DOCSLIB.ORG

Twentieth Century Images of the "Zulu": Selected Representations in Idstorical and Political Discourse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Twentieth Century Images of the TWENTIETH CENTURY IMAGES OF THE "ZULU": SELECTED REPRESENTATIONS IN IDSTORICAL AND POLITICAL DISCOURSE by STEPHEN MICHAEL LEECH submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR. J.T. PRIDMORE JOINT SUPERVISOR: PROF. J. LAMBERT NOVEMBER 1997 Studentnurnnber: 3153-745-6 I declare that 'Twentieth Century Images Of The "Zulu": Selected Representations In Historical And Political Discourse' is my own work and all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references . 0 '{'yo. [) A ''' . ~~ .. ~.'.:~ .......... ...\~ .. i.\) ..\.~8. ...... SIGNATURE DATE (Mr. S.M. Leech) t ;-----~:.~f~N~:~~~A----~~ Sr" c • ::-,RARY ................................... .t,r:ce:..s l P.anwin ........ ... l:l:a4 111111111111111 0001725238 305.8963986 LEEC SUMMARY This dissertation examines representations of the Zulu in a variety of discourses. It also examines the role of black nationalisms in the construction of Zuluist discourse. The production of images of the Zulu began with the first Anglo-Zulu encounter in the nineteenth century. In 1879, the Anglo-Zulu War set a trend for image-making which was developed further in the twentieth century. The appearance of The Washing of the Spears and Zulu, initiated a chapter in the study of the Zulu which gave rise to publications that created startling images of the Zulu. Despite the publication of the James Stuart Archive, as well as serious studies of the Zulu, authors continued to use the same popular interpretations of the Zulu. During the early twentieth century, the 'native question' dominated South African politics, while in the 1990s, political protest, conceptualised as aggressive marches by 'warriors' and tourism have been the major representations. Key terms: Twentieth Century South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Zulu, Zulu History, Zulu Historiography, Anglo-Zulu War, Inkatha, Images, Representations, Native Question, Native Problem, Warriors, Zulu kings, Zulu Royal Family, Tourism, Media, Film CONTENTS p. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v NOTE ON THE USE OF TERMS VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ILLUSTRATIONS viii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE 28 THE 'NATIVE QUESTION' CHAPTER TWO 64 THE ANGLO-ZULU WAR IN PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER THREE 82 THE ANGLO-ZULU WAR REVISITED 1965 - 1979 CHAPTER FOUR 128 'WHOSE SHAKA IS THIS?' 1979- 1989 CHAPTER FIVE 156 'PLAYING THE ETHNIC CARD' CHAPTER SIX 181 THE ZULU REASSESSED 1979 - 1996 CONCLUSION 214 APPENDIX A 222 LIST OF SOURCES 223 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS p. The Nubile Savage 1997 Vlll The military image lX The latter-day Shaka X The Zulu as tourist attraction Xl A typical appropriation Xll The 'ethnographic present' Xlll NOTE ON THE USE OF TERMS I have used the four geographical terms, Natal, Zululand, KwaZulu and KwaZulu-Natal, in their respective chronological contexts to describe the area between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu Rivers. Zulu has been defined very broadly. See the Introduction, p. 13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this dissertation has involved a considerable learning experience, one which has been facilitated by a number of people. First and foremost, I must thank my supervisor, Julie Pridmore, for her guidance, assistance and encouragement over the last four years. In addition, I would also like to thank my colleagues in the Department of History at the University of Durban-Westville for their help, interest and support. I am also grateful to the staff of the Killie Campbell Africana Library for their assistance in my research there, as well as the library staff of the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville. Also thanks to Mary-Lynn Suttie, subject librarian at UNISA, for tracking down urgently-required material. I also appreciate John Lambert's comments on the draft and John Wright's assistance during my research. In conclusion, I would like to thank my parents for providing the opportunity for me to pursue studies at a tertiary level and to my mother for the support she has given me during the research for and the writing of this dissertation. 