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Phylogeny Studies PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES IN THREE AFRICAN NIGHTSHADES (SOLANUM SPECIES) USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS. BY ABU, RICHARD ABANTELHE UR201400186 A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY WUKARI, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. FEDERAL UNIVERSITY WUKARI. SEPTEMBER, 2018. i DECLARATION I, Abu, Richard A. with matriculation number UR201400186 do declare that the work in this project report titled “Phylogenetic Studies in Three African Nightshades (Solanum Species) Using Morphological and Biochemical Markers” was carried out by me in the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University Wukari. Information derived from literature has been duly acknowledged in the body of work and list of references provided. No part of this project report has been previously presented for another Degree or Diploma in this or any other institution. ABU, Richard A. ………………………. …………………… Name of student Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project work titled, “Phylogenetic Studies in Three African Nightshades (Solanum Species) Using Morphological and Biochemical Markers,” was carried out by ABU, Richard Abantelhe (UR201400186) in the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences under supervision. Ekong, N. J ________________________ Supervisor Signature/Date Agere Hemen (Ph.D) ________________________ Head of Department Signature/Date _____________________ ________________________ External Examiner Signature/Date iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God almighty and to Mrs Regina Abu. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My humble appreciation goes to God almighty for his unending grace upon me throughout my academic endeavours and the course of this project work. My indepth gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Academic Adviser, Level Adviser and Mentor; Mr. Ekong, N. J. for his impact in my life and academics right from my first year in the University and for his rigorous scrutiny of this project work and also putting in his best and resources to ensure its completion. My immense appreciation goes to the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Wukari. The Head of Department, Dr. Agere Hemen and all Departmental lecturers for the knowledge imparted in me throughout my stay in the University. You all are wonderful mentors and I would not have wished for any better family. Thank you all. Special thanks to my mother; Mrs. Comfort Afebende and Mrs. Regina Abu for their motherly advice and constant intercession towards ensuring that I succeed. To all my family; Dr. Godwin Afebende, Jerry Abu, Judith Ochui, Helen Akobi, Hon and Mrs. Victor Afebende, Gregory Adigeb, Catherine Ubung, Joseph Akomaye, Mrs. Akobi and Victoria Afebende whose constant support and assistance has made my university days memorable. My profound gratitude goes to my Mentor and Father; Hon and Mrs. Victor A. Agwu for his constant support and inspiration towards the initiation and completion of this program. May God bless you sir. Not forgetting the efforts of my friends and colleagues; Benson Onesimus, Mrs. Mercy Rimamtsiwe, Vera Oli, my project colleague David Jauro, Tukura Joseph, Samaila Ezekiel, Tony Akwaji, Tawo Julius and all BIOSAN class of 2018. May God see you all through in your future endeavours. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………………..i DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES. ........................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xii LIST OF APPENDICES.................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................. 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................ 4 1.4 JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN NIGHTSHADES ...................................... 7 2.2 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Solanum scabrum ............................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Solanum nigrum ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.3 Solanum villosum ............................................................................................. 10 2.3 MORPHOLOGY OF AFRICAN NIGHTSHADES .................................................. 10 2.3.1 Solanum scabrum. ............................................................................................ 10 vi 2.3.2 Solanum nigrum. .............................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Solanum villosum. ............................................................................................ 12 2.4 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SOLANUM SPECIES. ............................... 13 2.5 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN SOLANUM SPECIES ........................... 14 2.6 APPLICATION OF MORPHOMETRIC DATA IN PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC ANALYSES ............................................................................................ 15 2.7 APPLICATIONS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN MEDICINE, PHARMACEUTICALS AND DRUG DISCOVERY ..................................................... 16 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 18 3.1 PLANT COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION .................................................. 18 3.2 PLANT EXTRACTION ............................................................................................. 19 3.4 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION ........................................................ 20 3.5 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING ........................................................................... 21 3.5.1 Detection of Alkaloids (Mayer‟s Test) ............................................................. 21 3.5.2 Detection of carbohydrates (Fehling‟s Test) ................................................... 21 3.5.3 Determination of Cardiac Glycoside (Keller Kiliani Test) ............................. 21 3.5.4 Determination of Saponins (Froth Test) .......................................................... 22 3.5.5 Detection of phytosterols (Salkowski‟s Test) .................................................. 22 3.5.6 Detection of phenols (Ferric Chloride Test) .................................................... 22 3.5.7 Detection of Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test) ................................................... 22 3.5.8 Determination of Flavanoids ........................................................................... 22 3.5.9 Detection of proteins and aminoacids (Xanthoproteic Test) ........................... 23 3.5.10 Coumarin Glycosides (Ferric chloride test) .................................................... 23 3.5.11 Determination of Steroid (Liebermann Burchard Reaction) .......................... 23 3.5.12 Determination of Anthraquinones (Borntrager‟s Test) .................................. 23 3.6 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY .................................................................... 23 3.7.1 Analysis of Morphological data....................................................................... 24 3.7.3 Analysis of phytochemical data ....................................................................... 25 vii CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 26 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................
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