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Küreselleşme Ve Somut Olmayan

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Küreselleşme Ve Somut Olmayan Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türk Halkbilimi Anabilim Dalı Türk Halkbilimi Bilim Dalı KÜRESELLEŞME VE SOMUT OLMAYAN KÜLTÜREL MİRAS İLİŞKİSİ: AZERBAYCAN ÖRNEĞİ Sona RZAYEVA Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 KÜRESELLEŞME VE SOMUT OLMAYAN KÜLTÜREL MİRAS İLİŞKİSİ: AZERBAYCAN ÖRNEĞİ Sona RZAYEVA Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türk Halkbilimi Anabilim Dalı Türk Halkbilimi Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 iv TEŞEKKÜR Bu tez araştırması için beni yönlendiren, tezin hazırlanması sürecinde bana rehberlik eden ve desteğini esirgemeyen değerli danışmanım Prof. Dr. Nebi Özdemir`e; doktora eğitimim süresi boyunca bilgilerinden yararlandığım değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Özkul Çobanoğlu`na, Prof. Dr. Metin Özarslan`a ve Tez İzleme Komitesi jüri üyesi Prof. Dr. Ali Yakıcı`ya; doktora eğitimime maddi destek sağlayan TÜBİTAK kurumuna ve maddi ve manevi desteği ile her zaman yanımda olan aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Sona RZAYEVA / Ankara v ÖZET RZAYEVA, Sona. Küreselleşme ve Somut olmayan kültürel Miras İlişkisi; Azerbaycan Örneği, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2019. Yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında küreselleşme kapsamında politik, ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel, teknolojik ve çevresel alanlarda ortaya çıkan gelişmeler toplumların alışkanlıkları, yaşam tarzları ve gereksinimleri üzerinde önemli değişim ve dönüşümler meydana getirmiştir. Küreselleşmenin etkisiyle milletlerin veya toplumların yaşam tarzı olarak ifade edilen yerel kültürler ile küresel kültür arasındaki etkileşim giderek sorunlu ve karmaşık bir hale gelmiştir. Egemen kültür veya kültürlerin yerel kültürler üzerindeki hegemonyası sonucu yerel kültürler üzerinde bir tehdit oluşması, insanların tek bir kültüre yönlendirilmesi ve dünya genelinde kültürel tektürleşmenin ortaya çıkması, küreselleşmenin kültürel açıdan ortaya çıkardığı olumsuz sonuçlar olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu tez çalışmasında ilk olarak konu kapsamında küreselleşme ve somut olmayan kültürel miras ilişkisine dair değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve konu üzerine yapılan ilgili çalışmalardan bahsedilmiştir. Daha sonra küreselleşme ve somut olmayan kültürel miras ile ilgili kavram ve terimler incelenmiş, somut olmayan kültürel miras alanındaki UNESCO- 2003 sözleşmesinden bahsedilmiş, hızla küreselleşen ve değişen dünyada küreselleşmenin kültürel boyutu ile somut olmayan kültürel miras ilişkisi sorgulanmıştır. Bu ilişki, Azerbaycan örneğinden hareketle UNESCO- Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Sözleşmesi kapsamında halkbilimi ve kültürel miras yönetimi perspektifleri açısından çözümlenmiş, somut olmayan kültürel miras alanları, kültür politikaları ve yönetimi kapsamında koruma ve yaşatılma çabaları, ulusal ve uluslararası bilgi ve deneyim belleğinden faydalanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca somut olmayan kültürel miras alanındaki etkiler, farklılaşmalar, gerçekleştirilen ve gerçekleştirilebilecek önlem ve planlamalar örneklerle ele alınmış, somut olmayan kültürel mirasın korunması ve yaşatılmasına yönelik çözüm ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler Halkbilimi, Küreselleşme, Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras, UNESCO, Azerbaycan