DOCSLIB.ORG

Histoire De La Théorie De La Tectonique Des Plaques

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Histoire De La Théorie De La Tectonique Des Plaques 1/12 Histoire de la théorie de la tectonique des plaques 06/06/2011 Auteur(s) : Vincent Deparis Lycée Jean Monnet - Annemasse vincent.deparis(à)neuf.fr Publié par : Olivier Dequincey Résumé Histoire et évolution de la théorie de la tectonique des plaques à partir de celle de la dérive des continents. Table des matières L'hypothèse de l'expansion des fonds océaniques La formulation de la théorie de la tectonique des plaques La tectonique des plaques et la géologie La tectonique des plaques et la Terre Les articles fondateurs de la théorie de la tectonique des plaques et leurs résumés Bibliographie Cet article fait partie de la série de 4 articles écrits par Vincent Deparis et/ou Pierre Thomas et consacrés à l'histoire de la tectonique des plaques : La dérive des continents de Wegener, La découverte de la convection mantellique, Histoire de la théorie de la tectonique des plaquesetLa tectonique des plaques de 1970 à 2011. Avertissement : les images disponibles dans ce dossier ne sont pas libres de droits. Elles proviennent du site de l'USGS, et de la bibliographie. La théorie de la tectonique des plaques a vu le jour à la fin des années 1960. Reprenant les conceptions mobilistes de Wegener, elle les développe et leur fournit une assise théorique solide en s'appuyant sur l'hypothèse alors toute récente de l'expansion des fonds océaniques. Universellement adoptée aujourd'hui, elle constitue le nouveau paradigme des sciences de la Terre. Elle offre un modèle cinématique remarquable des mouvements horizontaux à grande échelle à la surface du globe. Elle fournit un cadre interprétatif cohérent à l'ensemble des phénomènes et structures géologiques : la formation des montagnes, la répartition et la cause des tremblements de terre et du volcanisme, la répartition des faunes et flores fossiles... Enfin, elle montre comment les échanges d'énergie et de matière entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur de la planète sont la cause de tous ces phénomènes. L'hypothèse de l'expansion des fonds océaniques L'hypothèse de la dérive des continents fut présentée par Alfred Wegener en janvier 1912, mais malgré les arguments regroupés, faute d'un mécanisme explicatif satisfaisant, et parce que cela bousculait de nombreuses https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/histoire-tectonique-plaques.xml - Version du 07/04/21 2/12 idées établies, il ne réussit pas à faire reconnaître sont point de vue. Ses arguments, comme ceux de ses successeurs, reposaient, il est vrai, uniquement sur l'observation des continents : les fonds océaniques, qui représentaient les deux tiers de la surface terrestre et dont la connaissance est cruciale pour appréhender la Terre dans son ensemble, restaient largement inexplorés. La situation évolue au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale grâce au développement de l'océanographie et des techniques de reconnaissance sous-marine (échosondeur, écoute sismique, détection magnétique). C'est la découverte progressive des fonds marins qui va permettre aux idées mobilistes de s'implanter. Figure 1. Reconstitution, Figure 3. Reconstitution Figure 2. Alfred Wegener (1880- paléogéographique. paléogéographique indiquant les 1930). indices fossiles. Une des premières surprises résultant de l'exploration des fonds marins est la révélation d'une topographie très caractéristique. S'élevant au sein des plaines abyssales, souvent en leur milieu comme dans l'Atlantique, les dorsales océaniques tissent à la surface du globe un réseau de près de 65 000 km de chaînes montagneuses, dominant ces plaines de 2 000 à de 3 000 m, larges de 500 à 1500 km, parfois éventrées par un fossé central, ou « rift ». Les dorsales se signalent non seulement par leur topographie singulière mais aussi par un flux de chaleur élevé ainsi qu'une activité volcanique et sismique. Les fosses océaniques, qui