DOCSLIB.ORG

Three Worlds of Western Punishment: a Regime Theory of Cross-National Incarceration Rate Variation, 1960-2002

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Three Worlds of Western Punishment: a Regime Theory of Cross-National Incarceration Rate Variation, 1960-2002 University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2010 THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS-NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002 Matthew DeMichele University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation DeMichele, Matthew, "THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS- NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002" (2010). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 89. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/89 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION MATTHEW DEMICHELE The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2010 THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS- NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Matthew Todd DeMichele Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Thomas Janoski, Professor of Sociology Lexington, Kentucky 2010 Copyright © Matthew Todd DeMichele 2010 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS- NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002 This dissertation offers an explanation of cross national incarceration rate variation for 17 industrialized countries for the second half of the 20th century. Both historical case studies and time-series cross-section analyses are used to provide an institutional explanation of incarceration rate differences. Borrowing from Weber’s Sociology of Law and comparative legal scholarship, it is suggested that three types of legal thinking exist among western democracies—Common, Romano-Germanic, and Nordic law. A regime approach commonly applied in political economic explanations of welfare state development is used to quantify the legal and criminal justice institutional differences between 1960 and 2002 to assert that there are ‘three worlds of western punishment’ in the post-War period. The countries used in this analysis are similar in numerous ways, but historically embedded legal differences have resulted in different trial structures, judge-attorney relationships, rules of criminal evidence, and lay participation that influence the amount of incarceration in each country. The historical case studies demonstrate how important events set countries on particular developmental paths such as the power of defense attorneys in common law, despite their original exclusion from trials; the choice of scientific legal principles as a basis for an objective law blending Roman and Germanic legal principles; and the Nordic’s amalgamation of common and Romano-Germanic legal principles. These legal institutions are complimented by political economic variables that suggest that the presence of more left leaning political parties, centralization of wage bargaining, and labor organization provide a further break on the drive to incarcerate. The quantitative findings support the legal regime approach as well as political economic variables while controlling for crime and homicide rates. KEYWORDS: Sociology of Law, Political Sociology, Comparative Sociology, Time- series Cross-section Analysis, Sociology of Punishment Matthew Todd DeMichele Student’s Signature January 22, 2010 Date THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS- NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002 By Matthew Todd DeMichele Professor Thomas Janoski Director of Dissertation Professor Keiko Tanaka Director of Graduate Studies RULES FOR USE OF DISSERTATION Unpublished dissertation submitted for the Doctor’s degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographic references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgements. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. A library that borrows this dissertation for the use by its patrons is expected to secure the signature of each user. Name Date DISSERTATION Matthew Todd DeMichele The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2010 THREE WORLDS OF WESTERN PUNISHMENT: A REGIME THEORY OF CROSS- NATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE VARIATION, 1960-2002 DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Matthew DeMichele Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Thomas Janoski, Professor of Sociology Lexington, Kentucky 2010 Copyright © Matthew Todd DeMichele 2010 To my parents, Paul and Linda DeMichele Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Macro-Explanations of Incarceration ............................................................................. 2 Criminal Justice Systems ................................................................................................ 3 Possible Explanations of Incarceration ........................................................................... 7 Theoretical Explanations: Classical and Contemporary ................................................. 8 Weber: Institutional Variation ........................................................................................ 9 Weber’s Typologies of Legal Thinking ........................................................................ 