vi ABSTRACT RZAYEVA, Sona. Relationship Between Globalization and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Example of Azerbaijan, Ph. D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2019. Developments in political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and environmental fields within the scope of globalization at the end of the twentieth century caused significant changes and transformations on habits, lifestyles, and requirements of societies. The interaction between local and global cultures expressed as the lifestyle of nations or societies has become increasingly problematic and complex under the influence of globalization. Eventuating a threat over local cultures as a result of the hegemony of dominant culture or cultures, directing people to a single culture and the emergence of cultural unification around the world can be evaluated as the negative consequences that globalization has arisen in terms of culture. In this thesis, first of all, evaluations on the relationship between globalization and intangible cultural heritage have been made, and related studies have been mentioned. Subsequently, the concepts and terms related to globalization and intangible cultural heritage have been examined, the UNESCO-2003 convention in the field of intangible cultural heritage has been mentioned, and the relationship between the cultural dimension of globalization and intangible cultural heritage in a rapidly globalizing and changing world has been questioned. This relationship has been analyzed based on the example of Azerbaijan in terms of folklore and cultural heritage management perspectives within the scope of UNESCO - Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention; and intangible cultural heritage fields, conservation and survival efforts within the scope of cultural policies and management have been evaluated by using national and international knowledge and experience memory. Besides; the impacts, differentiations, the actualized and possible to be actualized precautions and plans in the field of intangible cultural heritage have been discussed by examples; solutions and suggestions have been provided for the protection and survival of the intangible cultural heritage. Keywords Folklore, Globalization, Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, Azerbaijan. vii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY……………………………………………………………………...i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI……………..……….…………ii ETİK BEYAN………………………………………………………..………...……………...iii TEŞEKKÜR……………………..……………………………………………….…….iv ÖZET……………………………..……………………………………………………..v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………vi İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………………………………vii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ………….………………………..………………………..xii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ …………..……………………………..……………………......xiv FOTOĞRAFLAR DİZİNİ …………..……………………..…………………………xv GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………………………1 1. BÖLÜM: KÜRESELLEŞME İLE İLGİLİ TEMEL KAVRAMLAR VE YAKLAŞIMLAR…………………………….……………………….…………………6 1.1. KÜRESELLEŞMENİN TANIMI, UNSURLARI VE TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ ……..……………..…...………………………….……………………….6 1.1.1. Küreselleşmenin Tanımı …………..……….…………………6 1.1.2. Kürselleşmenin Unsurları…………..………………………..12 1.1.3.Küreselleşmenin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Sanayi Devrimleri…………………………………...