현대NGV 특강 3GPP LTE(-A): Part II MAC & Network
2014. 1. 8-9. Jae-Hyun Kim [email protected]
Wireless Internet aNd Network Engineering Research Lab. http://winner.ajou.ac.kr School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University, Korea 강사 소개
구성원
• 지도교수: 김재현 • 박사과정 7명(Full time) 3명(Part time), 석사과정 4명(Full time) 1명(Part time), 인턴 2명
지도교수 주요약력
• 1993~1996, 한양대학교 전자계산학과 공학박사 • 1996~1998, UCLA 전기과 Post-Doctoral Fellow • 1998~2003, Bell Labs, Lucent, NJ. Member of Technical Staff • 2003~현재 아주대학교 전자공학부 정교수
주요연구분야
• IEEE 802.11(15/16/20), 3GPP LTE/LTE-A MAC Protocol and QoS Research • Wireless Cross-Layer System Design (App. to PHY) • Network Performance Modeling and Analysis (Queuing and OPNET)
연구 실적
저널 학회 총계 논문상 특허 해외 22 91 113 6 7 국내 57 92 149 11 24 총계 79 183 262 17 31 2 Contents
Session 1. Introduction • Introduction • Network architecture Session 2. User plane protocol • Packet Data Convergence Protocol • Radio Link Control • Medium Access Control Session 3. Control plane protocol • C-Plane Overview • Mobility Control • Radio Resource Management • Summary of C-Plane: Initial Attach Procedure Session 4 • LTE-Advanced Features • Release 12 Issues • Car with Mobile Communications • Summary
3 Session 1. Introduction Network Architecture
4 Introduction
5 Introduction
6 Introduction
7 The History of Mobile Radio Communication
1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communication 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18 mi path 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band) 1933: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – Authorized four channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range 1938: FCC – Ruled for regular service 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex) 1956: FCC – 450 MHz (Simplex) 1959: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Suggested 32 MHz band for high capacity mobile radio communication 1964: FCC – 152 MHz (Full Duplex) 1964: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Active research at 800 MHz 1969: FCC – 450 MHz (Full Duplex) 1974: FCC – 40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz range 1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation
8 The History of Mobile Radio Communication
1981: AT&T and RCC (Radio Common Carrier) reach an agreement to split 40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A belongs to nonwireline operators (RCC), and Band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone companies). Each market has two operators. 1982: AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations 1982: MFJ (Modified Final Judgment) is issued by the government DOJ. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing business 1983: Ameritech system in operation in Chicago 1984: Most RBOC markets in operation 1986: FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band 1987: FCC makes lottery on the small MSA and all RSA licenses 1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America 1992: GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) operable in Germany D2 system
9 The History of Mobile Radio Communication
1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America 1994: American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington 1994: PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan 1994: Two of six broadband PCS (Personal Communication Service) license bands in auction 1995: CDMA operable in Hong Kong 1996: US Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act Bill 1996: The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120 MHz) almost reaches 20 billion US dollars 1997: Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third generation mobile communication technologies for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) during the UMTS workshop conference held in Korea 1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, cdma2000, etc) 2001 : CDMA 3G-1X RTT service started in Korea 2003 : CDMA 3G-1X EV-DO => EV-DV
10 Cellular Network Background (1/4)
Wireless communications gained popularity in 1930’s and after WWII Mainly used for public safety by police and other government organizations Vast majority not connected to the PSTN First public mobile telephone service started in 1946 in 25 major American cities Used a single high power transmitter and large tower to cover an area of 50 km
11 Cellular Network Background (2/4)
. Research in 1960’s and 1970’s at Bell Labs led to the concept of “cells” . Basic concept of frequency re- use applied in a smaller area by
the use of several low power
transmitters instead of a single
high power transmitter . Each transmission range called
a CELL . A set of cells that do not share the frequency form a “cluster” . The cluster is then replicated throughout the desired communication area
12 Cellular Network Background (3/4)
segmentation of the area into cells possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cell
cell
use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
13 Cellular Network Background (4/4)
Cluster of 7 cells
Cells
14 Early Mobile Systems
15 Cellular Systems
16 Cellular Concept
The cellular concept is a wireless system designed by dividing a large area into several small cells, replacing a single, high-power transmitter in a large area with a single, low-power transmitter in each cell, and reusing the frequency of a cell to another cell after skipping several cells. Thus, the limited bandwidth is reused in distant cells, causing a virtually infinite multiplication of the available frequency. To efficiently utilize the available frequency, the design of cellular systems depends on five basic elements: 1. Frequency reuse; 2. Co-channel interference; 3. Carrier-to-interference ratio; 4. Handover / Handoff mechanism; 5. Cell splitting.
17 1st Generation Cellular Systems and Services
* Analog system
18 2nd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
* Digital System & CDMA
19 3rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications- 2000): Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality. Key Features of IMT-2000 include: High degree of commonality of design worldwide; Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; High quality; Small terminal for worldwide use; Worldwide roaming capability; Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals.
20 IMT-2000 Influences/ Family of Systems
North America Europe Asia/ Pacific
CDMA2000 WCDMA/ WCDMA & UWC-136 TD-CDMA & CDMA2000
IMT-2000 Result: A “Family of Systems” for IMT-2000 services, ensuring air-interface and network standards interoperability A predominately spread spectrum future
21 3rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: 2 Mbps for fixed environment; 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment; 144 kbps for vehicular environment. 3G+ Services: Started in October 2001 in Korea (CDMA2000) HSDPA service :Aug. 2009: 3.6Mbps -> 21Mbps HSPA+ service : Feb. 2010: Telstra 42Mbps In 2011 upgraded with Dual Carrier + MIMO -> 84Mbps LTE Service : Stockholm (Ericsson & Nokia with Samsung phone 14 Dec 2009) named as “4G” Korea : SKT, LGu+, 1 July 2011 for data, slated to nationwide 2012 , KT started June 2012
22 4rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
In March 2008, ITU-R specified a set of requirement of 4G Named International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced(IMT-Advanced) 1Gbps (low mobility) / 100 Mbps (high mobility) In 2011, Mobile WiMAX R2(IEEE802.16m) and LTE-A selected as 4G
Root IMT Name
IMT-2000 IMT-Advanced
IMT-2000 + New Capabilities evolution of IMT-2000 (Mobile & Nomadic) 23 IMT-Advanced Vision
IMT-Advanced Framework (ITU-R M.1645)
Mobility • Data rate:
New Capabilities • 1 link 100Mbps when moving,
High New 1Gbps when stationary mobile IMT-2000 Enhanced access IMT-2000 • Flexibility:
Enhancement • Support various environment and service New nomadic/local Low area wireless access • Functional fusion: 1 10 100 1 000 • Support interworking and interoperability 24 IMT-Advanced standard plan
2010 ‘1Q specification, 2010 ‘4Q standard draft
25 Candidates for IMT-Advanced
Mobile Technologies are Converging
26 Global Wireless Standards Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G CDMA 4G
CDMA CDMA2000 CDMA2000 CDMA2000 IS-95-B IS-95-A 1X 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV • 2.4 Mbps Packet • Higher Cap Voice/ Data • Voice • Voice • High Capacity Voice • RF Backward Comp. • RF Backward Comp. • 14.4 kbps • 64 kbps Packet • 153 kbps Packet • US field trial in San- • CSD & PD • RF Backward Comp. • RF Backward Comp. Francisco and Philly • First Commercial service in Jan.2002 SK telecom in KOREA • 1/0.1 Gbps Packet TDMA IS-136 EDGE (US) LTE • Voice EDGE (Europe) Advanced • 9.6 kbps CSD • 384 kbps Packet
GSM GSM GPRS W-CDMA HSPA LTE (Europe) • Voice • 114 kbps Packet • 9.6 kbps CSD • RF Backward Comp. • 20 Mbps • 300/75 Mbps W-CDMA Packet Packet PDC PDC (Japan) • Voice • Voice • High Capacity Voice • 9.6 kbps • 28.8 kbps • 384+ kbps Packet • RF Backward Comp. • New RF 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2006 2011+ Timeline for 3GPP Specifications
28 Release of 3GPP specifications
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GSM/GPRS/EDGE enhancements
Release 99 - W-CDMA [DL:2/UL:2Mbps for 5MHz]
Release 4 – TDD [DL:2/UL:2Mbps for 5MHz]
Release 5 – HSDPA, IMS [DL:14.4Mbps/UL:2Mbps for 5MHz]
Release 6 – HSUPA, MBMS, IMS+ [DL:2/UL:5.7Mbps for 5MHz] Release 7 – HSPA+(MIMO, HOM etc.) [DL:20/UL:10Mbps for 5MHz] Release 8 – LTE, SAE ITU-R M.1457 [DL:75/UL:25Mbps for 10MHz] IMT-2000 Recommendations Release 9 Small LTE/SAE enhancement
Release 10 LTE-Advanced
Release 11 – Interconnection
Release 12
WCDMA WCDMA LTE LTE 최초 상용화 국내 상용화 최초 상용화 국내 상용화 29 3GPP Standards
Version Released Information
Release 98 1998 This and earlier releases specify pre-3G GSM networks Specified the first UMTS 3G networks (3.84 Mcps,W-CDMA FDD & TDD), incorporating a CDMA air interf Release 99 2000 Q1 ace Release 4 2001 Q2 1.28 Mcps TDD (TD-SCDMA) added features including an all-IP Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS such Release 6 2004 Q4 as Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC),GAN (Generic Access Network) Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and real-time applications such as VoIP. This speci fication also focus on HSPA+(High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-speed protocol and contact Release 7 2007 Q4 less front-end interface (Near Field Communication enabling operators to deliver contactless services lik e Mobile Payments), EDGE Evolution. LTE & SAE Feasibility Study Frozen LTE, All-IP Network (SAE). Release 8 constitutes a refactoring of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-g Release 8 Dec. 2008 eneration network. OFDMA air interface, UMTS Femtocells, Dual carrier HSDPA Frozen SAES Enhancements, MSR(Multi-standard radio), dual carrier HSUPA, dual band HSDPA, SON, LTE Fe Release 9 Dec. 2009 mtocells (HeNB), LTE-A feasibility study, MBSFN, WiMaX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability, Frozen LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. CoMP study, Backwards compatible with releas Release 10 Mar. 2011 e 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers). Frozen Sep. 2012 / Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnection between national operators/ Release 11 Some works are carriers as well as third party application providers, CoMP, eDL MIMO, eCA, MIMO OTA, HSUPA TxD & still in progress 64QAM MIMO, HSDPA 8C & MIMO, MB MSR Stage 1 frozen New carrier type, LTE-Direct, Active antenna systems Release 12 Mar. 2013 / (Content still open (as of October 2012). In progress
30 Radio technology evolution
Beyond 4G (5G) • Local area radio LTE Advanced Evolution (Rel-12 & Rel-13) LTE-Advaned • Small cells for capacity boost (Rel-10 & Rel-11) • New service • Squeeze macro enablers cells LTE (Rel-8 & Rel-9) • Optimize performance & architecture
31 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 국내 주파수 활용 현황
2세대 3세대 3.9세대 4세대`12.8 4세대`13.7 Uplink DownlinkDownlink
KT SKT SKT LG U+ KT SKTSKT SKTSKT LGLG U+U+ KT KT 800MHz KT 4G 2G 4G 4G KT 4G4G 2G 4G4G 4G4G 파워텔 파워텔 LTE CDMA LTE LTE LTELTE CDMA LTELTE LTELTE
811 816 817 819 824 829 839 849 856 861 862 864 869 874 884 894
KT KT 900MHz 4G 4G LTE LTE
905 915 950960 LG U+ LGLG U+U+ SKT SKT KT KTKT SKT LG U+ SKT KT KTKT SKTSKT LG U+ 2.5G2.5G 2.5G2.5G 1.8GHz 4G 4G 4G 2G 4GCDMA4G 4G 2G CDMA 4G 4G 2G CDMA4G4G 4G4G 2G CDMA CDMA CDMACDMA LTE LTE LTE PCSLTELTE LTE PCS LTE LTE PCSLTELTE LTELTE PCS Rev.A Rev.ARev.A 1715 1725 1730 1735 174017401745 1745 1755 1765 1770 1780 1810 1830 18401840 18501850 18601860 18701870
LG U+ SKT KT LG U+ SKTSKT KTKT 2.1GHz 4G 3G3G 3G 4G 3G3G 3G3G LTE WCDMA WCDMA LTELTE WCDMA WCDMAWCDMA
1920 1930 1960 1980 2110 2120 21502150 21702170
SKT KT 2.3GHz 4G4G 4G4G WiBro WiBro
2300 2327 2331.5 2358.5
LG U+ LG U+ 2.6GHz 4G 4G LTE LTE
2520 2540 2640 2660
2013.8.30 주파수 과 3GPP Standard Documents
33 3GPP TS 36.300 overview
Title 3GPP TS 36.300 Scope Overview and overall description of E-UTRAN radio interface protocol Contents section contents section contents 4 Overall Architecture 14 Security 5 Physical Layer 15 MBMS 계층별 기 주요 기능 6 Layer 2 16 Radio Resource Management aspects 능 및 구조 설명 7 RRC 17 Void 8 E-UTRAN identities 18 UE capabilities 9 ARQ and HARQ 19 S1 interface 인터페이 스 별 프로 10 Mobility 20 X2 interface 토콜 설명 주요 기능 21 Void 11 Scheduling and Rate Control 설명 Support for Self-configuration and Self- 22 12 DRX in RRC_CONNECTED optimization 13 QoS 23 Others 34 5th Generation(5G) Requirements
Faster access (Mpbs->Gbps)
Ubiquitous / More capacity immersive (1000X?) connectivity
5G infrastruct ure
Virtualized Support very Network wide range Functions applications
More SW based / upgradable
35 . Mario Campolargo, “5G, the way forward!”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Key Features of 5G
Capture and use the User context, Content context and Network context QoE and resources efficiency based on user profile Utilization of telecom and IoT Big Data In‐network processing (storage, transmission) for content Dense small cell Device to device Spectrum Sensing Utilize the licensed and unlicensed band New frequency bands: including mm‐Wave Split data and control radio network architecture Multi cell cooperation Massive MIMO Full duplex
IoT: Internet of Things 36 . Rahim Tafazolli, “Why 5G?”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Potential Ways Forward
Ultra dense user-centric deployments: new cell-less system concept DIDO: the new PHY Scheduled+random : the new Multiple Access scheme Universal Resources Management: the new MAC Cloud empowered centralization: new virtualized RAN Large & complex systems optimization: new radio engineering approach Synergy of research and business Design – Specifications – units should be sought Development – Prototyping of Addressing of business aspects appropriate functionality and related scenarios and use Validation – Proof of Concept – cases Experiments – Pilots – Trials Decrease in the temporal Standards distance between research and products and shorter time-to- market DIDO: Distributed Input Distributed Output . Nigel Jefferies, “Next generation wireless for a cognitive & energy-efficient future?”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and 37 Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Major 5G Activities
METIS (Nov. 2012) The first stage of the 5G EU “missile” China –IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion group (Feb. 2013) Program 863 Korea – 5G Forum (June 2013) Ambitious plan Japan – 2020 and Beyond Adhoc (Oct. 2013) ARIB established new Adhoc working group
38 . Rahim Tafazolli, “Why 5G?”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Session 1. Introduction Network Architecture
39 Evolution of Network Architecture
40 cdma2000 Solutions Evolution : Reference Architecture for Voice Traffic
2.5G 1
PCM PSTN Tandem MSC MSC Tandem
PCM/ Channelized T1 PCM
3G PSAX PSAX 64k PCM/ PSAX PSAX 64k PCM/ 32K ADPCM 100BT 2 3 32K ADPCM Media Media Ethernet Gateway 100BT Gateway Ethernet Packet ATM Packet ATM Pipes ATM AAL2 Pipes AAL2
GX550 GX550 ATM ATM APX8000 4 APX8000 IP RNC TMX880 3G+ BTS 5 TMX880 RNC BTS
1 TDM 3 ATM :ADPCM 32 kbps Voice call Flow 2 ATM :PCM 64 kbps 4 IP :G.726 32 kbps 5 IP :Vocoder bypass
41 UMTS Architecture(Release 99)
3GPP Release 1999 Network Architecture
UE Iu-cs (ATM) HLR
Node B Uu Iu-ps (ATM) SS7 RNC Iub (ATM) Iu-cs (ATM) MSC Iur (ATM) VLR PSTN Node B RNC Iub (ATM) Gn (GTP/IP) Gi(IP) SGSN GGSN Internet BTS Iu-ps (ATM) BSC Iu-ps (ATM)
A-interface
42 UMTS Architecture(Release-4)
3GPP Release 4 Network Architecture
HSS HLR SS7 GW
Iu-cs (control) MSC IP GMSC RNC SS7 GW SS7 Server Server
Node B Iur H248/IP H248/IP Iub Iu-cs (bearer) RTP/IP PCM RNC MGW MGW PSTN
Iub Gn Iu-ps (GTP/IP) Gi(IP) SGSN GGSN Internet Node B
HSS Home Subscriber Server MGW : Media Gateway 43 UMTS Architecture(Release-5)
3G Core Network (CN) External Network Radio Access Network (RAN) (UTRAN) R-SGW SS7 CSCF
HSS Cx Mg RNC CSCF MGCF T-SGW HLR Mr MRF Node B Iur Gr Mc SS7 Gi Iub Iu Gn Gi PCM RNC SGSN GGSN MGW PSTN
Gi(IP) Internet RNC : Radio Network Controller SS7 : Signal System No.7 SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node R-SGW : Roaming Signaling Gateway GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node T-SGW : Transport Signaling Gateway CSCF : Call State Control Function MGCF : Media Gateway Control Function MRF : Multimedia Resource Function 44 LTE- Evolution Path of Core Network
E-UTRAN(Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
S1
X2
• NB : NodeB • eNB : E-UTRAN NodeB • RNC : Radio Network Controller • aGW : Access Gateway • SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node • MME : Mobility Management Entity • GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node • UPE : User Plane Entity 45 Overall Architectural Overview
EPS (Evolved Packet System) network elements
Interface for data plane Interface for control plane
E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
E-SMLC: Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centre HSS: Home Subscriber Server GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Centre PCRF: Policy Control and Charging Rules Function 46 . 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013 Core Network Elements
Network Elements Features
. Policy control decision making PCRF . Controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the PCEF (Policy Control (Policy Control and Enforcement Function) which resides in the P-GW Charging Rules Function) • QoS authorization (QoS class identifier and bit rates)
. Contains users’ SAE subscription data such as EPS-subscribed QoS profile HSS and any access restrictions for roaming (Home Subscriber Server) . Information about the PDNs to which the user can connect . Identity of the MME to which the user is currently attached or registered
. Manage the overall coordination and scheduling of resources required to find E-SMLC the location of a UE attached to E-UTRAN (Evolved Serving Mobile . Calculate the final location of UE based on the estimates it receives Location Centre) . Estimate the UE speed and the achieved accuracy
. Contain functionalities required to support location services GMLC . Send positioning requests to the MME and receives the final location estimates (Gateway Mobile Location Centre)
47 Core Network Elements
Network Elements Features . IP address allocation for the UE P-GW (PDN Gateway) . QoS enforcement and flow-based charging according to the PCRF
. All user IP packets are transferred through the S-GW . LMA (Local Mobility Anchor) when the UE moves between eNode-Bs . Retains the information about the bearers when the UE is in idle state . Temporarily buffers downlink data while the MME initiates paging of the UE to S-GW (Serving re-establish the bearers Gateway) . Collecting information for charging (the volume of data sent/rcvd) . Mobility anchor for inter-working with GPRS and UMTS
. Process the signaling between the UE and the CN (Core Network) (NAS: Non- Access Stratum) . Bearer & Connection management MME Establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers (Mobility Management • Entity) • Establishment of the connection and security between the network and UE
48 Access Network
Overall architecture E-UTRAN consists of eNBs eNBs are interconnected with each other by X2 interface eNBs are connected by means of S1 interface to the EPC S1 interface supports a many-to-many relation between MMEs/S-GW and eNBs
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S S S5 1 1
S1 1 S HeNB GW X2 eNB eNB E-UTRAN X2 S1 X2 S1
X2 eNB X2 X2 HeNB X2 HeNB HeNB
49 . 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013 Access Network
The eNB hosts following functions RRM (Radio Resource Management) eNB Radio Bearer Control Radio Admission Control Inter Cell RRM Connection Mobility Control Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs (scheduling) RB Control Processing user plane data Connection Mobility Cont. IP header compression and encryption of user data stream AS security Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME Radio Admission Control can be determined from the information provided by the UE Forwarding of user plane data towards S-GW eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) Scheduling and transmission of control messages from the MME RRC paging messages broadcast information PDCP PWS (Public Warning System) messages RLC CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) handling MAC Transport level packet marking in the uplink (ex. Setting the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) PHY
50 . 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013 Access Network : User Plane U-Plane • C-Plane PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) RLC (radio Link Control) Medium Access Control (MAC). GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) on the S1 (eNB↔S-GW) on the S5/S8 (S-GW ↔ P-GW)
UE Servers PDN Application Application P-GW IP IP IP eNB S-GW PDCP PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 51 LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8a SGi Access Network : Control Plane C-Plane Idle state Cell selection/reselection(based on radio link quality, cell status, radio access technology), paging ,system information acquisition Connected state RRC(radio resource control): CH quality, neighboring cell information, mobility procedures
UE MME NAS NAS eNB RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
A RLC RLC IP IP S MAC MAC L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
LTE-Uu S1-MME 52 Interfaces
X2 and S1 user plane aspect IP packet for a UE is encapsulated and tunneled using GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol – User Plane) Local transport protocol is UDP • No flow control, No error control X2 and S1 control plane aspect S1AP (S1 Application Protocol) is used to transport the signaling message between eNode-B and the MME Local transport protocol is SCTP • Guarantees delivery of signaling messages • Support multiple SAE bearers
GTP-U GTP-U S1-AP S1-AP
UDP UDP SCTP SCTP
IP IP IP IP
L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 Access Layer
S1-U S1-MME HeNB S-GW HeNB MME User plane for S1-U interface Control plane for S1-MME Interface . SCTP : Stream Control Transmission Protocol 53 . 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013 EPS Bearer Service Architecture
EPS bearer / E-RAB is established when the UE connects to a PDN Default bearer remains established throughout the lifetime of the PDN connection Dedicated bearer Any additional EPS bearer/E-RAB that is established to the same PDN is referred to as a dedicated bearer.
