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PROJECT PROPOSAL TOPIC: Morphological Analysis, Phytochemical Analysis and Silica Gel Chromatographic Study of Phenolic Compounds in Vegetable African Nightshades

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PROJECT PROPOSAL TOPIC: Morphological Analysis, Phytochemical Analysis and Silica Gel Chromatographic Study of Phenolic Compounds in Vegetable African Nightshades PROJECT PROPOSAL TOPIC: Morphological analysis, phytochemical analysis and Silica Gel Chromatographic Study of phenolic compounds in Vegetable African Nightshades. BY Abu, Richard A. UR201400186 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, WUKARI SUPERVISED BY MR. EKONG, N.J EVALUATION OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP THAT EXIST AMONG SELECTED AFRICAN NIGHTSHADES (Solanum scabrum Mill., Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill.). INTRODUCTION African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) are important nutrient-rich foods consumed locally and in the sub-Saharan Africa region, with many also utilized for their medicinal properties (Keding G. et al 2007). Such AIVs, also called traditional African vegetables, are collected from the wild or cultivated to a limited extent and consumed or marketed, serving as an important income generating opportunity for the typical small-scale farmer, especially in such economically limited regions (Weinberg K. et al 2004). Adapted to the local environment, AIVs often provide more sustainable production than exotic or introduced crops such as European vegetables (Mal B. 2007). Efforts are being made to increase the farming and marketing of AIVs in an attempt to alleviate hunger and improve nutrition, and to increase farmer’s income, improving the local and regional economy (Mal B. 2007). African nightshades are among the most popular and as such high priority African traditional vegetables. They represent a wide group of botanically and genetically related plants belonging to approximately 30 species in the Solanum genus of the Solanaceae family, and are diversely referred to as garden huckleberries, vegetable nightshades, edible nightshades, garden nightshades, common nightshades, ‘S. nigrum complex’, or ‘S. nigrum’ and related species (Yang R-Y et al 2013). Despite their frequently reported nutritional attributes, Solanum species are also well known to contain toxic alkaloids, such as glycosides of solasodine and solanidine (Milner SE et al 2011). This safety concern is associated with the edible African Solanum nightshade species, as these compounds are known to be present in the fruits (Carle R 1981) and have limited the promotion of their cultivation and marketing. African nightshades are several species of plants in the section Solanum of the genus Solanum that are commonly consumed as leafy vegetables and herbs (Gaya, A. S.; et al 2007). African nightshades are grown in both high and lowland areas in West and East Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Cameroon. There is a large variation in diversity of the African nightshades, which have many nutritional and medicinal benefits, (Abukutsta-Onyango et al., 2013) even though the family of nightshade is commonly known as comprising dangerous weeds or poisonous plants. Species known as African nightshade include Solanum scabrum , Solanum villosum , Solanum nigrum , and Solanum americanum ( Drescher, A. W et al 2009). Other common names for African nightshade are Black nightshade and Narrow-leaved nightshade. (Biovision 2018) Local names of African nightshade include mnavu ( Swahili ), managu ( Kisii), namasaka ( Luhya ), osuga ( Luo ), isoiyot ( Kipsigis ), kitulu ( Kamba), ormomoi ( Maa ), ndunda ( Taita ), and nsugga ( Luganda ) (Biovision 2018). African nightshade is an erect dicot with many branches, growing 0.5 to 1.0 m high. [4] The plant has thin, oval leaves which are ~15 cm in length and purplish in colour. The plant has numerous flowers that are black or purple and round berries, which are about 0.75 cm in diameter, having small, flat, yellowish seeds. The berries of this plant can be black or orange, depending on the species. (Biovision 2018) There are many diversities in African nightshades related to growth patterns, leaf sizes, tastes (bitterness) flowering time, colour, as well as nutritional and nutraceutical value, along with quantities and composition of anti-nutrient factors (Gaya A.S et al 2007) Historically incorrect nomenclature, due to phenotypic plasticity, has created confusion in the taxonomy of African nightshades. For instance, S. scabrum and S. nigrum are not clearly distinguished in different parts of the world (Olet, Heun, & Lye, 2005), and S. nodiflorum is used interchangeably with S. americanum in African accessions (Manoko, van den Berg, Feron, van der Weerden, & Mariani, 2007) by both consumers and taxonomists. Identification and classification of new and previously described taxa is still being undertaken (Manoko, van der Weerden, van den Berg, & Mariani, 2012), and many more taxa remain unexplored. Key research tools for