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Xix. Yüzyillarda Prizren: Siyasi Ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarihi

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Xix. Yüzyillarda Prizren: Siyasi Ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarihi T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YENİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI XVIII.-XIX. YÜZYILLARDA PRİZREN: SİYASİ VE SOSYO-EKONOMİK TARİHİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ FETNAN DERVİŞ 2501980016 DANIŞMAN PROF.DR. İDRİS BOSTAN İSTANBUL – 2007 ÖZ “Balkanların kara bölgesinin Dubrovnik'i” olarak adlandırılan Prizren, ilk çağlardan günümüze kadar önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. XVIII. yüzyılda güçlenen Prizren ayânlarından Rotula ailesi yaklaşık yüz sene aralıklarla şehri idare etmiş, olaylara yön vermiştir. XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Tanzimat Reformları'nın uygulanmasıyla başlayân isyanlardan sonra Prizren, Arnavut sorununun da merkezi olacaktır. Reformların uygulanması için teşekkül edilen Prizren Vilayeti’nin merkezi Prizren idi. Berlin Kongresiyle Arnavutlarla meskûn vilayetlerin Karadağ’a verilmesinden sonra Prizren Arnavutların bu bölgelerin korunması için kurdukları Prizren Birliği’nin merkezi haline geldi. Bundan dolayı olayları yakından takip etmek için Rusya, İngiltere, Avusturya, İtalya, Fransa gibi Büyük Güçler Prizren’de kendi konsolosluklarını açtılar. Prizren Osmanlı Devletinde satımın alımdan daha çok gelişmiş olduğu şehirlerden biriydi ve zanaatçılık çok gelişmişti. Şehrin dış ticareti önce İşkodra sonra Selanik üzerinden yapılmaktaydı. Prizren ayrıca Balkanların silah fabrikası olarak adlandırılmaktaydı. İhraç edilen en önemli ürünler silah, deri, ipek, yün, tereyağı gibi gıda ve mamul maddelerdi. iii ABSTRACT Prizren known as “Dubrovnik the continental region of Balkans” have possesed very important position from ancient times antil today. Rotula family one of the city's notables who got powerfool in the XVIIIth century managed the city for about hundred years periodically and directed the events. In the beginning of the XIXth century after the rebellions caused by Administrative (Tanzimat) Reforms Prizren will be the centre of Albanian problems. The centre of Prizren Province which was established to carry out the reforms was Prizren. By Berlin Congress after Provinces inhabited by Albanians were given to Montenegrins Prizren is going to be the centre of Prizren Union founded by Albanians in order to protect these regions. As a result of this Great Powers such as Russia, England, Austria, İtaly and France are going to open consulates in order to follow events closely. It was one of the cities in the Ottoman Empire where import was much more developed than export. Trade was very developed. Foreign trade was carried first over Shkodër then over Selanik. Prizren was known as a weapon factory of Balkans. The most important product which were imported weapons, leather, silk, wool, butter etc. iv ÖNSÖZ Türkiye'de Balkan tarihçiliği ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaların sınırlı olması sebebiyle araştırma konusu olarak seçtiğim “XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Prizren: Siyasi ve Sosyo-ekonomik Tarihi” adlı çalışma “Prizren Birliği”nin faaliyetleri hakkında da bilgi vermektedir. Daha önce Prizren’in idarî yapısı ile ilgili yapılan araştırmalar şehrin XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllarda sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi konumu üzerinde incelemeyi yapmayı gerekli hale getirdi. Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalardan ilki Süleyman Külçe tarafından hazırlanan Osmanlı Tarihinde Arnavutluk1 adlı kitaptır. Dr. Nuray Bozbora’nın Osmanlı yönetiminde Arnavutluk, Arnavut Ulusçuluğunun Gelişimi2 adlı çalışması ile kendisi de bir Arnavut olan Necip Alpan'ın, Prizren Birliği ve Arnavutlar3 adlı çalışması Prizren Birliğini, Osmanlı devletinde yaşanan iç ve dış sorunları ele almaktadır. Nihayet Yüksel Çelik'in “Prizren İttihad Cemiyeti ve Faaliyetleri (1877-1878)”4 çalışmasında ise arşiv belgelerine dayalı çok değerli bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Prizren, ilkçağlardan itibaren Balkan tarihinde önemli rol oynayân bir şehirdir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllarda zayıflamaya başlaması üzerine devlet içinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin en belirgin örneklerinden biri olan ayânlar Prizren'de görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, yaklaşık yüz yıl aralıklarla şehri idare eden Prizren ayânlarından Rotula ailesi döneminde şehirde meydana gelen önemli sosyal ve ekonomik olayların aydınlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Gerek Rotula ailesi ve gerekse Prizren hakkında farklı bölgesel kaynaklardan özellikle birinci elden kaynak niteliğinde olan Mehmed Tahir Efendi’nin Menakıb’ından istifade edilmiştir.5 1 S. Külçe, Osmanlı Tarihinde Arnavutluk, İzmir, 1944. 2 N. Bozbora, Osmanlı Yönetiminde Arnavutluk, Arnavut Ulusçuluğunun Gelişimi, İstanbul, 1997. 3 N. Alpan, Prizren Birliği ve Arnavutlar, Ankara, 1978. 4 Y. Çelik, “Prizren İttihad Cemiyeti ve faaliyetleri (1877-1878)”, (yayınlanmamış yükseklisans tezi), M.