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer Entity
End-to-end Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi 54 . 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013 QoS and EPS Bearers
Multiple applications have different QoS requirements Different bearers are set up within EPS each being associated with a QoS GBR bearers Permanent allocation of dedicated transmission resources ex) VoIP Non-GBR bearers Do not guarantee any particular bit rate ex) web browsing, FTP transfer Each bearer has an associated QCI, and an ARP Priority and packet delay budget RLC mode, scheduling policy, queue management and rate shaping policy
55 GBR : Minimum Guaranteed Bit Rate QCI: QoS Class Identifier ARP: Allocation and Retention Priority Standardized QCI for LTE
QCI Reso Packet Packet Prior (QoS Class urce Delay Error Loss Example Services ity Identifier) Type Budget Rate
1 2 100ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
2 4 150ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming) GBR 3 3 50ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
4 5 300ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)
5 1 100ms 10-6 IMS Signaling Video (Buffered Streaming), 6 6 300ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Non- 7 GBR 7 100ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming)Interactive Gaming
8 8 Video (Buffered Streaming), 300ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, 9 9 progressive video, etc.) 56 . 3GPP TS 23.203 v12.1.0, “Policy and charging control architecture,” Jun. 2013. Session 2. User Plane Protocol Packet Data Convergence Protocol Radio Link Control Medium Access Control
57 Session 2. User Plane Protocol Packet Data Convergence Protocol Radio Link Control Medium Access Control
58 Overview
PDCP layer RLC layer Process RRC messages in the control plane and IP Segmentation and reassembly messages in the user plane ARQ Header compression Security Reordering for HARQ reordering and retransmission during handover MAC layer Multiplexing of data from different radio bearer Achieve QoS for each radio bearer Report the eNodeB to the buffer size for uplink
UE Servers PDN Application Application P-GW IP IP IP eNB S-GW PDCP PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8a SGi PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control HARQ : Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request QoS : Quality of Service 59 PDCP overview
Functions Header compression/ decompression of user plane data
Security Ciphering and deciphering for user plane and control plane data Integrity protection and verification for control plane data
Handover support In-sequence delivery and reordering of upper layer PDUs at handover Lossless handover for user plane data mapped on RLC Acknowledge Mode (AM)
Discard for timeout user plane data * 3GPP TS 36.323 v11.2.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification”(Release 11), April, 2013 60 Header Compression
Robust Header Compression (ROHC) Introduced RFC3095 and RFC 4815 Increase channel efficiency by reducing overhead Robust at unreliable link Three different mode : Unidirectional mode(U-mode), Bidirectional Optimistic mode(O-mode), and Bidirectional Reliable mode(R-mode) Compression example VoIP (in the active period) • payload 5,11~32 bytes ([email protected]~12.2kbps)+ header 40/60 bytes (RTP 12+UDP 8+IPv4 20/IPv6 40) payload 32 bytes + header 4~6 bytes
Sender Receiver Payload RTP UDP IP IP RTP UDP Payload
RoHC Context RoHC Context Compressor Compressor De-Compressor De-Compressor Compressed Header Payload H Framing/Error Detection Framing/Error Detection
Wireless Link 61 . acticom mobile networks, http://www.acticom.de/en/ Header Compression
Header Fields Classification 0 15 31 Ver ToS< Flow ID** Type Description * Next Length” Header* Hop Limit< Inferred” They are never sent and they can IPv6 Source Address** be known by other component in
the header Destination Address** Static* Send only once, their values Source Port** Destination Port** UDP never change during the stream Length” Checksum< Ver^ P* E* CCnt< M< P.Type< Sequence Number< Static- Send only once, they give the Timestamp< def** definition of the stream Source Synchronization Indentification(SSRC)** RTP st Static- They are never sent and their Source Contribution Identification (1 )< known^ values are known Contributing source (CSRC)< Changing< Header fields with a changing Source Contribution Identification (last)< value. The change can be periodic or randomly. They are Application Data always send 62 Header Compression
Header Fields Classification
Type Description Inferred” They are never sent and they can be known by other component in the header Static* Send only once, their values never change during the stream
Static- Send only once, they give the def** definition of the stream 1 byte ROHC header Static- They are never sent and their 3~5 bytes known^ values are known Static Info Changing< Header fields with a changing value. The change can be periodic or randomly. They are Application Data always send 63 Header Compression
ROHC compression with U,O,R operation mode
64 Security
LTE security distribution NAS security Carried out for NAS messages / between UE and MME NAS messages are integrity protected and ciphered with extra NAS security header AS security (PDCP) Carried out for RRC and user plane data / between UE and eNB RRC messages are integrity protected and ciphered U-plane data is only ciphered
65 . 3GLTEINFO, http://www.3glteinfo.com/lte-security-architecture-20110325/ Security
Ciphering Prevent unauthorized user from seeing the content of communication For control plane (RRC) data and user plane data PDCP Control PDUs (ROHC feedback and PDCP status reports) are not ciphered Integrity protection Used to detect whether a text is tampered during delivery Control plane (RRC) data For RN, User plane data 32-bit Message Authentication Code for Integrity (MAC-I)
66 Discard of Data Packets
To prevent excessive delay and queuing in the transmitter Discard Timer Related to buffer/delay management Defines maximum wait time Process When a PDCP SDU is received from upper layer, discard timer for the SDU is started When a discard timer expires, either the PDCP SDU is discarded or indication is sent to lower layer
67 PDCP PDU format
PDCP Data PDU User plane PDCP Data PDU Long PDCP SN (12bits) (DRBs mapped on RLC AM or UM) Short PDCP SN (7bits) (DRBs mapped on RLC UM) Integrity protection for RN user plane (DRBs mapped on RLC AM or RLC UM) Extended PDCP SN (15 bits) (DRBs mapped on RLC AM) Control plane PDCP Data PDU
For control plane SRBs D/C SN or Type MAC-I Data O SN (7,12, 15 bits) Δ PDCP Control PDU (DRB) Data X SN (5 bits) O Interspersed ROHC feedback packet (SRB) DRBs mapped on RLC AM or RLC UM ROHC O Type X Status report feedback Status DRBs mapped on RLC AM O Type X Report
* 3GPP TS 36.323 v11.2.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification”(Release 11), April, 2013 68 PDCP PDU format
PDCP Data PDU
PDCP Control PDU
71 RLC Overview
Radio Link Control(RLC) Located between RRC/PDCP and MAC Error correction through ARQ Segmentation/Concatenation/Reassembly of RLC SDUs 3 transfer modes TM (Transfer Mode) • Only used for RRC messages which do not need RLC configuration • through BCCH, DL/UL CCCH and PCCH UM (Unacknowledged Mode) • Utilized by delay-sensitive and error-tolerant real-time applications • through DL/UL DTCH, MCCH or MTCH AM (Acknowledged Mode) • Utilized by error-sensitive and delay-tolerant non-real-time applications • through DL/UL DCCH or DL/UL DTCH
SDU: Service Data Unit BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel CCCH: Common Control Channel PCCH: Paging Control Channel DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel MCCH: Multicast Control Channel MTCH: Multicast Traffic Channel DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel 72 TM RLC entity
Features No segmentation/ No concatenation No RLC headers Deliver TMD PDUs Only for RRC messages which do not need RLC configuration SI messages Paging messages RRC messages which are sent when no SRBs other than SRB0
< Model of TM RLC entity > BCCH : Broadcast Control Channel PCCH : Paging Control Channel SRB: Signaling Radio Bearer 73 CCCH : Common Control Channel SI: System Information TMD: Transparent Mode Data UM RLC entity
Features Segment or concatenate RLC SDUs Add or remove RLC headers Reorder received RLC PDUs Reassembly of RLC SDUs Used by delay-sensitive and error-tolerant real-time applications VoIP, MBMS Radio Interface UM-SAP UM-SAP Transmitting Receiving UM RLC entity UM RLC entity Transmission SDU SDU SDU SDU SDU SDU buffer reassembly
Segmentation, Remove concatenationconcentration RLC header
Add Reception buffer, RLC header HARQ reordering RLC Header
Transport Transport channel channel DTCH/MC CH/MTCH < Model of UM RLC entity > DTCH : Dedicated Traffic Channel MCCH : Multicast Control Channel SDU: Service Data Unit MTCH : Multicast Traffic Channel MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 74 UMD: Unacknowledged Mode Data UM data transfer
75 < Example of PDU loss detection with HARQ reordering > AM RLC entity
Features Similar function of UM RLC entity Support ARQ (Stop and Wait) Detect the loss of AMD PDU and request retransmission to peer Deliver AMD PDU, AMD PDU segment and STATUS PDU Used by error-sensitive and delay-tolerant non-real-time applications Interactive/background type services: Web-browsing, file downloading
AM-SAP
Transmission RLC Control SDU SDU SDU SDU SDU SDU buffer STATUS PDU reassembly
Remove Retransmission Segmentation RLC header buffer and concentration
Reception buffer and HARQ reordering Add RLC header
RLC Header Routing
< Model of AM RLC entity > Transport channel : Transport channel : DCCH/DTCH DCCH/DTCH 76 ARQ: Automatic Repeat reQuest AM data transfer
Retransmission and resegmentation Status reports from receiving side ACK/NACK RLC data PDU is stored in retransmission buffer Resegment the original RLC PDU into smaller PDU segments Radio interface
Transmitter Transmitter Receiver Receiver AM RLC entity MAC MAC AM RLC entity
Size 600 RLC PDU 600 bytes
NACK
Size 200 RLC PDU segment 200 bytes
Size 400 RLC PDU segment 400 bytes
77 < Example of RLC re-segmentation > Data flow through L2 protocol stack
A. Larmo et al., "The LTE link-layer design," Communications Magazine, IEEE , April 2009. 78 Session 2. User Plane Protocol Packet Data Convergence Protocol Radio Link Control Medium Access Control
79 MAC overview
Functions Upper layers PCCH MCCH MTCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MAC-control Channel Mapping Building MAC PDU Random access Scheduling Power saving by Discontinuous Logical Channel Prioritization (UL only) Reception(DRX) Error correction through HARQ De Multiplexing (De-) Multiplexing Control Multiplexing / Demultiplexing Random Transport Format Selection HARQ Access Control Priority handling Logical Channel prioritization
PCH MCH BCH DL-SCH UL-SCH RACH
Lower layer Logical channel name Type Acronym Transport channel name Direction Acronym Broadcast Control Channel Control BCCH Broadcast Channel Downlink BCH Paging Control Channel Control PCCH Downlink Shared Channel Downlink DL-SCH Common Control Channel Control CCCH Paging Channel Downlink PCH Dedicated Control Channel Control DCCH Multicast Channel Downlink MCH Multicast Control Channel Control MCCH Uplink Shared Channel Uplink UL-SCH Dedicated Traffic Channel Traffic DTCH Random Access Channel Uplink RACH Multicast Traffic Channel Traffic MTCH • 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.5.0, "E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2(Release 11)", Mar, 2013. 80 • 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0, “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2013. Channel Mapping in LTE
81 Downlink Channel Mapping(MAC-PHY)
MAC
PHY
•PxxCH : Physical xx Channel •PDCCH(Physical Downlink Control Channel) 82 •PHICH(Physical HARQ Indicator Channel) Uplink Channel Mapping(MAC-PHY)
MAC
PHY
83 •PUCCH(Physical Uplink Control Channel) Logical Channels
Control Channel Description
Broadcast Control Channel . Broadcasting system control information (BCCH) Paging Control Channel . Transfers paging information and system information change notifications (PCCH) . Used for paging when the network does not know the location cell of the UE. Common Control Channel . Transmitting control information between UEs and network (CCCH) . For UEs having no RRC connection with the network. Multicast Control Channel . A point-to-multipoint downlink channel (MCCH) . Transmitting MBMS control information from the network to the UE, for one or several MTCHs . Only used by UEs that receive or are interested to receive MBMS. Dedicated Control Channel . A point-to-point bi-directional channel (DCCH) . Transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network . Used by UEs having an RRC connection.
Traffic Channels Description
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) . A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE . Transfer of user information . Exists in both uplink and downlink. Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) . A point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting traffic data from the network to the UE . Only used by UEs that receive MBMS 84 Transport Channels
Downlink Channels Description Broadcast CHannel (BCH) . Transport the parts of the SI Downlink Shared CHannel . Transport downlink user data or control messages (DL-SCH) . Transport remaining parts of the SI that are not transported via the BCH Paging CHannel (PCH) . Transport paging information . Inform UEs about updates of the SI and PWS messages Multicast CHannel (MCH) . Transport MBMS user data or control messages that require MBSFN combining
Uplink Channels Description Uplink Shared Channel . Transport uplink user data or control messages (UL-SCH) Random Access Channel . Access to the network when the UE does not have (RACH) accurate uplink timing synchronization or UE does not have any allocated uplink transmission resource
85 LTE Radio Frame Structure
Type 1 : for FDD Radio frame(10ms) = 10 subframes(1ms) = 20 slots(0.5ms) 10 subframes for downlink, 10 subframes for uplink Uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in the frequency domain Data is split into TTI blocks of T=1ms (one subframe)
#0 #1 #2 #18 #19
slot Sub-frame One radio frame = 10ms
86 LTE Downlink Subframe Structure (for Type 1) 1 Slot Consists 7 symbols
Resource Block 1 slot X 12 subcarriers =84 REs BPSK(1/2): 42bits 64QAM(3/4): 378bits
Resource Element Amount of data in a symbol in a subcarrier BPSK(1/2): 0.5bits 64QAM(3/4): 4.5bits
87 LTE Radio Frame Structure
Type 2 : for TDD radio frame(10ms) = 2 half-frames(5ms) = 8 subframes(1ms) + 2 special subframes (DwPTS, GP, UpPTS) Subframe 1 always consists special fields, although subframe 6 is by configuration
One radio frame =10 ms • DwPTS : Downlink Pilot Time Slot One half frame =5 ms • GP : Guard Period • UpPTS : Uplink Pilot Time Slot
1 ms
# 0 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 7 # 8 # 9
DwPTSGP UpPTS DwPTSGP UpPTS
Uplink(U)/Downlink(D)/Special frame(S) Allocation Switch-poi Subframe number Configu nt periodi ration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 city 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D 3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D 4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D 5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D 88 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D Building MAC PDU(MAC PDU Format)
MAC PDU = MAC Header + MAC Payload MAC subheader Logical Channel ID (LCID), Length(L) field MAC control element Used for MAC-level peer-to-peer signaling Buffer status report / UE’s available power headroom in uplink/ DRX command, etc. Headerless MAC PDU MAC PDU constructed without header Use it when MAC PDU is used to transport data from the PCCH or BCCH PCCH or BCCH : one-to-one corresponding between MAC SDU and MAC PDU
89 Random Access(RA) Procedure
Purpose RA is performed when UE didn’t assigned resource for data transmission
Contention based Perform when eNB doesn’t know the presence of UE or UE have data to transmit while UE lost timing information Examples • Initial access from RRC_IDLE • RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure • UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access procedure » E.g. when UL synchronisation status is "non-synchronised" or there are no PUCCH resources for SR available
Non-contention based Perform when eNB know the incoming of UE or eNB have data to transmit while UE lost timing information Examples • Handover • For positioning purpose during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA • DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access procedure » E.g. when UL synchronisation status is “non-synchronised”
90 Random Access Procedure - Contention based(1)
(0) Selection of preamble : select a preamble in preamble groups
Preambles for contention based access Preambles for (2 groups, select a group by message size) contention-free access
Total 64 preambles(spreading codes) in each cell (1) Preamble Transmission on RACH • Set transmission power : according to DL estimation on RSRP • Power ramping : increase transmission power by number of retrials
(2) RA Response (PDCCH tagged with RA-RNTI + PDSCH) • Send response for a UE if single preamble is detected • This message includes UL resource grant, timing alignment information for sending third message • Assign a temporary ID for UE(TC-RNTI) • No RA Response for UE Backoff Back to Selection of preamble • RSRP : Reference Signal Received Power •TC-RNTI : Temporary Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier • RA-RNTI : Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier 91 Random Access Procedure - Contention based(2)
(3) First PUSCH TX – Includes TC/C-RNTI
• Conveys actual random access procedure message • If multiple UEs selected same RACH and preamble in (1), collision occurs • No collision eNB detects one C-RNTI and get message from PUSCH
(4) Contention Resolution on DL • UE considers as success, and TC-RNTI is promoted to C-RNTI • If (3) is collided No arrival of Contention Resolution for UE Backoff Back to Selection of preamble
92 Random Access Procedure - Non-Contention based
(0) RA Preamble Assignment • eNB assigns to UE a non-contention Random Access Preamble before RA(ex> before handover)
(1) RA Preamble • Transmits non-contention RA Preamble
(2) RA Response • Conveys at least timing alignment information and initial UL grant for handover, timing alignment information for DL data arrival, RA- preamble identifier
93 Data Transmission after RA - Downlink Scheduling(1) Dynamic Scheduling Signal and transmit data without periodicity Signaling is required at each transmission
Signaling for dynamic scheduled data
PDCCH
DL-SCH
•PDCCH(Physical Downlink Control Channel) 94 •DL-SCH(Downlink Shared Channel) Data Transmission after RA - Downlink Scheduling(2) Semi-persistent scheduling Schedule periodical transmission Only the one signaling at first transmission is required Reduce signaling overhead Scheduling periodicity is configured by RRC
Signaling for semi-persistent data No additional signalling for semi- (example : period = 4) persistent scheduled data
PDCCH
DL-SCH
95 Data Transmission after RA - Uplink Scheduling Procedure eNodeB notifies the TX slot which can be used by UE for uplink transmission UE sends data through UL-SCH and activates HARQ process HARQ mechanism : Stop-and-Wait eNodeB signals transmission result by HARQ ACK/NACK to UE For NACK, eNodeB schedule for retransmission through PDCCH
• Example for N=4 : UE/eNB response after 4 subframe Subframe 1234567890123456 7 Tx Tx Tx PDCCH in 5 in 7 in 7
UL UL UL UL-SCH Data Data Data
PHICH ACK NACK
N=4 N=4 UE Response eNB Response •PDCCH(Physical Downlink Control Channel) •UL-SCH(Uplink Shared Channel) •PHICH(Physical HARQ Indicator Channel) 96 Wireless Packet Scheduling Algorithm • Additional Slides Features of Scheduling Algorithms for Wireless Network Each user experience different transmission speed Channel environment differ by randomly through time Bursty error occurs User’s channel capacity changes by fading Require to estimate channel environment
97 Signaling for Resource Allocation • Additional Slides For resource allocation, eNodeB requires… Channel Quality Information(frequency specific) Traffic information(volume and priority, queue status
Signaling tradeoff Data rate ↔ Overhead
CQI measurement DL : through the feedback of CQIs by UEs UL : by Sounding Reference Signals(SRS) transmitted by UE to estimate ch. quality Frequency of the CQI reports is configurable Reduce overhead ↔ Accuracy
Information about queue status DL : directly available at eNB UL : specific reporting mechanism
98 Scheduling Algorithms • Additional Slides Opportunistic algorithm / High Rate User First (HRUF) Simplest algorithm considering wireless channel Optimizing the total throughput Assign resources to user with best CQI Fairness problem occurs If the an user with best channel continuously generates traffic, then other users cannot be assigned wireless resource Other users cannot transmit their traffic Fairness and QoS are not assured
max( ) i t
i ()t : Maximum transmission rate of user i
99 Scheduling Algorithms • Additional Slides Fair algorithms Minimize UE latency Ex. Min-Max : Maximizes the minimum allocated rate
maxmin{()}i t i Total Throughput reduced
100 Scheduling Algorithms • Additional Slides Proportional Fair Share Scheduling (PFSS) Algorithm Maximize Throughput with some degree of fairness Algorithm Basically, schedule UE when its instantaneous channel quality is high relative to its own average channel Reduce priority of UE by volume of received traffic increase fairness
()t (t ) log 1 SNR ( m , f ) max i ik2 ˆ ()t i Te : Estimation interval 1 served rate in slot ( t -1) m : resource block (tt ) 1- ( -1) f TTee: subframe
Large Te tends to maximize the total average throughput Small Te tends to maximize fairness
101 Retransmission – HARQ (1/5)
Downlink : Asynchronous adaptive HARQ Asynchronous Retransmission with additional explicit signaling to indicate the HARQ process number to the receiver Adaptive HARQ Modulation and coding scheme(MCS), resource allocation can be changed Non-adaptive HARQ : retransmit with previous MCS and resource
PDCCH Sig. Sig.