10 Types of Institutional Theories ..................................................................................... 14 Historical Institutionalism ............................................................................................. 15 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 17 What’s to Come ............................................................................................................. 17 Chapter Two: Research Plan and Methodological Strategy ............................................. 18 Methods......................................................................................................................... 18 Regime Method ............................................................................................................. 18 Data ............................................................................................................................... 21 Operationalization of the Dependent Variable ............................................................. 21 Quantitative Approach .................................................................................................. 22 Case Studies: US, Germany, and Sweden .................................................................... 24 Expected findings.......................................................................................................... 24 Independent Variables .................................................................................................. 25 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter Three: Quantitative Analysis ............................................................................... 28 Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................................... 28 Cross-Sectional Correlations: Punishment Regimes and Welfare State Regimes ........ 31 Cross Sectional Correlations with Incarceration Rates: Criminal justice, Economic, and Literacy ......................................................................................................................... 33 OLS Regression: Incarceration rates and Punishment regimes .................................... 35 Time-series cross-sectional correlations ....................................................................... 38 Time-Series Cross-Section Analysis............................................................................. 41 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter Four: The Common Law Punishment Regime: The United States ..................... 47 Early Common Law History ......................................................................................... 49 Treason Trial Act of 1696: From Accused Speaks to Adversary Trial ........................ 50 Rules of Criminal Evidentiary Procedure ..................................................................... 51 US Criminal Justice Emerges ........................................................................................... 53 The Colonial Period: Privatized Justice .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Factors Related to Domestic Violence Court Dispositions in a Large Urban Area: the Role of Victim/Witness Reluctance and Other Variables, Final Report
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Factors Related to Domestic Violence Court Dispositions in a Large Urban Area: The Role of Victim/Witness Reluctance and Other Variables, Final Report Author(s): Joanne Belknap Ph.D. ; Dee L. R. Graham Ph.D. Document No.: 184232 Date Received: August 30, 2000 Award Number: 96-WT-NX-0004 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. FACTORS RELATED TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURT DISPOSITIONS IN A LARGE URBAN AREA: THE ROLE OF VICTIM/WITNESS RELUCTANCE AND OTHER VARIABLES FINAL REPORT Principal Investigators: Joanne Belknap, Ph.D. Departments of Sociology and Women's Studies University of Colorado Dee L. R. Graham, Ph.D. Department of Psychology University of Cincinnati Research Associates: Jennifer Hartman, Ph.D. Northeastern University P. Gail Allen, J.D., Ph.D. Private Practice Louisville, KY University of Cincinnati Research Assistants: Victoria Lippen Jennifer Sutherland Anthony Flores Colleen Kadleck Dawn Wilson June 2000 Prepared under Grant No. 96-WT-NX-0004, Research and Evaluation on Violence Against Women from the National Institute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizen Judges in Japan: a Report Card for the Initial Three Years