sont les régions les plus profondes des océans (4 à 5 km au-dessous des plaines abyssales), sont également caractérisées par une activité sismique intense. Ces fosses bordent le Pacifique, le Nord-Est de l'océan indien mais sont presque absentes autour de l'Atlantique (sauf au niveau des Antilles et des îles Sandwich du Sud). L'exploration du plancher océanique est à l'origine d'autres découvertes déconcertantes. On a trouvé à cette époque que la croûte océanique, de faible épaisseur (5- 10 km), est composée de roches basaltiques relativement denses (2,8 à 2,9 g/cm3) alors que la croûte continentale, de plus grande épaisseur (30-40 km), est constituée de roches granitiques plus "légères" (~2,7 g/cm3). La faible épaisseur des séries sédimentaires trouvées près des dorsales pose problème. En effet, par dragage à l'aplomb des dorsales on remontait des basaltes ce qui indiquait une faible épaisseur de sédiments, par contre les forages du Glomar Challenger montrent la faible épaisseur générale des sédiments marins : que sont devenus les sédiments entassés depuis l'origine du globe ? Les océans ont donc une importance considérable, non pas à cause de leur étendue, mais parce qu'ils sont géologiquement très différents des continents. Harry Hammond Hess, en 1960 (son article ne paraît cependant qu'en 1962), tente de regrouper cet ensemble de découvertes en une unique hypothèse. Avec une grande analogie avec le modèle de Arthur Holmes présenté trente ans auparavant, il affirme que le manteau terrestre est affecté de larges mouvements de convection et que les dorsales mettent en évidence les courants ascendants et les fosses océaniques les courants descendants. La croûte océanique est continuellement créée au niveau des dorsales. Elle est ensuite entraînée à la surface des cellules de convection, s'éloigne de part et d'autre des dorsales et finit par atteindre les fosses où elle disparaît dans le manteau. La croûte océanique est donc continuellement recyclée et c'est ce qui explique son jeune âge et la faible épaisseur des sédiments qu'elle porte. Les continents, au contraire, à cause de leur relative légèreté, ne peuvent pas retourner dans le manteau. Ils sont condamnés à dériver à la surface de la Terre, ce sont les « mémoires insubmersibles » du globe. Hess précise que les continents se déplacent non en fendant les fonds océaniques comme le suppossait Wegener, mais en étant passivement transportés sur une sorte de tapis roulant. En 1961, Robert Dietz reprend les visions de Hess et introduit l'expression « sea floor spreading » (expansion des fonds océaniques). https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/histoire-tectonique-plaques.xml - Version du 07/04/21 3/12 Figure 4. Harry Hammond Hess (1906-1969). Figure 5. Modèle de Convection de Hess (1960). Figure 8 de l'article publié en 1962 (voir ci-dessous). L'hypothèse de l'expansion des fonds océaniques, qualifiée par Hess lui-même de "géopoésie", reçoit un statut plus rigoureux grâce aux études géomagnétiques. Le champ magnétique terrestre correspond sensiblement à celui que créerait un énorme aimant dipolaire placé au centre de la Terre. Les mesures magnétiques réalisées au cours des explorations marines montrent cependant des déviations significatives, appelées anomalies magnétiques, par rapport au champ dipolaire. Ces déviations sont attribuées à l'aimantation propre des roches du fond marin. On sait en effet depuis Melloni (1853), puis Bruhnes (1906) que chaque roche volcanique possède sa propre aimantation acquise lors du refroidissement de la lave qui enregistre le champ magnétique terrestre de l'époque. ces déviations du champ magnétique océanique montrent des structures très particulières en formant des bandes d'anomalies positives qui alternent avec des bandes d'anomalies négatives. Ces alignements sont parallèles aux dorsales et disposés symétriquement de part et d'autre de l'axe. L'explication de ce phénomène est donnée indépendamment par Lawrence Morley (1920-), d'une part, et par Fred Vine (1939-) et Drumond Matthews (1931-1997) en 1963, d'autre part. Depuis les travaux de Bruhnes en 1906, on sait que le champ magnétique terrestre possède une orientation qui s'inverse au cours des âges, l'orientation actuelle définissant une orientation dite « normale ». Morley, Wine et Matthews intègrent donc (1) l'existence de ces bandes d'anomalies magnétiques nouvellement découvertes, et (2) les inversions du champs magnétique terrestre global découvertes 60 ans auparavant mais demeurées très « confidentielles » dans le milieu géologique. Ils comprennent et proposent que la croûte océanique, lorsqu'elle est créée au niveau des dorsales, acquiert une aimantation propre en se refroidissant. Elle s'écarte ensuite symétriquement de part et d'autre des dorsales lorsque du nouveau matériau, qui s'aimante à son tour, est injecté au centre. Si l'aimantation survient avec un champ magnétique à orientation normale, l'anomalie induite est positive (l'aimantation fossile des roches s'ajoute au champ ambiant actuel). Si, au contraire, l'aimantation survient avec un champ à orientation inverse, l'anomalie induite est négative (l'aimantation fossile se retranche au champ ambiant). Les linéations magnétiques alternées se comprennent donc par la combinaison de la divergence de la croûte océanique et des inversions du champ magnétique. Les indices de la dérive ne sont donc plus uniquement continentaux mais également océaniques. Source - © 1996 J.W. Kious et R.I. Tilling Source - © 1996 J.W. Kious et R.I. Source - © 1966 J.F. Vine Tilling Cette théorie élégante ne convainc pas immédiatement les scientifiques, mais d'autres études viennent progressivement la confirmer. Ainsi Fred Vine et Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993) montrent en 1966 que l'explication de Morley et de Vine et Matthews n'est pas seulement qualitative mais également quantitative. On peut en effet la relier à l'échelle chronologique des inversions du champ magnétique terrestre, qui vient d'être établie. En associant chaque linéation magnétique aux inversions correspondantes et en supposant que le taux d'ouverture de chaque océan est constant, Vine et Wilson vérifient que la largeur de chaque linéation est bien proportionnelle à la durée entre les deux inversions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • It Has Often Been Said That Studying the Depths of the Sea Is Like Hovering In
    It has often been said that studying the depths of the sea is like hovering in a balloon high above an unknown land which is hidden by clouds, for it is a peculiarity of oceanic research that direct observations of the abyss are impracticable. Instead of the complete picture which vision gives, we have to rely upon a patiently put together mosaic representation of the discoveries made from time to time by sinking instruments and appliances into the deep. (Murray & Hjort, 1912: 22) Figure 1: Portrait of the H.M.S. Challenger. Prologue: Simple Beginnings In 1872, the H.M.S Challenger began its five- year journey that would stretch across every ocean on the planet but the Arctic. Challenger was funded for a single reason; to examine the mysterious workings of the ocean below its surface, previously unexplored. Under steam power, it travelled over 100,000 km and compiled 50 volumes of data and observations on water depth, temperature and conditions, as well as collecting samples of the seafloor, water, and organisms. The devices used to collect this data, while primitive by today’s standards and somewhat imprecise, were effective at giving humanity its first in-depth look into the inner workings of the ocean. By lowering a measured rope attached to a 200 kg weight off the edge of the ship, scientists estimated the depth of the ocean. A single reading could take up to 80 minutes for the weight to reach bottom. Taking a depth measurement also necessitated that the Challenger stop moving, and accurate mapping required a precise knowledge of where the ship was in the world, using navigational tools such as sextants.