New/ DL-SCH Data ReTx Data
PUCCH ACK or or NACK PUSCH 102 Retransmission – HARQ (2/5)
Uplink : Synchronous HARQ PDCCH Non-adaptive/adaptive feedback seen seen by UE behaviour HARQ by the UE the UE ACK New New transmission according Uplink : Synchronous HARQ or NACK Transmission to PDCCH Synchronous ACK Retrans- Retransmission according to • Retransmission occur at or NACK mission PDCCH(adaptive retransmission) predefined times relative to the No (re)transmission initial transmission to reduce ACK None PDCCH is required to resume control signaling Retransmissions NACK None Non-adaptive retransmission
ACK / PHICH NACK PDCCH Grant Grant
New/ UL-SCH Data ReTx Data 103 Retransmission – HARQ (3/5)
HARQ type HARQ combines FEC and ARQ Three types HARQ Type I HARQ • Chase combining » Initial transmission and retransmission have same puncturing pattern
Information bits
Parity bits
Puncturing
Initial Transmission
Chase Combining Retransmission
104 Retransmission – HARQ (4/5)
HARQ type HARQ combines FEC and ARQ Three types HARQ Type II HARQ • Incremental redundancy » The information bits does not retransmitted » The retransmitted packet has different puncturing pattern
Information bits
Parity bits
Puncturing
Initial Transmission
Incremental Retransmission Redundancy Combining
105 Retransmission – HARQ (5/5)
HARQ type HARQ combines FEC and ARQ Three types HARQ Type III HARQ • Incremental redundancy » Initial transmission and retransmission have different puncturing pattern » Information bits will be retransmitted
Systematic bits
Parity bits
Puncturing
Initial Transmission
Incremental Retransmission Redundancy Combining
106 Power Saving/Fast Wake-up – Discontinuous Reception(DRX) Power saving in UMTS Through the state change from CELL_DCH to IDLE_MODE Fast recovering to CELL_DCH takes undesired delay
Power Consumption
CELL_DCH High Transition Delay(2~3sec) L ex> click after web page view to reduce battery consumption state changes CELL_FACH ex> during web page reading CELL_PCH URA_PCH
IDLE_MODE
TX delay •DCH (Dedicated Channel) •FACH (Forward access channel) •PCH (Cell Paging channel) 107 •URA_PCH (URA Paging channel). Power Saving/Fast Wake-up – Discontinuous Reception(DRX) Power Saving in LTE/LTE-Advanced : Discontinuous Reception(DRX) Power saving with maintaining connected states When need power saving Change to DRX mode while maintain RRC_CONNECTED state UE can fast wake-up, because it maintain connectivity with eNodeB
• DRX UE only listens at certain Intervals • DRX reduced battery consumption RRC_CONNECTED • DRX resume transfer even quicker • DRX reduced signaling
RRC_IDLE
108 Power Saving/Fast Wake-up – Discontinuous Reception (DRX) UE does not monitor the downlink channels during such DRX period HARQ Round Trip Time (RTT) Short cycle, Long cycle Wake-up and check downlink during “on duration” only By two timer, control wake-up interval(=short DRX cycle and long DRX cycle)
① ④ ⑥ enter short DRX mode enter long DRX mode
③
② Activate ⑤ Activate Inactivity timer Short DRX Cycle Timer 109 Session 3. Control Plane Protocol C-Plane Overview Mobility Control Radio Resource Management Summary of C-Plane: Initial Attach Procedure
110 Session 3. Control Plane Protocol C-Plane Overview Mobility Control Radio Resource Management Summary of C-Plane: Initial Attach Procedure
111 Control Plane Protocol Overview
UE eNB MME S1-MME(logical interface) NAS NAS
RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY PHY PHY PHY
LTE-Uu (radio interface) Non-access stratum Access stratum control plane PLMN selection radio-specific functionalities Tracking area update The AS interacts Paging with the NAS (upper layers) Authentication EPS bearer establishment, modification and release RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol 112 RLC: Radio Link Control PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network EPS: Evolved Packet System Control Plane Protocol Overview : NAS Overview Highest stratum of c-plane (UE <-> MME) S1-MME (eNB – MME) Main functions EPS mobility management UE mobility EPS session management IP connectivity between the UE and a P-GW Security integrity protection and ciphering of NAS signaling messages.
. 3GPP TS 24.301 V10.7.0 “UMTS; LTE; NAS; EPS; Stage 3”, July, 2012 113 . 3GPP TS 24.401 V8.9.0 “ LTE; GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access”, March, 2010 Control Plane Protocol Overview : RRC Overview AS of c-plane (UE <-> eNB) LTE-Uu interface Main functions Broadcast SI related to NAS and AS Paging Establishment of an RRC connection (UE<->E-UTRAN) Security functions (key management) Establishment of p-to-p Radio Bearers Mobility functions QoS management functions UE measurement reporting NAS direct message transfer (NAS<->UE)
114 . 3GPP, "TS 36.331 V10.5.0 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol specification (Release 10)," ed, 2012. NAS/RRC State
Protocol State Description EMM-Deregistered • UE is detached • No EMM context has been established in UE and MME. EMM-Registered • UE has been attached • IP has been assigned • An EMM Context has been established • A default EPS Bearer has been activated NAS • The MME knows the location of the UE(TA). (UE,MME) ECM-Idle • No NAS signaling connection (ECM connection) • No UE context held in E-UTRAN(eNB) • The MME knows the location of the UE(TA) ECM-Connected • NAS signaling connection (ECM connection; a RRC connection & a S1 signaling connection) • The MME knows the location of the UE(cell) RRC RRC-Idle • RRC connection has not been established. (UE,eNB) RRC-Connected • RRC connection has been established.
TA: Tracking Area EMM: EPS Mobility Management ECM: EPS Connection Management MME: Mobility Management Entity 115 1. Netmanias, “EMM and ECM States,” http://www.netmanias.com, 2013. NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off When UE is switched on for the first time after subscription When UE is switched on after a long time after the power has been turned off There exists no UE context in the UE and MME.
116 NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off When UE is switched on within a certain period of time after the power has been turned off When ECM connection is released during communication due to radio link failure Some UE context can still be stored in the UE and MME (e.g., to avoid running an AKA procedure during every attach procedure).
117 NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off When UE is attached to the network (MME) and using services The mobility of UE is handled by handover
118 NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off
MME UE eNB S-GW P-GW ECM Connection
ECM Connection S1 Connection S11 GTP-C S5 GTP-C
Data Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5 Bearer
EPS Bearer 119 NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off When UE is attached to the network (MME) and not using any service
120 NAS/RRC State
EMM-Deregistered EMM-Registered UE inactivity detection PLMN/Cell Attach Handover TAU accept Cell selection reselection
ECM-Idle ECM-Connected ECM-Idle RRC-Idle RRC-Connected RRC-Idle New traffic Power on Detach TAU request Attach reject TAU reject Radio link failure Radio link failure UE power off UE power off
MME UE eNB S-GW P-GW
S11 GTP-C S5 GTP-C
S5 Bearer 121 EPS Bearer Control Plane Protocol Overview : RRC States RRC_IDLE RRC_CONNECTED UE known in EPC and has IP UE known in EPC and E- address UTRAN/eNB UE location known on Tracking UE location known on cell level Area level Unicast data transfer is possible Paging in TA controlled by EPC eNB-based mobility UE-based cell-selection and TA DRX supported for power update saving
2.
3.
5.HO 122 Control Plane Protocol Overview : UE Operation in RRC States RRC_IDLE RRC_CONNECTED Monitors a paging channel Monitors a Paging channel incoming calls and/or SIB1 system information change detect system information change ETWS, CMAS Monitor control channels measurement associated and data channel cell (re-)selection Provide channel quality and Acquire system information feedback information (MIB, SIBs) measurement and reporting Acquire system information
DRX: Discontinuous Reception ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System 123 CMAS: Commercial Mobile Alert Service Control Plane Protocol Overview : UE Camping Procedure
(1) PLMN selection Read USIM (10) Service Obtained NAS Read stored info on ME (Camped) Select Band, PLMN, etc
(6) Process SIB1 Check PLMN Is Cell reserved? (2) Trigger (4) Schedule Is CSG Id valid? (8) All SIBs RRC System Broadcast Control Cell belong to Forbidden TA? obtained Acquisition Channel read Cell barred? If fail, go back to (3) AS If ok, go to (7)
(9) Cell is (3) Acquisition (5) Read MIB/SIB1 PHY (7) SIB2 and Other SIBs Selected and Scan Band/Freq Using SI-RNTI UE camps
124 . Bong Youl (Vrian) Cho, “LTE RRC/RRM”, TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Trainning, May 2012 RRC Services
Services provided to upper layers Broadcast of common control information Notification of UEs in RRC_IDLE receiving call, ETWS, CMAS Transfer of dedicated control information information for one specific UE Services expected from lower layers PDCP Integrity protection and ciphering RLC Reliable and in-sequence transfer of information • without introducing duplicates • with support for segmentation and concatenation
125 ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System CMAS: Commercial Mobile Alert Service RRC Functions
. NAS common information . For UEs in RRC_IDLE Cell (re-)selection parameters Broadcast of system information • • Neighboring cell information . For UEs in RRC_CONNECTED • Common channel configuration information . Paging . Establishment/modification/release of RRC connection or DRBs . Initial security activation RRC connection control . RRC connection mobility . Radio configuration control (ARQ, HARQ, DRX) . QoS control . Recovery from radio link failure . Security activation Inter-RAT mobility . Transfer of RRC context information . Establishment/modification/release of measurements Measurement configuration control . Setup and release of measurement gaps and reporting . Measurement reporting . Dedicated NAS information Transfer of information . Non-3GPP dedicated information . UE radio access capability information . Generic protocol error handling Others . Support of self-configuration and self-optimization 126 Connection Control
Security activation Ciphering of both control plane RRC data (SRBs 1 and 2) and user plane data (all DRBs) Integrity protection which is used for control plane data only Connection establishment, modification and release DRB establishment, modification and release
127 SRB: Signaling Radio Bearers DRB: Date Radio Bearers Connection Establishment and Release
UE eNodeB MME Paging Random access procedure (contention based) RACH Preamble
RACH Preamble Response SRB0
SRB1 Step 2: Initial security activation and radio bearer establishment
129 CCCH: Common Control Channel DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel DRB Establishment : Signaling Radio Bearers An EPS bearer is mapped (1-to-1) to a DRB A DRB is mapped (1-to-1) to a DTCH logical channel All logical channels are mapped (n-to-1) to the DL-SCH or UL-SCH DL-SCH or UL-SCH are mapped (1-to-1) to the corresponding PDSCH or PUSCH
130 Session 3. Control Plane Protocol C-Plane Overview Mobility Control Radio Resource Management Summary of C-Plane: Initial Attach Procedure
131 Mobility Control
Criteria for cell selection or reselection Radio link quality: primary criterion UE capability Subscriber type Cell type E-UTRAN provides a list of neighboring frequencies and cells; white-list or black-list
132 Mobility in RRC_IDLE : PLMN and Cell Selection PLMN selection The NAS handles PLMN selection based on a list of available PLMNs provided by the AS Cell selection (EMM-DEREGISTERED) The UE searching for the strongest cell on all supported carrier frequencies of each supported RAT Using NAS’s support and stored information from a previous access Requirement: not take too long Cell reselection (EMM-REGISTERED) Move the UE to the best cell of the selected PLMN
133 Mobility in RRC_IDLE : Cell Reselection
RRC_IDLE Mobility
Measurement and evaluation of serving cell
Measurement of neighbour cells
Evaluation of neighbour cells for cell reselection
Acquisition of the system information of the target cell
Cell reselection to the target cell
134 Mobility in RRC_IDLE : Cell Selection Criteria Cell selection: received level & quality Srxlev > ퟎ & Squal > ퟎ Srxlev = 푄rxlevmeas − 푄rxlevmin − 푄rxlevminoffset Squal = 푄qualmeas − 푄qualmin − 푄qualminoffset 푄rxlevmeas: Measured cell RX level value (RSRP) 푄qualmeas: Measured cell quality value (RSRQ) 푄rxlevmin: Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm), in SIB1 푄qualmin: Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), in SIB1 푄rxlevminoffset, 푄qualminoffset: offsets which may be configured to prevent ping-pong between PLMNs, in SIB1
135 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED
RRC_CONNECTED Mobility
Reception of handover Identification and measurement Monitoring of the serving cell command of neighbour cells downlink quality
Detection of the target cell Measurement reporting of Detection of radio link failure indicated in HO command neighbour cells
Random access Reception of Selection of to the target cell handover command the target (best) cell
Random access Acquisition of the system to the target cell information of the target cell
RRC re-establishment to the target cell
136 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Handover
UEUE SourceSource eNBeNB TargetTarget eNBeNB
Measurement Report
HandoverHandover PreparationPreparation UE RRC context information (UE(UE capabilities,capabilities, currentcurrent AS-AS- configuration,configuration, UE-specificUE-specific RRMRRM informationinformation Handover command RRCConnectionReconfiguration informationinformation forfor randomrandom access(mobilityaccess(mobility control,control, radioradio resourceresource configuration),configuration), dedicateddedicated radioradio resourceresource securitysecurity configuration,configuration, C-RNTIC-RNTI
Random access procedure RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
137 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Handover Handover from Macro cell to macro cell HO triggering condition UE satisfies A3 condition during TTT -> HO request to S-eNB -> HO execution 푀푛푒𝑖푔ℎ푏표푟 − ℎ푦푠푡 > 푀푠푒푟푣𝑖푛푔 + 표푓푓푠푒푡
HO delay TTT Hyst + offset
• H/O completion
• A3 satisfaction • HO execution 138 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Seamless Handover Seamless handover OBJECTIVE : Interruption Time Minimization Used for all RBs carrying control plane data and user plane data mapped on RLC UM Loss tolerant and delay sensitive eNB forwards only non-transmitted SDUs via X2 to target eNB If transmission was started but has not been successfully received packets are lost Minimum complexity because context is not transferred between eNB via X2 ROHC, COUNTS context is reset
139 . 3GPP TS 36.323, “E-UTRA; PDCP specification.” Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Seamless Handover Seamless handover in the downlink
SDUs are transmitted to eNB in sequence
손실된 패킷은 재전송 되지 않 음
전송하지 못한 패킷은 X2로 전 달
Reordering은 UE가 수행
140 . 3GPP TS 36.323, “E-UTRA; PDCP specification.” Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Lossless Handover Lossless handover OBJECTIVE : In-Sequence Delivery without Losses Possible because PDCP adds a sequence number to packets Applied for radio bearers that are mapped on RLC-AM Delay-tolerant and loss-sensitive Un-acknowledged packets are forwarded via X2 an retransmitted they may be received twice ROHC context is reset
141 . 3GPP TS 36.323, “E-UTRA; PDCP specification.” Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Lossless Handover Lossless handover in the uplink
SDUs are delivered to the GW in sequence SGW 3 1 4 2 5
6 Serving eNB transfers via X2, 4 out-of-sequence SDUs STATUS TRANSFER
1 3 ACK 1 ACK 3 STATUS TRANSFER contains 2 ACK 2 4 ACK 4 Sequence and Hyper Frame 3 5 ACK 5
4 6 ACK 6 Numbers
5
Handover Unacknowledged SDUs are retransmitted duplicity of P4 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 142 . 3GPP TS 36.323, “E-UTRA; PDCP specification.” Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Lossless Handover Lossless handover in the downlink
5 SGW transmits End Marker to 4 SGW serving eNB 8 3 7 2 6 1
5 4 3 2 Target eNB knows when it can STATUS TRANSFER start to transmit SDUs from SGW 6 4 ACK 1 5 3 ACK 2 4 2 3 1 SDUs are delivered to the UE 2 in sequence
Handover
4 2 1 143 . 3GPP TS 36.323, “E-UTRA; PDCP specification.” Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Detailed Handover Procedure (1/3) S1-Based handover Legend L3 Signaling L1/L2 Signalling User data UEUE SourceSource eNBeNB TargetTarget eNBeNB MMEMME ServingServing GWGW
Meas. Report Triggered
HO decision
Control Preparation Admission Admission
Step 2: HO Execution Step 3: HO Completion 144 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED : Detailed Handover Procedure (2/3)
UEUE SourceSource eNBeNB TargetTarget eNBeNB MMEMME ServingServing GWGW Step 1: HO Preparation DL allocation
UE Source eNB Target eNB MME Serving GW
Step 1: HO Preparation Step 2: HO Execution
Switch DL Path
Resource
Measurement Configuration: RRCConnectionReconfiguration message Measurement objects: carrier frequency or list of cells Reporting configurations: RSRP/RSRQ, number of cells Measurement identities Quantity configurations: filtering Measurement gaps: time periods
UE may measure and report Serving cell Listed cells Detected cells on a listed frequency
147 RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality Measurements : Measurement report triggering
Event Condition
A1 Serving becomes better than threshold: 푀푠푒푟푣𝑖푛푔 − 퐻푦푠 > 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ
A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold: 푀푠푒푟푣𝑖푛푔 + 퐻푦푠 < 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ
Neighbor becomes offset better than Pcell: A3 푀푛 + 푂푓푛 + 푂푐푛 − 퐻푦푠 > 푀푝 + 푂푓푝 + 푂푐푝 + 푂푓푓
A4 Neighbor becomes better than threshold: 푀푛 + 푂푓푛 + 푂푐푛 − 퐻푦푠 > 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ
PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbor becomes better than threshold2: A5 (푀푝 + 퐻푦푠 < 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ1) & (푀푛 + 푂푓푛 + 푂푐푛 − 퐻푦푠 > 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ2)
A6 Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell: (Rel-10) 푀푛 + 푂푐푛 − 퐻푦푠 > 푀푠 + 푂푐푠 + 푂푓푓
B1 Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold:푀푛 + 푂푓푛 − 퐻푦푠 < 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ
PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbor becomes better than B2 threshold2: (푀푝 + 퐻푦푠 < 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ1) & (푀푛 + 푂푓푛 − 퐻푦푠 > 푇ℎ푟푒푠ℎ2)
Mserving/Mn/Mp/Ms: measurement result of serving cell/neighbor cell/Pcell/SCell Of/Oc: frequency/cell specific offset PCell: Primary (serving) Cell SCell: Secondary (serving) Cell <- carrier aggregation 148 . 3GPP, "TS 36.331 V10.5.0 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol specification (Release 10)," ed, 2012. Measurements : Reference Signal Received Power RSRP UEs measure RSRP over the cell-specific RSs Periodic measurement Intra-freq.: 200ms Inter-freq.: 480ms (proportion to the DRX cycle) Requirements intra-frequency: 8 cells inter-frequency: 4 cells * 3 carriers = 12 cells
149 Measurements : Reference Signal Received Quality Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) 푅푆푅푃 푆 푆퐼푁푅 RSRQ = ∝ = 푅푆푆퐼 푆+퐼+푁 1+푆퐼푁푅 RSSI the total received power • interference from all sources • serving and nonserving cells • adjacent channel interference and thermal noise LTE Rel-8 RSRQ was applicable only in RRC_CONNECTED state • Handover LTE Rel-9 RSRQ was also introduced for RRC_IDLE • Cell reselection
150 RSSI : Received Signal Strength Indicator Measurements : System Information Blocks SIB Contents
MIB • parameters which are essential for a UE’s initial access to the network
parameters needed to determine if a cell is suitable for cell selection SIB1 • • information about the time-domain scheduling of the other SIBs
SIB2 • common and shared channel information
parameters used to control intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter- SIB3-8 • RAT cell reselection
SIB9 • signal the name of a Home eNodeB (HeNBs)
SIB10-12 • ETWS notifications and CMAS warning messages
SIB13 • MBMS related control information
ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Service CMAS: Commercial Mobile Alert System 151 MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services Measurements : RRC messages to transfer SI (example) MIB(SIB1) message is carried by PBCH(PDSCH) created every 40(80) msec broadcasted every 10(20) msec Other SI messages are created and broadcasted dynamically on the PDSCH
Message Content Period Applicability MIB Most essential parameter 40 ms Idle/connected SIB1 Cell access related parameters, scheduling information 80 ms Idle/connected 1st SI SIB2: Common and shared channel configuration 160 ms Idle/connected 2nd SI SIB3: Common cell reselection information and intra-frequency cell 320 ms Idle only reselection parameters other than the neighbouring cell information SIB4: Intra-frequency neighbouring cell Information 3rd SI SIB5: Inter-frequency cell reselection information 640 ms Idle only 4th SI SIB6: UTRA cell reselection information 640 ms Idle only SIB7: GERAN cell reselection information PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel 152 SFN: System Frame Number Paging
Paging UEUE eNBeNB MMEMME transmit paging Monitor PDCCH at certain UE-specific subframes
TA: Tracking Area PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier 153 P-RNTI: Paging RNTI ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning service Paging : Tracking Area TAI: Global Unique ID PLMN ID + TAC In order to paging, MME needs TAI Ex) MME1 sends paging to UE1 => broadcast all the eNBs in TAI1 & TAI2 TAI list UE receives TAI list when it is connected TAU UEUE MMEMME When UE move out from own TAI list
155 Radio Resource Management : RRM Functions Power control Scheduling Cell search Cell reselection Handover Radio link or connection monitoring Connection establishment and re-establishment Interference management Location services Self-Optimizing network (SON) Network planning
156 Radio Resource Management : LTE RRM Characteristic Characteristics Details Interference fluctuation • Fast time and frequency domain scheduling Wide range of DRX • DRX: 0~2.5 sec LTE, 3GPP & non-3GPP legacy RATs Different RATs • • Different channel structure Macro / femto / pico Various cell sizes • • A few ‘m’ ~ tens of ‘km’ Various frame structure • FDD(synchronized or unsynchronized), TDD
Measurements & reports Low latency requirements • • HO
157 MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service Power Control
LTE power control is not as critical as in WCDMA LTE uplink resources are orthogonal -> no intra-cell interference (theory) frequency selective scheduling
Power Control Maximize system capacity Minimize inter-cell interference
158 SRSs: Sounding Reference Signals RB: Resource Block RE: Resource Element Power Control : UL Power Control Uplink power control: PUSCH, PUCCH and the SRSs (unit of RB) 푷 = 푷푶 + 휶 ∙ 푷푳 + ∆푻푭 +풇풄 Semi-static basic open-loop operating point
푷푶: cell specific power level 휶: factor to trade off the fairness of uplink scheduling against total cell capacity • PUCCH: always 훼 = 1 -> maximize fairness for cell edge UE 푷푳: downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE dynamic offset updated from subframe to subframe
∆푻푭: MCS dependent power offset 풇풄: TPC command related power • TPC command: relative power offset comparing to its previous Tx power, or absolute power
SRSs: Sounding Reference Signals RB: Resource Block RE: Resource Element TPC: Transmitter Power Control . 3GPP, "TS 36.213 v10.6.0 LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures 159 (Release 10)," July 2012. Power Control : DL Power Allocation PDSCH power to RS, where NO RSs are present, is UE specific and signaled Downlink power allocation (unit of RE) by higher layer as 푃퐴(휌퐴). Cell specific RS EPRE (Energy per RE) (ex. -4.77dB) : semi-static (eNB signals UE) For PDSCH power in same symbol as RS an additional 푬푷푹푬푷푫푺푪푯 = 푬푷푹푬푹푺 + 흆푨 퐨퐫 푩 cell specific offset is applied, that is signaled by 휌퐴 = 훿푝표푤푒푟−표푓푓푠푒푡 + 푃퐴 + 10log 푘 higher layers as 푃퐵(휌퐵) (ex. -3.98dB) 훿푝표푤푒푟−표푓푓푠푒푡: 0dB for all Cell-specific EPRE transmission modes RS power, signaled in except multi-user MIMO SIB2 (-60~50dBm) 푃퐴: UE specific parameter from higher layer 휌퐴 푘: 2 (transmit diversity PDCCH 푃퐵 with 4 antenna ports) power or 1 (otherwise) depending on 휌퐴/휌퐵 휌퐵 = 푃퐵 + 휌퐴 푃 : cell specific parameter Subcarrier 퐵 Index[f] from higher layer RE: Resource Element . 3GPP, "TS 36.213 v10.6.0 LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures 160 (Release 10)," July 2012. Cell Search
Cell Search UE acquires the carrier frequency, timing and cell identity of cells Cell search within E-UTRAN Identify one of the 504 unique Physical Cell Identities (PCIs) Requirements Maximum permissible cell identification delay(∝ DRX cycle) Minimum synchronization signal quality
푬 풔: the energy per Resource Element (RE) of the synchronization signal
푰풐풕: total received energy of noise and interference on the same RE
Case Max. Delay Min. 푬 풔/푰풐풕 Intra-frequency 800ms -6dB DRX (0~40ms) Inter-frequency 3.84s -4dB DRX(0~160ms) 161 Radio Link Failure Handling
1st phase Layer 1 monitors downlink quality and indicates problems to RRC RRC filters L1 indications and starts a timer if no recovery within 1st phase, triggers 2nd phase Layer 2 monitors random access attempts and indicates problems to RRC RRC triggers 2nd phase 2nd phase – Radio Link Failure (RLF): Possible recovery through an RRC Connection Reestablishment procedure reestablishment may be performed in any cell to which the UE’s context is made available If no recovery within 2nd phase, UE goes autonomously to IDLE
162 Inter-Cell Interference
LTE is designed for frequency reuse 1 (To maximize spectrum efficiency) All the neighbor cells are using same frequency channels no cell-planning to deal with the interference issues Shared channels RB scheduled to cell edge user can be in high interference ->low throughput / call drops Control channels Neighbor interference -> radio link failures at cell edge.
163 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
ICIC mitigates interference on traffic channels only Power and frequency domain to mitigate cell-edge interference from neighbor cells X2 interface is used to share the information between the eNBs
A.Neighbor eNBs use different sets of RBs improves cell-edge SINR decrease in total throughput B.Center users: complete range of RBs Cell-edge users: different sets of RBs C.Scheme B + different power schemes For center/cell edge user: low/high power 164 Session 3. Control Plane Protocol C-Plane Overview Mobility Control Radio Resource Management Summary of C-Plane: Initial Attach Procedure
165 Summary of Control Plane : Initial Attach Procedure Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
S-GW: Serving Gateway P-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway HSS: Home Subscriber Server PCRF: Policy and Charging Rule Function SPR: Subscriber Profile Repository IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 166 . http://www.netmanias.com/bbs/view.php?id=techdocs&no=74 Summary of Control Plane : Acquisition of IMSI Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
167 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : Acquisition of IMSI
GUMMEI: Globally Unique MME ID ECGI: E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier TAI:Tracking Area Identity 168 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : Authentication Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
169 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : Authentication
MCC: Mobile Country Code MNC: Mobile Network Code PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network ID PLMN=MCC+MNC 170 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : NAS Security Setup Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
171 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : NAS Security Setup
172 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : Location Update Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
173 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : Location Update
APN: Access Point Name QCI: QoS Class identifier ARP: Allocation and Retention Priority AMBR: Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate 174 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : EPS Session Establishment Summary of Initial Attach Procedure
175 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : EPS Session Establishment (1)
TEID: Tunnel Endpoint ID 176 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : EPS Session Establishment (2)
TEID: Tunnel Endpoint ID 177 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : EPS Session Establishment (3)
178 . Netmanias, “EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편),” September, 2011 Summary of Control Plane : EPS Session Establishment (4)
179 Summary of Control Plane
3 1 2 4 5
7 9 6
8 EMM- Registered
180 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
181 LTE-Advanced: Five Major Technologies
• Inter-Cell eNB Interference Coordination • Self-Optimizing Network Relay
Heterogeneous Coordinated Carrier Relay MIMO Network Multipoint Aggregation
• VoLTE
Pico Cell 8X8 Band A CC1 CC2 CC3 ... f Macro Cell eNB
Femto Cell HeNB 182 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
183 Network Densification
Homogeneous network Heterogeneous network
184 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 Heterogeneous Networks
Objective Coverage extension Interference mitigation Capacity increase Nodes Macro cells (eNBs) RRH (Remote Radio Head) Antenna extension with wired backhaul (Fiber) Small cells Tx power: 46 dBm Relay Perform a role of eNB in a UE perspective Wireless backhaul Tx power: 30 dBm Pico cells (Pico eNBs) Similar to macro eNBs but with lower power Wired backhaul (X2 interface) Tx power: 23-30 dBm Femto cells (HeNBs) CSG/OSG/Hybrid Indoor deployment by the customer usually without planning HeNB gateway can (optionally) be deployed to manage a large number of HeNBs (Rel-9/10) High speed internet access for backhaul Tx power: <23 dBm
CSG: Closed Subscriber Group OSG: Open Subscriber Group D Lopez-Perez, A Valcarce, G De La Roche, J Zhang, “Enhanced intercell interference coordination challenges in 185 heterogeneous networks”. IEEE Wirel Commun. 18(3), 22–30, 2011 Heterogeneous Networks
Core Network
Wireless Internet
High speed Internet X2 interface Fiber Macro Femto Pico Relay
RRH
Khandekar, A.; Bhushan, N.; Ji Tingfang; Vanghi, V., "LTE-Advanced: Heterogeneous networks," Wireless Conference 186 (EW), 2010 European , vol., no., pp.978,982, 12-15 April 2010 Heterogeneous Networks : Hot issues for Small cell Networks Dual connectivity UE maintain connections with macro cell and small cell Macro cell manages the C-plane of UE connections Small cell manages only U-plane protocols of UE connections Mobility enhancement Lite handover algorithm to reduce handover overhead between macro cell and small cell User-centric cooperative handover scheme Interference handling Interference between macro cell and small cell, small cell and small cell Transmission power control of small cell according to amount of traffic Bandwidth sectoring for small cells
윤영우, “3GPP LTE Rel-12 & Onwards 주요 요소 기술 및 표준 동향”, 전자공학회지, 제 40권 4호, pp.328-339, 187 2013년 4월. Heterogeneous Networks : Hot issues for Small cell Networks Cell discovery Efficient cell searching considering small cell interferences and plenty of cells Effective cell discovery considering unplanned small cells Improved spectral efficiency High modulation scheme (e.g. 256QAM) with high received power in small cells Reducing reference signal overhead
윤영우, “3GPP LTE Rel-12 & Onwards 주요 요소 기술 및 표준 동향”, 전자공학회지, 제 40권 4호, pp.328-339, 188 2013년 4월. Heterogeneous Networks : Current works Cloud-RAN* (삼성전자) Separate Digital Unit and Radio Unit in eNB CCC (Cloud control center) control multiple RRH Support CA, CoMP, ICIC(Inter-cell interference) Inter-eNB CA is an alternative to fiber based cloud-RAN
*3GPP, RWS-120010, NTT DOCOMO, “Requirements, Candidate Solutions & Technology 190 Roadmap for LTE Rel-12 Onward,” June 2012. Heterogeneous Networks : Current works Soft Cell* (Ericsson & ST-Ericsson) Dual connectivity – anchor and booster carriers Logical connection on anchor and booster carrier Does not necessarily imply simultaneous UE physical-layer Rx/Tx of booster and anchor carrier(s)
Anchor carrier Booster carrier Macro node connection Pico node connection (when beneficial) System information, basic RRC Offloading of large data volumes Low-rate/high-reliability user data Ultra-lean transmissions, minimum amount of Based on Rel-8 – Rel-11 structures overhead
System information
Anchor
Booster
191 * 3GPP, RWS-120003, Ericsson & ST-Ericsson, “Views on Rel-12,” June 2012. Heterogeneous Networks : Current works Hyper-dense LTE network* (Qualcomm) Capacity is increased with a dense deployment of self-backhauled small cells (“3rd layer of small cell”)
192 * 3GPP, RWS-120007, Qualcomm, “3GPP RAN Rel-12 & Beyond,” June 2012. Heterogeneous Networks : Current works Handover between macro cell and femto cell HeNB compared to eNB Small coverage Low tx power Random deployment by users Indoor deployment
eNB eNB • Symmetric signal power • Lower interference • Same tx power of neighbor eNBs
eNBHeNB • Asymmetric signal power • Higher interference from eNB to HeNB • Large PL due to wall-loss • Higher interference -> worse HeNB RSRQ
• Require different event for HO decision Relative value Absolute value 193 Heterogeneous Networks : Current works Femto cell Handover Inbound handover Femto-to-femto handover Outbound handover
194 • Femto Satisfaction A4event Femto cell inbound handover: Macro Macro handover: inbound cell Femto HO triggering HO triggering condition - UE satisfies HeNB Signal powerlevel: >>femto macro eNB > HO S requestto
Measured value cell threshold
Macro cell A4 푀 Inbound 푛푒𝑖푔ℎ푏표푟 condition condition during TTT - eNB eNB − ℎ푦푠푡 - > HO TTT
location > HO ( 푡ℎ푟푒푠ℎ표푙푑 execution HO delay HO
Femto cell 아주대 - hyst > Femto cell > Femto • ) HO execution • completion H/O 195 Femto cell Inbound HO : SI Measurement (아주대) System Information Essential parameters by which the network can control the cell selection process In the macro HO procedure, the UE gets the SI of target cell from serving eNB But, in the inbound HO from macro cell to CSG cell S-GW don’t manage the cell information of femto cells UE have to measure SI of target cells
. C.-H. Lee and J.-H. Kim, “System Information Acquisition Schemes for Fast Scanning of Femtocells in 3GPP LTE 196 Networks,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 131–134, Jan. 2013. Femto cell Inbound HO : SI Measurement (아주대) Serial methods UE measures MIB & SIB1 packets cell-by-cell Scheduled/Autonomous Parallel method UE measures all MIB packets UE measures SIB1 packets in order of the expected arrival time. Autonomous
. C.-H. Lee and J.-H. Kim, “System Information Acquisition Schemes for Fast Scanning of Femtocells in 3GPP LTE 197 Networks,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 131–134, Jan. 2013. Femto cell Inbound HO : SI Measurement (아주대) Simulation environment • Assumption OPNET – UE find 6 femtocells during every neighbor search
• Simulation parameters
. C.-H. Lee and J.-H. Kim, “System Information Acquisition Schemes for Fast Scanning of Femtocells in 3GPP LTE 198 Networks,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 131–134, Jan. 2013. Femto cell Inbound HO : SI Measurement (아주대)
Measurement Delay Scheduled > Autonomous methods Serial > Parallel methods However, autonomous methods have possibility of packet drop, because the serving cell cannot know whether the UE is disconnected or not 199 : Market Status HeterogeneousNetwork * Informa Telecoms & Media,Telecoms “Small cell Market StatusMarket cell“Small ,” ,” 2013. 2.
Number of companies 200 Heterogeneous Network : Market Status
Selection of pricing models for Femtocell deployment segmentation femtocell services according to target group
Pricing Number of Market Deployment examples Target model deployme Examples Group nts Add-ons for MOLD TELECOM, unlimited Vodafone UK, AT&T, Sprint, YES OPTUS Consumer 26 calling Cosmote
Softbank, T-Mobile UK, Network Free Enterprise 6 Vodafone(Greece), SFR Norway, Orange France Consumer Consumer Vodafone NZ, Verizon Low upfront Vodafone(UK, Italy, & 8 Wireless, Sprint fee Hungary), Verizon Enterprise
Sprint, Movistar, NTT Vodafone Qatar, SK Monthly fee Public 5 DoCoMo Telecom, TOT Thailand High upfront Softbank (using Enterprise All operators Rural 1 fee satellite backhaul) 201 * Informa Telecoms & Media, “Small cell Market Status,” 2013. 2. Heterogeneous Network : Market Status
Launch Company Country Offering Example Pricing Capabilities date Consumer and Enterprise: US$4.99 per month Up to 6 users 2007 .9 Airave (US$10 for unlimited Sprint US calling, US$20 for family plans) Consumer and Enterprise: US$249.99 Up to 3 users 2009.1 Verizon US Network Extender Consumer: Sure Various options£50 Up to 4 users 2009. 7 Vodafone UK Signal(UMTS/HSPA) upfrontFree 2010. 1 for >£45 contracts Consumer: 3G MicroCell US$159 Up to 4 3G 2009.9 at&t US users Consumer: Home €199 upfront Up to 4 3G 2009.11 SFR France 3G(UMTS/HSPA) users NTT Consumer: My US$10 per month Up to 4 3G 2009.11 Japan Docomo Area(UMTS/HSPA) users
202 * Informa Telecoms & Media, “Small cell Market Status,” 2012. 6. Heterogeneous Network : Market Status
Launch Company Country Offering Example Pricing Capabilities date Consumer: Femtocell Up to 4 3G Softbank Japan Free of charge 2010. 6 service(WCDMA) users Free of charge (in Consumer: au Femtocell Up to 4 3G KDDI Japan coverage 2010. 6 (CDMA2000 1xEV-DO) users deadspots) South Public: Femtocells for Deployed in public Up to 4 3G SKtelecom 2010.12 Korea data offload areas users Consumer: Consumer/Ent Consumer and Enteprise: Vodafone Italy €240Enterprise: erprise: Up to 2011. 5 Booster PrivatiBooster €780 4/8 users Upfront fee: Enterprise: Couverture Site €1,400Monthly fee: Orange France Up to 4 users 2011. 5 Confort €70Multi-FAP plans available
203 * Informa Telecoms & Media, “Small cell Market Status,” 2012. 6. Heterogeneous Network : Commercial Products in Korea Service providers deploy small cells
SKT 2010.12: 3G femto cell 2011. 5: 3G femto cell + WiFi AP 2012. 5: LTE femto cell + WiFi AP Power over Ethernet 2013. 4: Femto Remote Solution Reduce Femto cell interference KT 3G femto cell VDSL No HO supported 2012. 6: LTE femto cell 100Mbps optical fiber 2013. 6: Home Femto cell LGU+ 2013.7: LTE femto cell Use different carrier frequency with macro cell
204 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
205 Introduction
Relays in UMTS and Release 8 of LTE Relay node: Repeater Features Amplify and forward the radio frequency signal received from a macro BS Used to improve coverage Drawbacks of repeater Signal quality is degraded Consume additional OPEX Relay The additional network nodes are designed to complement a macro-cellular network of regular eNodeBs with reduced cost Expanding coverage Increasing capacity Features RNs are under the full control of the radio access network Processes and forward the received signal • 3 types operations: Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3 Occur processing delay compared to repeater
Amplified Amplified Processed signal signal signal
Donor Donor Repeater eNodeB RN Repeater eNodeB RN
Transmission occasion 1 Transmission occasion 2 206 RN: Relay Node Introduction
Relay architecture Network architecture and interfaces - Un: Backhaul interface - X2: inter-connect eNodeBs - S1: connects the eNodeB to the EPC - S11: connects between MME and S- GW on the control plane
Proxy like functionality - The donor eNodeB appears to the RN ①as an MME(for S1) ②as an eNodeB(for X2) ③as an S-GW(for S11) EPC: Evolved Packet Core 207 Introduction
Terminology in 3GPP Terminology Description Donor eNodeB/cell Source eNodeB/cell Relay cell Coverage area of the RN Backhaul link Link between the donor eNodeB and the RN Access Link Link between the RN and a UE Direct link Link between the donor eNodeB and a UE Inband/outband Using same/different carrier frequency for access and backhaul link Half/full duplex RN cannot/can receive on the link at the same time Donor/Coverage antenna Used for backhaul/access link
Backhaul downlink
Backhaul uplink
Direct downlink Access downlink
Direct uplink
Access uplink
Donor Relay eNodeB cell UE RN UE Donor cell 208 Introduction
Deployment scenarios (a) Cell coverage extension (b) Outdoor capacity boost
Donor Donor RN eNodeB RN eNodeB
(c) Indoor coverage enhancement (d) Dead spot mitigation
Donor Donor eNodeB RN eNodeB RN 209 Introduction
Protocol functionality of RNs Relay type Characteristics LTE consideration * RF processing Layer 1 - baseband processing (FEC) - do not include scheduling functions * RF processing * MAC function Studied for LTE-A Layer 2 - scheduling but not adopted - support RLC(ARQ) - segmentation/concatenation functions * RF processing * MAC function * PDCP Layer 3 - header compression Support LTE-A - security - handover * PCI signaled by the PSS/SSS to support cell search
PCI: Physical Cell-ID PSS/SSS: Primary/Secondary Synchronization Signal RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol 210 Introduction
Protocol functionality of RNs Protocol stack for Layer 1 RN
Protocol stack for Layer 2 RN
Protocol stack for Layer 3 RN
211 Functions of Relay nodes
Backhaul and access resource sharing RN competes for radio resources with UEs in the donor eNodeB’s cell coverage areas On the backhaul link • RN has to receive and transmit signals from and to the donor eNodeB On the access link • RN has to transmit and receive signals to and from the UEs Coordination or separation is necessary in order to avoid the transmitted signal of the RN causing interference to its own receiver Separation in frequency Outband RNs(i.e. Type 1a RNs) use different frequencies for the backhaul and access links Interference can occur due to out-of-band and spurious emissions
212 Functions of Relay nodes
Backhaul and access resource sharing(Con’t) Separation in time Realized by time-division multiplexing within the same spectrum Connection lost problem of UE • Arbitrary time were used for backhaul downlink reception at the RN » No access link transmissions from the RN at these times » A UE could lose its connection to the RN due of the lack of RSs Solution • Design certain subframe MBSFN • RN has to transmit control signals and RSs in the first 1 or 2 OFDM symbols for UE
RS: Reference Signal MBSFN: Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network 213 Functions of Relay nodes
RN initialization and configuration RN initialization is similar to the process of a UE performing Difference • S-GW/P-GW functionality is performed by the donor eNodeB Enable RN functionality after initial attachment Phase I • Retrieves initial configuration parameters from an RN O&M server, including a list of donor eNodeBs to attach Phase II • RN connects to a donor eNodeB selected from the list • The donor eNodeB distinguish between RN subscription and UE subscription » Obtain the information from the subscription profile in the HSS related to the USIM in the RN • The donor eNodeB provides the S-GW/P-GW like functions
HSS: Home Subscriber Server USIM: Universal Subscriber Identity Module 214 Functions of Relay nodes
Backhaul scheduling Outband RN Can schedule an outband RN for backhaul uplink and downlink just like any UE Inband Type 1(half-duplex) RN Required information for scheduling • Which subframes are available for backhaul link » Dictated by the MBSFN subframe configuration advertised by the RN • The availability of transmission resources for feedback FDD operation • Subframes configured for backhaul transmission follow a periodicity of 8ms » Use 8-bit bitmap to configure the downlink backhaul subframes » Uplink backhaul subframe 4ms later is configured TDD operation • Seven uplink-downlink configurations • RN needs to support five of these configurations for the access link 215 Functions of Relay nodes
Backhaul scheduling(Con’t) TDD operation Example • TDD subframe configurations 0 1 2 3 4 Backhaul downlink5 6 7 8 9 Backhaul uplink 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 3 Access downlink6 7 4 5 8 9 6 7 8 9 Access uplink 0 Donor 1 2 3 4 5 6 eNodeB 7 8 9 RN UE Backhaul link subframe Access link subframe Access link special subframe
* Special subframe - Serves as a switching point between downlink to uplink transmission 216 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying
Capacity on general Gaussian relay channel Received Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) 2 N : One-sided power spectral densities HPj, i i j ji H , NW ji, : Channel coefficients capture the effects of path-loss and j shadowing Capacity
CWdirect log12, j i Shannon capacity Capacity when the RN is present Consider total information flows across a set of ‘cuts’ (cut-set bound*)
CWcutset max min log2 1 1 2,1 3,123,1,log 3,23,1 1 3,2 01
: Amount of correlation between the signals Xt 1 and Xt 2
2,1 3,2
3,1 217 * T. M. Cover and A. A. El Gamal, ‘Capacity Theorems for the Relay Channel’, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Vol. 25, pp. 572–584, September 1979. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
218 eICIC
eICIC (enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) HetNet (Heterogeneous Networks) has different interference scenarios from a homogeneous macro cell network Desired signal (from pico eNodeB) << Interference (from macro eNodeB) = > Need enhanced interference control technique In Release 8, power setting and frequency-domain scheduling to mitigate the interference In Release 10, added the time-domain-based ICIC for interference mitigation of the control channels Overall objective of eICIC To mute certain subframes of one layer of cells in order to reduce the interference to the other layer = > ABS (Almost Blank Subframe)
219 * S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, “LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition”. eICIC
The frequency domain ICIC is not sufficient Because DL control channels (PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH) are spread over the entire system bandwidth With a cell-specific interleaving structure
ICIC in time domain is necessary PCFICH: physical control format indicator channel PHICH: physical HARQ indicator channel PDCCH: physical download control channel 220 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 eICIC : Cell Range Extension The current “cell selection” algorithm is DL oriented not the optimum for UL DL tx power: macro >>> small cell
Extended area
Ptx_MC < Ptx_SC Small Cell Macro Cell Ptx_MC > Ptx_SC
Cell range extension (CRE) However, it may decrease signal quality in extended area
221 eICIC : Almost Blank Subframes ABSs (Almost Blank Subframes) Subframes with reduced downlink transmission power and/or activity ABSs configured by a macro cell Pico cell UEs send their data during ABSs and avoid interference from macro cell For backward compatibility, CRS, PSS, SSS, PCH, PBCH must also be transmitted in ABSs
* 그림 출처 : http://4g-lte-world.blogspot.kr/
* 윤영우, “LTE-Advanced 표준 기술 (REL-10 동향 및 REL-11 전망)”, 한국통신학회지(정보와통신), 2011.5 222 eICIC : an Example of ABS with 3-layers
A A A A A A B B B B B B S S S S S S t Macro Cells
t
Pico Cellss
A A A A A A B B B B B B S S S S S S t Femto Cells
223 eICIC : Almost Blank Subframes Centralized concept (macro + femto scenario) Muting patterns are assumed to be statically configured from OAM Both macro and HeNB needs to know the muting pattern: HeNB will apply the muting pattern (i.e. will mute some of its subframes) Macro-eNB needs to know so it only schedule its users close to non- allowed CSG HeNBs during muted subframes + can configured Rel-10 UEs with appropriate measurement restrictions. Distributed concept (macro + pico scenario) Muting patterns are assumed to be dynamically configured, assisted by new X2 signalling introduced in Rel-10. Both macro and pico needs to know the muting pattern: Macro-eNB will apply the muting pattern (i.e. will mute some of its subframes) Pico-eNB needs to know so it only schedule its users with large range extension during muted subframes + can configured Rel-10 UE measurement restrictions for those UEs.
