The Cause of Autotomy in a Stick Insect
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Insects, Beetles, Bugs and Slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve
Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Compiled by: Michael Fox www.megoutlook.org/flora-fauna/ © 2015-20 Creative Commons – free use with attribution to Mt Gravatt Environment Group Ants Dolichoderinae Iridomyrmex sp. Small Meat Ant Attendant “Kropotkin” ants with caterpillar of Imperial Hairstreak butterfly. Ants provide protection in return for sugary fluids secreted by the caterpillar. Note the strong jaws. These ants don’t sting but can give a powerful bite. Kropotkin is a reference to Russian biologist Peter Kropotkin who proposed a concept of evolution based on “mutual aid” helping species from ants to higher mammals survive. 4-Nov-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.9.docx Page 1 of 59 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Opisthopsis rufithorax Black-headed Strobe Ant Formicinae Camponotus consobrinus Banded Sugar Ant Size 10mm Eggs in rotting log 4-Nov-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.9.docx Page 2 of 59 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Camponotus nigriceps Black-headed Sugar Ant 4-Nov-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.9.docx Page 3 of 59 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Polyrhachis ammon Golden-tailed Spiny Ant Large spines at rear of thorax Nest 4-Nov-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.9.docx Page 4 of 59 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Polyrhachis australis Rattle Ant Black Weaver Ant or Dome-backed Spiny Ant Feeding on sugar secretions produced by Redgum Lerp Psyllid. -
The Biology of the Three Species of Phasmatids (Phasmatodea) Which Occur in Plague Numbers in Forests of Southeastern Australia K
This document has been scanned from hard-copy archives for research and study purposes. Please note not all information may be current. We have tried, in preparing this copy, to make the content accessible to the widest possible audience but in some cases we recognise that the automatic text recognition maybe inadequate and we apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. sL.df /0 fl.u I /4r~ / FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N.S.W. DIVISION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT RESEARCH NOTE No. 20 Published January, 1967 THE BIOLOGY OF THE THREE SPECIES OF PHASMATIDS (PHASMATODEA) WmCH OCCUR IN PLAGUE NUMBERS IN FORESTS OF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA AUTHORS K. G. CAMPBELL, D.F.C., B.Se.(For.), Dip.For., M.Se. and P. HADLINGTON, B.Se.Agr. G771 ~- Issued under the authority of -J The Hon. J. G. Beale, M.E., M.L.A., Minister for Conservation, New South Wales THE BIOLOGY OF THE THREE SPECIES OF PHASMATIDS (PHASMATODEA) WHICH OCCUR IN PLAGUE NUMBERS IN FORESTS OF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA K. G. CAMPBELL AND P. HADLINGTON FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N.S.W. INTRODUCTION Most species of the Phasmatodea usually occur in low numbers, but some species have occurred in plagues and in such instances serious defoliation of trees has resulted. Plagues have been recorded from the D.S.A. by Craighead (1950), from Fiji by O'Connor (1949) and from the highland areas of southeastern Australia by various workers. The species involved in the defoliation of the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia are Podacanthus wilkinsoni Mac!., Didymuria violescens (Leach) and Ctenomorphodes tessulatus (Gray). -
Sipyloidea Sipylus) Tara L
Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 1811–1814 doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3508 Published online 30 March 2006 Leg regeneration stunts wing growth and hinders flight performance in a stick insect (Sipyloidea sipylus) Tara L. Maginnis* Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA Major morphological structures are sometimes produced not once, but twice. For example, stick insects routinely shed legs to escape a predator or tangled moult, and these legs are subsequently re-grown. Here, I show that in Sipyloidea sipylus, re-growth of a leg during development causes adults to have disproportionately smaller wings and increases wing loading. These morphological consequences of leg regeneration led to significant reductions in several biologically relevant measures of individual flight performance. This previously unrecognized tradeoff between legs and wings reveals the integrated nature of phasmid phenotypes, and I propose how this tradeoff may have shaped phasmid evolution. Keywords: tradeoffs; regeneration; stick insects; evolution; flight 1. INTRODUCTION significantly reduced fecundity (Smyth 1974; Maiorana