    [Show full text]
  • Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001
    Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001. Preface This bibliography attempts to list all substantial autobiographies, biographies, festschrifts and obituaries of prominent oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists, and other scientists who worked in the marine environment published in journals and books after 1922, the publication date of Herdman’s Founders of Oceanography. The bibliography does not include newspaper obituaries, government documents, or citations to brief entries in general biographical sources. Items are listed alphabetically by author, and then chronologically by date of publication under a legend that includes the full name of the individual, his/her date of birth in European style(day, month in roman numeral, year), followed by his/her place of birth, then his date of death and place of death. Entries are in author-editor style following the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 14th ed., 1993). Citations are annotated to list the language if it is not obvious from the text. Annotations will also indicate if the citation includes a list of the scientist’s papers, if there is a relationship between the author of the citation and the scientist, or if the citation is written for a particular audience. This bibliography of biographies of scientists of the sea is based on Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre’s bibliography of biographies first published annually beginning with issue 4 of the History of Oceanography Newsletter (September 1992). It was supplemented by a bibliography maintained by Eric L. Mills and citations in the biographical files of the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography
    EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENE CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ALlIN O. ALLWARDT SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA Prepared for the Proceedings of the Fifth International congress on the History of oceanography (SCripps Institution of OCeanography, July 7-14, 1993) EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENR CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ABSTRACT The tectogene, or crustal downbuckle, was proposed in the early 19305 by F. A. Vening Meinesz to explain the unexpected belts of negative gravity anomalies in island arcs. He attributed the isostatic imbalance to a deep sialic root resulting from the action of subcrustal convection currents. Vening Heinesz's model was initially corroborated experimentally by P. H. Kuenen, but additional experiments by D. T. Griggs and geological analysis by H. H. Hess in the late 19305 led to substantial revision in detail. As modified, the tectogene provided a plausible model for the evolution of island arcs into alpine mountain belts for another two decades. Additional revisions became necessary in the early 19505 to accommodate the unexpected absence of sialic crust in the Caribbean and the marginal seas of the western Pacific. By 1960 the cherished analogy between island arcs and alpine mountain belts had collapsed under the weight of the detailed field investigations by Hess and his students in the Caribbean region. Hess then incorporated a highly modified form of the tectogene into his sea-floor spreading hypothesis. Ironically, this final incarnation of the concept preserved some of the weaker aspects of the 19305 original, such as the ad hoc explanation for the regular geometry of island arcs. EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENE CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ALAN O.
    [Show full text]
  • Seu Valor Científico- MONTEIRO Histórico E Didáctico
    Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Didáctica e Tecnologia Educativa 2007 GRAÇA MARIA VIANA Controvérsias Geológicas: seu valor científico- MONTEIRO histórico e didáctico Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Didáctica, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. João José Félix Marnoto Praia, Professor associado com agregação (aposentado pela Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto) do Departamento de Didáctica e Tecnologia Educativa e Dr. António Soares de Andrade, Professor associado aposentado pela Universidade de Aveiro do Departamento de Geociências da Universidade de Aveiro. o júri presidente Prof. Doutor Henrique Manuel Morais Diz Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Vítor Manuel de Sousa Trindade Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Évora Prof. Doutor João José Félix Marnoto Praia Professor Associado com Agregação Aposentado