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Accounting and Analysis of Industrial Carbon Emission of Changsha City

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2017 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Engineering (ESE 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-474-5 Accounting and Analysis of Industrial Carbon Emission of Changsha City 1,* 2 3 De-hua MAO , Hong-yu WU and Rui-zhi GUO 1College of Resources and Environment Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, PA 410081 2College of Resources and Environment Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China, PA 410081 3College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, China , PA 410081 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Keywords: Industry, Energy Consumption, Production Process, Carbon Emission, Accounting, Temporal and Spatial Change. Abstract. Comprehensive considering the industrial production process and energy consumption, industrial carbon emissions of Changsha City were accounted for 2004 and 2013 and analyzed. The results show that: total industrial carbon emissions and average carbon emission per land area show a growth trend; carbon emission intensity showed a decreasing trend. The heavy industry accounted for the largest proportion of 54.33% in the carbon emissions structure, the spatial distribution showed characteristics that city central area is low and the edge area is high. Introduction Changsha city is the capital of Hunan Province, is located in the North of centre Hunan and includes three counties and six districts. It is situated at 111°53′E-114°15′E, 27°51′N-28°41'N which the total area is 11816 km2. The study area includes six districts: Furong district, Yuelu District, Wangcheng District, Tianxin District, Yuhua District, Kaifu District, and the area is 1909.9 km2. In 2016, the GDP was 9323.7 ×108 RMB yuan and increased 9.4% over the previous year, the total industrial value added was 3727.18×108 RMB yuan and increased 7.5% over the previous year, above-scale industrial added value was 3253.03 ×108 RMB yuan and increased 7.9%, including light industrial added value of 1446.84×108 RMB yuan and up 1.5%, heavy industrial added value of 1806.19×108 RMB yuan and up 13.6%. The main carbon emissions come from industry in Changsha City, to Changsha accounting and analysis of industrial carbon emission will provide science basis for accurate measures of industrial carbon emission reduction of Changsha City. Accounting Model of Industrial Carbon Emission In recent years, the problem of industrial carbon emissions was paid close attention to the international and domestic academic circles. The six kinds greenhouse gases 237 included in Kyoto Protocol were accounted in cities of western country. China as non annex contracting state focus on accounting of greenhouse gas emissions from city energy activities, industrial production processes, agriculture activities, forestry activities, city waste disposal and land use change. The city industrial carbon emissions were accounted mainly from the city industrial energy activities and industrial production process. Accounting of Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption At present, the main accounting methods of carbon emissions from energy consumption at home and abroad are: Oak Ridge National Laboratory method, IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories method, IPCC national greenhouse gas reference method, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Energy Institute method and the method provided by Xu [1]. The IPCC reference method was selected for accounting industrial carbon emissions of Changsha City for the more detailed fuel classification, easier to get the data and not perfect energy statistics system in the domestic city. According to the China Energy Statistics Yearbook statistics standard, Ye suggested that the final energy consumption includes mainly the following nine types[2]: coal, coke, crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity. In this paper Changsha industrial energy carbon emissions accounting formula selected from IPCC reference method, however, emission factors of fuel use the data from China Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines, the conversion coefficient and carbon emission coefficient of nine kinds of energy were shown in Table 1. Table 1. The conversion coefficient and carbon emission coefficient of different kind of energy. crude diesel fuel natural Electri coal coke gasoline kerosene oil oil oil gas -city conversion coefficient of 0.7143 0.9714 1.4286 1.4714 1.4714 1.4571 1.4286 13.3 1.229 standard coal* carbon emission 0.7476 0.1128 0.5854 0.5532 0.3416 0.5913 0.6176 0.4479 2.2132 coefficient** *conversion coefficient unit: electricity, t standard coal/ten thousand KWH; natural gas, t