studying the genetic diversity of plants include morphological traits, biochemical analysis, and molecular markers (Xiang, 2000). In particular, molecular markers promise to be an effective tool in resolving the taxonomic relationships within the S. nigrum complex. This review highlights recent research on the genetic diversity of African nightshades, their cytological variability and biochemical composition, in line with important fundamentals in crop variety development. The taxonomic and nomenclature of African nightshades is complex due to extensive synonymy, frequent occurance of spontaneous inter-specific hybrids, existence of polyploidy series, phenotypic plasticity, inconsistent use of many local names and discordant genetic variation (Edmond and Chweya 1997). Taxonomic complexity associated with African nightshades has led to considerable confusion regarding the identification of popular nightshades vegetables. For example, most communities where these plants are cultivated and or consumed call them by a single name and grow more than one species together without any knowledge of their morphological differences. In light of these, the current study will sought to investigate the taxonomic relationship using the silica gel chromatography as well as the phytochemical and physiochemical constituents of three species in the nightshades group of the genera solanum (Solanoceae). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Africa is richly endowed with plant genetic resources, with many well-adapted indigenous food crops that have long been grown on the continent. These crops play an important role in the food security of many resource poor farming families, and have potential value as a genetic resource for the global community [1, 2]. Hence it is sad that African researchers, policy-makers and farmers have neglected the potential of these crops in reducing food insecurity and poverty. Leafy vegetables, including several African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs), are highly valued in the typical African diet as accompaniment to carbohydrate-based staples [3, 4]. The morphology, taxonomy and nomenclature of African nightshades is complex due to extensive synonymy, frequent occurrence of spontaneous inter-specific hybrids, existence of polyploidy series, phenotypic plasticity, inconsistent use of many local names and discordant genetic variation (Edmond and Chweya 1997). Taxonomic complexity associated with African nightshades has led to considerable confusion regarding the identification of popular nightshades vegetables. For example, most communities where these plants are cultivated and or consumed call them by a single name and grow more than one species together without any knowledge of their morphological differences. In light of this, the current study will sought to investigate the taxonomic relationship using the silica gel chromatography as well as the morphological and phytochemical constituents of three species in the nightshades group of the genera solanum (Solanoceae). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to analyze the morphological parameters, phytochemical constituents and silica gel chromatographic study of African Nightshades (S. scabrum Mill.; Solanum nigrum L.; and Solanum villosum Mill.). The specific objectives of this research are; To determine the morphological parameters of the selected species of the nightshades group of solanaceae (Solanum scabrum Mill.; Solanum nigrum L.; and Solanum villosum Mill.) To analyze the phytochemical constituents present in the selected species of the nightshades group of solanum section Solanaceae (Solanum scabrum Mill.; Solanum nigrum L.; and Solanum villosum Mill.) To determine the taxonomic relationship between the selected species using Silica Gel chromatography study. To help unwind complexities that exist among members of the nightshades groups of Solanum section solanaceae. JUSTIFICATION The findings from this research will provide information on the taxonomic relationships that exist among African nightshades, provide information on the phytochemicals contained in the plants and also educate cultivators and consumers in the area on the differences that exist among the plants and possible importance and risk associated with the consumption of the plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Plant material The plant material, Solanum scabrum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum villosum were collected from Obudu Local Govt. Area of Cross River State between latitude 6033’N and 904’E, Kurumi Local Govt. Area of Taraba State between latitude 7050’N and 9046’E. Fresh specimen were collected and pressed for taxonomic identification while others were air dried at room temperature for extraction purposes and other studies, the fruits were also collected in field fresh and seeds extracted for planting. Phytochemical screening Phytochemical examinations were carried out for all the extracts as per the standard methods. 1. Detection of alkaloids: Extracts were
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