Tradeoffs are fundamental to life history and evolution, 1977; Dial & Fitzpatrick 1981; Norman & Jones 1993). since they can link the expression of multiple traits, However, tradeoffs between somatic and reproductive impeding the independent evolution of either trait growth are not the only types of allocation tradeoffs that (Needham & Stearns 1992; Roff 1992). One intuitive can affect fitness. Here I show for a species of stick insect, way to study tradeoffs is to quantify the costs of Sipyloidea sipylus (Westwood, figure 1), that producing a allocating resources to the production of a focal trait; leg for a second time can affect animal shape, and that this although it is obvious that developing structures require negatively impacts animal performance. -
Indicators of Sustainability for Australian Commercial Forests
This document has been scanned from hard-copy archives for research and study purposes. Please note not all information may be current. We have tried, in preparing this copy, to make the content accessible to the widest possible audience but in some cases we recognise that the automatic text recognition maybe inadequate and we apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. I I FOREST & WOOD PRODUCTS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO.3 EVALUATION OF SANTIAGO DECLARATION (MONTREAL PROCESS) INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY FOR AUSTRALIAN COMMERCIAL FORESTS. A NEW SOUTH WALES ALPINE ASH FOREST AS A CASE STUDY John Turner fORfSl &WOOD PRODDC'S EvALUATION OF SANTIAGO (MONTREAL) DECLARATION INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILl1Y FOR AUSTRALIAN COMMERCIAL FORESTS. A NEW SOUTH WALES ALPINE AsH FOREST AS A CASE STUDY John Turner Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC) March,1996 The Author: John Turner, Director Research, Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales Scientific Editor: Michelle Johnstone Published by: Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales, 121-131 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 211:; P.D. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119 Australia. Copyright © 1996 by State Forests of New South Wales ISBN 07310 6727 4 The research and development activities described in this publication were jointly funded by the Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC) and organisations listed in the study. The information and recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent the policy ofFWPRDC, or collectively or individually the participating organisations. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without fIrst obtaining specific, independent professional advice which confIrms the information contained in this publication. -
A Monograph of the Amiseginae and Loboscelidiinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XI: A Monograph of the Amiseginae and Loboscelidiinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) KARL V. KROMBEIN miut. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 376 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. -
As Pests of Agriculture and Forestry, with a Generalised Theory of Phasmid Outbreaks Edward Baker*
Baker Agric & Food Secur (2015) 4:22 DOI 10.1186/s40066-015-0040-6 REVIEW Open Access The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks Edward Baker* Abstract Stick insects have been reported as significant phytophagous pests of agricultural and timber crops since the 1880s in North America, China, Australia and Pacific Islands. Much of the early literature comes from practical journals for farmers, and even twentieth Century reports can be problematic to locate. Unlike the plaguing Orthoptera, there has been no synthesis of the pest status of this enigmatic order of insects. This paper provides a literature synthesis of those species known to cause infestation or that are known to damage plants of economic importance; summarises historical and modern techniques for infestation management; and lists known organisms with potential for use as biological control agents. A generalised theory of outbreaks is presented and suggestions for future research efforts are made. Keywords: Pests, Infestation, Agriculture, Forestry Background a significant factor in the scale of phasmid outbreaks— in most species, females lay several hundred eggs [6]. In “The unexampled multiplication and destructive- addition, their wasteful eating habits [7] and their often ness of this insect at Esperance farm is but one of the rapid growth [8] means they consume a large quantity many illustrations of the fact, long since patent to all of vegetation [9]. Considerable efforts have been put close students of economic entomology, that species into controlling the three species of Australian phasmid normally harmless may suddenly become very inju- known to cause periodic infestation [10]. -
Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species from Australia
United States Department of Agriculture Pest Risk Assessment Forest Service of the Importation Into Forest Products Laboratory the United States of General Technical Report Unprocessed Logs and FPL−GTR−137 Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia P. (=Tryphocaria) solida, P. tricuspis; Scolecobrotus westwoodi; Abstract Tessaromma undatum; Zygocera canosa], ghost moths and carpen- The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unproc- terworms [Abantiades latipennis; Aenetus eximius, A. ligniveren, essed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amyg- A. paradiseus; Zelotypia stacyi; Endoxyla cinereus (=Xyleutes dalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, boisduvali), Endoxyla spp. (=Xyleutes spp.)], true powderpost E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, beetles (Lyctus brunneus, L. costatus, L. discedens, L. parallelocol- E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calo- lis; Minthea rugicollis), false powderpost or auger beetles (Bo- phylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the strychopsis jesuita; Mesoxylion collaris; Sinoxylon anale; Xylion United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and conse- cylindricus; Xylobosca bispinosa; Xylodeleis obsipa, Xylopsocus quences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of gibbicollis; Xylothrips religiosus; Xylotillus lindi), dampwood concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were pre- termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes dar- pared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The winiensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes selected organisms were representative examples of insects and rufinotum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the tuberculatus; Bifiditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, wood of eucalypts. C. -
Barbed Wire Vine
Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Compiled by: Michael Fox www.megoutlook.org/flora-fauna/ © 2015-19 Creative Commons – free use with attribution to Mt Gravatt Environment Group Ants Dolichoderinae Iridomyrmex sp. Small Meat Ant Attendant “Kropotkin” ants with caterpillar of Imperial Hairstreak butterfly. Ants provide protection in return for sugary fluids secreted by the caterpillar. Note the strong jaws. These ants don’t sting but can give a powerful bite. Kropotkin is a reference to Russian biologist Peter Kropotkin who proposed a concept of evolution based on “mutual aid” helping species from ants to higher mammals survive. 30-May-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.8.docx Page 1 of 57 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Opisthopsis rufithorax Black-headed Strobe Ant Formicinae Camponotus consobrinus Banded Sugar Ant Size 10mm Eggs in rotting log 30-May-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.8.docx Page 2 of 57 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Camponotus nigriceps Black-headed Sugar Ant 30-May-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.8.docx Page 3 of 57 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Polyrhachis ammon Golden-tailed Spiny Ant Large spines at rear of thorax Nest 30-May-20 Insects Beetles and Bugs - ver 5.8.docx Page 4 of 57 Mt Gravatt Environment Group – www.megoutlook.wordpress.com Insects, beetles, bugs and slugs of Mt Gravatt Conservation Reserve Formicinae Polyrhachis australis Rattle Ant Black Weaver Ant or Dome-backed Spiny Ant Feeding on sugar secretions produced by Redgum Lerp Psyllid. -
Stick Insects: Parthenogenesis, Polyploidy and Beyond
S. Casellato, P. Burighel & A. Minelli, eds. Life and Time: The Evolution of Life and its History. Cleup, Padova 2009. Stick insects: parthenogenesis, polyploidy and beyond Valerio Scali Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] Introduction Metasexual animals The most common way animals reproduce is bisexuality, namely through the mixis of male and female gametes. Bisexual reproduction relies on the Mendelian mechanism, although several additional modes also occur. In turn, the Mendelian inheritance of genetic variability stands on the meiotic process, which entrains recombination and chromosome reshuffling within the frame of a balanced segregation: any departure from these standard features will of necessity have a bearing on the genetic structure at both individual and population level. Sexual systems are typically eu-Mendelian when an equal complement of chromosomes is inherited from both parents and it is also likely to be transmitted to the following generations the same way (Normark 2006). Some genetic systems clearly derive from the sexual one but