    CITIZEN JUDGES IN JAPAN: A REPORT CARD FOR THE INITIAL THREE YEARS Hon. Antoinette Plogstedt* I. INTRODUCTION Previous literature is critical of the European features of the Japanese jury system, including the joint deliberation by judges and citizens on juries, majority voting, non-waiver of jury trial by the defense, as well as juror confidentiality requirements. This Article presents contrary arguments that the Japanese should maintain the current features of their system and expand the jury system to cover even more criminal offenses, to eventually covering civil cases. The offered recommendations include eliminating prosecutor appeals to maintain legitimacy of the jury system and promulgating procedural rules requiring that lay jurors deliberate and vote separately from the professional judges. During the past twelve years as an Orange County Judge in Orlando, Florida, I had the privilege of presiding over many criminal jury trials. I prosecuted state crimes early in my legal career. Recently, I observed the public's reaction to one of the highly publicized jury trials to take place inside the courthouse where I presided. In the case of Florida v. Case Anthony,' the extensive international media coverage furthered the public's interest in our local state jury system. When the verdict was published, groups and individuals expressed their adamant pleasure or displeasure with the verdict. As it typically occurs with intense media coverage of trials, citizens begin to take a closer look at the role of juries. Those who agreed with the verdict praised the modem US jury system. Those who disagreed with the verdict discredited the jury. During my years of judicial service, I also had unique opportunities to meet with foreign judges from Brazil and South Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Records of the United States Nuernberg War Grimes Trials United States of America V. Josef Aitstoetter Et Al. (Case Hi) February 17, 1947- Deceber 4 1947
    NATIONAL ARCHIVES MICROFILM PUBLICATIONS PAMPHLET DESCRIBING M889 Records of the United States Nuernberg War Grimes Trials United States of America v. Josef Aitstoetter et al. (Case Hi) February 17, 1947- Deceber 4 1947 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON; 1975 ARTHUR F.SAMPSON Administrator of Genera/ Services JAMES B. RHOADS Archivist of the United States The records reproduced' in the microfilm publication ^are from National' Archives Collection of World War II War Crimea Records Record Group 2S8 RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES NUERNBERG WAR CRIMES TRIALS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA V. JOSEF ALTSTOETTER ET AL. (CASE III) FEBRUARY 17, 1947-DECEMBER 4, 1947 On the 53 rolls of this microfilm publication are reproduced the records of Case III (United States of America v. Josef Altstoetter et ai.y or the "Justice" Case), 1 of the 12 trials of war criminals conducted by the U.S. Government from 1946 to 1949 at Nuernberg subsequent to the International Military Tribunal (IMT) held in the same city. These records consist of German- and English-language versions of official transcripts of court proceedings, prosecution and defense briefs, and final pleas of the defendants as well as prosecution and defense exhibits and document books in one language or the other. Also included in this publication are a minute book, the official court file, order and judgment books, clemency petitions, and finding aids to the documents. The transcripts of this trial, assembled in 2 sets of 29 bound volumes (1 set in German and 1 in English), are the recorded daily trial proceedings* Most of the prosecution and defense statements and answers are also in both languages but unbound, as are the final pleas of the defendants delivered by counsel or defendants and submitted by the attorneys to the court.
    [Show full text]
  • Judicial Selection, Lay Participation, and Judicial Culture in the Czech Republic: a Study in a Central European (Non)Transformation Michal Bobek
    Judicial Selection, Lay Participation, and Judicial Culture in the Czech Republic: A Study in a Central European (Non)Transformation Michal Bobek DEPARTMENT OF EUROPEAN LEGAL STUDIES Research Paper in Law 03 / 2014 European Legal Studies RESEARCH PAPERS IN LAW 3/2014 Michal Bobek Judicial Selection, Lay Participation, and Judicial Culture in the Czech Republic: A Study in a Central European (Non)Transformation © Michal Bobek, 2014 European Legal Studies/Etudes Européennes Juridiques Dijver 11 | BE-8000 Brugge, Belgium | Tel. +32 (0)50 47 72 61 | Fax +32 (0)50 47 72 60 E-mail [email protected] | www.coleurope.eu Judicial Selection, Lay Participation, and Judicial Culture in the Czech Republic: A Study in a Central European (Non)Transformation* Michal Bobek** 1. Introduction The idea that “merit” should be the guiding principle of judicial selections is a universal principle, unlikely to be contested in whatever legal system. What differs considerably across legal cultures, however, is the way in which “merit” is defined. For deeper cultural and historical reasons, the current definition of “merit” in the process of judicial selections in the Czech Republic, at least in the way it is implemented in the institutional settings, is an odd mongrel. The old technocratic Austrian judicial heritage has in some aspects merged with, in others was altered or destroyed, by the Communist past. After 1989, some aspects of the judicial organisation were amended, with the most problematic elements removed. Furthermore, several old as well as new provisions relating to the judiciary were struck down by the Constitutional Court. However, apart from these rather haphazard interventions, there has been neither a sustained discussion as to how a new judicial architecture and system of judicial appointments ought to look like nor much of broader, conceptual reform in this regard.
    [Show full text]
  • Totalitarian Dynamics, Colonial History, and Modernity: the US South After the Civil War
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral.
