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Magyar Afrika Társaság African-Hungarian Union MAGYAR AFRIKA TÁRSASÁG AFRICAN-HUNGARIAN UNION AHU MAGYAR AFRIKA-TUDÁS TÁR AHU HUNGARIAN AFRICA-KNOWLEDGE DATABASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CELLER, Tibor Zuluföld uralkodói – A zuluk oroszlánja / Rulers of Zululand - The lion of the Zulus Eredeti közlés /Original publication: Elektronikus kiadás: Terebess Ázsia E-Tár, é. n. Elektronikus újraközlés/Electronic republication: AHU MAGYAR AFRIKA-TUDÁS TÁR – 000.002.050 Dátum/Date: 2017. március / March 19. filename: cellertibor_en_ZulufoldUralk Az elektronikus újraközlést előkészítette /The electronic republication prepared by: B. WALLNER, Erika és/and BIERNACZKY, Szilárd Hivatkozás erre a dokumentumra/Cite this document CELLER, Tibor: Zuluföld uralkodói – A zuluk oroszlánja / Rulers of Zulu- land – The lion of the Zulus, AHU MATT, 2017, pp. 1–11. old., No. 000.002.050, http://afrikatudastar.hu Eredeti forrás megtalálható/The original source is available: Interneten / At the internet Kulcsszavak/Key words magyar Afrika-kutatás, a dél-afrikai zulu nép története dióhéjban African research in Hungary, history of the South African Zulu people at a glance -------------------------------------------------------------------------- AZ ELSŐ MAGYAR, SZABAD FELHASZNÁLÁSÚ, ELEKTRONIKUS, ÁGAZATI SZAKMAI KÖNYV-, TANULMÁNY-, CIKK-, DOKU- MENTUM- ÉS ADAT-TÁR / THE FIRST HUNGARIAN FREE 2 Celler Tibor ELECTRONIC SECTORAL PROFESSIONAL DATABASE FOR BOOKS, STUDIES, COMMUNICATIONS, DOCUMENTS AND INFORMATIONS * Magyar és idegen – angol, francia, német, orosz, spanyol, olasz és szükség szerint más – nyelveken készült publikációk elektronikus könyvtára / Writings in Hungarian and foreign – English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Italian and other – languages * Az adattárban elhelyezett tartalmak szabad megközelítésűek, de olvasásuk vagy letöltésük regisztrációhoz kötött. / The materials in the database are free but access or downloading are subject to registration. * Az Afrikai Magyar Egyesület non-profit civil szervezet, amely az oktatók, kutatók, diákok és érdeklődők számára hozta létre ezt az elektronikus adattá- ri szolgáltatását, amelynek célja kettős, mindenekelőtt sokoldalú és gazdag anyagú ismeretekkel elősegíteni a magyar afrikanisztikai kutatásokat, illetve ismeret-igényt, másrészt feltárni az afrikai témájú hazai publikációs tevé- kenységet teljes dimenziójában a kezdetektől máig. / The African-Hungarian Union is a non-profit organisation that has created this electronic database for lecturers, researchers, students and for those interested. The purpose of this database is twofold; on the one hand, we want to enrich the research of Hungarian Africa studies with versatile and plentiful information, on the other hand, we are planning to discover Hungarian publications with African themes in its entirety from the beginning until the present day. Zuluföld uralkodói – A zuluk oroszlánja 3 ZULUFÖLD URALKODÓI – A ZULUK OROSZLÁNJA CELLER, Tibor (Elektronikus kiadás: Terebess Ázsia E-Tár, é. n.) A zuluk túlnyomó többsége ma a Dél-afrikai Köztársasághoz tartozó Zuluföldön (KwaZulu) és Natalban él. Létszámuk kb. 5 millió. A zulu nép kiemelten fontos szerepet játszott Dél-Afrika történelmében. Az antropológiai leletek alapján Dél-Afrika térsége már a kőkorszak- ban is lakott volt, de közvetlen, hiteles adatokat a történelem csak az első európaiak partraszállása óta ismer. Az első erre vetődő európai tengerész 1488-ban a portugál Bartolomeo Díaz volt, aki a Jóremény- ség-fokát felfedezte. Abban az időben ennek a területnek az őslakos- ságát a kis termetű, mongolid szemformájú koiszan népek (a gyűjtöge- tő–vadászó busmanok és a félnomád pásztornép, a hottentották) alkot- ták. Dél-Afrika többi lakója bevándorolt, így az ország legjelentősebb népcsoportját alkotó déli bantu népek is, akik az őslakosoknál jóval magasabb kulturális fokon álltak (zulu, xhosa, venda, pondo, szoto, szvázi stb.) A bantu törzsek a 10.-től a 16. századig a Zambézin át elő- renyomulva az őslakosokat kiszorították Dél-Afrika keleti részeiről (a bantu népek vándorlása túlnépesedés miatt már Kr. e. 500 körül meg- indult a kameruni hegyvidékből, majd ezer évvel később a Zaire folyó völgyében történt hatalmas túlnépesedés és ezt követő migrációs hul- lám előbb kelet felé, az Indiai-óceán irányába, majd innen délre tart- va). Az európaiak Dél-Afrikában 1652-ben, a Holland Kelet-indiai Tár- saság megbízásából 1652-ben Fokváros néven alapították az első ál- landó települést. A telepesek kezdetben hollandok voltak, majd a ké- sőbbiekben németek és francia hugenották társultak hozzájuk nagyobb számban, akiket később együttesen búroknak neveztek (a holland boer = paraszt szóból). 