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Geologie und Dichtkunst Erdwissenschaftliche Inhalte in der deutschsprachigen Lyrik und Material für einen fächerübergreifenden Unterricht Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Naturwissenschaft an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Franziska GUTJAHR am Institut für Erdwissenschaften Begutachter: Ao. Univ-Prof. Dr.phil. Bernhard Hubmann Graz, 2018 Danksagung Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hubmann für seine Anregungen, die hervorragende Beratung und die besonders gute Zusammenarbeit, die nicht nur erheblich zur Entstehung dieser Diplomarbeit beigetragen haben, sondern die ich sogar als Voraussetzung für das Gelingen derselben betrachte. Außerdem bin ich meinen Freundinnen und Freunden dankbar, allen voran meiner Kollegin Mag. Mirjam Turza, weil sie mir immer das Gefühl geben, unterstützt und geschätzt zu werden. Danke an meine Eltern und Großeltern für ihre Hilfe und Liebe; meinen Großeltern vor allem für die finanzielle Unterstützung und den Zuspruch, meinem Vater für seine gewissenhafte Beratung und meiner Mutter für ihre unermüdliche liebevolle Hilfsbereitschaft. Ich danke meinem Mann Daniel, der mir zugleich Ruhepol und Motivator ist, der bedingungslos an meiner Seite steht und mir mit seinem Humor und seiner Weisheit einen Grund gibt, weiterzugehen, selbst wenn ich das Ziel vergessen habe. Danke, Verena, mein Sonnenschein, du Glück meines Lebens! Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINFÜHRUNG 8 2. GEOLOGIE- UND LITERATURGESCHICHTE 10 2.1 . Die Geschichte der Geologie 10 Anfänge und frühe Überlegungen 11 Renaissance und Neuzeit 13 Beginn der modernen Geologie 16 Einige weitere Aspekte zur Entwicklung der Geologie 19 2.2. Naturwissenschaften und Literatur in Synthese 19 Vergleich und Verbindung von literature and science 20 Die Lehrdichtung in einer wechselhaften Geschichte 21 Metaphern der Natur(wissenschaft) 27 3. DIE GEOLOGIE IN DER LYRIK 28 3.1. Geopoetik 29 3.2. Die Gedichtsammlung – Entstehung und Ordnung 31 3.3. Die Gedichtsammlung – Ergebnisse und Erläuterungen 32 Die Autoren 33 Themen und Motive 44 Metaphorik 57 Gott und Schöpfung 58 Die Gedichtsammlung und die Geschichte der Geologie 59 4. GEDICHTANALYSE 62 3.1. Form und Sprache 62 3.2. Entstehung und historischer Kontext 64 ACHIM VON ARNIM: Chronologischer Abriss über Leben und Werk 64 Achim von Arnim und die Geologie 66 Philosophie, Lyrik und Wissenschaft in der Romantik 70 3.3. Erdwissenschaftliche Motivik 73 Neptunisten und Plutonisten 73 Der Neptunistenstreit 75 Der Neptunistenstreit in Arnims Gedicht 78 Die Entstehung von Kohle 79 Die Kohlenbildung in ARNIMs Gedicht 82 4. LYRIK IM BIOLOGIEUNTERRICHT – THEORETISCHER HINTERGRUND 84 4.1 Kreativität und Kunst im Unterricht 84 Kunst und Kreativität beim Lernen 85 Aufwand bei der Planung kreativen Unterrichts 88 4.2. Fächerübergreifender Unterricht – Potenzial und Herausforderung 89 Fächerübergreifender Unterricht in der Reformpädagogik 89 Jüngere Entwicklung und die Beständigkeit der Fächer 91 Fächerübergreifender Unterricht aus Sicht von Lehrpersonen 92 Deutsch als fächerübergreifender Gegenstand 93 Kritik am fächerübergreifenden Unterricht 94 4.3 Lehrplananalyse 95 Lehrplan Biologie und Umweltkunde 96 Lehrplan Deutsch 97 5. LYRIK UND GEOLOGIE IN EINER UNTERRICHTSEINHEIT 99 5.1. Planung 99 5.2. Unterrichtskonzept 102 Einstieg 102 Wissensvermittlung 103 Selbständige Arbeitsphase 103 Gedichtvortrag 104 Lückenfüller 104 5.3. Praxiserfahrung 105 6. RESÜMEE 106 INTERNETQUELLEN 108 4 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 110 QUELLEN DER GESAMMELTEN GEDICHTE 119 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 125 ANHANG 129 5 Zusammenfassung Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Geologie und der deutschsprachigen Dichtkunst. Im Anhang befindet sich eine Anthologie von 100 Gedichten aus 1633 bis 2016, die ein erdwissenschaftliches