16 SEPTEMBER 28, 1997 A beautiful young Zulu princess rises from a sea of female dancers to perform for the king. The Nubile Savage 1997 Source: Sunday Tribune 28 September 1997 viii trchers brandish weapons in Empangeni yesterday. Picture by TERRY HAYWOOD :pear-waving Zulus march through Empangeni OUSANDS of Inkatha By Chris Jenkins Oh'r a . memorandum yester­ perty," he said. the town and gathered In porters carrying tradltlon­ day. The pollee started nego­ A huge crowd marched from ·Grantham Highway from veapons marched through Empangeni Bureau tiations with the organisers to the Industrial area of the town about lOam. Troops were sta­ pangenl yesterday In deft­ persuade their supporters not to a spot near the central bus­ tioned on street comers and :e of emergency regula· last night that pollee were In· to carry any weapons In con· Iness district, where the armoured pollee vehicles were IS that prohibit carrying vestlgatlng the march and the traventlon of the regulations. memorandum was handed to positioned at the assembly tpons In public. docket would be sent to the the Independent Electoral point, while SADF troop car­ o serious Incidents were attorney-general for his decis­ "The pollee did not at the Commission. riers. roamed the ·town and orted during the march. Ion. time attempt to disarm the suburbs and along the march nevertheless Lt-Gen Colin "A group of about 20 000 marchers for fear of a contron· There was a massive securi­ route. yn, the SAP's regional Zulus marched through the tatlon and potential loss of ty force presence as busloads unlssloner In Natal, said streets of Empangenl to hand life, Injury and damage to pro- of IFP sunoorters omtrPtl lnt.n IRtPort by C Jeaktns, tl Osborne Street, Durban) The military image Source: Mercury 6 April 1994. IY Jgment reserved ·,. ·:; INKATHA Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi, overshadowed by a statue of his ancestor, Zulu chief Shaka, speaks to the Press at his headquarters in Ulundi. He said he would reserve judgment on whether the election was free and fair. Report: Page 3 The latter-day Shaka Source: Daily News 4 May 1994 X Welcome, Zulu warrior Due to public demand "the Zulu", Isaac Dlunge, ab­ sent from the Elangeni Hotel-since 1989, returned to his post as doorman in full tribal regalia yesterday. Once again he will provide a traditional welcome to local and international tourists as he did .for ·more than 17 years. Picture by PATRICK MTOLO The Zulu as tourist attraction Source: Mercury 18 November 1994 XI •'· ,. ' ·,··:. ·:·) ': ,•,1. I '! . 'I .' i S NATAL vs N TRANSVAAL- FRIDAY 2 FEBRUARY '96- KINGSMEAD --·=···--·----------&~iM--PSIIF Ill IIIWI!IIbl_._ .....----- ...-.-;..... ,.... _______ _ A typical appropriation Source: Daily News 31 January 1996. Y11 ' . .i .' j I J·.• · !/ n YEBO BABA: Remember the days when it was illegal for racegoers to use cellular telephones on a racecourse and ..... also the days when there was a strict dress code in force? This happy fellow was spotted from the parade ring by on-course photographer Anita Aka/ at last Saturday's · meeting at Scottsville. · The 'ethnographic present' Source: Daily News 3 October 1997. Y111 INTRODUCTION This dissertation is concerned with representations of the Zulu in the twentieth century. It aims at contributing to an understanding of 'Zooluology', a term developed by Peter Davis in his study of cinematic representations of South Africa. He describes it as such: the white myth ofthe Zulu; the equation ofthe Zulus with the wild animals ofAfrica; the domestication of these creatures; the Zulus as the prototypical 'African tribe'; the political uses ofthe Zulu image. 1 These views have in the main been authored by the West, which has fixated upon the Zulu for two centuries. Western images of the surrounding world have been brought into question by post-colonial studies, which have produced revisionist material, examining a variety of cultural forms including media and literary texts. These studies have forced a re-negotiation of the relationship between colonial discourse and power and the 'other'2 and have shown that any account of history from a Western perspective is no longer as absolute as before. There has been a growing awareness, through the study of colonial discourse and post-Second World War decolonisation, that European cultural awareness is no longer a dominant centre of world affairs.3 Until the 1980s, little work of such a nature had been carried out on particular African societies. There had been studies of European representations of Africa and European reactions to African society but these were general in nature. Analysis of the manner in which representations of Africa were influenced by political and ideological imperatives began with 1 P. Davis, In Darkest Hollywood: Exploring the jungles ofcinema's South Africa (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1996), p. 124. 2 J. Singh, Colonial Narratives: Cultural Dialogues, (London, Routledge, 1996), p. 5. 3 R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London, Routledge, 1990), p. 19. 