224 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 eICIC : Almost Blank Subframes Exchange of ABS information over the X2 interface ABS information can be signalled from macro cell to pico cell ※ In CSG cases (from macro cell to femto cell), ABS configuration is performed through O&M (Operation and Maintenance)
* S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, “LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition”. 225 eICIC : [X2-AP] LOAD INFORMATION msg This msg is sent by an eNB to neighboring eNBs to transfer load and interference coordination information
IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and r Semantics d Criticality Assigned Cr eference escription iticality Message Type M 9.2.13 YES ignore Cell Information M YES ignore >Cell Information Item 1 ..
226 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol eICIC : LOAD INFORMATION msg ABS information in IE This IE provides information about which sub frames the sending eNB is configuring as ABSs and which subset of ABSs are recommended for configuring measurements towards the UE. Macro can signal ABS muting pattern to the pico nodes in ABS information IE. A neighbouring macro-cell receiving this information may aim at using similar muting pattern (but it is optional if macro-eNB follows such recommendation). Invoke information IE This IE provides an indication about which type of information the sending eNB would like the receiving eNB to send back. Can be used by pico nodes to suggest macro-eNB to start scheduling ABS, i.e. that the pico serves UEs suffering high interference.
227 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol eICIC : ABS Information IE (con’t)
IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and r Semantics description eference CHOICE ABS Information M – – >FDD – – >>ABS Pattern Info M BIT STRING Each position in the bitmap represe (SIZE(40)) nts a DL subframe, for which value "1" indicates ‘ABS’ and value "0" in dicates ’non ABS’. The first position of the ABS pattern corresponds to subframe 0 in a radi o frame where SFN = 0. The ABS p attern is continuously repeated in al l radio frames. The maximum number of subframe s is 40.
>>Number Of Cell-speci M ENUMERATE P (number of antenna ports for cell- fic Antenna Ports D (1, 2, 4, …) specific reference signals) defined i n TS 36.211 [10]
>>Measurement Subset M BIT STRING ( Indicates a subset of the ABS Patte SIZE(40)) rn Info above, and is used to config ure specific measurements towards the UE.
228 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol eICIC : ABS Information IE
IE/Group Name Presence Rang IE type and ref Semantics description e erence CHOICE ABS Information M – – >TDD – – >>ABS Pattern Info M BIT STRING (1..7 Each position in the bitmap represents a sub 0, ...) frame. Value "1" indicates ‘ABS’ and value " 0" indicates ’non ABS’ which is applicable on ly in positions corresponding to the DL direct ion. The maximum number of subframes depend s on UL/DL subframe configuration. The maximum number of subframes is 20 for UL/DL subframe configuration 1~5; 60 for U L/DL subframe configuration 6; 70 for UL/DL subframe configuration 0. UL/DL subframe configuration defined in TS 36.211 [10]. The first position of the ABS pattern corresp onds to subframe 0 in a radio frame where S FN = 0. The ABS pattern is continuously rep eated in all radio frames, and restarted each time SFN = 0. >>Number Of Cell-specific M ENUMERATED ( P (number of antenna ports for cell-specific r Antenna Ports 1, 2, 4, …) eference signals) defined in TS 36.211 [10] >>Measurement Subset M BIT STRING (1..7 Indicates a subset of the ABS Pattern Info a 0, ...) bove, and is used to configure specific meas urements towards the UE >ABS Inactive M NULL Indicates that interference coordination by means of almost blank sub frames is not a ctive
229 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol eICIC : Invoke Information IE
IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and reference Semantics descr iption
Invoke Indication M ENUMERATED (ABS Informa – tion, …)
230 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol eICIC : ABS Status IE The ABS Status IE is used to aid the eNB designating ABS to evaluate the need for modification of the ABS pattern
IE/Group Name Prese Ran IE type and reference Semantics description nce ge DL ABS status M INTEGER (0..100) Percentage of used ABS resources. The numerator of the percentage calc ulation consists of resource blocks within the ABS indicated in the Usable ABS Pattern Info IE allocated by the eNB2 for UEs needing protection by A BS from inter-cell interference for DL scheduling, or allocated by the eNB2 f or other reasons (e.g. some control channels). The denominator of the per centage calculation is the total quantity of resource blocks within the ABS i ndicated in the Usable ABS Pattern Info IE. CHOICE Usable ABS M – – Information >FDD – – >>Usable ABS Pat M BIT STRING (SIZE(40)) Each position in the bitmap represents a subframe, for which value "1" indi tern Info cates ‘ABS that has been designated as protected from inter-cell interferen ce by the eNB1, and available to serve this purpose for DL scheduling in th e eNB2’ and value "0" is used for all other subframes. The pattern represented by the bitmap is a subset of, or the same as, the c orresponding ABS Pattern Info IE conveyed in the LOAD INFORMATION message from the eNB1. >TDD – – >>Usable ABS Pat M BIT STRING (1..70) Each position in the bitmap represents a subframe, for which value "1" indi tern Info cates ‘ABS that has been designated as protected from inter-cell interferen ce by the eNB1, and available to serve this purpose for DL scheduling in th e eNB2’ and value "0" is used for all other subframes. The pattern represented by the bitmap is a subset of, or the same as, the c orresponding ABS Pattern Info IE conveyed in the LOAD INFORMATION message from the eNB1.
231 . 3GPP TS 36.423, E-UTRAN; X2 Application Protocol FeICIC in Rel-11
eICIC is introduced in LTE Rel-10 and further enhanced in Rel-11 eICIC = enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination FeICIC = Further enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination eICIC consists of three design principles Time domain interference management (Rel-10) Severe interference limits the association of terminals to low power cells Cell range expansion (Rel-10/11) Time domain resource partitioning enables load balancing between high and low power cells Resource partitioning needs to adapt to traffic load Interference cancellation receiver in the terminal (Rel-11/12) Ensures that weak cells can be detected Inter cell interference cancellation for control signals (pilots, synchronization signals) Ensures that remaining interference is removed Inter cell interference cancellation for control and data channels (PDCCH/PDSCH)
232 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
233 Self-Optimizing Networks
Tool to derive the best performance in a cost-effective manner Especially in changing radio environments Allows the network operator to automate key aspects of the network configuration processes Reduces the need for centralized planning and human intervention Initial deployment (Rel. 8) Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) Self-configuration of the eNodeB and MME Automatic Physical Cell Identity (PCI) configuration Optimization (Rel. 9) Mobility Load Balancing (MBL) Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) Random Access Channel (RACH) optimization Advanced optimization (Rel. 10)
234 Automatic Neighbor Relation Function (ANRF)
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier (ECGI) 3 bytes carrying the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) ID And 28 bits to identify the cell within that PLMN Procedure When an eNB receives from a UE a PCI of a neighbor cell as part of a normal measurement report, and the eNB does not recognize the PCI eNB can instruct the UE to execute a new dedicated reporting procedure which uses the newly discovered PCI as a parameter UE reports system information of the detected neighboring cell (ECGI, Tracking Area Code (TAC), PLMN IDs)
235 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Self-Configuration of eNB and MME
Self-Configuration of eNB/MME over S1 The list of MME nodes of the pool area together with an initial corresponding remote IP address can be directly configured in the eNB at deployment For each MME the eNB tries to initialize a SCTP association as described in IETF RFC 4960, until SCTP connectivity is established Once the eNB has initiated a SCTP association with the MME Some application-level configuration data can be exchanged • Tracking Area identities, lists of PLMNs of different operators who may be sharing the network, Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) IDs Self-Configuration of IP address and X2 interface Automatic initialization of the X2 interface The eNB identifies a suitable neighbor The eNB retrieves a suitable IP address for this neighbor if not already available and sets up an SCTP association with it The two eNBs exchange configuration data
236 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Automatic Configuration of PCI
PCI collision / Cell confusion When two neighboring cells broadcast the same PCI UE cannot determine which one of these two cells should be the handover target Inter-cell interference may be increased SON solution Exchange of PCI values between neighbor eNBs during the X2 Setup procedure In both the ‘X2 SETUP REQUEST’ and the ‘X2 SETUP RESPONSE’ messages an eNB can include the list of PCI values used by its own cells used by the ‘direct neighbors’ of its own cells eNB can easily identify any collision, can decide to change the PCI Can signal the change to its neighbors in an ‘eNB CONFIGURATION UPDATE’
237 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization
Load Exchange A requesting eNB sends a ‘RESOURCE STATUS REQUEST’ message to request a load report from some of its neighbors Can simultaneously request multiple types of load report May be directed at multiple cells of the receiving eNB The reporting eNB sends a ‘RESOURCE STATUS RESPONSE/UPDATE’ Reported information types Radio resource usage (UL/DL PRB GBR/non-GBR/total usage) HW load indicator (UL/DL HW load: low, mid, high, overload) TNL(Transport Network Layer) load indicator (UL/DL TNL load: low, mid, high, overload) (Optionally) Cell Capacity Class value (UL/DL relative capacity indicator: the same scale shall apply to E-UTRAN, UTRAN and GERAN cells when mapping cell capacities on this value) Capacity value (UL/DL available capacity for load balancing as percentage of total cell capacity)
238 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization
Handover Parameter Optimization eNBs may take action such as deciding to handover some UEs to cells which are less loaded The overloaded cell shifts the handover trigger threshold In order to avoid a pingpong effect • The lightly loaded cell shift its corresponding threshold in the opposite direction • Lightly loaded cell must be made aware of the change in the overloaded cell ‘Handover Parameter Negotiation’ procedure • eNB send a ‘MOBILITY CHANGE REQUEST’ message to another to indicate the parameter shift
239 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Mobility Robustness Optimization (1/3)
Detecting and preventing connection failures that occur as a result of mobility Too Late Handover RLF occurs after the UE has stayed for a long period of time in the cell Too Early Handover RLF occurs shortly after a successful handover from a source cell to a target cell or a HOF occurs during the handover procedure Handover to Wrong Cell RLF occurs shortly after a successful handover from a source cell to a target cell or a HOF occurs during the handover procedure
Too early Too late Target cell
Signal strength Signal Source cell
Time 240 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Mobility Robustness Optimization (2/3)
RLF Indication After a UE re-establishes the radio link at eNB B after a failure at eNB A The RLF INDICATION message is sent from eNB B to eNB A Failure Cell ID: PCI of the cell in which the UE was connected prior to the failure occurred Reestablishment Cell ID: ECGI of the cell where RL re-establishment attempt is made C-RNTI: C-RNTI of the UE in the cell where UE was connected prior to the failure occurred shortMAC-I (optionally): the 16 least significant bits of the MAC-I calculated using the security configuration of the source cell and the re-establishment cell identity UE RLF Report Container (optionally): the RLF Report received from the UE, as specified in TS 36.331 Reestablishment Cause (optionally): provided by the UE during the RRC connection re-establishment attempt
241 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Mobility Robustness Optimization (3/3)
Handover Report when a failure occurs in the target cell shortly after handover Type of detected handover problem • Too Early Handover, Handover to Wrong Cell ECGI of source and target cells in the handover ECGI of the re-establishment cell • in the case of Handover to Wrong Cell Handover cause • signaled by the source during handover preparation
242 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 RACH Self-Optimization
RACH parameters that can be optimized RACH configuration (resource unit allocation) RACH preamble split (among dedicated, group A, group B) RACH backoff parameter value RACH transmission power control parameters RACH optimization is supported by UE reported information by PRACH parameters exchange between eNBs UEs which receive polling signaling shall report Number of RACH preambles sent until the successful RACH completion Contention resolution failure
243 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
244 Multi Carrier vs. Carrier Aggregation
MC (Multi Carrier) Ex) SKT가 현재 850MHz 2x10MHz와 1.8GHz의 2x10MHz에서 MC LTE를 운용 중 850MHz망만 운용하는 것에 비하여 시스템 용량은 2배 증가 한 단말기가 동시에 850MHz와 1.8GHz를 사용하지 않으므로, 단말 구 현의 난이도는 높지 않음 한 단말기가 동시에 850MHz와 1.8GHz를 사용할 수는 없으므로, 사용 자 PDR은 2배로 증가하지 않음 여전히 DL 75Mbps CA (Carrier Aggregation) 한 단말기가 동시에 N개의 주파수를 동시에 사용할 수 있음. 이에 따라 위의 SKT의 예에서는 사용자 PDR이 2배로 증가 가능 최 대 DL 150Mbps 실제 시스템 용량은 MC에 비하여 크게 증가하지 않음 단말기 구현의 난이도가 높음 Intra-band contiguous CA Intra-band non-contiguous CA Inter-band (non-contiguous) CA
245 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 Carrier Aggregation Overview
What is the Carrier Aggregation (CA)? Two or more component carriers (CCs) are aggregated UE may simultaneously receive or transmit one ore multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells
Motivation BW aggregation is required for IMT-Advanced Peak data rate: 1 Gbps in the downlink, 500 Mbps in the uplink BW requirement set by ITU-R: up to 100 MHz
246 Carrier Aggregation Modes
Contiguous carrier Carrier Aggregation aggregation Possibly only one FFT module and one radio frontend Band A CC1 CC2 CC3 f Similar propagation
Band A CC1 Band B CC2 FFT: Fast Fourier transform
Carrier aggregation in previous 3GPP 3GPP2 1xEV-DO Rev. B (multiple 1.25 MHz carriers) 3GPP HSPA (up to 4 DL / 2UL carriers, of 5 MHz each) Contiguous, same band, same BW
Carrier aggregation in LTE Contiguous and non-contiguous Various carrier BW (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz) Various frequency band (SKT: 800MHz, 1.8GHz, KT: 900MHz, 1.8MHz, LG U+: 800MHz, 2.1GHz) Control channel design for UL/DL Backward compatibility Reuse of Rel. 8/9 RF designs and implementation at the eNB and UE
248 Serving Cells in CA (Con’t)
Primary serving cell (PCell) The RRC connection is handled by the PCell, Secondary serving cell (SCell) SCell information is obtained via dedicated signaling on PCell SCells provide additional radio resources
Primary Serving Cell(PSC), Secondary Serving Cell(SSC), Primary Component Carrier (PCC), Secondary Component Carrier (SCC), RRC connection and data User data only
249 J.Wannstrom, “ Carrier Aggregation explained”, http://www.3gpp.org/Carrier-Aggregation-explained , May, 2012 Serving Cells in CA
CA is configured for a UE RRC Connected state only Single RRC Connection (in standards perspective) No effects to the Idle mode Primary cell (Pcell) Existing PCell is implicitly indicated Cell index for PCell is implicitly “0” PCell is changed only with handover (i.e. RACH and security change) Secondary cell (Scell) Delta configuration to the existing SCell applied Existing SCell is explicitly indicated by frequency or cell index Full configuration is used for SCell addition SCell can be added / removed / reconfigured for a UE at any time the eNB wants to do so
250 . 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 Serving Cells in CA
Primary Cell (PCell): Secondary Cell (SCell): Provides Security inputs SCells are configured based on UE capability Provides NAS mobility functions Can have DL only resource or DL Used for PUCCH transmission and UL resource Used for RRC connection re- Are Rel-8 backward compatible establishment cells Can be changed only by Are configured to be used by the Handover UE by dedicated signaling (RRC Reconfiguration) Cannot be deactivated Providing additional resources for Cannot be cross scheduled UEs connection Have always Uplink and Downlink Can be deactivated; Both UL and resources Carrier frequency (FDD) DL is deactivated simultaneously or UL/DL subframes (TDD) Can be cross scheduled from PCell or Used for Radio Link Monitoring from other SCells but always from single location In summary: UE operates in UE acquires system information of PCell in similar manner as in SCell by dedicated signaling (RRC Rel8/9 serving cell Reconfiguration)
251 Protocol Architecture for CA (1/3)
Rel. 10 UE can be configured with multiple serving cells When in RRC_CONNECTED state Each serving cell corresponds to a different DL CC
Radio Bearers Radio Bearers
ROHC ... ROHC ROHC ... ROHC ROHC ROHC PDCP ... PDCP Security ... Security Security ... Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm...... RLC ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc RLC ARQ etc ARQ etc CCCH BCCH PCCH CCCH MCCH MTCH Logical Channels Logical Channels
Unicast Scheduling / Priority Handling MBMS Scheduling Scheduling / Priority Handling
Multiplexing UE1 ... Multiplexing UEn Multiplexing Multiplexing MAC MAC
HARQ ... HARQ HARQ ... HARQ HARQ ... HARQ
Transport Channels Transport Channels
DL-SCH DL-SCH DL-SCH DL-SCH BCH PCH MCH UL-SCH UL-SCH on CC1 on CCx on CC1 on CCy on CC1 on CCz
252 * 3GPP TS 36.300 V11.2.0 “E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description”, June, 2012 Protocol Architecture for CA (2/3)
Control plane UE only has one RRC connection with the network UE (re-)establishes RRC connection on a single cell RRC signaling is used to add, remove, or reconfigure additional serving cells UE is assigned a single C-RNTI (Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier) Uniquely identify the RRC connection of the UE For scheduling purposes on the PDCCH transmitted on any of the activated DL CCs MAC is used for dynamic management of serving cells to be used among the configured set of serving cells
253 Protocol Architecture for CA (3/3)
Data plane CA is only exposed to the MAC sublayer MAC performs unicast scheduling and priority handling across all active serving cells of a UE in a way that is transparent to upper layers Each transport block and its potential HARQ retransmission are mapped to a single serving cell Independent HARQ process for each DL or UL CC
254 CA scheduling
Normal scheduling Scheduling grant and resource on same carrier Cross-carrier scheduling Scheduling grant and resource NOT on the same carrier Schedule resources on SCC without PDCCH The CIF (Carrier Indicator Field) on PDCCH (represented by the red area) indicates on which carrier the scheduled resource is located.