Thema behandeln. Hieraus werden Beispiele herangezogen und teils analysiert; Schnittstellen zwischen der Natur- und der Geisteswissenschaft werden in diesem Zusammenhang aufgezeigt. Außerdem wird eine fächerübergreifende Unterrichtseinheit dargestellt. Die Untersuchung der Gedichte zeigt, dass vor allem die Themen Vulkanismus, Erdbeben, Gesteine, Berge und Bergbau, Evolution sowie die Entwicklung der Erde und die Urzeit aus der Geologie in die Lyrik übernommen wurden. Auch die Geologie selbst als Wissenschaft wurde lyrisch thematisiert. Es handelt sich um eine spezielle Form der Wissensvermittlung, eine künstlerische Darstellung von naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und/oder um die lyrische Beschreibung von Fortschritten in der Geologie. Nicht zuletzt stellt die poetische Formulierung des erdwissenschaftlichen Forschungsstands oftmals die allgemeine Stimmungslage zu brisanten aktuellen Themen dar. Das besondere Verhältnis zur Geologie, welches beispielsweise bei den Dichtern GOETHE (1749-1832), CELAN (1920-1970) oder BRUNNER (geb. 1967) vorhanden ist, wird dabei genauso beleuchtet, wie das lyrische Schaffen von Geologen und Paläontologen. Zur Umsetzung einer fächerübergreifenden Lehreinheit wird der Sammlung ein Gedicht entnommen, das Schüler/innen einen besonderen Zugang zu dem behandelten erdgeschichtlichen Thema bietet. Diese Unterrichtseinheit basiert auf verschiedenen pädagogischen Überlegungen, die in der Diplomarbeit dargelegt werden. 100000114587 6 Abstract This thesis is dealing with the relation of geology and German poetry. In the attachment is an anthology of 100 poems from 1633 to 2016, that give attention to a geological topic. Out of this collection examples are described and/or analysed, the cut surfaces between science and arts are shown. Also, an interdisciplinary teaching unit is constituted. The analysis of the poems shows, that the topics volcanism, earth quake, rocks, mountains and mining, evolution of life and earth as well as primeval times are preferentially transferred from geology to lyrics. Also, geology itself, as science, was verbalized in a lyrical way. It`s a special form of knowledge transfer, an artwork of scientific findings and/or a lyrical description of the geological advances. Not least the poetic formulation of the current state of geology often constitutes the common disposition to actual controversial topics. In this context the special relation of poets like GOETHE (1749-1832), CELAN (1920-1970) or BRUNNER (*1967) is emblazed, just like the lyrical producing of geologists and palaeontologists is reviewed in this thesis. For the accomplishment of an interdisciplinary teaching unit a poem is taken out of the anthology and shows the students a special way to learn a geological topic. The arrangement of this lesson bases on various pedagogic considerations, that are explained in this thesis too. 7 1. Einführung Als ich vor sechs Jahren begann, Biologie und Deutsch für das Lehramt zu studieren, wusste ich schon lange, dass ich Lehrerin werden wollte. In meinem Berufswunsch wurde ich bis zum Schluss bestätigt: Das Unterrichten als Aufgabe gefiel mir zunehmend. Auch die Wahl der Fächer, die ich aufgrund meiner Liebe zur Sprache und zur Natur getroffen hatte, sollte ich nicht bereuen. Allerdings hatte ich sie immer separat gesehen; die Biologie und die Germanistik mental sogar weiter aufgefächert: Da gab es die Geisteswissenschaft mit der Linguistik, der Literaturwissenschaft und der Geschichte auf der einen Seite, und die Naturwissenschaft mit der Botanik, der Zoologie und der Geologie auf der anderen. Erst im Zuge der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es mir gelungen, für mich persönlich eine Synthese dieser Gegenstände herzustellen. Dafür habe ich meinem Diplomarbeitsbetreuer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Bernhard HUBMANN, zu danken, der mir seine Sammlung deutschsprachiger Gedichte