1 Curtin's seminal work, The Image of Africa. Curtin went beyond colonial policy in investigating European images of the continent, tracing the development of European colonial knowledge from the eighteenth century, as the latter's contact with Africa expanded.4 This was followed by inter alia Tales ofthe Dark Continent and VanWyk Smith's 'The Origins of Some Victorian images of Africa'. Tales of the Dark Continent examined the experience of imperialism in Africa with its attendant symbols, motifs' and components.5 VanWyk Smith assessed representations of Africa in European literature but devoted a section to H. Rider Haggard's novels about the Zulu.6 In 1982 Samuel Martin completed a study on 'British Images of the Zulu' between 1820 and 1879. 7 Chronologically he followed on from Curtin in taking his study to the 1870s and more importantly he began to deconstruct the origins of images of the Zulu specifically.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of the Witwatersrand
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented in RW 4.00pm MARCH 1984 Title: The Case Against the Mfecane. by: Julian Cobbing No. 144 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African studies Seminar Paper to be presented at Seminar in RW 319 at 4,00 pm on Monday, 5 March 1984 THE CASE AGAINST THE MFECANE by. QuJJjun Cobbing. By the 1970s the mfecane had become one of the most widely abused terms in southern African historical literature. Let the reader attempt a simple definition of the mfecane, for instance. This is not such an easy task. From one angle the mfecane was the Nguni diaspora which from the early 1820s took Nguni raiding communities such as the Ndebele, the Ngoni and the Gaza over a huge region of south-central Africa reaching as far north as Lake Tanzania. Africanists stress the positive features of the movement. As Ajayi observed in 1968: 'When we consider all the implications of the expansions of Bantu-speaking peoples there can he no doubt that the theory of stagnation has no basis whatsoever.' A closely related, though different, mfecane centres on Zululand and the figure of Shaka. It has become a revolutionary process internal to Nguni society which leads to the development of the ibutho and the tributary mode of production. Shaka is a heroic figure providing a positive historical example and some self-respect for black South Africans today. But inside these wider definitions another mfecane more specific- ally referring to the impact of Nguni raiders (the Nedbele, Hlubi and Ngwane) on the Sotho west of the Drakensberg.
    [Show full text]
  • South·Africa in Transition
    POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South ·Africa in Transition Report on Violence in South Africa by an American Friends Service Committee Study Team November 1992 The American Friends Service Committee's concern over Southern Africa has grown out of over 60 years of relationships since the first visit by a representative of the organization. In 1982 the AFSC Board of Directors approved the release of a full length book, Challenge and Hope, as a statement of its views on South Africa. Since 1977 the AFSC has had a national Southern Africa educational program in its Peace Education Division. AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7000 AFSC REGIONAL OFFICES: Southeastern Region, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, 92 Piedmont Avenue, NE; Middle Atlantic Region, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, 4806 York Road; New England Region, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, 2161 Massachusetts Avenue; Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois 60605, 59 E. Van Buren Street, Suite 1400; North Central Region, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, 4211 Grand Avenue; New York Metropolitan Region, New York, New York 10003, 15 Rutherford Place; Pacific Southwest Region, Pasadena, California 91103, 980 N. Fair Oaks Avenue; Pacific Mountain Region, San Francisco, California 94121,2160 Lake Street; Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington 98105, 814 N.E. 40th Street. CONTENTS II THE AFSC DELEGATION 1 PREFACE III POLITICS OF HOPE AND TERROR: South Africa in Transition 1 THE BASIC VIOLENCE 2 ANALYZING THE VIOLENCE 5 THE HIDDEN HAND 7 RETALIATION 9 POLICE INVESTIGATIONS 11 LESSONS FROM THE BOIPATONG MASSACRE 12 HOMELAND VIOLENCE IN CISKEI AND KWAZULU 13 HOMELAND LEADERS BUTHELEZI AND GQOZO 16 CONCLUSION 19 RECOMMENDATIONS 20 ACRONYMS 21 TEAM INTERVIEWS AND MEETINGS 22 THE AFSC DELEGATION TO SOUTH AFRICA The American Friends Service Committee's Board of Directors approved a proposal in June 1992 for a delegation to visit South Africa to study the escalating violence there.