PCC SCC PCC SCC PCC SCC PCC SCC
255 Status of Commercial Services for CA (3/6)
Commercial services for Multi-carrier(MC) and CA * Multi-carrier technology Select one of frequency bands to optimize the load balancing when LTE data traffic increases SKT LTE-A network deployment for 850Mhz & 1.8GHz frequency band • Deployment completion in 84 major cities, Korea (2013. 07) • Starting MC service (2012.07) • Starting CA service (2013.06) LG U+ LTE-A network deployment for 800Mhz & 2.1GHz frequency bands • Deployment completion in Seoul and major cities, Korea (3Q of 2013) • Deployment completion in rest cities, Korea (4Q of 2013) • Starting MC service (2013.05) • Starting CA service (2013.07)
. SKT hompage, “SK텔레콤, 30일 84개시 중심가로 ‘LTE-A’ 확대”, http://www.sktelecom.com, July, 2013. 256 . LGU+ homepage, “LG유플러스, 세계 최초 ‘100% LTE’ 상용화”, www.uplus.co.kr, July, 2013. Status of Commercial Services for CA (4/6)
SKT: “아무나 가질 수 없는 속도 LTE-A” 세계최초 Carrier Aggregation 상용화 서비스 한시적 (13년7월) 데이터 2배 제공
257 Status of Commercial Services for CA (5/6)
LGU+: “100% LTE 가 아니면 요금을 안받겠습니다.” 세계최초 100%LTE 상용화 (Voice 와 data를 동시서비스) WCDMA(3G)망 없음 (13년 7월)
258 Status of Commercial Services for CA (6/6)
KT: “난 데이터가 2배 라구요!” Multi carrier/Carrier Aggregation 서비스 안함 한시적으로 데이터량 2배 제공 (2013. 7~10월)
259 Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
260 CoMP
CoMP (Coordinated MultiPoint transmission and reception) The coordination of transmissions from multiple cells (especially at the cell edge) Basic CoMP schemes can be realized in Release 8 between the cells controlled by a given eNodeB The evolution of LTE-Advanced for Release 11 or beyond
* 윤영우, “LTE-Advanced 표준 기술 (REL-10 동향 및 REL-11 전망)”, 한국통신학회지(정보와통신), 2011.5 261 * S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, “LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition”. CoMP
CoMP schemes Coordinated scheduling / beamforming Share the channel and scheduling information between the coordin ated cells to reduce interference in a UE Scheduling UE / beamforming Coherent joint transmission Multipoint transmission to single UE Dynamic switching (Fast cell selection) Dynamically handover to the selected cell
* S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, “LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition”. * NTT DOCOMO, ‘R1-090314: Investigation on Coordinated Multipoint Transmission Schemes in LTE-Advanced 262 Downlink’, www.3gpp.org, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, meeting 55bis, Ljubljana, Slovenia, January 2009. CoMP
CoMP schemes
Coherent Fast cell selection (FCS)
* S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, “LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition”. * NTT DOCOMO, ‘R1-090314: Investigation on Coordinated Multipoint Transmission Schemes in LTE-Advanced 263 Downlink’, www.3gpp.org, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, meeting 55bis, Ljubljana, Slovenia, January 2009. CoMP Related Example : BS Cooperation BS cooperation 성능 분석 BS cooperation 네트워크 관점의 성능 평가 시뮬레이터 구현 사항 기지국 구성 1 서빙기지국, 2 협력기지국, 16 dummy 기지국 기지국 당 단말 수 10개 단말 기지국 반 1 Km Pathloss model 130.19+37.6log10(R) (R in km) Shadowing Model Log-normal dist 채널 모델 (mean: 0, variation: 8 dB) Thermal Noise Den -174dBm/Hz sity 신호 합 및 측정 Soft combining ,
Bandwidth 10Mhz (1024 FFT) Frame 5 msec (TDD) MCS level QPSK ½, 16QAM ½, 64QAM½ Cell load 90% Triggering 셀내 위치기반 동작 / SINR 신호기반 동작 자원할당 방법 협력기지국간 동일 Band 할당
*J. S. Kim, K. C. Go, S. K. Oh and J. H. Kim, "Performance Evaluation of BS Cooperative Communication in Networks-Wise,"264 in Proc. ICUIMC 2013, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Jan. 17 - Jan. 19, 2013. CoMP Related Example : BS Cooperation Messages for BS cooperation BS cooperation 동작을 위한 MAC 메시지 플로우 설계 IEEE 802.16e system 기반 유/무선 Control message 설계
MSUE S-eNBS-BS ACRMCE T-eNB1T-BS Message overhead (무선) Neighbor eNB info Neighbor eNB info Cooperative Service Scanning Request Scanning Response Request (208 bits) Initiation • Cooperative Service Cooperative Service Cooperative Service Request request info Request (Session&CQI&Location Cooperative Service (CQI & Location Info) Info) Negotiate (Session&Resource info) • CQI info
Cooperative Service • Location info Negotiate Response (Resource & Sync info) Cooperative Service
Decision Response (381 bits)
Cooperative Service Cooperative Service • Cooperative service Cooperative Service Response Response Response (Resource & Sync Info) (Resource Info) response info (Resource & Sync Info) • Resource allocation info Data Data • Synch info Data Data 265 CoMP Related Example : BS Cooperation 셀 계 사용자 비율에 따른 성능*
BS cooperation 사용에 따른 셀 경계 사용자의 Throughput 향상 BS cooperation 사용자 증가 시 자원 overhead증가로 전체 셀 Throughput 감소
NO-CO: No coopration, CO-DM: Dynamic point Muting cooperation, CO-JT: Joint Transmission Cooperation
*J. S. Kim, K. C. Go, S. K. Oh and J. H. Kim, "Performance Evaluation of BS Cooperative Communication in 266 Networks-Wise," in Proc. ICUIMC 2013, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Jan. 17 - Jan. 19, 2013. Session 4. LTE-Advanced Features Heterogeneous Networks Relaying eICIC Self-Optimizing Networks Carrier Aggregation CoMP VoLTE
267 VoIP overview
What is VoIP VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is technology that delivery voice by packets through the IP network Unlike telephony using PSTN
Advantage Cheaper cost (usage of IP network) Interworking with other Internet services
PSTN Gateway Gateway /Server /Server PSTN Internet
VoIP
268 Status of Commercial VoLTE Services
SKT VoLTE service VoLTE 최초 계획 발표 2012.6.20: 9월말 서비스 발 표 및 시연 2012.8.8: 최초 가입자(단말 기 구입)
269 Status of Commercial VoLTE Services
LG U+ 세계 최초 VoLTE 상용화 2012.7.1: 9월 서비스 발표 2012.8.7: 최초 가입자 2012.8.8: 방통위 등록
270 Status of Commercial VoLTE Services
KT 세계 최초 시범 서비스 2012.7.17: 시연 2012.7.21: 시범 서비스 2012.10.8: 정식 서비스
KT VoLTE
271 VoIP Traffic Characteristic
Characteristics of VoIP Services in the Application Layer Diversity of Traffic Pattern Encoding Scheme* • PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) • LPC (Linear Prediction Coding) • CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) Packet Generation Policy in Silent-period** • VAD (Voice Activity Detection) Codec PS (bytes) PGI (msec) Talk-spurt Silent- Talk- Silent- • CNG (Comfort Noise period spurt period Generation) G.711 160 2 20 Random • DTX (Discrete Transmission) G.723.1 19.88 2 30 Random G.729 10 2 10 Random EVRC 21.375, 10 2 20 20 AMR 11.875, 12.875, 5 20 160 14.75, 16.75, 18.5, 19.875, 25.5, 30.5 * B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,” Oxford University Press, 1998. ** ITUT-T Recommendation G.711 – Appendix II: A Comfort Noise Payload Definition for ITU-T G.711 Use In Packet-Based 272 Multimedia Communication Systems”, Feb. 2000. User-Perceived QoS Performance for VoIP (1/3)
R-Value* ITU-T: It combines different aspects of voice quality impairment •I : Impairments delayed after voice signal R = 94.2 – Id - Ie d •Ie: Effects of special equipment associated with loss
Id = 0.024•d + 0.11•(d –177.3)•H(d –177.3)
•d is the end-to-end delay in msec and H(x) = 0 if x < 0 and H(x) = 1 for x ≥ 0
Ie = G1 + G2•log(1 +G3•e)
•e is the packet loss rate, 0 ≤ e ≤ 1
•G1 is a constant related to the encoding
•G2 and G3 mean the impact of loss for a given codec
given measured Measurements
Delay: d = dcodec+ dplayout+ dnetwork
Loss: e = enetwork + (1 – enetwork)• eplayout 273 *ITU-T G.107, “The E-model, a computational model for use in transmission planning,” 2000. User-Perceived QoS Performance for VoIP (2/3) MOS (Mean Opinion Score)* This indicates the user’s satisfaction for the VoIP service
MOS value User satisfaction 4.3 Very satisfied 4.0 Satisfied 3.6 Some users dissatisfied 3.1 Many users dissatisfied 2.6 Nearly all users dissatisfied 1 Not recommended Relationship between MOS and R-value MOS = 1+0.035•R+7ⅹ10-6•R•(R-60) •(100-R) Strategy for the user-perceived QoS performance
Build the end-to- Measure the Calculate the R- end performance d and network value (R) and evaluation e by using network MOS simulator the simulation 274 *ITU-T G.107, “The E-model, a computational model for use in transmission planning,” 2000. User-Perceived QoS Performance for VoIP (3/3) Packet loss rate vs. Delay R-score = 70 for G.723.1 and G.729
275 VoIP UL Scheduler at Access network (1/3)
ertPS (extended rtPS)* Periodic bandwidth allocation Talk-spurt Silent-period Piggyback-based bandwidth request Silent-period Talk-spurt Bandwidth request by using control message Advantage Variation of packet size Problem • Waste of the Allocated Bandwidth Variable packet generation interval in silent-period Waste of the allocated bandwidth due to implicit bandwidth request
*IEEE 802.16e-2009, “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile 276 Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” 2009. VoIP UL Scheduler at Access network (2/3)
CB-ertPS (Contention-based ertPS)* Stop the periodic bandwidth allocation during the silent-period Bandwidth request by using random access during silent-period Advantage System complexity Disadvantage Collision effect in the random access (signaling overhead)
*S. M. Oh et al., "An Efficient Uplink Scheduling Algorithm with Variable Grant-Interval for VoIP Service in BWA systems," IEICE 277 Transactions on Communications, vol.E91-B, no.10, Oct. 2008. (SCI) VoIP UL Scheduler at Access network (3/3)
CL-ertPS (Cross-layer ertPS)* Stop the periodic bandwidth allocation during the silent-period Base station can know the packet size of talk-spurt and silent-period by cross- layer interworking framework Use two types of control messages to request the bandwidth during silent- period CQICH codeword 1: Silent-period Talk-spurt CQICH codeword 2: Silent-period Advantage No collision effect Disadvantage System complexity
*S. M. Oh et al., "VoIP Scheduling Algorithm for AMR Speech Codec in IEEE 802.16e/m System," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 278 12, no. 5, MAY 2008. (SCI) General Principle of Voice over LTE
Legacy After LTE and IMS are introduced
IMS based Internet IMS network call control
CS network Internet CS network PS network PS network Voice & SMS services Data service Data Voice & SMS 2G/3G services service LTE LTE 2G/3G terminal LTE 2G/3G terminal terminal
•CS domain: Voice and SMS •PS domain (LTE): VoIP and data service service •IMS network •PS domain (2G/3G): Data Provides call control and service service provision Provides voice continuity from LTE to CS by anchoring voice call 279 IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem LTE Voice Solutions
Voice over CS (LTE first) Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) Voice calls are never served over LTE LTE terminal uses only the circuit-switched voice support network when it use the voice call Handled through an interaction between the MME and the MSC- server
Voice over LTE network MultiMedia Telephony (MMTel) The standardized IMS-based service offering for voice call Single-Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) Designed to handover between LTE system that support IMS/MMTel service and 2G/3G system
MME: Mobility management Entity MSC Server: Mobile Switching Center Server 280 Voice services using IMS technology in VoLTE MMTel Characteristics Expanded to many other services Chat, SMS, Video call, File transfer, Point to multi-point communication, Presence-enabled phonebook service Mobility support Anywhere availability Service continuity and consistency Flexible and asymmetrical communication Add media during the communication Number of media can be different for each side user
281 User-centric Mobility (아주대)
User-centric terminal-controlled (network-assisted) seamless mobility
282 User-centric Mobility (아주대)
Service continuity management 멀티호밍을 이용하여 하나의 서비스를 다중경로를 통해 전송
Server1 Server2 Server3 Server4
Segment request
IP backbone Service Service traffic discovery transmission Service discovery server request
RAN1 RAN2 RAN3 Service discovery response Service1 Segment1 Server1 Segment2 Server2 Segment3 Server3 Terminal Segment4 Server4
Service1 283 User-centric Mobility (아주대)
InformationUI (User Interface) Management 사용자 정보 설정 – 사용자 선호도 정보 관리 – RAT별 선호도, 가중치 –SCM서비스 (Service플로우 Continuity정보 관리 Management)– 서비스 종류, 전송 프로토콜, 이동중에도IP 주소끊김없는등 서비스 제공 을 위하여 요구되는 기능 수행 QoE다중Management서비스 플로우 결합 – 서비스별 QoE 파라미터 생성 / 전달 –TJM서비스 (Traffic플로우별 JunctionQoE 모니터링 Management) Sequence동일 RAT 에서Management전달된 플로우의 결 합 – 다중 서비스 플로우 결합 다양한 RAT와 SCM간의 연동을 위 한 정보 제공 Session Management – 세션 설정 및 관리
284 User-centric Mobility (아주대)
다중 로 선택기법 Power Average ERgsL Cost ii1 Consum Throughput Service Type g s ($) i ption (W) (bps) gR Audio (CBR) peak C1 31.45 41175.34 3256164.54 Rpeak C2 32.93 49464.18 3260300.17 Audio (VBR) g l1 1 pe Pc 4.86 41811.68 43211.97 si Rpeak Video, interactive games, g 1 pe Pp 31.13 39898.92 65201.72 telnet 1 1DRRB peakmeani Pr 34.32 43814.46 3264569.21 Web, FTP gR mean Cm 39.62 43898.92 3933785.44 < Effective data rate by service type > Pm 41.46 44897.48 3985503.06 <다중경로 전송 성능 비교분석>
1.15
Single path Diversity mode
1.1
i S
1.05
1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 PER of each path < Diversity gain으로 인해 재전송 최대 10% 감소 > - S. H. Kang and J. H. Kim, "QoS-Aware Network Selection for Seamless Multimedia Service," in Proc. ISCAS 2012, COEX, 285 Korea, 20-23. May. 2012. User-centric Mobility Support Scheme (아주대) Service continuity Management (SCM) Wireless multi-homing in heterogeneous environment Locate between the application layer and the transport layer of the end-point Support multi-session for a service Support seamless handover SCM Hybrid multipath transport mode Multiplexing gain + Diversity gain
Link1 푹ퟎ 푹ퟏ − 푹ퟎ
푫풊풗풆풓풔풊풕풚 푴풖풍풕풊풑풍풆풙풊풏품
Link2 푹ퟎ 푹ퟐ − 푹ퟎ
푹ퟎ = 휶 ∙ 퐦퐢퐧(푹ퟏ, 푹ퟐ) 푹ퟐ
J. S. Kim and J. H. Kim, "The User-Centric Mobility Support Scheme," 286 in Proc. IEEE SECON 2012, Seoul, Korea, 18-21. Jun. 2012.
287 Session 4. Release 12 Issues WLAN Network Selection Offloading Device-to-Device Communications Machine Type Communication (MTC)
288 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
Definition A framework for specifying and delivering access network selection policy to UE
Purpose To assist UE to discover non-3GPP access networks
Function Provide the information to UE ISMP: Network selection rules for a UE with no more than one active access network connection ISRP: Network selection rules for a UE with more than one active access network connection Discovery information: a list of networks that may be available in the vicinity of the UE UE location: geographical coordinates, a cellular cell or area, a WLAN location (SSID, BSSID) UE profile
• ANDSF: Access Network Discovery and Selection Function • ISMP: Inter-System Mobility Policy ISRP: Inter-System Routing Policy * 3GPP TR 23.865 V12.1.0 “Study on WLAN network selection for 3GPP terminals” Dec. 2013. 289 Key issues related to WLAN network selection Key issue 1 Support WLAN access through roaming agreements Current ANDSF support WLAN network selection policies based on SSID only • Providing SSID preferences to Ues Solution for key issue 1 ANDSF policies with extended selection preferences Use Realms and/or OUIs instead of using SSID • Realm/OUI identify and prioritize the discovered WLAN access networks » Ex) WLANs that interwork with Realm=PartnerX.com have the highest access priority
Policies with ANDSF SSID preferences 3GPP PLMN
Roaming SSID A Agreement WLAN A Roaming Partner X UE Roaming (Roaming Consortium X) Agreement
SSID B WLAN B Roaming Partner Y (Roaming Consortium Y)
SSID C WLAN C • OUI: Organizational Unique Identifier • SSID: Service Set IDentifier 290 Key issues related to WLAN network selection Key issue 2 Interaction between WLAN network selection and network- provided policies for WLAN selection ANDSF rules are evaluated only after WLAN network selection is performed • WLAN network selection priority list in the UE • ANDSF rules cannot trigger the UE to select another WLAN access network
Solution for key issue 2 WLAN selection based on ANDSF rules Use enhanced ISMP/ISRP rules • SSID preferences • Additional preferences » Realms (preferred service providers), OUIs, available backhaul bandwidth, connectivity capability, etc.
291 Key issues related to WLAN network selection Key issue 3 Delivery of consistent information for WLAN network selection Conflicting between the information from different sources or different management objects • WFA Hotspot 2.0 specifications » WFA Hotspot 2.0: 추가 인증 없이 셀룰러 망과 WLAN 망 간 끊김없이 Handoff 제공 • Relevant components » ANDSF management object and USIM in 3GPP
Key issue 4 Use WLAN load information for network selection ANDSF does not provide load information or congestion indication of WLAN networks: BSS load and backhaul parameters The policies for WLAN network selection may be enhanced to take these parameters into account
292 Key issues related to WLAN network selection Key issue 5 Use WLAN access network type and venue information for network selection Access network type: private, public, free, personal, emergency, etc. Venue information: venue type and name • Help to identify the venue where WLAN network may be deployed (e.g. school, hotel, etc.)
Key issue 6 Use connection capability during WLAN network selection Connection capability • To provide information on the connection status within the WLAN network ANDSF does not take into account the connection capability of the WLAN networks • WLAN network may block the IP flows of the UE
293 Key issues related to WLAN network selection Solution for key issue 3, 4, 5, and 6 Provide both ANDSF MO(with ISMP, ISRP etc.) and HS2.0 MO to the UE Example of HS2.0 MO: the load of the AP
ANDSF MO enhanced with policies related to information elements available in HS2.0 Example: ISRP and ISMP as extensions to the prioritized access descriptions
• HS: Hotspot • MO: Management Object 294 Key issues related to WLAN network selection (Dec. 2013) Key issue 7 Simultaneous connectivity to multiple VPLMNs A UE simultaneously connected to both 3GPP access and WLAN access selects different VPLMN in the two accesses Precedence of policies from V-ANDSF and H-ANDSF A UE reconciles the policies from V-ANDSF and H-ANDSF • If there is overlap, gives precedence to policies from the V-ANDSF Issue: Precedence of policies from two V-ANDSF servers Solution for key issue 7 Scenario 1: could not use the V-ANDSF in V-PLMN1 or V-PLMN2 Scenario 2: could use the V-ANDSF for both accesses in V-PLMN1
296 Traffic Offloading
Mobile Operators Devices can connect directly to servers without going through core networks Mobile Operators can offer CDN(contents delivery network) services End-users RTTs can be expected to reduce and consequently throughput increases from the end-users’ viewpoint Service Provider Reduced RTTs and increased throughput can be expected by using storage in backhaul networks and providers can offer “fact access” to end-users as premium services to obtain extra revenues from the service providers’ view point Service providers can offer very rich and geographical oriented services by using storage in eNBs
297 • NEC corporation, “Mobile Traffic Offload: NEC’s Cloud Centric Approach to Future Mobile Networks,” 2013. 04. Traffic Offloading
Different data offloading techniques Path 1: WLAN solutions allow data offload directly to the Internet without utilizing service provider’s resources Path 2 : Femtocells or H(e)NBs permit data offload via a Local Gateway(L-GW) Path 3 : maintaining home/enterprise related traffic local, via LIPA Path 4 : Data offload may be positioned at or above particular eNBs for eUTRAN Path 5 : Radio Network Controller (RNC) for UTRAN
• Konstantinos Samdanis, Tarik Taleb, Stefan Schmid, “Traffic Offload Enhancements for eUTRAN,” IEEE 298 COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIAL, 2012. 3GPP Traffic Offloading
Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10 Rel-11 Rel-12
• LIMONET (LIPA Mobility • LIPA (local IP access) Femto • H(e)NB and SIPTO at the local • SIPTO (selected IP traffic offload) network)
• WLAN_NS(WLAN network • MAPCON (multi access PDN selection for 3GPP • SaMOG (S2a mobility connectivity) terminals) based on GTP and • IFOM (IP flow mobility) • FS_SaMOG • Seamless WLAN access) Wi-Fi • NSWO (non-seamless WLAN • FS_NBIFOM(network- Handover • LOBSTER (location- offload) based IP flow mobility) based selection of • SMOG (S2a mobility based on • FS_WORM(optimized gateway for WLAN) GTP) offloading to WLAN in 3GPP RAT mobility)
• ANDSF • OPIIS (operator policies (access • DIDA (data identification for IP interface selection) Policy network • ANDSF–ISRP (inter-system routi in ANDFS) • P4C (PCC control for aspects discovery ng policy) • BBAI (broadband forum supporting fixed and access interworking) broadband access selection) networks)
299 • 김현숙, “3GPP Traffic Offload”, FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. LIPA & SIPTO
Residential / Enterprise network LIPA L-GW Backhaul H(e)NB Mobile Operator H(e)NB -GW Core Network
UE
Key issues Legal interception QoS Single/multiple PDN support Deployed behind NAT
• 3GPP TR 23.829 V10.0.1, “3GPP technical specification group services and system aspects; local IP access and 300 selected IP traffic offload (Release 10),” 2011. 10. LIPA (Local IP Access)
Local IP Access LIPA breakout is performed in the same residential/enterprise IP network This breakout at a Local GW (L-GW) in the residential/enterprise IP network
LIPA Traffic
CN Traffic
SeGW: security gateway, SGW: serving gateway, PGW: PDN gateway, MME: mobility management entity
• 3GPP TR 23.829 V10.0.1, “3GPP technical specification group services and system aspects; local IP access and 301 selected IP traffic offload (Release 10),” 2011. 10. SIPTO (Selected IP Traffic Offload)
Selected IP Traffic Offload Enables an operator to offload certain types of traffic at a network node close to that UE's point of attachment to the access network above the RAN for Home (e)NodeB Subsystem (e.g. Internet traffic) above the RAN for the macro network (e.g. Internet traffic, corporate traffic, etc.)
