THE VACCARY LANDS IN OUERNMORE otherwise, to larger pastures and then legally FOREST. established as perrnanent stock farms.

P.J.Hudson One other route is possibly the conversion from Anglo-Saxon hunting areas, which would lands, available The date and extents of the first land enclosures theoretically have been empty settlement in one of the in the area are not known for certain, for agricultural but there are several possibilities. Apart from population incursions, e.g. the Norse, which there the Hoton vill lands, the old park and horse farm took place before the Conquest and before written land in the north of Quernmore, there are in the south were any vills established or of the area two other pre 13th. cennrry enclosed charters for this area.to areas of land,t these are the two vaccaries at establishment, Rooten Brook- and Hare APPIe Tree.' Whatever the background to their by the immediate post-Conquest period the two These two vaccaries appeared in a system of Quernmore sites were occupied and enclosed several large enclosures (assarts) which were and were being developed as cow farms part of new land exploitation and development principally to breed and rear cattle as draught taking place in the northern forests of post- animals and to create a local supply to provision garrisons." Later Conquest . Vaccaries can perhaps be meat and hides to the northern draught considered as evidence of the major changes that they not only supplied meat and to the Royal the Normans were making to the land holding animals, but milk and milk products going into system of northern England. Changes that Castles and Estates, with the surplus became permanent features in the landscape and the economy via local markets. the earliest major physical landscape evidence, vaccary sites at other than forests and parks, of the effects of the From this time these two appear name as Norman Conquest. Rowton and Hareappletree by ones farmed out to the crown lessees. In the crown lessees were either The vaccary areas in Quernmore were' possibly, Quernmore Forest In part of 'old lands' or earlier assarts which were the County Sheriff,t' or the Master Forester. the expansion of cow established illegally before the 12th century as 1262 there is a reference to ed pastures in the lands in Quernmore in and Wyresdale, and the master forester held the ey bailiwick of the king and exacted rents and were by then accepted, fined as a rent and retained the profits.'3 regularised.t Howevsr, these vaccary sites could have been survivals of pre-Conquest enclosures The two vaccaries in Quernmore and several of pass or land occupation which were taken over intact the adjoining ones in Wyresdale were to after the Conquest.t For example, the men of into the hands of the Gernets when they held the Foresters Overton appeared to have had rights to shielings hereditary post of Master Forester and at Ortner in Over-Wyresdale,' and retained this at Fee.'o (These extensive land holdings were right possibly until the vaccary farrrs were possibly the object of their downfall). The consolidated from these upland pastures in the Gernets wsre hereditary Mastsr Foresters in fee twelfth century. These rights could have been in the Forest of Lancaster from c1097 until ancient, possibly defined by now lost Anglo- c1262, without much interfersnce, and carried Saron land apportionment boundaries. There is on in the post but r:nder more control by the a similar problem in explaining why these two Earl, until 1280 when the Earls of Lancaster vaccaries at Rowton and Hareappletree were began to further develop lands in the Honour Later in established on land which must once have been towards the end of the 13th. Century." on the waste and commons, unless, of course, the 13th. century Rowton Brook and these sites were once shielings for the western Hareappletree along with another 20 or so part coastal and lower Lonsdale vills and were, like vaccary sites in Wyresdale, were to become the some of the Wyresdale and Bowland exarnples,n of the Honour of Lancaster and were in just converted and extended, either by consent or hands of the Earl. From this date the vaccary t4 ;ra"is q'ere farmed out, usually to the highest bi;"ier. The evidence used to determine these changes is based partly on the different methods of fencing r ffie early 14th. century vaccaries in the area the fields and the overall pattern of the results sdered a set-back during the Scottish raids and partly on the information found in