    [Show full text]
  • Click Here to Download
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I, by J. Castell Hopkins and Murat Halstead This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I Comprising a History of South Africa and its people, including the war of 1899 and 1900 Author: J. Castell Hopkins Murat Halstead Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41521] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOUTH AFRICA AND BOER-BRITISH WAR *** Produced by Al Haines JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, Colonial Secretary of England. PAUL KRUGER, President of the South African Republic. (Photo from Duffus Bros.) South Africa AND The Boer-British War COMPRISING A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE, INCLUDING THE WAR OF 1899 AND 1900 BY J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S. Author of The Life and Works of Mr. Gladstone; Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign; The Sword of Islam, or Annals of Turkish Power; Life and Work of Sir John Thompson. Editor of "Canada; An Encyclopedia," in six volumes. AND MURAT HALSTEAD Formerly Editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial Gazette," and the Brooklyn "Standard-Union." Author of The Story of Cuba; Life of William McKinley; The Story of the Philippines; The History of American Expansion; The History of the Spanish-American War; Our New Possessions, and The Life and Achievements of Admiral Dewey, etc., etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 Shamase FM.Fm
    1 Relations between the Zulu people of Emperor Mpande and the Christian missionaries, c.1845-c.1871 Maxwell Z. Shamase 1 Department of History, University of Zululand [email protected] Abstract During Emperor Mpande's reign (1840-1872), following the deposition of his half-brother Dingane in 1840, the Zulu people mostly adhered to traditional norms and values, believing that the spirits of the dead live on. Ancestral veneration and the worship of the Supreme Being called Umvelinqangi were pre-eminent and the education of children was merely informal, based on imitation and observation. This worldview faced new challenges with the advent of Christianity and the arrival of Christian missionaries at Port Natal between 1845 and 1871. The strategy of almost all Christian missionaries was premised on winning the Zulu people en masse to Christianity through Mpande’s court. The doctrines preached by the missionaries disputed the fundamental ethical, metaphysical and social ideas of the Zulu people. Mpande, however, earnestly requested that at least one missionary reside in the vicinity of his palace. Nothing could deter Mpande’s attempts to use missionary connections to keep Colonial threats of invasion in check. While the Zulu people were devoid of organised religion which might have proved a bulwark against the Christianisation process, Mpande’s acceptance of the missionaries could be said to have been mainly strategic. He could not display bellicose tendencies while still at an embryonic stage of consolidating his authority. This paper gives an exposition of the nature and extent of relations between the Christian missionaries and the Zulu empire of Mpande.
    [Show full text]
  • 'It Was the Best Oftimes, It Was the Worst Oftimes '1
    'It was the best oftimes, it was the worst oftimes '1 Natal and the Anglo-Boer War of1899-19022 At the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War the British colony of Natal stood to gain and to lose by virtue of its geographical position, and duly did both as the ensuing conflict unfolded. The territory was obviously vulnerable to Boer invasion, yet the support of its inhabitants for the British war effort was not as axiomatic as might be supposed. The reaction of the colony's African majority to the prospect of war was not recorded, though many were to be affected and some actively involved in what was supposed to be a whites-only conflict. Most white Natalians were slow to rally to the flag as they wrestled with ambivalent feelings towards the Boer republics and uncertainty concerning the sincerity of aggressive imperial diplomacy in southern Africa. Significantly, perhaps, when war was declared less than 20% of the colony's white adult male popUlation of military age (20 to 40 years old) enlisted for service, excluding the existing rifle associations which were on standby.3 Pre-war sentiment Whi le the imperial defeats of 1881, CLl lminating at Majuba, still rankled in loyalist hearts, by the 1890s Natal inescapably depended more than ever before upon the overberg trade as a source of both public and private income. President Kruger was wamily received when he visited the colony in April 1891 to celebrate the completion ofthe main Natal railway line to Charlestown on the Transvaal border.4 By then more than 62% of Natal's imports, upon which customs duties and railway rates were levied, were bound for the interior republics.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa
    Safrica Page 1 of 42 Recent Reports Support HRW About HRW Site Map May 1995 Vol. 7, No.3 SOUTH AFRICA THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY Continuing Violence in KwaZulu-Natal INTRODUCTION For the last decade South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal region has been troubled by political violence. This conflict escalated during the four years of negotiations for a transition to democratic rule, and reached the status of a virtual civil war in the last months before the national elections of April 1994, significantly disrupting the election process. Although the first year of democratic government in South Africa has led to a decrease in the monthly death toll, the figures remain high enough to threaten the process of national reconstruction. In particular, violence may prevent the establishment of democratic local government structures in KwaZulu-Natal following further elections scheduled to be held on November 1, 1995. The basis of this violence remains the conflict between the African National Congress (ANC), now the leading party in the Government of National Unity, and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), the majority party within the new region of KwaZulu-Natal that replaced the former white province of Natal and the black homeland of KwaZulu. Although the IFP abandoned a boycott of the negotiations process and election campaign in order to participate in the April 1994 poll, following last minute concessions to its position, neither this decision nor the election itself finally resolved the points at issue. While the ANC has argued during the year since the election that the final constitutional arrangements for South Africa should include a relatively centralized government and the introduction of elected government structures at all levels, the IFP has maintained instead that South Africa's regions should form a federal system, and that the colonial tribal government structures should remain in place in the former homelands.
    [Show full text]
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandhi Sites in Durban Paul Tichmann 8 9 Gandhi Sites in Durban Gandhi Sites in Durban
    local history museums gandhi sites in durban paul tichmann 8 9 gandhi sites in durban gandhi sites in durban introduction gandhi sites in durban The young London-trained barrister, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1. Dada Abdullah and Company set sail for Durban from Bombay on 19 April 1893 and arrived in (427 Dr Pixley kaSeme Street) Durban on Tuesday 23 May 1893. Gandhi spent some twenty years in South Africa, returning to India in 1914. The period he spent in South Africa has often been described as his political and spiritual Sheth Abdul Karim Adam Jhaveri, a partner of Dada Abdullah and apprenticeship. Indeed, it was within the context of South Africa’s Co., a firm in Porbandar, wrote to Gandhi’s brother, informing him political and social milieu that Gandhi developed his philosophy and that a branch of the firm in South Africa was involved in a court practice of Satyagraha. Between 1893 and 1903 Gandhi spent periods case with a claim for 40 000 pounds. He suggested that Gandhi of time staying and working in Durban. Even after he had moved to be sent there to assist in the case. Gandhi’s brother introduced the Transvaal, he kept contact with friends in Durban and with the him to Sheth Abdul Karim Jhaveri, who assured him that the job Indian community of the City in general. He also often returned to would not be a difficult one, that he would not be required for spend time at Phoenix Settlement, the communitarian settlement he more than a year and that the company would pay “a first class established in Inanda, just outside Durban.