    [Show full text]
  • Danish Lay Judges' Linguistic Strategies
    Nor Jnl Ling 41.2, 227–246 C Nordic Association of Linguists 2018 doi:10.1017/S0332586518000124 Johansen, Louise Victoria. 2018. Using legal language as a non-lawyer: Danish lay judges’ linguistic strategies during criminal trials. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 227–246. Using legal language as a non-lawyer: Danish lay judges’ linguistic strategies during criminal trials Louise Victoria Johansen Lay participation in criminal trials has primarily been studied in common law systems, thereby mainly focusing on the separate role of juries. These studies have provided detailed accounts of language use between jurors during deliberation as well as their use of storytelling techniques and common-sense reasoning in decision-making. However, only few studies have focused on the linguistic learning processes that lay judges in other legal systems go through when they deliberate cases TOGETHER with a professional judge both in reaching a verdict and in sentencing. In Denmark, lay judges are appointed for a period of four years, and this paper presents findings from an ethnographic study of lay judges and their growing experience with interactions in the deliberation room. It argues that lay judges learn to use legal language in order to strengthen their arguments vis-a-vis` the professional judges. Lay judges feel that their influence is dependent on how well they master new, legal context-specific ways of expressing themselves, a point that may run counter to their legitimation as lay voices in an otherwise formalized judiciary. Keywords: communities of practice, criminal trials, discourse analysis, lay judges, legal language, situated learning Louise Victoria Johansen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Law, Karen Blixens Plads 16, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals
    Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 90 Issue 3 Juries and Lay Participation: American Article 11 Perspectives and Global Trends 6-23-2015 Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals Sanja Kutnjak Ivković Michigan State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Civil Procedure Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Criminal Procedure Commons Recommended Citation Sanja K. Ivković, Ears of the Deaf: The Theory and Reality of Lay Judges in Mixed Tribunals, 90 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1031 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol90/iss3/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 132 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ͳͲǦʹ Ǧ ǤȋȌ ͷȀʹͻȀʹͲͳͷͳʹǣʹ͵ ǣ *ȗ Ǧ ǤȄ Ȅ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ Ȍǡ ȋǤǤǡǡ ǡ Ȍǡ ȋǤǤǡǡȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ Ǣ Ǥ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ȍ Ǧ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No. 132 Side A 06/12/2015 13:03:37 ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ǡ ȌǤ ȗ © ǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡȌ ȋǤ ǤǤǡ ȌǤ ǡ Ǧ ǡǤ ©ReclaimingJustice:TheInternationǦ al Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Local Courts ȋ ʹͲͳͳǢ Ǧ ȌǡTheFallenBlueKnights:ControllingPoliceCorruptionȋǦ ʹͲͲͷȌǡLayParticipationinCriminalTrialsȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ ǦEnhancing PoliceIntegrityȋʹͲͲ͸Ǣ Ǧ Ǥ Ȍ Ǧ ContoursofPoliceIntegrityȋʹͲͲͶǢ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ȍ Measuring Police Integrity Across the World ȋ ʹͲͳͷǢ Ǧ Ǥ ȌǤ ©ǯ ǡ Law and Society ReviewǢ Journal of Criminal Law and CriminologyǢ Criminology and Public PolicyǢ Law and PolicyǢ Stanford Journal of International LawǢ Cornell International Law JournalǢPolicing andSocietyǢPolicing:AnInternationalJournalofPoliceStrategiesandManageǦ mentǢPoliceQuarterlyǤ ͳͲ͵ͳ 36656-ckt_90-3 Sheet No.
    [Show full text]
  • Described by Professional and Lay Judges Des Discussions De Groupe, Selon Des Theories De La Formation Des Normes
    136 Sparer des variations dans des condamnations pour des delits et/ou Hermann Brandstatter delinquents semblables. line proposition afin de reduire cette Mascha Bleckwenn variabilite est la creation des 'sentencing councils' mais qui Gerhard Kette ' Universitat Linz, Austria n eliminent pas le pouvoir discretionnaire du juge et ne deplacent pas la variabilite sur d'autres agents dans le systeme de justice criminelle. ' L'etude experimentale tente ici de montrer I influence des discussions au 'sentencing councils' sur la reduction des disparites dans une situation de laboratoire. La convergence vers la moyenne des Decision-making of industrial tribunals as decisions judiciaires (la reduction de la variation) serait en fonction described by professional and lay judges des discussions de groupe, selon des theories de la formation des normes. D'autre part, l'etude a examine 1'effet de noter par ecrit la decision avant la discussion collective, sur la susceptibilite des juges a I'influence du groupe. L'etude a done analyse trois niveaux de la condition ' ' avec deux conditions de pre-test. Des sentencing council , Several years of laboratory research on group decision-making ' sujets en role de juge ont ete presente avec une description d une undertaken at the University of Augsburg (cf., Brandstatter, 1978) affaire de vol a main arme. Les resultats ont montre que la variabilite made it clear that we should look for more empirical evidence from ' ' au sentencing councils peut etre reduit par la discussion. On n'a pas natural settings in order to assess the generalizability of our trouve des comportements indulgents et/ou des changements de experimental results.