the mfu,en the stock was driven off and so the rents primary source documents. The dating of q. nai ro be reduced. held blundaries by the fencing methods usedt not an exact science, but has to be resorted to 1323 list when there are few other specific sources of ne vaccary rents return of 1322 to t' r"ereappletree at 6s and l5s. and Rowtanbrook areal evidence available. r,s & 7s; Vaccary rents of 1346 show :{ardappiltre at 6 pounds this is an increase of f4 Map One shows the possible expansion process, t, l4s 0d over the 1322 frgve which is perhaps a with fences radiating out from the core farm site. o ugn of some recovery in its value. This resulted Overall this evidence shows expansion of the d rn a change in management, as most of the fenced land being pushed further out into the less rs named vaccaries then appeared in the documents fells to the east and north. This is land with It as tenanted holdings. In the 1322 lists" the fertile soils and, in the case of Rootenbrook, n cnant at Hareappletree was Adam King and at increasing altitude. This is land which is rough )r R.owtenbrook was William of Gruskholme. "out-bye" pasture, is difficult to improve and It William of Gruskolme could be the person who only viable when the products of the farming il held the vaccary of GrusLrfram in Mewith further system are profitable, or there is a severe land o up the Lune Valley. Gruskham is mentioned in shortage or a changing agricultural philosophy, lnquest Post Mortem, dated May 1325 on the which encourages speculation even in the most death of Mathew de Burgh. It stated he held a unlikely areas. rt ruinous messuage, 10 bovates of land being ts s'aste from the devastation of the Scots etc, and In the late l5th. century land in the two holdings n a 20 acres pasture called Groskolm in Mewith, appears to have been split up into smaller farms, tr destroyed by the Scots. with sub-tenants. The Eyre Court of 1480 lists a n William Winder of Wharmore and John Boyland w The surviving documents name both Rowton as tonants at Harapultre. It is possible that this 'e Brook and Hareappletree over a period of some was always the way these lands were farmed' It IE 800 years, and the nirmes of tenants, rents etc are was certainly the case in the 16th. century when rd recorded from time to time. Later, after the the vaccaries were in the hands of the crowns vaccaries were sold by the crown,tt the names of life lessees.'n Later they were sold by the state- the tenant farmers and owners are known from For example, Sir Richard Tempest of Collynge rf surviving leases and other legal documents, but (Bolling?) Yorks was granted by letters patent and is 3S unfortunately these records do not always give the life tenancy of Rowtenbrook vaccary te any information, such as the acreages or mentioned in a law suit of 1529. Sir Richard rs stocking rates for the early periods. This lack of Tempest was master forester of Bowland in te detailed information has made it difficult to 1529, and at the same time was keeper of IE produce precise maps of the extents of the two Quernmore and Wyresdale. This could well be (Bolland) Hall Quernmore vaccaries, but the field survey work Sir Richard Tempest of Bolling dl has found and recorded enough landscape and Bracewell in Craven, who is :d features to determine the gpdual extension of buried in the choir at Bradford Parish Church, le the connected field systems and the several re- now Bradford Cathedral. er organisations of these lands at different periods ur in their history. From the surviving records it is possible to in determine thpt at the beginning of the l6th. rd The writer feels that at some early stage in the csntury there were the following farms so development of these two holdings the ancient established on the hvo original vaccary sites, fi field boundaries were discarded and a whole known by these names: on the old Rowon he new system superimposed, possibly by the late vaccary lands there was Rooten Brook (or ry 15th. Century. Troughton Broke), RoWen Brook, Fell End, 15 hatters, masons, Kelsalls, Brow Top and Chapmans. On the old websters, linen weavers, lands of Hareappletree there is Hareappletree quarrymen and smiths. and Little Hareappletree, Booth Fall, Longmore and farm or Longmire, Tongue Moor, Damasgill and These socio-economic changes the lTth century to the Blackwood. These farms were possibly worked developments occur from by Duchy of Lancaster tenants until most of this land was sold off in the 1620's.