do not completely maintain the above defined symmetries: if they skip any of them, they are termed asymmetric and typically give rise to thelytoky, haplodiploidy and/or parent-specific gene expression (Normark 2006). Collectively, those sex-derived asymmetric reproductive systems have been defined as metasexual, leaving the term asexual to those genetic systems/reproductive modes which did not evolve from the Mendelian mechanism and do not make use of gametes (Scali et al. 2003 and quotations therein). The widespread identification of asexuality with the lack of recombination and/or fertilization and also the assumption that unisexuals invariably lack both of them, thus being therefore barred from any genetic variance and evolutionary potential, is ill-adviced (e.g., Bell 1982; Baxevanis et al. -
Autotomy in a Stick Insect (Insecta: Phasmida): Predation Versus Molting
126 Florida Entomologist 91(1) March 2008 AUTOTOMY IN A STICK INSECT (INSECTA: PHASMIDA): PREDATION VERSUS MOLTING TARA LYNNE MAGINNIS The University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT 59812 Current address: St. Edward’s University, Department of Biology, 3001 South Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78704 Autotomy, or appendage loss, is common in later), at which time they were removed and in- many animals, including reptiles, amphibians, spected for leg loss and/or evidence of regenera- mammals, birds, fish, echinoderms, crustaceans, tion. Nymphs always commence regeneration af- spiders, and insects (see Maginnis 2006a; Flem- ter autotomy, and regenerated legs are always ing et al. 2007 for reviews). In arthropods, there smaller than non-regenerated legs (Bordage 1905; are 2 hypotheses for this phenomenon. First, Ramme 1931; Carlberg 1992; Maginnis 2006b). limbs may be lost through predation attempts; if The results revealed that 17.3% of adults a predator were to grab a leg instead of the body, within the predator-excluded trees were missing the animal can shed the leg and flee to escape pre- and/or regenerated at least one leg during develop- dation (McVean 1982; Carlberg 1986; Formanow- ment (n = 112; 4 of the 10 trees were destroyed by icz 1990; Robinson et al. 1991). And second, limbs cattle (100 individuals), 29 individuals died, 6 in- can be shed during complications with molting. dividuals were still nymphs, and 3 individuals As a result of having a skeleton on the outside of were unaccounted for (original n = 250 - 100 - 29 - the body, arthropods must repeatedly shed their 6 - 3 = 112). -
Impact of Insects on Eucalypt Plantations in the Murray Valley Publication No
Impact of Insects on Eucalypt Plantations in the Murray Valley A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC/MDBC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program by Rob Floyd and Grant Farrell June 2007 RIRDC Publication No 07/085 RIRDC Project No CSE-72A © 2007 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 482 7 ISSN 1440-6845 Impact of insects on eucalypt plantations in the Murray Valley Publication No. 07/085 Project No. CSE-72A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. -
Plant, Invertebrate and Pathogen Interactions in Kosciuszko National Park
Plant, Invertebrate and Pathogen Interactions in Kosciuszko National Park KEITH L. MCDOUGALL1, GENEVIEVE T. WRIGHT1, TREENA I. BURGESS2, ROGER FARROW3, IHSAN KHALIQ2, MATTHEW H. LAURENCE4, THOMAS WALLENIUS5, AND EDWARD C. Y. LIEW4 1Offi ce of Environment and Heritage, PO Box 733, Queanbeyan NSW 2620; 2School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150; 3777 Urila Road, Urila NSW 2620 4The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000; 5CSIRO Australian National Insect Collection, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601. Published on 15 November 2018 at https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/LIN/index McDougall, K.L., Wright, G.T., Burgess, T.I., Farrow, R., Khaliq, I., Laurence, M.H., Wallenius, T. and Liew, E.C.Y. (2018). Plant, invertebrate and pathogen interactions in Kosciuszko National Park. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 140, 295-312. Kosciuszko National Park is the largest protected area in NSW and the only reserve in the State containing alpine vegetation. Diseases and pests of plants in the park are poorly known and, until recently, were thought to be benign and rare because of the cold climate. Surveys after the 2003 fi re that burnt about 70% of the park detected dieback in both unburnt and regenerating burnt shrubs and trees. Since then, 36 species of Phytophthora have been identifi ed in the park. Some perhaps do not persist but at least two (P. gregata and P. cambivora) are affecting the survival of two native shrub species. The fungus Armillaria luteobubalina also has been isolated from dying shrubs.