pela Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (Orientador) Prof. Doutor Luís Manuel Ferreira Marques Professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Luís Carlos Gama Pereira Professor Associado da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Prof. Doutor Alfredo de Oliveira Dinis Professor Associado da Faculdade de Filosofia de Braga da Universidade Católica Portuguesa Prof. Doutor António Augusto Soares de Andrade Professor Associado Aposentado da Universidade de Aveiro (Co-Orientador) agradecimentos Este trabalho teve início em Setembro de 2003 e, ao longo de quatro anos, houve um caminho percorrido que permitiu a sua concretização. Torna-se grato recuar no tempo e verificar que as primeiras palavras de gratidão vão para os Sr. Professor Doutor João Félix Marnoto Praia e Sr. Professor Doutor António Soares de Andrade cuja orientação, persistência e disponibilidade tornaram possível o alcance dos objectivos que eu pretendia atingir.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of Harry Hammond Hess May 24, 1906-August 25, 1969
    MEMORIALS 415 he snapped,"I'll give you five hundred dollars for Upon his return to civilian life Martin moved to it," and the sale was made. It was momentslike Los Angelesand went into the wholesalediamond this that Martin relishedand made life for him an business.However, this highly competitive business excitingadventure. was not to his liking and he returned once more to Martin becameinterested in artificial coloration of dealing in minerals. He travelled the wodd over diamondsin 1940.During that period he and Harry countless times in the ensuing years, seeking out Berman conducted experiments with the Harvard important specimens,buying or exchangingfor in- cyclotron.After the war he continuedhis experi- dividual pieces or entire collections. The best of ments at the University of California (Berkeley) these he offered to the museumshe was dedicated with JosephE. Hamilton and Thomas M. Putnam to serve.The balancehe would disposeof as quickly of the Crocker Laboratory. The results of their as possibleto other dealers,meanwhile planning his work, "Effect of heavy charged particle and fast next trip. neutron irradiation on diamonds," was published Martin also had an uncannyability to judge the in The American Mineralogistin 1952. value of gemstones,both finishedgems and rough. In early 1942 Maftin volunteeredfor service in This made it possiblefor him to find financial back- the United StatesArmy. He receivedta direct com- ers for his travels and purchases.Some of his trips mission as Cap'tain and rose to the rank of Lt. were primarily to buy gems and gem rough. But al- Colonel. He was assigrredto the Bomb Disposal ways, even on these trips, he managedto ferret out Schoolat Aberdeen,Maryland, and eventuallybe- many choicemineral specimens,and in this he found came commandingofficer of the school.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.11 Crust and Lithospheric Structure – Global Crustal Structure W
    1.11 Crust and Lithospheric Structure – Global Crustal Structure W. D. Mooney, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Published by Elsevier B.V. 1.11.1 Introduction, Purpose, and Scope 361 1.11.2 Geology, Tectonics, and Earth History 364 1.11.3 Seismic Techniques for Determining the Structure of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle 366 1.11.3.1 Active-Source Data 366 1.11.3.1.1 Seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles 368 1.11.3.1.2 Seismic reflection profiles 369 1.11.3.2 Passive-Source Data 370 1.11.3.2.1 Surface waves 372 1.11.3.2.2 Seismic tomography 372 1.11.3.3 Receiver Functions 372 1.11.3.4 Laboratory Studies 373 1.11.3.4.1 Velocity–density relations 373 1.11.3.4.2 Vp–Vs relations and poisson’s ratio 373 1.11.3.4.3 Seismic anisotropy and the uppermost mantle 374 1.11.4 Nonseismic Constraints on Crustal Structure 375 1.11.4.1 Gravity Anomalies 375 1.11.4.2 Aeromagnetics 376 1.11.4.3 Geoelectrical Measurements 379 1.11.4.4 Heat Flow Data 379 1.11.4.5 Borehole Data 380 1.11.4.6 Surface Geology, Exposed Deep Crustal Sections, and Xenolith Data 380 1.11.5 Structure of Oceanic Crust and Passive Margins 380 1.11.5.1 Typical Oceanic Crust 381 1.11.5.2 Mid-Ocean Ridges 384 1.11.5.3 Oceanic Plateaux and Volcanic Provinces 384 1.11.5.4 Ocean Trenches and Subduction Zones 387 1.11.5.5 Passive Continental Margins 388 1.11.6 Structure of Continental Crust 389 1.11.6.1 General Features 389 1.11.6.2 Principal Crustal Types 389 1.11.6.3 Correlation of Crustal Structure with Tectonic Provinces 394 1.11.7 Global Crustal Models 394 1.11.7.1 The Sedimentary Cover 395 1.11.7.2 The Crystalline Crust and Uppermost Mantle 395 1.11.8 Discussion and Conclusions 397 References 398 1.11.1 Introduction, Purpose, challenges in the form of natural hazards, such as and Scope earthquakes and volcanoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Harry Hess and Sea-Floor Spreading Alan O