standard coal/ten 3 thousand m ; others, t standard coal/ten thousand/kilogram. ** carbon emission coefficient unit: t CO2 /t standard coal. Carbon emissions from energy consumption are mainly from combustion of rich- carbon fossil fuel, and CO2 from the combustion process is in little connection with combustion conditions (combustion efficiency, slag, ash and other waste in the carbon residue), so carbon emissions can be determined by the amount of fuel and fuel emission factor, carbon emission factor refers to the emission amount of CO2 from unit energy consumption, so the emission factor is decided by the carbon content of the fuel. Based on this, the calculation formula of carbon emissions from the energy consumption is as follows : ×= EFFE 44 ∑ i ∑ i ∑ ( CBAF iiii ××××= ) 12 . (1) In the formula 1, E for the total amount of industrial carbon emissions, F for 238 material energy consumption, EF for fuel emission factor, A for energy net calorific value; B for carbon content of energy unit calorific value, C for rate of carbon oxidation, i for all types of energy, carbon sequestration rate is assumed to be 0. Accounting Method of Carbon Emission from Industrial Production Process Chemical reaction or physical change process in industrial production will produce greenhouse gas emissions except energy consumption, the higher proportion emissions of greenhouse gases in some city in the industrial production was ignored always intentionally or unintentionally. According to the statistical methods of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Guide of IPCC at 2006(IPCC,2006),statistical calculation of carbon emission in the industrial production process was made. The production process of carbon emissions mainly include cement, lime, calcium carbide, synthetic ammonia, soda ash, glass industry and metal smelting industry. Considering Changsha industrial data availability, the carbon emissions accounting were made only from production process of glass, calcium carbide, synthetic ammonia, soda ash. Based on content selection, processing to the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Guide of IPCC at 2006(second volumes), Carbon emission accounting methods in industrial production process are shown in Table 2. Table 2. The accounting methods of carbon emission in industrial production process. Subject Accounting Formula Illustration Mg :Glass production, EF :Default emission factor of Glass −××= CREFME )1( production g glass manufacture; CR :Broken glass ratio (default value) calcium AD :Activity level data, calcium carbide E = AD×EF carbide production production EF :emission facto AP :ammonia production FR :Fuel demand per unit output CCF :Carbon content factor of synthetic fuel ammonia COFCCFFRAPE 12/44 −××××= R co2 COF :Carbon oxidation factor of production fuel R :Recycled carbon dioxide in CO2 downstream use AD :Use amount of natural alkali ore or soda ash production soda ash EF :Emission factors per unit of production E = AD×EF natural alkali ore input or natural soda ash output Accounting Method of Industrial Carbon Emission Intensity Industrial carbon emission intensity refers to the carbon emissions produced by unit industrial added value. The change of industrial carbon emission intensity shows the changing trend and intensity of industrial growth and carbon emissions. 239 E ∑ i i T = GDP (2) ∑ i i . In the formula 2, T for carbon emission intensity; E for amount of Industrial carbon 4 8 emission, unit:10 tCO2; GDP for industrial added value, unit:10 RMB yuan. Accounting and Analysis of Industrial Carbon emission of Changsha City Accounting Illustration Accounting Boundary Setting. Because of the liquidity of greenhouse gas and open of city system, accurate accounting of carbon emissions is a worldwide problem, accounting of city industrial carbon emissions is more complicated. In determining the boundary of accounting, this paper draws the range from the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute [3], the range of industrial emission source of Changsha City is divided into three kinds: Range 1 refers to the direct carbon emissions of industrial administrative departments within the administrative district of Changsha City; range 2 refers to the indirect emissions caused by industrial electricity and heat consumption; range 3 refers to all other indirect carbon emissions except the range 2, such as carbon emissions caused by import and export of industrial raw materials and semi-finished products. The paper only study carbon emissions of range 1 and 2 for data availability limitation. Data Source and Processing. The data used in this paper include the social and economic data, energy consumption data, land use related data and so on of Changsha City.The social and economic data, energy data from the
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