mit geologischem Inhalt gezeigt hat. Im Rahmen meiner Diplomarbeit durfte ich sie fortführen und untersuchen. Bald stellte sich heraus, dass die Zahl solcher lyrischeren Werke beachtlich ist. Außerdem zeigte sich, bei welchen deutschsprachigen Dichter/innen eine besondere naturwissenschaftliche Neugier und ein spezielles Verhältnis zur Geologie feststellbar ist. Die gefundenen Gedichte sind darüber hinaus zum Teil derart opportun und/oder witzig, lehrreich und/oder beeindruckend, dass man sie als Lehrperson auch Schüler/innen nicht vorenthalten möchte. Dadurch ergab sich der fachdidaktische Teil meiner Diplomarbeit. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich also mit geologischen Inhalten in der deutschsprachigen Poesie. Dazu werden die folgenden Fragestellungen behandelt: • Gibt es eine nennenswerte Rezeption erdwissenschaftlicher Inhalte in der deutschsprachigen Lyrik? • In welcher Weise setzen sich Dichter/innen in ihrer Lyrik mit geologischen Inhalten auseinander? • Welche erdwissenschaftlichen Phänomene und Aspekte werden in den lyrischen Werken aufgegriffen? • Kann den Gedichten mit geologischem Inhalt ein naturwissenschaftlicher Mehrwert entnommen werden und wenn ja, welcher im Konkreten? • Wie kann das behandelte Thema in der Schule umgesetzt werden? 8 Die Untersuchung dieser Fragen findet auf Basis verschiedener Quellen statt. Hier bilden die lyrischen Texte selbst natürlich die Primärquelle. Es handelt sich um 100 Gedichte deutschsprachiger Schriftsteller/innen, die im Anhang aufgelistet und nachzulesen sind. Sie stammen aus fünf Jahrhunderten der Literaturgeschichte und aus der Feder von 71 verschiedenen Autor/innen. Gefunden wurden sie von Herrn Prof. Dr. Bernhard HUBMANN oder von mir in verschiedenen Gedichtbänden und im Internet oder in Zeitschriften. Als Quellen für die theoretischen Ausführungen werden Sekundärliteratur, Autorenbiografien, Fachliteratur
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  • 1.11 Crust and Lithospheric Structure – Global Crustal Structure W

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    1.11 Crust and Lithospheric Structure – Global Crustal Structure W. D. Mooney, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA Published by Elsevier B.V. 1.11.1 Introduction, Purpose, and Scope 361 1.11.2 Geology, Tectonics, and Earth History 364 1.11.3 Seismic Techniques for Determining the Structure of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle 366 1.11.3.1 Active-Source Data 366 1.11.3.1.1 Seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles 368 1.11.3.1.2 Seismic reflection profiles 369 1.11.3.2 Passive-Source Data 370 1.11.3.2.1 Surface waves 372 1.11.3.2.2 Seismic tomography 372 1.11.3.3 Receiver Functions 372 1.11.3.4 Laboratory Studies 373 1.11.3.4.1 Velocity–density relations 373 1.11.3.4.2 Vp–Vs relations and poisson’s ratio 373 1.11.3.4.3 Seismic anisotropy and the uppermost mantle 374 1.11.4 Nonseismic Constraints on Crustal Structure 375 1.11.4.1 Gravity Anomalies 375 1.11.4.2 Aeromagnetics 376 1.11.4.3 Geoelectrical Measurements 379 1.11.4.4 Heat Flow Data 379 1.11.4.5 Borehole Data 380 1.11.4.6 Surface Geology, Exposed Deep Crustal Sections, and Xenolith Data 380 1.11.5 Structure of Oceanic Crust and Passive Margins 380 1.11.5.1 Typical Oceanic Crust 381 1.11.5.2 Mid-Ocean Ridges 384 1.11.5.3 Oceanic Plateaux and Volcanic Provinces 384 1.11.5.4 Ocean Trenches and Subduction Zones 387 1.11.5.5 Passive Continental Margins 388 1.11.6 Structure of Continental Crust 389 1.11.6.1 General Features 389 1.11.6.2 Principal Crustal Types 389 1.11.6.3 Correlation of Crustal Structure with Tectonic Provinces 394 1.11.7 Global Crustal Models 394 1.11.7.1 The Sedimentary Cover 395 1.11.7.2 The Crystalline Crust and Uppermost Mantle 395 1.11.8 Discussion and Conclusions 397 References 398 1.11.1 Introduction, Purpose, challenges in the form of natural hazards, such as and Scope earthquakes and volcanoes.