SIPTO Traffic
CN L-PGW MME RAN S5 S11 S1-U S5 eNB S-GW P-GW
UE CN Traffic • 3GPP TR 23.829 V10.0.1, “3GPP technical specification group services and system aspects; local IP access and 302 selected IP traffic offload (Release 10),” 2011. 10. LIMONET (LIPA Mobility and SIPTO at the local network) LIPA Mobility and SIPTO at the local network Session continuity of IP data sessions Mobility between HeNBs within a single residential or Enterprise network
SGi
L-GW S5 SeGW
Sxx L-GW S1-U X2 S1-U HeNB HeNB SGW GW S1-MME
Uu S1-MME S11
MME UE
H(e)NB H(e)NB H(e)NB H(e)NB SGi S5 S X2 e S1-U S1-U S1-U HeNB L-GW G HeNB SGW W GW S1-MME S1-MME
Uu S1-MME S11 UE UE UE UE MME UE
< LIPA mobility with stand-alone L-GW >
• 3GPP TR 23.859 V12.0.1, “3GPP technical specification group services and system aspects; LIPA mobility and SIPTO 303 at the local network (Release 12),” 2013. 4. MAPCON (Multi Access PDN Connectivity) Multi Access PDN Connectivity Multiple PDN connections to different APNs via different access systems A UE opens a new PDN connection PDN1 PDN2 Selective transfer of PDN connections between accesses
Transfer of all PDN connections PGW PGW EPC out of a certain access system
LTE Wi-Fi
Simultaneous multiple PDN connectivity to different APNs MAPCON (Multi Access PDN CONnectivity)
• 김현숙, “3GPP Traffic Offload”, FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. • 3GPP TS 23.402 V11.8.0, “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Architecture enhancements for 304 non-3GPP accesses,” 2013. 12. IFOM (IP Flow Mobility)
IP Flow Mobility Simultaneous connectivity to the same PDN via different accesses PDN Routing of different IP flows of the same PDN connection via different accesses Movement of IP flow(s) of the same
PDN connection at any time from one PGW EPC access to another
Wi-Fi
Simultaneous multi-access PDN connection to the same APN IFOM (IP FlOw Mobility)
• 김현숙, “3GPP Traffic Offload”, FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. • 3GPP TS 23.261 V11.0.0, “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; IP flow mobility and seamless 305 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) offload; Stage 2,” 2012. 09. SaMOG (S2a Mobility based On GTP & PMIPv6 for WLAN access) S2a Mobility based On GTP & PMIPv6 for WLAN access How to connect the Gateway controlling the Trusted Non-3GPP network (WLAN) and the EPC This is done through the S2a reference point, currently implemented by extending GTP/PMIP tunnels from PGW to Trusted WLAN Access GW (TWAG)
GTP Tunnel Trusted Non-3GPP Network Evolved Packet Core E.g., IEEE 802.11/16 Network
Trusted WLAN PDN Access Gateway Gateway (TWAG) S2a
Non 3GPP Domain 3GPP Domain
306 • A.de la Oliva, I. Guardini, C.J. Bernardos, L. Marchetti, “OmniRAN – 3GPP SaMOG,” 2012. 09. LOBSTER (LOcation-Based Selection of gaTEways foR WLAN) LOcation-Based Selection of gaTEways foR WLAN The current PDN GW selection for S2c in TS 23.402 has not considered the UE location, so the routing from the UE to the PDN GW may not be optimized. There is therefore a need to improve the ePDG and PDN-GW se lections based on the location of the UE for the WLAN Access t o EPC in S2c case.
307 • 3GPP Work Item Description, “LOcation-Based Selection of gaTEways foR WLAN,” 2011. 12. FS_SaMOG (Study on Rel-11 SaMOG)
Study on Rel-11 SaMOG Limited Rel-11 solution: the following features are not supported Handover between TWAN(Trusted WLAN Access Network) and 3GPP access with IP address preservation Connectivity to a non-default APN UE initiated connectivity to additional PDN It is expected that there will be some impacts to the UE, although any such impact should be minimized.
• 김현숙, “3GPP Traffic Offload”, FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. • 3GPP TR 23.852 V12.0.0, “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Study on S2a Mobility based on GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 308 access to the Enhanced Packet Core (EPC) network (SaMOG);Stage 2(Release 12),” 2013. 09. FS_NBIFOM (Study of IP Flow Mobility support for S2a and S2b Interfaces) Study of IP Flow Mobility support for S2a and S2b Interfaces In Rel-10, 3GPP defined the capability for DS(Dual Stack)MIPv6 capable UEs to allow seamless offload of individual IP flows to WLAN by introducing IP flow mobility (IFOM) support Recently some operators are interested in supporting solutions using network-based mobility protocols for IFOM solutions , i.e. GTP or PMIP based S2a and S2b. It is assumed that: the UE supports dual radio for 3GPP and WLAN access the UE connects to a single PDN GW via multiple access systems the UE initiates IP flow mobility and also indicates the desired flows to be moved
• 김현숙, “3GPP Traffic Offload”, FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. • 3GPP Work Item Description, “3GPP Work Item Description, “LOcation-Based Selection of gaTEways foR WLAN,” 2011.309 12,” 2012. 12. Session 4. Release 12 Issues WLAN Network Selection Offloading Device-to-Device Communications Machine Type Communication (MTC)
310 D2D Communications
What is D2D communication ? Refer to the technologies that enable devices to communicate directly without an infrastructure of access points or base stations, and the involvement of wireless operators. Advantage of D2D Reduce cellular network loads Improve a bandwidth efficiency via spatial reuse Reduce power consumptions of mobile devices Increase cell coverage
* 3GPP TR 22.803 V12.2.0, “Feasibility study for Proximity Services (ProSe) (Release 12),” 2013.06 * L. Lei, Z. Zhangdui, L. Chuang, and S. Xuemin, "Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks," IEEE311 Wireless Communications, vol. 19, pp. 96-104, 2012. Process of D2D communications
D2D Communications procedure UE Searching Link establishment Data transmission Network-assisted D2D in cellular network eNB provides UE searching information such as scheduling and frequency information eNB can directly make a D2D connection
312 D2D in Release 12
Proximity Services (ProSe) Proximity services that identify mobiles in physical proximity and enable optimized communications between them Architecture reference model
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network H-DPF: Home DPF HPLMN: Home PLMN
New reference points S141 : Reference point between UE and H-DPF or between Basic Concept UE and a DPF in a local PLMN where the UE is authorized 1. UE obtains configuration for direct services from by the H-DPF to perform direct services. It enables PLMN- Direct Services Provisioning Function (DPF) specific direct services authorization in a secure way S142 : Reference point between DPF in local PLMN and H- 2. DPF exists in every PLMN DPF. It enables PLMN-specific direct services authorization 3. UE obtains configuration from Direct Services U2 : Reference point used for all the control and user plane Provisioning Functions (DPFs) in PLMNs is information exchange needed in order to perform direct authorized to perform direct discovery discovery between two UEs 313 . 3GPP TR 22.803 V12.2.0 “Feasibility study for Proximity Services(ProSe)”, June, 2013 ProSe Discovery
A process that identifies that a UE is in proximity of another, using E-UTRA Open ProSe Discovery is ProSe Discovery without explicit permission from the UE being discovered Restricted ProSe Discovery is ProSe Discovery that only takes place with explicit permission from the UE being discovered.
Open ProSe Discovery Restricted ProSe Discovery 314 ProSe Discovery
Two roles for the UE in ProSe Discovery Announcing UE : The UE announces certain information that could be used from UEs in proximity that have permission to discover Monitoring UE : The UE that receives certain information that is interested in from other UEs in proximity
Announce & Monitor Announce & Monitor Monitor Only Only Monitor
rPLMN
PLMN - 1
PLMN - 2
315 ProSe Link Establish
Control paths for ProSe communication path General Case Control information exchanged between the UE, eNB, EPC by the solid arrows or dashed arrow Disaster Case (Public Safety UE) The Public Safety UEs can rely on pre-configured radio resources to establish and maintain the ProSe Communication Public safety Radio resource Management Function, which can reside in a Public Safety UE, can manage the allocation of radio resources for Public Safety ProSe Communication as shown with the dashed arrows With resource controller UE
With pre-configured radio resources UEs served by the same eNB UEs served by the different eNBs UEs without network support 316 ProSe Link Establish
Signaling flow for UE provisioning from DPF
Authorization for direct discovery 1. Is the UE allowed to announce in this PLMN? 2. Is the UE allowed to “monitor” in this PLMN?
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network MCC: Mobile Country Code FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name 317 ProSe Data Communication
Data paths for ProSe communication path ProSe E-UTRA Communication path could be established Directly path between the ProSe-enabled UEs using E-UTRA Locally routed path via local eNB(s) ProSe-assisted WLAN direct communication path is established directly between the ProSe-enabled UEs using WLAN
Direct mode Locally-routed 318 E-UTRA: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access ProSe Data Communication
ProSe Group Communication Communicate the same information concurrently to two or more users using ProSe Group Communications ProSe Broadcast Communication UE initiates a ProSe Broadcast Communication transmission to all UEs within transmission range
ProSe Group Communication ProSe Broadcast Communication
319 . 3GPP TR 22.803 V12.2.0 “Feasibility study for Proximity Services(ProSe)”, June, 2013 ProSe Data Communication (Group Communication) Group communication procedure
320 Use Case and Business Model
Local Data Service D2D Communications can be used to provide local data service when two geographically proximate users or devices want to exchange data Multi player Ads. Gaming Direct MTC
Context-aware Application
Contents Sharing
Local Data Service
* L. Lei, Z. Zhangdui, L. Chuang, and S. Xuemin, "Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 19, pp. 96-104, 2012. 321 Use Case and Business Model
Data Relay D2D Communications can be used to relay data for devices that are not “directly cellular”.
BS
Relay
D2D Communication
* L. Lei, Z. Zhangdui, L. Chuang, and S. Xuemin, "Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 19, pp. 96-104, 2012. 322 Public Safety Use Case
ProSe relay UE acts as a communication relay for one or more UEs
Without relay With relay
323 D2D vs. MTC
D2D MTC
Device Type • Cell phones or other devices in • Machine-to-Machine device-to-device communications communications without the with/without human activities involvement of human activities Communication • Directly communication between • Communication via infrastructure Type devices of LTE networks
Related Spec. • 3GPP TR 22.803 • 3GPP TS 22.368 • 3GPP TR 23.703 • 3GPP TR 23.887 Application • Social matching • Metering • Push advertising • Remote Maintenance/Control • Multiplayer gaming • Health care • Local voice service • Tracking & Tracing • Contents sharing • Security system
* 3GPP TR 22.803 V12.2.0, “Feasibility study for Proximity Services (ProSe) (Release 12),” 2013.06 * 3GPP TS 22.368 V12.2.0, “Service requirements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC);Stage 1(Release 12),” 2013. 03 * 3GPP TR 23.887 V1.0.0, “Machine-Type and other Mobile Data Applications Communications Enhancements (Release 12),” 2013. 06. * 3GPP TR 23.703 V1.0.0, “Study on architecture enhancements to support Proximity-based Services (ProSe) (Release 12)”, 2013. 12.324 Session 4. Release 12 Issues WLAN Network Selection Offloading Device-to-Device Communications Machine Type Communication (MTC)
325 Machine Type Communication(MTC)
Machine Type Communication(MTC) Data communication with two or more objects Does not require human’s participation during communication Provide network connection to most/all ‘things’
Similar system : Wireless Sensor Network WPAN/WLAN/Ad-hoc based network Hard to provide QoS Mobility, end-to-end communication, compatibility problem It is not business area of network operators Install/maintenance by users hard to invest/maintain the system
MTC makes new business area to network operators
• 3GPP TS 22.368 v12.2.0, “Service Requirements for Machine-Type Communications(MTC)(Release 12),” 2013. 03. • 조수현, “KT Vision : M2M Services and Technologies”, KRNET 2011, 2011년 6월 27일. • 최상호, “SKT Vision : M2M Based Mobile Service”, KRNET 2011, 2011년 6월 27일. 326 MTC Applications
Service Area MTC Applications
Security Surveillance systems, Backup for landline, Control of physical access(e.g. to buildings), Car/driver security
Tracking & Tracing Fleet management, Order management, Pay as you drive, Asset tracking, Navigation, Traffic information, Road tolling, Road traffic optimization/steering
Payment Point of sales, Vending machines, Gaming machines
Health Monitoring vital signs, Supporting the aged or handicapped, Web access telemedicine points, Remote diagnostics
Remote Maintenance/Control Sensors, Lighting, Pumps, Valves, Elevator control Vending machine control, Vehicle diagnostics
Metering Power, Gas, Water, Heating, Grid control, Industrial metering
Consumer Devices Digital photo frame, Digital camera, eBook
327 • 3GPP TS 22.368 v12.2.0, “Service Requirements for Machine-Type Communications(MTC)(Release 12),” 2013. 03. Features/Requirements of MTC
Requirement Description
Low Mobility The network must provide simplified mobility management Time Controlled The network shall provide mechanisms that can send or receive data only during defined time intervals Small Data Transmissions The network shall support transmissions of small amounts of data with minimal network impact Infrequent Mobile Terminated The network shall be able to maintain information on when the MTC Device is not reachable MTC Monitoring The network shall provide mechanisms to detect several MTC related events Secure Connection The network shall provide network security for connection Group Based MTC Features The system shall be optimized to handle MTC Groups
328 Communication Scenarios
MTC Devices communicating MTC Devices communicating with one or more MTC Server with each other
MTC Device MTC MTC User User
MTC Server Operator domain A
MTC Server
Operator domain Operator domain
Operator domain B
MTC MTC Device Device MTC Device 329 • 3GPP TS 22.368 v12.2.0, “Service Requirements for Machine-Type Communications(MTC)(Release 12),” 2013. 03. Comparison between Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Communication and MTC
ETSI M2M Architecture 3GPP MTC Architecture
Other M2M : Can use M2M Network and gateway 3GPP : Path to Access No M2M Networks Networks Devices directly Can be any attached to 3GPP standardized network Access Networks system by 3GPP, TISAPN, IETF, etc
•TISAPN:Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols
•PDN:Packet Data Network •HSS:Home Subscriber Server •eNB:eNodeB •SM-SC:Short Message Service Centre•HPLMN:Home Public Land Mobile Network •RNC:Radio Network Controller •PGW:PDN Gateway •VPLMN:Visited Public Land Mobile Network •BSC:Base Station Controller 330 • 유상근, 홍용근, 김형준, “스마트모바일 서비스 – M2M 기술 및 표준 동향”, 전자통신동향분석 제 26권 제 2호, 2011년 4월. MTC in Release 10~11
Key Issue Description Rel-10 MTC subscriptions Activation/deactivation of MTC features 15 key issues were Signaling congestion control MTC related signaling congestion and overload. MTC device using a private non-routable IPv4 address IP addressing identified and thus not reachable by the MTC server. MTC device trigger MTC server polls data from MTC devices Signaling congestion Addressing issue due to the huge amount of MTC MTC identifiers devices and shortage of MSISDNs control and overload Grouping of MTC devices for ease of control, control Group based optimization management, charging facilities, etc., by the operators, and help in reducing redundant signaling. MTC devices frequently send or receive only small Online small data transmission amounts of data. MTC devices infrequently send or receive only small Rel-11 Offline small data transmission amounts of data. IP addressing MTC monitoring Monitoring of MTC devices in locations with high risk. Low Power Consumption Battery power saving for MTC devices. MTC identifiers MTC devices communicating Common service requirements for communication Device triggering with one or more MTC servers between MTC devices and MTC servers. Low mobility MTC device does not move frequently. Data transmission is only performed in a predefined Time controlled time period. Decoupling MTC server from MTC server may be deployed outside of the mobile - MSISDN : Mobile Station International 3GPP architecture network. Subscriber Directory Number Potential overload issues caused Imbalance of signaling vs. data traffic in the Visited by roaming MTC devices Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). • 3GPP TS 22.368 v12.2.0, “Service Requirements for Machine-Type Communications(MTC)(Release 12),” 2013. 03. • Andreas Kunz, “Machine Type Communications in 3GPP From Release 10 to Release 12”, GLOBECOM 2012 ONIT WS, Dec.331 2012 Signalling Congestion and Overload Control
Numerous devices make congestion even though they transmit small data Solution
Periodic Handling of Low access Attach with IMSI at PLMN PLMN search the invalid priority change time limit USIM state
Minimum time PLMN UE message can UE does not between forbidden lists be rejected, perform TAU searches for are kept even usage of with GUTI at waiting/back-off preferred if UE is PLMN change timers PLMN switched off is increased and on
• IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity) : 가입자 ID • PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network • TAU(Tracking Area Update) 332 • GUTI(Globally Unique Temporary Identifier) : 사용자의 임시 ID MTC Device Identifiers/Addressing
Objective Assign ID and address to MTC devices to enable a MTC server in a public addressing domain to send messages to a MTC device in a private addressing domain Solution Identifier 15-digit IMSI telephone number for large-scale deployment Addressing IPv6 addressing IPv4 addressing with private IPv4 domain
Private IPv4 Address Space IPv4 Address Space
MTC MTC Device MNO Server
333 • MNO : Mobile Network Operator MTC in Release 12
Rel-12 Key Issue Description MTC subscriptions Activation/deactivation of MTC features Triggering Signaling congestion control MTC related signaling congestion and overload. MTC device using a private non-routable IPv4 address IP addressing enhancements and thus not reachable by the MTC server. Group based features MTC device trigger MTC server polls data from MTC devices Addressing issue due to the huge amount of MTC MTC identifiers Small data devices and shortage of MSISDNs Grouping of MTC devices for ease of control, transmission Group based optimization management, charging facilities, etc., by the operators, and help in reducing redundant signaling. MTC devices frequently send or receive only small Monitoring Online small data transmission amounts of data. UE power MTC devices infrequently send or receive only small Offline small data transmission consumptions amounts of data. MTC monitoring Monitoring of MTC devices in locations with high risk. optimizations Low Power Consumption Battery power saving for MTC devices. MTC devices communicating wit Common service requirements for communication h one or more MTC servers between MTC devices and MTC servers. Low mobility MTC device does not move frequently. Data transmission is only performed in a predefined Time controlled time period. Decoupling MTC server from 3G MTC server may be deployed outside of the mobile PP architecture network. Potential overload issues caused Imbalance of signalling vs. data traffic in the Visited by roaming MTC devices Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). 334 Outlook of MTC in 3GPP Release 12
Triggering enhancements intended for device triggering by using reference points between MTC-IWF and serving nodes (i.e., SGSN, MME, and MSC), as well as triggering efficiency optimizations. Group based features optimizations to a group of MTC UEs that share one or more MTC features. Small data transmission intended for use with MTC UEs that send or receive small amounts of data. Also, frequent small data transmission will be considered. Monitoring intended for monitoring MTC UE related events such as loss of connectivity, change of the location of MTC UE, etc. UE power consumptions optimizations intended for optimizations to prevent battery drain of MTC UEs.