However, if the vaccaries were one unit they again fragmented exhibit some features which suggest that both Later these land units were in being subject to nouveaux-riche Quernmore vaccury sites and other vaccaries after then the inheritance laws, until the area, consisted of several smaller fa::rr and speculation and herd units (possibly based on a dual herd the late l9th. century when the land ownership the individual holdings within system) and had houses which were inhabited by and the limits of named families. For example, the Sauls, the vaccary areas stabilised. Garners, Martins, Croskells, Rippons and century' whsn it appears Haythornthwaites often appear in the documents It was during the i7th. that the yeoman connected with early 16th. century cornmons there was more stability, long tenancies, or by disputes. A commons dispute in Quernmore in fanners on life, lives, and to improve the ho!9ings l54l names Robert Patchett, Thomas Chapman outright purchase, began and as local and George Bennett (age 40), Chris and builf most of the permanent dwellings'o This was also Benyson (age 33), farm buildings to be seen today." supportive evidence for Slyne, Hest and a time when much more the sites can be Hawthornthwaite ( dual-economy operations on found, activities which included corn-milling, hatting, weaving or linen processing, tanning, some local quarrying etc. The corn mills of Conder Mill, Rowton Mill, possibly Booth Fall and the one operated or leased by Lancaster thought to be kings tenants of , Slyne and Hest, and Corporation until 1726, were all period. John Smith was appointed as same for Lancaster working in this town, for past 15 years. In defence William these coftage industry Haythornthwaite (aged 56) said Robert Croskil The writer believes it is Brook, of Bothfall and Robert Chippindale did build activities, particularly those at Rowton agriculture and the their houses within memory' John Proctor (age linked with the changing mills, that led to the 60) said kings tenants of Quernmore had always building of the corn had common andlonge of the hedge of establishment of the nucleus of the main township settlement which Quernmore, this was supported by Edmund Quernmore the vaccaries to the Proctor (aged 70) Edmund Jackson and Richard eventually migrated from crossroads in the Hathurnthwaite of Tarnebrooke. present Quernmore Village early 19th. cenury. A furthsr influence was in 164{-ssmmunications These are the farrrily names which endure in the the choice of a new and i9th. centuries, area from this date. The surname King dates network in the and 18th sites from 1322, to which we have to later add which dissected and by-passed both vaccary road Townson, Jqlson, Herdman and Parkinson, as this improved north-south and east-west The final fixing of the before others come into the area to replace them systern came into use. in the l9th. Century (e.g. Py", Gorst, settlement pattern and farms was achieved after This award Whittaker). These early families and the lTth' the Enclosure Award of 1811' and l8th. century additions were not just abolished the Royal Forest status, apportioned land which still working as farm labourers, many were engaged and enclosed that corlmon of the in other means for a living, being listed as remained and completed the field layout ysomen, husbandmen, keepers, fleshers, tanners, area:

16 within the area which appear to be connected with the Norman . S€€, Hudson, P.J. Landscape and Economic hunting, ftom either the Anglo-Saxon or )erelopment of Quemmore Forest, Lancaster: An periods. Marginal Area in North West to -p'.laad year :,t50. Unpublished M.Phil thesis, University of ll. Lancashire Pipe Rolls, p254; Items in 1213, - included 80 live cotvs at *"rcaster 1994. provisions for Lancaster Castle 4s, 130 live whether sheep at ls, obtained from local - The place name of this site varies from Routandebrok sources. i193; Rootenbrook and Routandebrok in 1322; of Troughtonbroke l54l; Rowtenbrook 1628; Rorvtonbrook 12. Shaw, ibid. p 345. Theobold Walter Sheriff i6O6; Rawton Brook 1716; Routenbrook 1725; Rooten Lancaster 11934 holds farms, two were in Quernmore at tsrmk 1786; Rawston Brook l8l4; today the O.S. 6" Map Rowtonbrook and Hareappletree. frsplays three place names Rorton Brook, Rooten Brook md Rovden Brook. 13. Shaw ibid. p36.

Lancaster Ancient Deeds 2511212. 1280. I The plac€ narne of this site varies from Hardappuletre 14. Duchy of rn 1193; Apletruethewayt 1259; Apeltreherd 1257; Benedict, Gernet son of Roger, surrenders all his customs and liberties in the forests and woods to Edmun( Earl of s llardappiltre 1346 Appeltrethwayt l30l Harapultre Lancaster. n laS0; I{arpultreehous 1533; Hareappletree and l54l; Holapletree 1650; Wholeappletre 1704; Hareappletree, Y part of his forest 1768; but by the l9th. century the name appears to be 15. In l245.Sir Roger Gemet surrenders s the vaccary system can be standardised and agpes with the present day 6' O.S. lvlap rigbts in Wlresdale so that d *tich only displays llare Appletree and Appletree Farm. extended. 0 Vol. 68 LCRS 54. r 4. Farrer W. Iancashire Pipe Rolls & Early Charters, 16. Lancashire lnquests & Extents, 'p tenant of 1902. p6l. In 1185, Harold of I"ancaster fined for In 1322 William of Gruskeholm is Routandebrok, @owtenbrook), and Adam King, ar I vaccaries or cotv sheds and for the cattle pasturing in the tt forest, fined 2 marks.n llarolda de Lancastra fine ij marks Harappletree. / ), pro vaccariis in foresta" rf 17. VCH Vol 8 p76 has the footnote: Scarthwaite, lt 5. Farrer W. Op.cit., p30. ll74 fines imposed on Hollinhead Rorvtonbrook Vaccary and lIare Appletree, Rothkall, were sold to Edward r oftnders for assarts and enclosing wastes etc., amounted with Longmoor and others Pat 4 Chas. I. pt. Xxxiii. to f93. 13s.4d. Ditchfield and n1628;

Boundaries Old and 6. Cunnlitre-Shaw, R. The Royal Forest of Lancaster, 18. See Hudson, P.J. Field and Land New in the Area. Contrebis Vol XVII, 40-61. Preston 1956. p356: Quotes the Lancashire Pipe Rolls Quernmore v 1226/7: Vaccaries in Quernmore and Wyresdale appear Henry In a suit in (, to bave been let out for rents as early as 1227. viz "30s to 19. Duchy of Lancaster l/6. 20 VIII. trespass daled 1529, brougfit by Sir ,e laccaries set to farm." Duchy Court for Richard Tempest of Collynge, Yorks, the kings life tenant LO Thomas 7. See Higham, M.C. Pre-Conquest settlement in the of Rorvtenbrook, against John Crossgyll, n Kynge they had been on his land in Baldwin, J.R. and LD. Whyte (eds), Chapman and Nicholas h parcels ground lying otr Whernmore, The Scandinavians in Curnbria @dinburgh, 1985).,122' there "in his of (or men), causing him grear te 130. Higham also postulated the possible pre-Conquest Lancs." and expelled him his Broke", IE survival of some boundaries to be seen in the vaccary darnage on his lands at "Rowtane "Longemore" n enclosures and a settlement patt€rn taken over intact after and "Here Apulre". ls the Conque$, particularly in Bowland (and possibly pre- 20. Rowton Brook has a door headstone I T D 1696, for s, Wyresdale, which adjoins Quernmore), with Conquest multiple estat€s and early Christian sites, Thomas and Dorothy Jepson. ts though she produces no accurately dared and mapped rd several datestones the landscape boundary evidence to put forward in support' 21. Al Hareappletree there are of le Rippon farnily, W.R. 1622 from the older house, W R I R on a batn, the smaller house has W R E R 1646, W vl 8. Sha\^, (1956) op.cit., E. 1640 R A R 1667 on another barn. See Garnett, E. The Dated rd Buildings of South Lonsdale. Lancaster University, ,d 9. Higham, M. C. The Forest of Bowland: A Study in cNwRs, 1994.9G130. ill Continuiry with particular reference to Dark Age and Medieval Periods. (unpublished M A. thesis, University of re Hull, 1978.), and Higham, M.C. (1985), op.cit., 122-124'

10. Higham, M. C. (1978.) op.cit., and (1985) op.cit., 122-lU. However, there are no place-names located t7 lF\---\ NU [\Ar )

illsI .l iillr -

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MAP I: INTERPRETATION OF THE VACCARY E)GANSION IN SOUTH OUERNMORE

18