    Harry Hess and sea-floor spreading Item Type monograph Authors Allwardt, Alan O. Publisher Alan O. Allwardt Download date 09/10/2021 11:12:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/27436 Harry Hess and Sea-floor Spreading Alan O. AIlwardt Unpublished manuscript based on: Allwardt, Alan 0., 1990, The roles of Anhur Holmes and Harry Hess in the development ofmodem global tectonics [Ph.D. dissertation, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz], Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 225 p. Abstract Harry Hess's hypothesis ofsea-floor spreading brought together his long-standing interests in island arcs, oceanic topography, and the oceanic crust. The one unique feature ofHess's hypothesis was the origin ofthe oceanic crust as a hydration rind on the top ofthe mantle - an idea that was not well received, even by the early converts to sea-floor spreading. Hess never changed his mind on this issue, and his stubbornness illuminates the logic ofhis discovery. Published and an:hival records sbow tbat 1) Hess became convinced the oceanic crust was a hydration rind as early as mid 1958, wben he was still a fixist, 2) he devised sea-floor spreading in 1960 to reconcile the hydration.rind model with the newly discovered, high heat flow at oceanic ridge crests, and 3) Hess's new mobilist solution did the least amount ofviolence to his older fixist solution. Introduction Harry Hammond Hess (1909-1969), the Princeton University icon, is usually given credit for the idea ofsea-floor spreading by earth scientists and historians alike (e.g., Frankel, 1979, 1980; Glen, 1982; Glen and Frankel, 1988; Hallam, 1973; Marvin, 1973; Menard, 1972; Moores and Vine, 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • Harry Hammond Hess 1906-1969
    MEMORIAL TO HARRY HAMMOND HESS 1906-1969 A. F. BUDDINGTON Princeton University, Princeton, New ¡ersey Harry Hammond Hess was born in New York City, May 24, 1906, the son of [ulian B. and Elizabeth E. Hess. He suffered a fatal heart at­ tack on August 25, 1969, while chairing a com­ mittee of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences at Woods Hole, Massachu­ setts. In 1934, he married Annette Burns, daughter of George Plumer Burns, a professor of Botany at the University of Vermont. He is survived by his wife; an older son, George, Assistant Profes­ sor of Physics at the University of Virginia; a second son, Frank, at Whitehorse, Yukon Terri­ tory; a brother, Frank Hess of Huntington, Long Island, New York; and a grandson, Harry. Mrs. Hess was a constant strong support for her husband; they frequently entertained visiting scientists, associates, and former and current students, with warm, home-like hospitality. Harry Hess in effect accomplished the impossible; for thirty-five years he lived five lives contemporaneously: (1) as a family man, (2) a member of the faculty of Princeton University, (3) a mineralogist, geologist, geological geo­ physicist and oceanographer, (4) an officer in the U.S. Naval Reserve and a statesman-scientist and (5) the organizer, fund-raiser, and administrator of the Princeton Caribbean Geological Research Project. He spent his first two college years at Yale in the department of electrical engineering but then switched to geology and graduated in 1927. There followed two years as a geologist in northern Rhodesia for Loangwa Concessions.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDY SCIENCE ANSWER BOOK Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page Ii Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page Iii
    Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page i THE HANDY SCIENCE ANSWER BOOK Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page ii Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page iii THE HANDY SCIENCE ANSWER BOOK FOURTH EDITION Compiled by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Detroit Handy Science 2/16/11 11:26 AM Page iv THE Copyright © 2011 by Visible Ink Press® This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copy- right laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competi- HANDY tion, and other applicable laws. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote SCIENCE brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a maga- zine, newspaper, or web site. ANSWER All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd., #414 BOOK Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC. Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups. Cus- tomized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be pro- duced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleinkpress.com, or 734-667-3211. Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: Marco Di Vita Proofreaders: Sarah Hermsen and Sharon Malinowski ISBN 978-1-57859-321-7 (pbk.) Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data The handy science answer book / [edited by] Naomi E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1900–1949)
