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Leaf Extract on Albino Rats Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019, Vol. 6, No. 13, p. 313-329. ISSN 2358-2731 https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061301 Nutritional, haematinic and biosafety evaluation of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) leaf extract on albino rats Benjamin O. Gabriel and MacDonald Idu* Phytomedicine Unit. Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology. PMB 1154. Benin. Edo State. Nigeria. *Email: [email protected]. Abstract. This study evaluates the nutritional, Haematinic and biosafety of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Received Convolvulaceae) aqueous leaf extract on albino rats. Proximate February 16, 2019 and mineral compositions were determined using standard methods. Haematinic activity of the plant was done using graded Available on line: July 13, 2019 doses; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride to induce anaemia. A modified method was used Accepted for acute and sub-acute toxicological evaluations. Results from July 12, 2019 the study showed that aqueous extracts of I. batatas had significant increase in RBC, HCT, Hgb, MCV, MCH and MCHC at Released 7.19±0.45, 46.13±0.08, 13.43±0.27, 82.40±0.92, 24.15±1.24 and Augusto 31, 2019 37.78±0.20, respectively, when compared with the control group. Acute study showed no pathological behaviour with Full Text Article absent mortality. Sub-acute study of the spleen, heart, liver and kidney showed a mild activation of local immune system. The extracts recorded 89.14% scavenging property compared with 94.3% ascobate in antioxidant study. Proximate analysis had 31.56% of moisture content, 16.25% of protein, 7.64% of ash, 0.37% of crude fibre, 0.19% of fat and 43.99% of carbohydrate. Investigation of calcium, magnesium, Iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium and zinc were 28.03, 339.61, 15.87, 4.61, 35.90, 4.21 and 0.08 mg/kg others were not detected. This may be due to stimulating mechanism of Myelo-Erythroid cell ratio in bone marrow or antioxidant effect. Result thus validates ethno- botanical uses of I. batatas for the treatment of anaemia. 0000-0002-2513-385X Benjamin O. Gabriel Keywords: Sweetpotato; Anaemia; Bone marrow; Peripheral blood smear; Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. 0000-0002-5082-1988 MacDonald Idu Introduction improve patient tolerance on prolong use (Kaliora et al., 2006). Ipomea batatas (L.) Currently, complimentary/alter- Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) is a native use of medicines, especially the native to Central and Southern America, consumption of phytochemicals has the un-recent known plants to human. rapidly increased universally. Herbal Sweet potato is herbaceous perennial medicines have less or no damaging vegetable with white and purple flowers effect than conventional drugs. They and long nutritious storage roots (Antia ISSN 2358-2731/BJBS-2019-0021/2019/6/13/1/313 Braz. J. Biol. Sci. http://revista.rebibio.net 314 Gabriel and Idu et al., 2006; Ozaki et al., 2010). Recently, aqueous solvent. It was stored in an air- numbers of reports showed that, tight container for further application. I. batatas phytochemicals exhibit antioxidative or radical-scavenging effect Determination of antioxidant with health-promoting property in activities humans (Konczak-Islam et al., 2003; Free radical scavenging activity Suda et al., 2003; Rabah et al., 2004; Dini of I. batatas leaves extract against 1, 1- et al., 2009). The plant supports correct Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (Sigma heart functions (Noda and Horiuchi, Aldrich) was evaluated by 517 nm UV 2008). I. batatas has a broad spectrophotometer. The radical Ethnomedicinal function which includes; scavenging property was measured using anti-anemic, anti-inflammatory, anti- slight modified method described by fertility, anti-carcinogenesis, anti- Leong and Shui (2002): mutagenity, anti-diabetes, anti- hemorrhagic, and promote stable blood % inhibition = (Aa-Aa/Ab) ×100 sugar level (Bratosin et al., 1998; Lippi et al., 2012). Extrinsic anemia arises as Where Ab is absorption for the hemolytic anemia in blood vessels blank sample and Aa the absorption for known as intravascular haemolysis or the extract other body parts called extra-vascular. The potential cause varies from safe Nutritional evaluation anemia to life-threatening anemia. Proximate analysis/compo- Usually, hemolytic anemia can either be sition. The proximate analysis (gross classified as merited or acquired (Telford chemical composition) was determined et al., 2003). Peripheral blood films by the recommended method of AOAC stained test using Wright's stain present (2005). This includes: vital diagnosis understanding of anemia with various diseases associated to Moisture content determi- leukocytes and platelets (Lessin et al., nation. 