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 1998. 5 Mehmed Tahir Efendi, Menakıb, Prizren Kültür Anıtlarını Koruma Kurumu No. 635-55. v Tanzimat reformları ile birlikte timar sisteminin ortadan kalkması ve Rotula ayânlarının Prizren'de halkın topraklarını çiftlikleştirmeye başlaması üzerine halk Tanzimat reformlarına ve ayânlara karşı isyan hareketi başlattı. Ayrıca XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Arnavut hareketinin yönetildiği merkez haline gelmesi sebebiyle bu araştırmada, Prizren Birliği hakkında özellikle yerli tarih kaynaklarının olayı nasıl yansıttığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine Prizren Birliği konusunda yerel arşiv malzemelerinden de faydalanılarak daha önce yapılan araştırmalar ikmal edilmiştir. Tarih boyunca her zaman önemli sayılabilecek ekonomik güce sahip olan Prizren, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bölgeye gelmesinden önce gerilemişse de, Osmanlılar zamanında özellikle araştırmamıza konu olan dönemde büyük ilerleme kaydetmiştir. Bununla ilgili yine mahallî kaynaklardan faydalanmak suretiyle ekonomik durumunun aydınlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Tezin hazırlanmasında en büyük zorluk kaynakların temin edilmesinde ve çoğu yabancı dillerde oldukları için tercüme ve değerlendirilmelerinde yaşandı. Bununla beraber arşiv belgeleri konunun aydınlatılmasında önemli bir rol oynadı. Bu çalışmalarım sırasında danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. İdris Bostan'a, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebubekir Sofuoğlu'na, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi uzmanı Ayten Ardel'e, Dr. Maliç Osi’ye Mr. Parim Kosova'ya ve kaynak toplama sırasında ve çalışmamın yazımı safhasında en büyük desteğim olan aileme yardımlarından dolayı teşekkürlerimi sunarım. vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ/ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ..................................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................................... vii TABLOLAR ............................................................................................................ ix KISALTMALAR .................................................................................................... x GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... 1 1. Prizren’in Coğrafi Durumu ................................................................................... 1 2. Prizren Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış.......................................................................... 3 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM OSMANLI YÖNETİMİNDE PRİZREN A. Prizren'in Osmanlı Hakimiyetine Girişi ......................................................... 7 B. Osmanlı Hakimiyeti Döneminde Prizren ....................................................... 10 C. XVII. Yüzyıl’da Prizren ................................................................................ 14 D. Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşlarının Etkisinde Prizren (1689-1690) .................. 16 E . Prizren’de Çiftliklerin Teşkili ve Halkın Gösterdiği Tepkiler........................ 21 F. XIX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Prizren Ayânları: Rotulalar.............................. 31 1. Rotula Ailesinin Zamanında Prizren Paşalığı ............................................. 31 G. Prizren Vali ve Mutasarrıfları ....................................................................... 42 H. İşkodra Fransız konsolosunun Raporlarında Prizren Paşalığı......................... 49 İ. Avusturya-Macaristan’ın Üsküp Konsolosunun Raporlarında Prizren Paşalığı ............................................................................................................ 52 J. Osmanlı Döneminde Vilayet Merkezi Prizren .............................................. 54 1. İdarî Taksimat ve İdare .............................................................................. 54 2. Prizren Vilayeti .......................................................................................... 60 vii İKİNCİ BÖLÜM PRİZREN’DE EKONOMİK DURUM A. XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllarda Prizren'de Zanaatçılık ...................................... 66 B. Prizren’de Ekonomik Hayat............................................................................78 1. Prizren’de Çarşı-Pazar Ekonomisi.............................................................. 78 2. Prizren’de İmal Edilen Ticaret Maddeleri .................................................. 82 3. Selanik-Prizren Ticareti..............................................................................101 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM PRİZREN VE ARNAVUT SORUNUNUN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI A. XIX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Prizren Sancağında İsyanlar ............................. 105 B. Birinci Meclis-i Mebusan’da Arnavut Mebusların Kosova Vilayeti Hakkındaki Görüşleri...................................................................................... 109 C. Arnavut Milli Hareketi (1830-1881) .............................................................
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