    A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1900{1949) Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 25 August 2019 Version 1.00 Title word cross-reference ◦ −183 [Bee39]. 1 [Atk18c]. 2 [Atk18c]. Σ [Doo03]. 1189 [Dav39b]. 146 [SO37]. 1777 [Chi48]. 1867 [Col41a]. 1900 [Ano00e, Ano00j, Ano00i, Ano00k, Ano00m, Ano00l, Ano00o, Ano00n, Ano00h, Ano00q, Ano00p, Ano00s, Ano00r, Ano00u, Ano00t, Ano00w, Ano00v, Low01]. 1901 [Ano01f, Ano01g, Ano01h, Ano01i, Ano01j, Ano01l, Ano01k, Ano01m, Ano01n, Ano01p, Ano01o, Ano01q, Ano01r, Ano01t, Ano01s, Ano01e]. 1902 [Ano02e, Ano02f, Ano02h, Ano02g, Ano02j, Ano02i, Ano02l, Ano02k, Ano02m, Ano02o, Ano02n, Ano02p, Ano02q]. 1903 [Ano03e, Ano03f, Ano03h, Ano03g, Ano03j, Ano03i, Ano03l, Ano03k, Ano03n, Ano03m, Ano03o, Ano03p, Ano03q, Ano03s, Ano03r]. 1904 [Ano04e, Ano04f, Ano04h, Ano04g, Ano04j, Ano04i, Ano04k, Ano04l, Ano04n, 1 2 Ano04m, Ano04p, Ano04o, Ano04q, Ano04r]. 1905 [Ano05f, Ano05h, Ano05g, Ano05i, Ano05k, Ano05j, Ano05l, Ano05n, Ano05m, Ano05p, Ano05o]. 1906 [Ano06e, Ano06f, Ano06g, Ano06h, Ano06j, Ano06i, Ano06k, Ano06m, Ano06l, Ano06o, Ano06n, Ano06q, Ano06p, Ogb07]. 1907 [Ano07f, Ano07g, Ano07i, Ano07h, Ano07j, Ano07l, Ano07k, Ano07m, Ano07o, Ano07n, Ano07p, Ano07q]. 1908 [Ano08e, Ano08g, Ano08f, Ano08h, Ano08j, Ano08i, Ano08k, Ano08m, Ano08l, Ano08n]. 1918 [And19, Cam19, Lam19, Mil19a]. 1931 [Lin33]. 1937 [Con37a]. 1940 [Wie45]. 1941 [Bar45, Wad45b]. 1942 [Ang42]. 2 [Kra47]. 200-Inch [Tho30]. 61 [Str43]. A.D. [Dav39b]. A.M [Pet03].
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Science Decadal Survey Interim Report, and Should Incorporate the Recommendations of the Earth Science Decadal Survey Final Report When It Is Completed
    Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-66900-6, 400 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, (2007) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This free book plus thousands more books are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820.html PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Further Editorial Correction Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Pg 1 Reading the Works of Isaac Asimov the American Author Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) Was One of the 20Th Century’S Most Prolific Authors
    Notes Where Is Everybody? 1Pg 1 reading the works of Isaac Asimov The American author Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) was one of the 20th century’s most prolific authors. He wrote on a vast number of topics—from the Bible to Shakespeare—but it was his science books, both fiction and non-fiction, that had the most impact on me. For a memoir, written towards the end of his life, see Asimov (1994). 2Pg 1 appeared in successive issues The “pro-Fermi” article, by the American geologist and science fiction writer Stephen Lee Gillett (1953–), appeared in the August 1984 issue of Asimov’s. The rebuttal, by the American scientist and author Robert A. Freitas Jr (1952–), appeared in the September issue. A few years later, Gillett expanded upon his original article and pointed out a different interpretation of the “lemming paradox” introduced by Freitas and discussed here on page 2. If Earth were empty except for lemmings then the creatures would be everywhere; but Earth teems with other living things, which out-compete lemmings and limit their spread. The correct conclusion to draw from the non-observation of lemmings is that Earth has an abundance of living species competing for resources (which we knew anyway, because we see life all around us). When we look into space, however, we see nothing that indicates the presence of life. 3Pg 5 latest cosmological measurements The WMAP and Planck space mis- sions have tied down the key numbers describing our universe. For details see, for example, NASA (2012) and ESA (2014). The Physicist Enrico Fermi 4Pg 10 precocious ability in mathematics For details of Fermi’s life I consulted two sources: a biography written by his wife Laura (Fermi 1954); and © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 339 S.
    [Show full text]