2 g of the dry sample was placed 2006; Komolafe and Awoniyi, 2013). in a crucible of 31.990 g, the crucible The objective of this study is to then was put into the oven for 3 h at o evaluate the nutritional, haematinic and 105 C until a constant weight was attained. The crucible was transferred to toxicological profile of I. batatas extracts. a dessicator to cool and the weight was noted to 33.786 g. The percentage Materials and methods moisture constituent was calculated as: Collection of plant material Sweet potatoes leaves (I. batatas) % MC = WLS × 1,000 were gotten from Akure, Ondo State, WOS Nigeria. It was identified and authenticated by Dr. O. Timothy in the Where: Department of Plant Biology and MC = Moisture content Biotechnology, University of Benin, WLS = weight loss by sample Benin City Edo State, Nigeria. WOS = weight of original sample Preparation of plant material %DM = 100 - %MC The leaves were rinsed and air dried for 3 days, afterwards oven dried Where: at 40 °C for few hours. The crunchy DM = Dry matter leaves were pulverized into powder with MC = Moisture content electrical grinder and extracted using Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2019, Vol. 6, No. 13, p. 313-329. Nutritional, haematinic and biosafety evaluation of Ipomoea batata 315 Ash content determination. 2 g Crude fibre determination. 1 g weight of the dry sample was introduced of the defatted sample was transferred in a crucible of 31.981 g. The crucible into 260 mL conical flask. For acid was then placed in the muffle furnace digestion, 100 mL of boiling 1.25% H2SO4 and was set at 550oc for three hours for was poured and made to boil within an complete ashing. The crucible was minute, and then it was boiled gently for brought out from the furnace after the 30 min maintaining a constant volume designated time and was taken to the with the help of the wash bottle. The dessicator to cool, after which the weight mixture was then filtered through a was noted to be 32.355 g. The ash poplin cloth by suction using Buchner constituent was calculated as: funnel, the poplin cloth was then rinsed thoroughly with hot distilled water and the residue was transferred into another % AC = WA × 100 flask with spatula for alkaline. 100 mL of WS boiling 1.25% NaOH was added, and brought to boiling in 1 min, it was left to Where: boil gently for 30 min. The process of AC = Ash content filtering through a poplin cloth was WA = Weight of ash repeated. The residue was thoroughly WS = Weight of sample savaged from the poplin cloth with the help of spatula and the remaining residue %OM =100 - %AC was rinsed off from the poplin cloth into the crucible with ethanol. The crucible Where: was then dried with sample in an oven at OM = Organic Matter 105 oC for one hour and was transferred AC = Ash content into a dessicator to cool before the weight was taken to be 30.892 g. The Crude oil determination. 1 g of crucible was then transferred with the the dry sample was conveyed into filter sample into muffle furnace at 300 oC for paper of 1.550 g. The filter paper was two hours and then into the dessicator to then wrapped and placed in the cool. The percentage crude fibre was extraction chamber of the soxhlet calculated as: extractor. The extraction flask was two quarter filled with petroleum ether % CF= WD – WAS × 100 (organic solvent) for the extraction of oil WS from the sample. The extraction continued with the organic solvent Where: extracting the oil from the sample by CF = crude fibre boiling gently and leaving it to siphon WD = weight of digest over several hours until the solvent in WAS = weight of ash sample the chamber becomes clear. The filter WS = weight of sample paper was collected and placed in the oven at 105oc for one hour. The filter Crude protein determination paper was then cooled in the dessicator Crude protein determination of and weighed to be 2.468g. The the sample was done the kjeldahl method percentage fat was then calculated as: with a little modification. 1 g of the dry sample was taken into the digestion flask with 5 g of the digestion mixture added Difference in weight × 100 to it. 25 mol of concentrated H2SO4 was Original weight added to the flask swirled in other to mix the content thoroughly before it was placed on the heating mantle for the Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2019, Vol. 6, No. 13, p. 313-329. 316 Gabriel and Idu digestion process to commence, so that a % CP =%N × Crude factor clear mixture was achieved. The digest was allowed to chilled, poured into a 100 Where: mol volumetric flask to the required mark before it was then filtered. % N = S × 0.014 × D × 100 Distillation of the digest was perform Wt × V with 100 mL of digest being introduced into a distillation flask, 30 mol of distilled S = Sample titration reading water and 10 mol of 40% NaOH was D = Dilution of sample after digest (100 mL) gradually added through the process.
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