žƒ™ ‘‘”•‹ǡ ‘‡–ǡ •‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ˆ”‘ ‹Žƒ† ƒ† ™‡†‡ ‹‡”˜ƒ ¡¡Ž¡‹‡ǯ••–—†›•‹‰Ž‡†‘—––Š‡Žƒ–‡–ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ— ƒ’ƒ‹ Žƒ‹ ƒ† ‘•–”‡ƒ•‘‹•—’’‘”–‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ȋ–Š‡’”   ͳͻ͹Ǥ ƒ Š—”ƒǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ •‘”–‹‰‘—– †‹˜‡”‰‡–‘’‹‹‘•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ˜‘–‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‹ ‡”ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘•‹•‘†‹• —••‹‘ ‘•‡•—ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹‰Š–—•‡–‘‘Ž•ƒ––Š‡‹”†‹•’‘•ƒŽ–‘’‡”•—ƒ†‡Žƒ› Empirical „—–‹‘‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡™ƒ•‹‘”Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 147 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37  Ž   nom Š‡› « „—– ™‹–Š ‡›• ‘”‹–› ‘”‡ dz ƒ† •–—†› ͳʹǣʹ͵  ‡ ƒ•Ǧ ˜‹‰ ƒ ʹͲͶ ‰Š ŽŒ—†‰‡ •”‡•‘Ǧ ƒ ”‘•• krivi ‘Ǧ  ‡Ǧ ’Ž‡‡Ǧ ‡†˜‡”› ” ‡’Ǧ ‡ƒǡ Ž‹‰ –”‹ƒŽǦ —Ž–—”‡ Šƒ‰Ǧ ‹œ‡–Š‡ našem  u  porotnika   ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ sudaca  REVIEW   LAW  ʹͲ͹ sudjelovanju  o ƒ–ͳͲͲȂͲͳǤ   , KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ   ʹͲͺ  ‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–ͷͶȂͷͷǤ ‘–‡Ͷͻǡƒ–ͷͺǤ ‘–‡ͳͺʹ   CHICAGO   razmišljanja  supra supra ‘–‡ͷͷǤ ȋ ǡ ǡ ͸Ͳͷȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ supra •—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆŽƒ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–ǡƒ–  ǡ Neka  ʹͲ͵ ‘–‡ʹͲͳǡƒ–ʹͲʹǤ ‘–‡ʹͲͳǡƒ–ʹͲ͵ȂͲͶǤ Ǥ supra ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘Ž‹•Š”‡•’‘†‡–• ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†Žƒ›Œ—†‰Ǧ ǡ  ʹͲ͸  supra supra  """  """      Ƭ ,

     Ǧ  Ƭ Ƭ Ƭ e     ʹͲʹ          ǡͶͲ  ‘–Š ‹‹•Š ƒ† ™‡†‹•Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ‘†‡‡† Žƒ› ͳͲǦʹ Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǡ•–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡›•ǡƒ†ƒ––‘” ‡”‡›‡‡‹‰•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ—””ƒ›•—”˜‡›‡†ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‘•–ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ••‡••‘”•‹•‹ Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–•–Š”‘—‰Š Šƒ‰‹‰’—„Ž‹ ’‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡‹•‘–‹’”‘˜‡†˜‡”›— ŠǡƒŽ–Š‘— ƒ••‡••‘”• ƒǮƒ••‹•–ǯƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘–Š‡ ƒ†„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ —•‡†Ǥ•ˆƒ”ƒ•‘•–ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡ ‡”‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘–Š‹‰™”‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡™Š‹ ‹•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”Ǣ‹–‹•Œ—•––Šƒ––Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‘‡•‘–”‡ ‘‰Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ ʹͲͷ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”† ”‘Ž‡’‘™‡”ȌǤ ȋ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒŒ  ʹͲͶǤ ƒ”‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‡ǡ  ʹͲͺǤ  –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡˜‡”› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽ‹ –ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡŽƒ™›‡”•‹”‘ƒ–‹ƒ™‡”‡•—’’‘”–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†   ʹͲ͸Ǥ  ‡•ˆ‘”„‡‹‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ†Ž‡‹‡–Ǥ Œ—†‰‡• ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ Dz‡‘–‹‘ƒŽdz ȋ ‹‹•Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ™‡”‡ Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡’‘”––Š‹•–Šƒ™‡†‹•Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Ȍǡˆ‘”Šƒ Ž‘™‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ’”‘‘ˆǡˆ‘”„‡‹‰’‡”•—ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒ –‘‘‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǡƒ†ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘” ‹‹•ŠŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡˆ‘””‡˜‡ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‡†•‡ ”‡–•Ǥ  ʹͲ͵Ǥ ‘‘”•‹ǡ  ʹͲ͹Ǥ ‘‘”•‹ǡ  ʹͲͷǤ   ʹͲʹǤ  ͳͲ͸ʹ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡—•–ƒ‡Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘‹‰—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡ȌǤ ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Dz‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡‘’Ž‡ Dz†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”‘—’•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥdz–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡›’Žƒ ƒŽ•‘’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹•”‹††Ž‡† ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡‘•‹ƒƒ† ‡”œ‡‰‘˜‹‹ƒ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡”‡•– ‹š‡† –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹‡•Ǥ –”‹„—ƒŽ• –Š ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Žƒ  ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒ postupku ‹–Š‡‘Ž‹•Š•–—†› ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‘•‡’‘‹–‡†‘—–„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡• –Š‡™‘”Ž†ǣ ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤŠ‡‹”•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡› ”‹–‹ ‹• 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 147 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 147 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37      ”   ‡Ǧ ʹͳʹ ‘–‡ —•‹Ǧ †‡† „‡ǫ supra •ǡ ‹ –‹˜‡ ǡ •Šƒ• ͳʹǣʹ͵ ƒ„‘—–  ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‹˜‹‰Ǧ Ǥ–Š‡” Ž›‘˜‡” ‹ƒŽǤ  supra ‹œ‡†‹ ƒ›Œ—†‰‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹‡Š‹ƒ ʹͲΨ•ƒ‹† ʹͳͶ •ƒ’”‹ƒ”› ʹͳ͵ ‘–‡͸Ǥ  Participation  supra Lay ǡ   *     ͳͲ͸͵  Exploring      ‘–‡ͷͷǢ—„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ  TRIBUNALS  supra Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ generally  MIXED    see IN  ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ        ȋ  ʹͳͳ ‘–‡ͷͷǢ JUDGES Š‹Ž‡‘”‡–Šƒͺͷ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ”‘ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ›   * ʹͲͻ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶͶͻǢ—–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ LAY ‘–‡ͷͷǡƒ–ͻͶǤ  supra

 supra ‘–‡ʹͲͳǡƒ–ʹͲʹǤ Ǥ ǡ supra ‘–‡ʹǡƒ–Ͷ͸ͶǤ ǡ ‘–‡ͶʹǢ ‘–‡ͳͺǡƒ–͵ͳͷǤ supra   supra  * ,   supra supra ǡ Ƭ  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š      ‹‡•‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡ȏ™‡†‹•ŠȐŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š•‡ŽˆǦ ͳͲǦʹ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‡š’”‡••ƒ‘”‡‘’–‹‹•–‹ ˜‹‡™ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹ Š‡‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡‘Ž‹•Š•–—†› ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ”‹‹ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ ‡ •›•–‡• ‹ ‹”•–ǡŠ‘™ƒ –‹˜‡†‘™‡‡š’‡ –Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•–‘ ʹͳͲ  ʹͳ͵Ǥ  ͷ͵ƒ–ͳͳͲǢŒ—„ƒ‘˜‹©ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘’‹‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ‘Ž›•Ž‹‰Š– ͷͲΨ ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ‘” •–ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ ƒ––‘”‡›• •Šƒ”‡† –Š‡‹” ‡–Š  ʹͳͶǤ ƒ Š—”ƒǡ ‘–‡ʹͲǤ  ʹͳͳǤ ‹‡•‡ǡ  ʹͳʹǤ ‘‘”•‹ǡ   ʹͲͻǤ  ʹͲͳͷȐ  ʹͳͲǤ  –Šƒ––Š‡‹”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡˜‡”†‹ –•™ƒ••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ†„‡‡ˆ‹ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ƒ Š—”ƒ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Šƒ–•’‘†‡–•ȏ ‡”ƒŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ȑ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– ‘—”–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†‡ ‹ DzȏƒȐ„‘—– –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›™‹–Š‘—–Žƒ›ƒ••‡••‘”•Ǯ‹ƒˆ‡™ ƒ•‡•ǡǯ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ„‘—– –Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—”–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ǮƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”ǯ†‡ ‹†‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥdz ‡•–‡‡ ƒ† –Š‹ –Š‡› ‡š‡”– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡’–‡†ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹–‹•–Š‡ ƒ”‡‡”Œ—†‰‡™Š‘’Žƒ› †‡ ‹•‹‘ ”‘Ž‡†—”‹‰†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥdz ƒ†ͻͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡•–—†›„›ƒŠ‹ƒ†,ƒŽ‹Œƒ ”‘Ž‡ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡˆ”‘ ‹˜‹ŽǦŽƒ™ ‘—–”‹‡•–‘•‘ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡŽ‹‡ ƒ’ƒǡ‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡‹”•›•–‡•ˆ‘”†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ–‹ŽŽ‘–Š‡”•ǡŽ ”‘ƒ–‹ƒǡ ƒ† ™‡†‡ǡƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒ‡†‡†–Š‡‹”Žƒ™•–‘‡Šƒ ‡Ž Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„‘–Š’”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ† ”‹–‹ –Š‡•ƒ‡„”‡ƒ–ŠǤ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘”ƒ–‡†Ǣ‡™•–—†‹‡•ˆ”‘•‹ƒ”‡˜‡ƒŽƒ‘”‡‘’–‹‹•–‹ ’‹ –—”‡ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ƒ›‘’‡ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• ”‡ƒ‹ Š‡ —””‡–„‘†›‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–˜‡”›ƒ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 148 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37    ‹•Ǧ ‹ ‹Ǧ –Š‡ –Š‡ –Ž› ǫ  ‹–‹‡• ƒ†‡Ǧ ‹‘ƒŽ ͳʹǣʹ͵ ”‘Ž‡•  ™ ƒ† •–Š‡‹” ‹–Š‡ ‘”‡ǡ Šƒ ‡• ‹’ƒ–‹‘ „›Žƒ™ǡ ›Ǥ—–ǡ •ǡ ƒ”†• ‡ƒ –‹˜‹Ǧ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹Ǧ ›–‘ ƒ’Ǧ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ›Œ—†‰‡•ǯ ”‘ ‡••Ǥ ‘‡™Šƒ– Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡• –ƒ–—• Šƒ”Ǧ  ‘–‡ ͸ǡ ƒ– ͶʹͳǢ –Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ʹͳͷ supra ǡ  *  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶʹͳǤ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵ͳ͵Ȃͳͻǡ͵ͻͶȂͻͺǢ—Ǧ  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ supra   ǡ supra ǡ REVIEW   *   *  LAW      KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ   ‘–‡ Ͷͻǡ ƒ– ͸͵Ȃ͹ͳǢ    CHICAGO   supra ǡ ȋ  Ǥ ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͷͶǤ ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲͶǤ """    supra

supra  ƒ† –Šƒ– Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ”ƒ”‡Ž› †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ   ǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͲͶǢ ǡ•—’”ƒ‘–‡ͷʹƒ–͵Ͷ͸ȂͶ͹Ǣ  Ǧ  Ƭ ʹͳ͸   ‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹•–Šƒ–     ʹͳ͹ ͳͲǦʹ Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹ Š “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ ‡”‹‰ Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ —–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† •–ƒ”– „› ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ‡šǦ  ʹͳ͸Ǥ  •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•–‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ–„‡•–ƒ•• ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ  ʹͳ͹Ǥ  ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•†‘‘–•–ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•Žƒ–‡Ǣ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ’—– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡•–Šƒ–Ž‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ”‘Ž‡ ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ ƒ††‹– ‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǯ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆŽƒ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹†‡ ‹†‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ • ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ȍ ”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡ –Šƒ––Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ –Š‡•‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡•–ƒ ‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•Ǣ‹–‹••‹’Ž›‘–ˆƒ‹”–‘‡š’‡ – –‘„‡ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’ “—ƒ–‡ „‡ Šƒ”•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ Žƒ› †‹”‡ Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•’”‡•‹†‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‹†ƒŽƒ”‰‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ ƒ†‡ „› ™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘”–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ „‡ Šƒ”ǫŠƒ–‹•’‘‹– ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• Šƒ˜‡ —•‡†‹š‡† ‹ –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹ •–—†‹‡• ™Š‹ Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡’ƒ–‡•ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†–”›–‘„‡ Šƒ”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ ’ƒ”– –›‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ’”‡•‹†‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ȋ•ȌǤ ™‘”†‡† ƒ› „‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—–ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‘™‘ˆ–‡†‘Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•“—‡•–‹‘•Ȍƒ›„‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡ ƒ –‹˜ –—”‡•–‡”‡‘–›’‡•ƒ†„‡Ž‡••ƒ —”ƒ–‡‹‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ –Šƒ“—‡•–‹‘•–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ•‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ƒ•‡ –”‹‡† ‹ ƒ ‹š‡†Šƒ†ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡”‹‰‘Ž›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡–”‹ƒŽ‡ –”‹„—ƒŽȌǤ  – –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‡””‘”‹‹–•‘™”‹‰Š–Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‘—–”‹‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•’‘•‡†–‘™ƒ”†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡƒ•‹‰•— Š‰‡‡”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ›•Š‘™ ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’”‡† Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡• ’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†•‡‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ   ʹͳͷǤ  ͳͲ͸Ͷ ‡„‡”•ȋ‡‹–Š‡”†—”‹‰–”‹ƒŽ‘”†—”‹‰†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ „‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 148 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37 B 06/12/2015 148 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37     Ǧ †‰‡ and ™‹ŽŽ ͳʹǣʹ͵  ‹†ƒ–‡ ƒ –‹‰ ‡‡”ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡• ”‹„—–‡Ǥ ’‡ –‡† ‡†—‡ ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ Ž–‘–Š‡ •‹–Š‡ Œ—†‰‡• ‡‹”Œ‘„• ‘”‡‘Ǧ ‡‘Ž‹•Š –‘ ƒ””› Žƒ™†‡Ǧ Ž˜‡• •Š•–—†› ‹‡™‡†ƒ• ›’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ ʹʹʹ dz ‘–‡ͷ͵ǡƒ–ͳͲ͹Ǥ „—–ƒ”‡†‘—„–ˆ—Ž supra ʹʹͷ ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–ͶͶ͸Ǥ ƒ†–Š—•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†  ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –  ͳͲ͸ͷ ʹʹ͵ ʹͳͺ supra ͳͻ͹ȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ ǡ ‘–‡ʹͲǡƒ–ͷͳʹǤ  

 * supra  TRIBUNALS  ǡ Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ       MIXED       ǣ IN    ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Dz•‘Ǧ Participation   ȋ    ʹʹͲ

Lay ͷͷǡƒ–ͺͷǢ ‘–‡ͷ͵Ǥ JUDGES    ‘–‡͹͵ǡƒ–ʹͻͲǤ ‘–‡͹͵Ǥ   ‘–‡Ͷʹǡƒ–ͳͺͻǢ—„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ LAY note  supra •‡‡–‘•—’’‘”––Š‹•ƒ”‰—‡–Ǣ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ supra supra supra ʹʹͳ Exploring supra    ǡ  ʹʹͶ    Ǥ  Ǧ—–Œƒ Ǥ†‘ š ʹͳͻ Ǥ  Id  . ͳͲǦʹ ‡ ‘†ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹† ‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž† Žƒ› Œ—†‰‡• ƒ‡ǫ ‡•Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–—†‹‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ‹ ʹʹͲ •–—†›ǡƒ”‹ƒ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒ”‡ƒ”‡†˜‡”›•‹’Ž›ǡDzŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡ ‹–‡”˜‡‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‘Ž›™Š‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡†‘‡•‘––ƒ ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•™Š‹ Š–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒ ƒ•‡ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡’‘•‡•ƒ›Š‡Ž’–‘‡Ž— –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥdz –Šƒ–‘Ž›͵ͲΨ‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•‡†“—‡•–‹‘•†—”‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š ˜‡”ǡ  ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ “—‹–‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰”‡“—‹”‡•Dz‘Ž‡••–Šƒƒ –Šƒ– ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‡‡ǡƒŽ‹ ‡•‡–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡƒ†–”‹ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡dz Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ȋ͹ʹΨȌ–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ––Š‡›•‡”˜‡†ƒˆ— –‹‘‹ ‘—–‡” –Š‡–‡†‡ ›‘ˆ•–ƒ–—–‘”›Žƒ™–‘‹‰‘”‡Dz–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ  ʹͳͻǤ ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒǡ –Š‡Dz’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽdz”‘Ž‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽdz”‘Ž‡ǡ„‘–Šˆ‘”–Š‡•‡   ʹͳͺǤ ƒ•’‡”ƒ†‡‹•‡Žǡ ʹͲͳͷȐ ’ƒ–‡Ž‡••ǡ„—–„‡ ƒ—•‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”‰ ‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ Š‘—Ž†–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡’Žƒ›‡†„ •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ǫ••—‹‰–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‡š –‘’Žƒ›–Š‡•ƒ‡”‘Ž‡ǡ‹ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰–Š ™‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡— Š”‘‘Ž‡ˆ–ˆ‘”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•–‘ ‘– †‡‡†ǡ•–—†‹‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ”‡‘Ž›‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›˜ Šƒ˜‹‰•‘‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡ƒ†Žƒ›Œ— ”‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹†‡–‹ ƒŽǤ‡‘™–Šƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹š‡† –”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ  ʹʹͶǤ —–Œƒ ˜‘˜‹©ǡ ‹ƒŽdz”‘Ž‡ǡ ‘’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡Dz’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽdz”‘Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„› •‹‘ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•Ǥ‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ›Œ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ‘™‘Ž‹ ‘ˆ‹š‡†–”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒŽŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ›‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡”‘Ž‡ –”‹„—ƒŽǤ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒ  ʹʹͳǤ —„‹ ‹Ƭƒ™ƒ†œ‹ǡ  ʹʹʹǤ ‘”— ƒǦ” –‘™ƒǡ ʹʹ͵Ǥ   ʹʹͷǤ ƒŠ‹Ƭ,ƒŽ‹Œƒǡ ˆ‘”Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Žƒ›Œ—†‰‡•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡– ‘”‡™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 A 06/12/2015 149 Side Sheet No. 36656-ckt_90-3 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 149 Side B 06/12/2015 13:03:37   ‡† ”‡Ǧ ‘‡ Žƒ”•ǣ Š‡ ‘– ”—Ž‡•  ‘Ǧ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ͳʹǣʹ͵  † –Šƒ– Š‡†‡Ǧ —’ƒǦ • ‹†‡ƒǤ ƒ–ˆ‘” ‡”ǡŠƒ† ƒ– –Š‡› ǡˆ—–—”‡ ‡ ‡ ‹ †–”‹„—Ǧ ƒ†ƒ”Ǧ ƒ’Ž‡ǡ   Šƒ”ƒ Ǧ ™‡˜‡”ǡƒ ‹–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ”‘Žˆ‘”–Š‡ †‹‡• Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ ʹʹ͹ ‡ǯ•”‘Ž‡Ǥ ”‡’‘”––Šƒ–Žƒ›Œ—†‰Ǧ ʹʹ͸  ȏ‘ŽͻͲǣ͵ REVIEW   –Š‘•‡™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ LAW  ʹ͵Ͳ ʹʹͻ  —–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ ʹʹͺ KENT Ȍ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷ Ǧ    CHICAGO  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵Ͷ͸ǡ͵͸͵ǡ͵ͻͷǤ  ‘–‡͸ǡƒ–͵͵ͶǤ   ȋ supra supra  Ǥ ǡ ǡ ‘–‡ͷʹǡƒ–ͻʹǤ    *  * supra

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