335 • MTC-IWF : Interworking function between (external) MTC Server and operator core network Session 4. Car with Mobile Communications Trend of Commercial Companies Some Ideas
336 LTE Connected Car
LTE 탑재 차량 컨셉(1/2) 기존 기능 스트리밍 라디오, TV, 비디오 컨텐츠를 포함한 소셜 정보 접근 가능 실시간 교통 정보 및 지역 정보 제공 차량 사고, 응급 상황 지원 및 도난 차량 위치 정보 제공 향상된 기능 차량 내 휴대용 기기의 Wi-Fi 사용 지원 Live map 데이터 지원 VOD 등의 비디오 또는 오디오 서비스 지원 Google Maps를 포함한 위치 기반 서비스 지원 원격 차량 진단, 유지 관리 등 차량 정보 알림 시스템 지원
• http://www.ngconnect.org/documents/Executive%20Summary-LTE-Connected-Car-Study-in-EMEA.pdf LTE Connected Car
LTE 탑재 차량 컨셉(2/2)
• http://www.qnx.com/news/events/german-summit/presentations/alcatel_lucent_erich_zielinski.pdf LTE Connected Car
Entertainment Infotainment 비디오 서비스 네비게이션 서비스 On-demand 영상 (스트리밍/다운로 지역 정보 검색 드 컨텐츠) 차량 유지 서비스 집안, 차량간 IP 카메라 원격 접속 및 차량 상태 점검 및 알림 제어 도로 및 사고 상태 알림 YouTube 통신 서비스 오디오 서비스 핸즈프리 통신 서비스 지원 인터넷 라디오 소셜 네트워크 서비스 접속 지원 On-demand 음악 감상 Wi-Fi를 이용한 차량 내 광대역 인터넷 접 속 지원 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth를 이용한 개인 미디 홈 컨트롤 기능 지원 어 기기 접속
• http://www.qnx.com/news/events/german-summit/presentations/alcatel_lucent_erich_zielinski.pdf 사업자 동향
주요 사업자의 Connected Car 추진 동향
• 한국방송통신전파진흥원. “Connected Car 기술 및 시장 동향,” 2012.8.16 340 Audi, Connect
Audi의 Infotainment system 뉴스, 날씨, 여행 및 명소 정보 주유소 휘발유 가격 정보 항공 및 열차정보 공항이나 역의 운행 및 출발·도착·지연 정 보 수신 3D 네비게이션 실시간 교통 정체 정보 수신 가능 주차장 내 빈자리 검색도 가능함. Audi connect의 주요 제공 정보 Google 기능 활용 Google Earth Google Streetview
주유소 휘발유 가격 비교
• 박소영, “독일, 자동차시장 내 LTE 바람,”
도심에서 선행차량이 있을 우에 자동 주행이 가능한 "Piloted Driving" 4가지 종류의 센서 활용 : Lidar, 레이저, 카메라, 초음파 0 ~ 60 Km 동작 속도, 자동 주행, 정지 및 정지 후 재출발 기능 등 제 공 운전자가 핸들 조작을 하면 “자동 주행” 기능 정지 “자동 주행” 중 선행 차량이 없어지면 자동 정치
342 GM, OnStar
하이브리드 및 전기자동차 구현을 위한 주요 구성품 룸미러에 내장된 버튼을 눌러 차량과 외부와의 연 을 위한 Automatic Crash Response, Emergency Service, Security Service 제공이 가능한 OnStar
343 GM, OnStar
OnStar의 주요 서비스
• 한국방송통신전파진흥원. “Connected Car 기술 및 시장 동향,” 2012.8.16 344 BMW, LTE Hot spot
BMW의 LTE 통신 지원 어댑터 손가락 2개 정도의 크기의 어댑터로 차량의 콘솔에 꽂아서 사용 어댑터 안에 LTE 통신이 가능한 SIM 카드 넣어주면 차내에서 사용할 수 있는 근거리 WiFi 네트워크 형성
• http://techneedle.com/archives/7755 345 KIA, UVO
UVO의 주요 서비스 Smart control 원격 시동 및 공조제어, 문 열림/잠금 • 원격에서 차량의 시동을 걸어 차량을 제어할 수 있는 서비스
주차위치확인 • 차량의 주차 위치를 비상등 점멸/경적 알림 또는 스마트 폰 지도를 통해 알려주는 서비스
목적지 전송 • 스마트 폰에서 검색한 곳이나 어플리케이션에서 지정한 위치를 네비게이션으로 전송해주는 서비스
• 기아자동차. “http://uvo.kia.com” 346 KIA, UVO
Safety 에어백 전개 자동 통보 • 에어백 전개 신호를 긴급구난 센터로 자동 전송해서 사고에 신속하게 대처할 수 있는 서비스
SOS 긴급 출동 • 긴급 상황 발생시에 SOS 버튼을 누르면 긴급구난센터와 연결되어 사고 상황을 지원하는 서비스
도난 추적 및 도난 경보 알림 • 차량 도난시 문자 메시지 전송 그리고 도난 차량의 현재 위치 및 주행 경로 등을 경찰에 실시간 제공, 필요시에는 차량 속도제어와 시동 제한 기능을 통해 도난 차량 회수를 지원하는 서비스
• 기아자동차. “http://uvo.kia.com” 347 KIA, UVO
Car care 차량 진단 및 점검 리포트 전송 • 원격으로 차량 진단 및 점검 결과를 전송해주는 서비스
에코드라이브 코치 • 주행 정보를 분석해서 경제운전등급을 산정해 주는 서비스
• 기아자동차. “http://uvo.kia.com” 348 현대, Blue link
349 현대, Blue link
350 Chrysler, Uconnect
노키아와 함께 스마트폰으로 긴급상황에 대한 911 Call, 리모트 시동 및 도어락/언락, Wifi 핫스팟 기능, 음성 인 식 기능 등의 Uconnect 기술
351 Delphi
Video Graphic 전문회사인 nVidia사와 함께 개발하여 운전자에게 다양한 정보 전달이 가능한 LCD 타입의 클 러스터, 다양한 멀티미디어 기기와의 연 기능을 제공
352 Delphi
핸드폰 무선 충전 모듈, OBD2 단자에 연 하여 차량 내부의 진단 정보를 Verizon과 함께 외부와 연 할 수 있는 Diagnostic Module 모듈과 스마트폰과 블루투스 연결 후 리모트 시동, 도어 락/언락 모듈 내 GPS 기능을 활용하여 차량 위치 정보를 별도 관리하여 특정 웹사이트의 지도와 연계하는 서비스
353 LEXUS
차량과 인프라간의 통신 등을 활용한 Integrated Safety 기능을 가진 ITS(Intelligent Transport System) 기 술- Environmental measures Energy conservation Preventing accidents Reducing congestion Road-to-vehicle communications equipment Vehicle detection sensors Pedestrian detection sensors Traffic signals Road-to-vehicle communications system (교차로) V-to-vehicle communications system (교차 로) System for helping drivers notice red lights System for red light oversight prevention Right-Turn Collision Prevention System Support System for detecting surrounding vehicles
354 LG전자, Smart Car Prototype
355 Renesas, Smart Community and Smart Car
356 . 2nd Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day (http://www.ethernettechnologyday.com/) Renesas, Smart Community and Smart Car
357 Renesas, Smart Community and Smart Car
358 해외 서비스 현황
업체 기술명 내용
2011년 2월, 모토롤라와 4G 적용 텔레매틱스 온스타 제공 4G 텔레매틱스 GM 차량도난이 신고 되면 GPS를 활용해 온스타 센서가 스스로 엔진 출력을 줄이고 시동 걸리는 것을 막아줌 온스타(OnStar) 스마트폰 활용해 차량 원격조종 가능, 길 안내 서비스
차량 내에서 와이파이 연결을 통해 다양한 앱 이용, 긴급 상황 발생 시 911로 자동 연결 통신오락 시스템 음성기반 운전 중 자유롭게 통화 이메일 확인, 웹 콘텐츠 이용 Ford 싱크(Sync) 당뇨나 알레르기 등 건강관리 기능 앱 탑재해 건강상태 점검
SNS 애플리케이션 미시건주립대와 자동차 전용 SNS 앱 개발 : 스마트폰 애플리케이션을 자동차에서 연계·운영 가능, 전용 애플리케이션 운용
세브링에 마이긱(MyGiG) 장착 크라이 인포테인먼트 시스템 30GB 하드디스크에 1,200곡 MP3 파일 저장, DVD로 영화감상 슬러 (MyGiG) 내외부 온도감지와 적외선 센서 이용해 탑승객 신체온도 감지
커맨드 시스템 라디오, 전화, DVD, CD, MP3 CD, 내비게이션 등 멀티미디어 (Command System) 운전자가 운전에 집중할 수 있어 기기조작 스트레스 경감 벤츠 텔레에이드 GPS와 연계돼 사고가 발생하면 차량 장착 충돌센서들이 사고내용 기록해 차량 위치와 차 번호 등을 가까운 서비스센터로 송출 (Teleaid)
미션 컨트롤 2009년 미니 탄생 50주년 기념 ‘캠든(말하는 자동차)’ 개발 BMW (Mission Control) 주행상태와 주변 환경을 파악한 뒤 특정 상황에 도움이 되는 1,500개 이상의 정보와 메시지를 운전자에게 음성으로 알려줌
아이드라이브 실시간 교통정보, 내비게이션 및 오디오의 통합 시스템 기능
인포테인먼트 시스템 MMI MMI 센터 콘솔은 다이얼을 돌리거나 눌러서 조작하며, 4개 컨트롤 스위치 중심으로 기능 버튼들(오디오, TV, CD 등)이 배치 아우디 미래 연결성 휴대전화와 차량 시스템을 블루투스로 연결해 차량 모니터로 휴대전화와 차량 정보, 내비게이션과 각종 미디어, 오디오 제어
2011년 4월 MS와 차세대 텔레매틱스 플랫폼 구축에 합의 차세대 텔레매틱스 무선 네트워크 이용해 이메일이나 정보 검색 가능, 원격 차량 진단, 차량에 장착된 PC로 교통·생활·긴급구난 등 정보이용 도요타 멀티미디어시스템 2011년 2월 MS와 협력해 개발, 운전자는 음성을 통해 영화 티켓을 사고 식당예약을 하며 음악을 들을 수 있음 엔튠(EnTune)
혼다 인터내비시스템 인터내비 정보센터가 차량으로부터 수집된 정보를 분석해 실시간으로 다시 보내줘 이산화탄소 배출량을 16% 감소시킴 359 국내 서비스 현황
업체 기술명 내용
인포테인먼트& 2011년 2월 공개, 운전자에게 실시간으로 날씨정보, 음성으로 문자메시지 전송, 내비게이션 연동 등 편의 제공 텔레매틱스 블루링크 차량과 멀리 떨어져 있어도 스마트폰에 장착된 앱으로 원격 제어 (Blue Link) 차량 문을 열거나 잠그는 일은 물론이고 시동 걸기도 앱 통해 실행
스마트 현대차 스마트폰, 태블릿PC 등과 연동하여 콘텐츠 활용 편의성을 극대화 커넥티비티 차량 내 구축된 무선랜(WiFi)과 이동통신망을 활용해 날씨, 뉴스, 주식, 주변 정보를 알려줌 시스템
통합정보시스템 제네시스에 장착, 멀티미디어와 내비게이션, 텔레매틱스는 물론 차량의 공조 정보와 운행 정보 등까지 8인치 모니터에 표시 (DIS)
MS와 공동 개발, 운전자 음성으로 오디오, 미디어기기 등 작동 차량용 인포테인먼트 기아차 2010년 6월 미 ‘텔레매틱스 업데이트 어워드’의 신제품상 수상 시스템 유보(UVO) MS가 개발한 음성인식 제어엔진이 적용되었으며, 다양한 최신 기능들을 SW 프로그램 형태로 쉽게 추가하거나 업그레이드 가능
모바일 텔레매틱스 SKT와 함께 스마트폰으로 시동을 걸고 문을 여닫을 수 있는 모바일 텔레매틱스(MIV)를 공동 개발한다고 2011년 5월 발표
르노 (MIV) MIV는 자동차에 IT 기술을 결합해 내비게이션과 원격 제어, 도난방지와 긴급구조 통신, 자동차 원격검침 등의 기능 제공 삼성 카메라, MP3, PDA, TV 기능이 휴대폰 하나로 통합되고, 그 휴대폰으로 자동차의 문열 열고 닫거나, 각종 램프를 켜거나 끌 수 있으 휴대폰 스마트 엔트리 시스템 며, 무선으로 시트도 조정할 수 있는 최첨단 시스템(SKT와 공동개발)
GM 블로그인 ‘지엠대우 톡(blog.gmdaewoo.co.kr)'에 게재된 다양한 자동차 관련 정보를 검색할 수 있고, 사진과 동영상 보기 GM대우 모바일 대우 찾기 어려운 곳에 주차해놓은 차 위치를 사진 또는 텍스트로 기록
ETRI 산업분석연구팀(2011.12) 360 ITS projects supported by the EC
Commercial Other Road Traffic Management Incentives and Dissuasion Safety/Emergency Management Information Management Vehicles Initiatives Travelers Multimodal City/Regional Raise Raise Incident/ Strategic/ Route Traffic Smart Charges Logistic and Infra- Information Travelers Transportation Smart Awareness Awareness Emergency Invehicle Coordination/ Planning/ Management Infrastru Manage Fleet structure Applications Applications Governance Vehicles on Eco- on Safe- Vehicles Safety Support Navigation and Control ctures ment Management Safety and and and moving Driving Management Actions Services Services Monitoring Cooper Citylog X ative- COMeSafety2 X X Mobility Instant Mobility X X ADASIS X COSMO X X X X eCoMove X X X ECOSTAND X X X X X Eco FREILOT X X X X Mobility In-Time X X SUPERHUB X X X iCargo X A2Nets X iCar Support X eCall/HERO X Safe euroFOT/FOT- Mobility X X Net ERTRAC- X X X SAFIER GSC X X X P3ITS X X EasyWay X X X Info STADIUM Mobility TISA Viajeo X X X COCITIES X X X ASTUTE X X
. Rafiq, G.; Talha, B.; Patzold, M.; Luis, J.; Ripa, G.; Carreras, I.; Coviello, C.; Marzorati, S.; Rodriguez, G.; Herrero, G.; Desaeger, M., "What?s New in Intelligent Transportation Systems?: An Overview of European Projects and Initiatives," 361 Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE , vol.8, no.4, pp.45,69, Dec. 2013 ITS-related projects in Europe.
STREP: specific targeted research project CSA: coordination and support action IP: integrated progect CP: collaborative project ITEA2: information technology for European Advancement-2
. Rafiq, G.; Talha, B.; Patzold, M.; Luis, J.; Ripa, G.; Carreras, I.; Coviello, C.; Marzorati, S.; Rodriguez, G.; Herrero, G.; Desaeger, M., "What?s New in Intelligent Transportation Systems?: An Overview of European Projects and Initiatives," 362 Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE , vol.8, no.4, pp.45,69, Dec. 2013 Session 4. Car with Mobile Communications Trend of Commercial Companies Some Ideas
363 로 안내 서비스 : 로 정보 알림 서비스
핸드폰 네비게이션과 연동하여, 로 상 교통 관련 정보 제공 로 상 CCTV를 통해 수집되는 영상 정보 제공 목적지 관련 정보 제공
메뉴 주차 대기시간
364 로 안내 서비스 : 교통량 예측기반 최적 로 제공 서비스
출발 시간의 교통정보를 기반으로 최적 로 제공 로별 시간대별 차량 통행량 예측 각 차량의 네비게이션 경로 정보 수집 공사, 자연재해 등 돌발 상황 반영 과거 교통 정보 반영 예측된 교통상황을 기반으로 최적 로 제공
365 로 안내 서비스 : 자동 길안내 서비스
자동차 탑승시 휴대폰과 일정 정보 동기 입력된 일정 및 장소조건을 바탕으로 자동차 내부에 탑재된 길 안내 시스템 자동실행 출퇴근길, 운동 등 고정된 일정은 내부 길안내 시스템에 저장하여 반복적으로 자동안내
□ 특정장소 소형셀 위치 정보 등록 자동차 소형셀이 주기적으로 접속 혹은 접속횟수가 잦은 소형셀 정보 등록
□ 빠른 길 정보
□ 길 안내
□ 일정정보 입력 시간, 장소 366 로 안내 서비스 : Gas Station Notification
네비게이션에 이동할 로 입력 이동 시 지속적으로 Gas 잔량 확인 이동 로와 Gas 잔량을 비교하여 필수적으로 Gas를 보충해야 할 주유소 정보 제공
367 교통 안전 서비스 : 교통영상 공유서비스
꽉 막힌 도로에서 운전자는 앞 도로의 상황을 확인하고 싶어함 시야가 높은 버스 및 트럭에서 블랙박스 영상 촬영 주변 차량에게 영상 공유 사고 현장 및 도로 공사와 같은 상황을 미리 인지하여 현장 도착 전 미리 대응 가능
368 교통 안전 서비스 : Safe Driving Inner car Car mode when a UE camp on the small cell of an authorized car Information collection: sensors, cameras smart phone Actuator • Air conditioner, Wipers: according to weather information from sensors or internet • Audio volume: if the car is on a black spot, down volume Entertainment: audio, video for back seat passengers
Inter car Interchange information between small cells of neighbor automobiles Traffic light information: relay the traffic light information to back side automobiles Control light: if there are neighboring automobiles, lower the high beam to low beam
369 교통 안전 서비스 : 주변차량 차선변 감지 서비스
다차선 도로에서 동시에 여러 차량이 차선변 시 또는 사각지대에 가려 뒷차량의 차선변 을 감지하지 못하여 사고가 날 수 있음 각 차량은 방향지시등을 켤 때, 이동방향 정보를 방송함 주변 차량의 방향지시등 정보를 받으면 내 차량 디스플레이에 주변 차량 차선이동방향 예측 표시 차선변 시 사고를 줄일 수 있음
370 교통 안전 서비스 : 사고처리 서비스
LTE 사고처리 시스템이 장착 되어 있는 차량에서 사고 발생 사고 강도에 따라 (차량 센서 및 에어백 동작 유무) 사고 처리 및 응 급 상황 처리를 위한 위치 정보 및 사고 상황 정보 전송 ( 찰서 , 응 급차량, 견인차량, 보험사 등) 중앙 관제소에서 신속하고 효율적인 응급차량 및 견인차량, 보험사 파견 가능 주변 차량에게 현재 사고에 의한 교통상황 (사고 차량 위치) 및 주변 상황 (안개, 폭우) 전파하여 다른 로를 선택하게 함으로써 2차 사고 및 교통 체증 완화
371 Key-less Car Sharing
모바일 기기와 자동차 간 통신(앱, SMS 등)을 통해 운전자 인증 단계적 권한 부여 문 개폐, 냉난방, 시동, 출발, 음향, 네비게이션 예) 개인 대여, 렌탈 업체, 대리운전, 카센터, 심부름 (차에서 뭐 가져와) 원격으로 사용 시간/거리/위치/속도 등을 모니터링하고 제한 가능 예) 발레파킹 시 키 없이 최대 5분간 반 1km 이내 운전 가능, 수납공간 잠금상태 유지 예) 차 빼달라고 연락 왔을 때 상대방 전화번호로 권한 부여
372 차량 유지 서비스 아이디어 작성자 : 김진기 배터리 방전 방지 서비스 자동차를 일정기간 사용하지 않으면 배터리가 방전되는 경우가 발 생 배터리 잔량이 일정 수준 이하가 되면 운전자에게 연락 운전자는 원격으로 자동차에 시동을 걸어 배터리 충전 블랙박스 서비스 자동차 시동이 꺼져있을 때 차에 일정수준 이상의 충격이 오면 운전자에게 메시지 전송 메시지를 수신한 운전자가 즉시 차량 내의 블랙박스를 통해 영상 확인 가능
373 네이버-현대차 퓨처 드라이브 :2013 서울모터쇼 ‘네이버 퓨처프로젝트 02: 드라이브(Drive)”
374 KIA UVO
. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndE2qkeV7rQ 375 . http://uvo.kia.com Summary
376 Summary
3GPP LTE Network Architecture
User Plane Protocol • Packet Data Convergence Protocol / Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control Control Plane Protocol • Radio Resource Control / Mobility control / Radio Resource Management LTE-Advanced Features • Heterogeneous Networks / Carrier Aggregation / CoMP / Self-Optimizing Networks / Relaying / eICIC / VoLTE Release 12 Issues • Offloading / WLAN Network Selection / Device-to-Device Communications / Machine Type Communication
377 Thank you !
Q & A
378 References
3GPP TS 36.300 V11.6.0 "E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description", June, 2013 3GPP TS 23.203 v12.1.0, "Policy and charging control architecture," Jun. 2013. 3GPP TS 36.323 v11.2.0, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification(Release 11) ", April, 2013 acticom mobile networks, http://www.acticom.de/en/ 3GLTEINFO, http://www.3glteinfo.com/lte-security-architecture-20110325/ A. Larmo et al., "The LTE link-layer design," Communications Magazine, IEEE , April 2009. 3GPP TS 36.321 V11.3.0, "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (Release 11)", Jun, 2013. 3GPP TS 24.301 V10.7.0, "UMTS; LTE; NAS; EPS; Stage 3", July, 2012 3GPP TS 24.401 V8.9.0, "LTE; GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access", March, 2010 3GPP TS 36.331 V10.5.0, "Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol specification (Release 10)," ed, 2012. Netmanias, "EMM and ECM States," http://www.netmanias.com, 2013. Bong Youl (Vrian) Cho, "LTE RRC/RRM", TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training, May 2012 3GPP TS 36.213 v10.6.0 "LTE Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 10)," July 2012. Netmanias, "EMM Procedure: 1. Initial Attach for Unknown UE (2편)," September, 2011 http://www.netmanias.com/bbs/view.php?id=techdocs&no=74 윤영우, "3GPP LTE Rel-12 & Onwards 주요 요소 기술 및 표준 동향", 전자공학회지, 제 40권 4호, pp.328-339, 2013년 4월 3GPP, RWS-120046, Samsung Electronics, "Technologies for Rel-12 and Onwards," June 2012. 3GPP, RWS-120010, NTT DOCOMO, "Requirements, Candidate Solutions & Technology Roadmap for LTE Rel-12 Onward," June 2012. C. H. Lee and J. H. Kim, "Parallel Measurement Method of System Information for 3GPP LTE Femtocell," in Proc. ICNS 2011, Venice, Italia, 22-27. May 2011. Informa Telecoms & Media, "Small cell Market Status," 2013. 2. J.Wannstrom, "Carrier Aggregation explained", http://www.3gpp.org/Carrier-Aggregation-explained , May, 2012 SKT hompage, "SK텔레콤, 30일 84개시 중심가로 ‘LTE-A’ 확대", http://www.sktelecom.com, July, 2013. LGU+ homepage, "LG유플러스, 세계 최초 ‘100% LTE’ 상용화", www.uplus.co.kr, July, 2013. 윤영우, "LTE-Advanced 표준 기술 (REL-10 동향 및 REL-11 전망)", 한국통신학회지(정보와통신), 2011.5 S.Seia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, "LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution –From Theory to Practice, Second Edition". NTT DOCOMO, "R1-090314: Investigation on Coordinated Multipoint Transmission Schemes in LTE-Advanced Downlink", www.3gpp.org, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, meeting 55bis, Ljubljana, Slovenia, January 2009. 김지수, 김재현 "기지국 협력 통신 네트워크 효율성 성능평가," in Proc. 한국통신학회 하계학술대회 , 제주도, 2010년 06월.
379 References
김현숙, "3GPP Traffic Offload", FMC 포럼 컨버젼스 기술 및 표준 워크샵, 2012. 12. 12. NEC corporation, "Mobile Traffic Offload: NEC’s Cloud Centric Approach to Future Mobile Networks," 2013. 04. Konstantinos Samdanis, Tarik Taleb, Stefan Schmid, "Traffic Offload Enhancements for eUTRAN," IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIAL, 2012. 3GPP TR 23.829 V10.0.1, "3GPP technical specification group services and system aspects; local IP access and selected IP traffic offload (Release 10)," 2011. 10. 3GPP TS 23.402 V12.1.0, "Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses", June 2013. 3GPP TS 24.312 V12.1.0, "Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) Management Object (MO)", June 2013. 3GPP TS 23.865 V1.0.0, "WLAN network selection for 3GPP termianls", June 2013. L. Lei, Z. Zhangdui, L. Chuang, and S. Xuemin, "Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 19, pp. 96-104, 2012. 3GPP TR 22.803 V12.2.0, "Feasibility study for Proximity Services (ProSe) (Release 12)," 2013.06 3GPP TS 22.368 V12.2.0, "Service requirements for Machine-Type Communications (MTC);Stage 1(Release 12)," 2013. 03 3GPP TR 23.887 V1.0.0, "Machine-Type and other Mobile Data Applications Communications Enhancements (Release 12)," 2013. 06. S2-131505 "Solution for direct discovery and communication", April, 2013 T. Doumi, M. F. Dolan, S. Tatesh, A. Casati, G. Tsirtsis, K. Anchan, and D. Flore, "LTE for public safety networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, pp. 106-112, 2013. Government Technology white paper, "A How-To Guide for LTE in Public Safety," 2010 3GPP TR 23.768 V0.2.0, "Study on architecture enhancements to support Group Communication System Enablers for LTE (GCSE_LTE) (Release 12) ," 2013. 06 . 조수현, "KT Vision : M2M Services and Technologies", KRNET 2011, 2011년 6월 27일. 최상호, "SKT Vision : M2M Based Mobile Service", KRNET 2011, 2011년 6월 27일. 유상근, 홍용근, 김형준, "스마트모바일 서비스 – M2M 기술 및 표준 동향", 전자통신동향분석 제 26권 제 2호, 2011년 4월. Andreas Kunz, "Machine Type Communications in 3GPP From Release 10 to Release 12", GLOBECOM 2012 ONIT WS, Dec. 2012 조봉열, ‘LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/11)”, TTA LTE 표준 기술 교육, March, 2013 Mario Campolargo, “5G, the way forward!”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Rahim Tafazolli, “Why 5G?”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013 Nigel Jefferies, “Next generation wireless for a cognitive & energy-efficient future?”, ETSI Summit on Future Mobile and Standards for 5G, 21 November, 2013
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