4 Celler Tibor 1776-ban a búrok először kerültek összetűzésbe bantu népekkel, el- sőként a Fokföld keleti részén élő koszákkal, majd később az észa- kabbra élő zulukkal is. Nagy-Britannia 1795-ben elfoglalta, majd 1806-ban végleg meg- szállta Fokföldet, az anyaországot, Hollandiát ugyanis ez idő tájt a na- póleoni Franciaország bekebelezte. A britek 1818-tól véres háborúk- kal, megvesztegetéssel, a törzsek egymás közötti viszályát szítva és ezt kihasználva sorra foglalták el a különböző törzsek területeit, egé- szen a zulu állam határáig. Ezt a terjeszkedést látva a zuluk vezetője, Senzangakhona legfőbb törzsfőnök (ur. 1781–1816) már a 18. század végén ideiglenes törzsszövetségekbe egyesítette a zulu népet, hogy így, egységes fellépéssel sikeresen ellen tudjanak állni a rabszolgava- dászok és a fehér telepesek támadásainak. Közben az angol megszállással és az új hatalomtartók intézkedése- ivel (pl. a rabszolgaság intézményének eltörlésével) elégedetlen búr telepesek elhagyták Fokföldet, és északabbra vonultak, majd az Oranje folyó vidékén és Natalban telepedtek le, s itt összetűzésbe ke- rültek a zulukkal. Senzangakhona utóda, a legendás hírű Shaka király (1787–1826) hierarchikus szerveződésű katonai monarchiát hozott létre. Shaka pa- rancsnoksága alatt csaknem 100 nguni törzs állott. Ezzel a reguláris hadsereget megközelítő katonai szervezettséggel és erővel az összes szomszédos népet legyőzte, sőt, több alkalommal még a brit csapato- kat is megfutamította. Shaka uralkodása idején egész Natal, Kelet- Transvaal, Szváziföld és Kelet-Fokföld zulu fennhatóság alá tartozott, sőt, a törzsi király seregei északra már a Tanganyika-tó partját is elér- ték. Shaka hihetetlen brutalitással számolt le ellenségeivel, uralmát erőszak, véres csaták és félelem jellemezték. Erre utal a király egy fel- jegyzett kijelentése is: „Figyelem az embereket, és azt látom, hogy ők rettegnek tőlem”. Shaka királyt a zulu nép mindezek ellenére minden idők legna- gyobb katonai legendájának tartja, nemzetépítőnek, karizmatikus ve- zetőnek és a zulu nemzet megalapítójának. És való igaz: amit ő min- tegy kétszáz évvel ezelőtt vérrel és erőszakkal összekovácsolt, az máig maradandó „alkotás”-nak bizonyult. A zulu nép túlélte a búrok, majd az angolok támadásait, a politikai és gazdasági izoláció korszakát, az embertelen apartheid rendszer visszásságait, és jelenleg is ők Dél- Afrika legnagyobb és legjelentősebb népe. Ha megkérdezik őket, hogy Zuluföld uralkodói – A zuluk oroszlánja 5 honnan a népnek ez a hihetetlen ereje, kitartása és bátorsága, a válasz az, hogy „mert mi Shaka király népe vagyunk!” Senzangakhona király eredetileg nem a legidősebb fiát, Shakát je- lölte utódjául, mert annak anyja, Nandi, nem számított megfelelő ran- gú feleségnek. A későbbiekben a király Nandit és gyermekét is szá- műzte a zuluk földjéről, a szomszédos Mthethwa törzsszövetség veze- tőjénél, Dingiswayonál találtak menedéket. A leendő uralkodó így meglehetős szegénységben, egyszerű pásztorként, mindenféle kivált- ság nélkül nőtt fel: 190 cm magas, hihetetlen testi erejű és akaratú, állhatatos férfi lett belőle, aki apja halálát követően habozás nélkül in- dult maroknyi követőjével visszavenni jogos örökségét az addigra már királlyá kikiáltott féltestvérétől, Sigujanától. Ügyes taktikájának és személyes bátorságának köszönhetően hama- rosan győzött a túlerővel szemben, öccsét megölte (miközben az a pa- takban fürdött), és ő lett a zuluk királya. Nagyratörő terveit sikerrel megvalósítva hamarosan 40 ezer fős szervezett hadsereg felett rendel- kezhetett, amellyel nagyobb területet hódított meg, mint a mai Olasz- ország. Minden 40 év alatti férfit hadba fogott, 15 erődítményben tá- boroztak az ország különböző pontjain. Megkülönböztetésül minden regimentnek más fejdísze és pajzsa volt. A katonák tőrökkel, nyilakkal és lándzsákkal voltak felfegyverezve, és naponta edzettek. A király megtiltotta a szandál viselését, mert a harcosok mezítláb gyorsabban tudtak futni. Megnősülni csak a legidősebb katonáknak volt szabad. Shaka király úgyszintén sohasem nősült meg, hogy elkerülje, valame- lyik utódja időnap előtt a hatalmára törjön (!). További hódító tervei- nek féltestvérei, Dingana és Mhlangana vetettek véget, akik orvul megölték. Dingana király (ur. 1826–1840), akiben nem volt meg Shaka dina- mizmusa, nem tudta megtartani a meghódított területeket. Igaz, hogy seregeit a búrok, brit segítséggel, csak 1838-ban tudták legyőzni a Vé- res folyó (addig Ncome volt a neve, de a 3000 zulu áldozatot követelő csata óta csak így emlegetik) melletti csatában. A zulu nép eme tragé- diája után a zulu állam már csak Észak-Natal területére korlátozódott, és a zulu nemzet is kettéoszlott. A Dingana vezetésével elégedetlen 17 ezer harcos és családjuk a király (és Shaka) másik féltestvére, Mpande vezetésével a búrok által létrehozott Natal Köztársaságba vonultak, majd három év múltán
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