………………………...14 1.2. KÜRESELLEŞME İLE İLGİLİ TEMEL YAKLAŞIMLAR VE KÜRESELLEŞMENİN BOYUTLARI………………………….……………24 1.2.1. Küreselleşme İle İlgili Temel Yaklaşımılar..…………..…….24 1.2.2. Küreselleşmenin Boyutları ..……………...………………….29 1.2.2.1. Ekonomik Açıdan Küreselleşme………….……….29 viii 1.2.2.2. Siyasi Açıdan Küreselleşme…….…………………31 1.2.2.3. Teknolojik Açıdan Küreselleşme………………….32 1.2.2.4. Ekolojik Açıdan Küreselleşme…………………….33 1.2.2.5. Kültürel Açıdan Küreselleşme…………………….35 2. BÖLÜM : KÜLTÜREL AÇIDAN KÜRESELLEŞME VE SOMUT OLMAYAN KÜLTÜREL MİRAS ………….………………………………..…………………….37 2.1. KÜRESELLEŞMENİN KÜLTÜREL BOYUTU……………..……......37 2.1.1. Kültürel Küreselleşme Üzerine Yapılan Tanımlar………….37 2.1.2. Kültürel Küreselleşmenin Gelişimi ………………………….38 2.1.3. Kültürel Küreselleşme Tartışmalarında Temel Yaklaşımlar: Homojenleşme ve Heterojenleşme…………………………………39 2.1.3.1. Homojenleşme………………………………………40 2.1.3.1.1. Kültürel Emperyalizm……………………..43 2.1.3.1.2. Popüler Kültür……………………………..46 2.1.3.1.3. Kültür Endüstrisi…………………………..47 2.1.3.1.4. Medya Emperyalizmi……………………..48 2.1.3.1.5. Amerikanlaşma veya Batılılaşma……….50 2.1.3.2. Heterojenleşme……………………………………..53 2.1.3.2.1.Çok kültürlülük……………………………..54 2.1.3.2.2. Hibritleşme (Melezleşme) …………….…55 2.1.3.2.3. Küyerelleşme (Glokalleşme) …………….56 2.1.4. Kültürel Küreselleşmenin Etkileri ve Kültürel Etkileşim…………………………………………………………..…...57 ix 2.2. SOMUT OLMAYAN KÜLTÜREL MİRAS ……………………………61 2.2.1. Kültürel Miras ve Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras …………61 2.2.2. UNESCO’nun Kurulmasına ve Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Sözleşmesine Giden Yol…………..…………………………64 2.2.2.1. UNESCO - 1989 Tavsiye Kararı…………………………..72 2.2.2.2. UNESCO - İnsanlığın Sözlü ve Somut Olmayan Mirası Başyapıtları İlanı (İSSOMBİ)………………………………………..73 2.2.2.3. UNESCO - Yaşayan İnsan Hazineleri (YİH) Sözleşmesi……………………………………………………………74 2.2.3. UNESCO-Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Sözleşmesi…...76 2.2.4. Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasının Önemi ve Koruma Kavramı…….………………………………………………..77 2.2.5. UNESCO - Kültürel İfadelerin Çeşitliliğinin Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi Sözleşmesi………….…………………………………80 2.2.6. UNESCO - Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Sözleşmesi’nin Yerel Kurumsallaşması…..………….……………………………….81 2.3. KÜRESELLEŞMENİN KÜLTÜREL BOYUTU VE SOKÜM İLİŞKİSİ……………………………….……………………………………….82 2.3.1. Teknoloji ve SOKÜM …………………………………………84 2.3.2. Sanayileşme ve SOKÜM……………………………………..90 2.3.3. Kentleşme/ Göç ve SOKÜM…………………………………91 2.3.4. Medya ve SOKÜM……………………………………………96 2.3.5. Eğitim ve SOKÜM …………………………………………..106 2.3. 6. Uluslararası Yapısal Uyum Programları ve SOKÜM……107 x 2.3.7. Dış Mali Kaynak Kullanımı ve SOKÜM……………………108 2.3.8. İç Dinamikler ve SOKÜM……………………………………108 3. BÖLÜM: AZERBAYCAN ÖRNEĞİNDEN KÜRESELLEŞME VE SÖKÜM İLİŞKİSİNİN ÇÖZÜMLENMESİ…………………………………………………...110 3.1. AZERBAYCAN HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİLER………………….110 3.2. AZERBAYCAN VE UNESCO- SOKÜM SÖZLEŞMESİ SÜRECİ, KORUMA SİSTEMİ VE POLİTİKASI ……………………………………114 3.3. AZERBAYCAN`IN SOMUT OLMAYAN KÜLTÜREL MİRASI VE KÜRESELLEŞME İLE İLİŞKİSİ ………………………………………….126 3.3.1. Azerbaycan’daki Sözlü Gelenekler ve Anlatımlar ile Küreselleşme İlişkisi………….……………………………………..127 3.3.2. Azerbaycan`daki Gösteri Sanatları ve Küreselleşme İlişkisi………….…………………………………………………….. 136 3.3.3. Azerbaycan`daki Toplumsal Uygulamalar, Ritüeller ve Şölenler ile Küreselleşme İlişkisi………….……………………….140
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