    [Show full text]
  • Preambel Constitution of the Free State of Bavaria
    Preambel Constitution of the Free State of Bavaria 2nd December 1946 as last amended by the act of 10th November 2003 Mindful of the physical devastation which the survivors of the 2nd World War were led into by a godless state and social order lacking in all conscience or respect for human dignity, firmly intending moreover to secure permanently for future German generations the blessing of Peace, Humanity and Law, and looking back over a thousand years and more of history, the Bavarian people hereby bestows upon itself the following Democratic Constitution. 1. Chapter The foundations of the Bavarian State Article 1 Free state, Land colours, Land coat of arms (1) Bavaria is a free state. (2) The Land colours are white and blue. (3) The Land coat of arms shall be determined by law. Article 2 people's state (1) Bavaria is a people's state. The power of the state emanates from the people. (2) The people shall express their will through elections and votes. Decisions shall be arrived at by majority votes. Article 3 Law, Culture and social state (1) Bavaria is a legal, cultural and social state. It shall be dedicated to the common wellbeing. (2) The state shall protect the natural basis of life and cultural traditions. Article 3a Europe Bavaria declares itself part of a united Europe, which is committed to democratic, constitutional, social and federal principles as well as the principle of subsidiarity, which safeguards the independence of the regions and secures their involvement in European decisions. Bavaria shall work together with other European regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Legal System
    The French legal system Judicial system 3 Administrative courts 7 Training of judges and personnel in the justice system 8 The criminal proceedings 10 Juvenile Justice system 11 Sentence application and prison system 13 Judicial System Constitution and institutional system The fifth French Constitution was promulgated on October 4, 1958. The Constitution is the highest norm in the internal hierarchy. The Constitutional Council in 1971 cited the Constitution’s Preamble and the Declaration of the Man and of the Citizen (1789) as texts included in the Constitutional Principles. Moreover, the Fundamental Principles of the Republic expressed by the Constitutional Council and the Environment Charter of 2004 are also part of the “constitutional block”. The Constitution can be amended either by the French congress (joint session of both chambers of Parliament) or by referendum. The French Constitution was fondamentaly changed Constitutional Council members are appointed for nine on 23 July 2008 by the constitutional revision bill of years (three every three years). Three are appointed by modernization of the institutions of the Fifth the President of the Republic, three by the President of Republic. All branches of Government are affected the Senate and three by the President of the National by this reform. First, the exercise of the Executive Assembly. Former Presidents of the Republic are ex power is modified. The revision puts an end to the officio life members of the Constitutional Council. ambiguous diarchy between the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister. Indeed, it The 1958 Constitution establishes a Democracy recognises the supremacy of the President of the based on the Separation of Powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lay Judges in the Polish Criminal Courts: a Legal and Empirical Description
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 7 Issue 2 Article 13 1975 Lay Judges in the Polish Criminal Courts: A Legal and Empirical Description Stanislaw Pomorski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Stanislaw Pomorski, Lay Judges in the Polish Criminal Courts: A Legal and Empirical Description, 7 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 198 (1975) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol7/iss2/13 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. [Vol. 7:198 COMMENT Lay Judges in the Polish Criminal Courts: A Legal and Empirical Description INTRODUCTION T HE PARTICIPATION of laymen in the administration of justice has long been a subject of controversy, particularly in those countries where trial by lay judges has become a standard mode of proceedings. Two basic forms of lay participation in the administration of justice in contemporary legal systems THE AUTHOR: STANISLAW POMORSKI may be distinguished. The (Master of Law, Doctor of Law, first is the system of mixed University of Warsaw, Poland) is tribunals composed of pro- an Associate Professor of Law at the fessional and lay judges sit- Rutgers University, Camden. ting together and deciding all relevant issues of fact and law. This system, which has been deeply rooted in the German legal history,' still prevails in several Central, Eastern, and North- ern European countries.
    [Show full text]