    [Show full text]
  • 'There's a Lot of People Who Say They Were at Rorke's Drift'
    ‘There’s A Lot of People Who Say They Were At Rorke’s Drift’ The problems which beset those trying to compile a definitive list of defenders. Ian Knight ___________________________________________________________________________ In his seminal work on the rolls of the 24th Regiment at iSandlwana and Rorke’s Drift, The Noble 24th (Savanah Books, 1999), the late Norman Holme observed ruefully that The defenders of Rorke’s Drift were comparatively few in number, furthermore the garrison mainly consisted of soldiers belonging to one Company of a particular Regiment. On the basis of these facts the accurate identification of the individual men present during the action on 22nd-23rd January 1879 would appear to be a relatively simple task; however, such is not the case. Indeed, it is not - nor, nearly fifteen years after Holme made that remark, and despite the continuing intense interest in the subject, is the task likely to get any easier. The fundamental problem lies with the incompleteness of contemporary records. The only valid sources are the rolls compiled by those who were in a position of authority at the time, and, whilst these agree on the majority of those present, there are contradictions, inaccuracies and omissions between them, and the situation is further complicated because it is impossible to arrive at a definitive conclusion on the question of who ought to have been there. The earliest roll of defenders seems to have been compiled by the senior officer at the action, Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers. As early as 25 January 1879 - two days after the battle - Chard produced an official report of the battle.
    [Show full text]
  • Francis Farewell
    8 O~@ , '-' ~, 1824-1914 Francis Farewell By 1828, an overland route between the Cape Colony and Natal was beginning to provide an alternative to the arduous and frequently disastrous sea voyage. It was this virtually unknown trail that was chosen by a small party of travellers who set out from the Cape for Port Natal in September 1829. Leader of the venture was Lieutenant Francis George Farewell, returning, after a short stay in the Colony, to the trading settlement at Natal. He waS accompanied by Walker (a naturalist), Thackwray (an 1820 settler) and a number of native servants. John Cane, also on his way back to the Port, joined Farewell's group, and the expedi­ tion proceeded without mishap until the area ofthe Umzimvubu river was reached. Here, Farewell decided to visit Nqeto, chief of the Qwabe, who had fled southwards from the Zulu kingdom after rebelling against Shaka's successor, Dingane. With Lynx the interpreter, Thackwray, Walker and some servants, Farewell went to Nqeto's kraal, leaving John Cane to guard the wagons. The chief 'received them with apparent kindness, ordering a beeve to be slaughtered for their use, and gave them various other tokens of friendship. Scarcely, however, had night-shade fallen, before his mien altered ... for both words and actions then assumed an air of hostility ... Messrs. Thackwray and Walker now became considerably uneasy, but Mr. Farewell was still unwilling to believe that their host would venture to do them any personal injury. Their fears being somewhat quieted, and the natives being retired, they laid down to sleep, and all remained tranquil until dawn of day the following morning.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • The Church As a Peace Broker: the Case of the Natal Church Leaders' Group and Political Violence in Kwazulu-Natal (1990-1994)1
    The Church as a peace broker: the case of the Natal Church Leaders’ Group and political violence in KwaZulu-Natal (1990-1994)1 Michael Mbona 2 School of Religion and Theology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Abstract Moves by the state to reform the political landscape in South Africa at the beginning of 1990 led to increased tension between the Inkatha Freedom Party and the African National Congress in the province of Natal and the KwaZulu homeland. Earlier efforts by the Natal Church Leaders’ Group to end hostilities through mediation had yielded minimal results. Hopes of holding the first general democratic election in April 1994 were almost dashed due to Inkatha’s standoff position until the eleventh hour. This article traces the role played by church leaders in seeking to end the bloody clashes taking place at that time by engaging with the state and the rival political parties between 1990 and 1994. Despite the adoption of new strategies, challenges such as internal divisions, blunders at mediation, and the fact that the church leaders were also “political sympathisers”, hampered progress in achieving peace. While paying tribute to the contribution of other team players, this article argues that an ecumenical initiative was responsible for ending the politically motivated brutal killings in KwaZulu-Natal in the early years of 1990. Introduction The announcement in 1990 by State President FW de Klerk about the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, and the unbanning of all political parties was a crucial milestone on the journey towards reforming the South African political landscape.3 While these reforms were acclaimed by progressive thinkers within and outside South Africa, tension between 1 This article follows on, as part two, from a previous article by the same author.
    [Show full text]