DOCSLIB.ORG

Rethinking RRC State Machine Optimization in Light of Recent Advancements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rethinking RRC State Machine Optimization in Light of Recent Advancements Experience: Rethinking RRC State Machine Optimization in Light of Recent Advancements Theodore Stoner Xuetao Wei∗ Joseph Knight University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lei Guo Northeastern University [email protected] ABSTRACT Keywords Broadband mobile networks utilize a radio resource con- UMTS; RRC state machine; radio resource optimization trol (RRC) state machine to allocate scarce radio resources. Current implementations introduce high latencies and cross- 1. INTRODUCTION layer degradation. Recently, the RRC enhancements, con- tinuous packet connectivity (CPC) and the enhanced for- The UMTS and LTE RRC state machine implementations ward access channel (Enhanced FACH), have emerged in play an important role in determining mobile application UMTS. We study the availability and performance of these performance [30]. The purpose of the RRC state machine is enhancements on a network serving a market with a popula- to efficiently allocate network radio resources among a multi- tion in the millions. Our experience in the wild shows these tude of mobile devices. An additional goal is to minimize the enhancements offer significant reductions in latency, mobile utilization of energy intensive resources on the mobile device. device energy consumption, and improved end user expe- The RRC state machine places wireless devices into one of rience. We develop new over-the-air measurements that re- several defined states that determine the amount of control, solve existing limitations in measuring RRC parameters. We mobility management, and radio resources allocated. State find CPC provides significant benefits with minimal resource changes incur a high cost, with delays up to several seconds. costs, prompting us to rethink past optimization strategies. Minimizing state changes in the packet flow is required for We examine the cross-layer performance of CPC and En- good performance. A competing requirement is minimizing hanced FACH, concluding that CPC provides reductions in use of the resource intensive DCH state. mobile device energy consumption for many applications. The impact of the RRC state machine on application per- While the performance increase of HS-FACH is substantial, formance has been studied in detail for CDMA, UMTS, and cross-layer performance is limited by the legacy uplink ran- LTE networks [24,30,32]. Huang et al. [21] find TCP perfor- dom access channel (RACH), and we conclude full support mance is affected by the longer delays and delay variability of Enhanced FACH is necessary to benefit most applica- present in mobile wireless networks. TCP typically utilizes tions. Given that UMTS growth will exceed LTE for several less than 50% of the available network bandwidth. Multi- more years and the greater worldwide deployment of UMTS, ple studies investigate the impact of the RRC state machine our quantitative results should be of great interest to net- implementation on device energy consumption. Tail time work operators adding capacity to these networks. Finally, has been identified as a large contributor to poor power ef- these results provide new insights for application developers ficiency [20, 27]. While much is now understood about root wishing to optimize performance with these RRC enhance- cause, effective solutions remain elusive. ments. Existing RRC optimization methods have proved inade- quate to resolve the issue, causing many current applications Categories and Subject Descriptors to experience unnecessary latency or excessive energy con- C.2.1 [Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless com- sumption. Currently, optimization requires trading off en- munication; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: measure- ergy consumption for reduced performance by either short- ment techniques, performance attributes ening or extending state tail times. Qian et al. [27] found that optimization of RRC parameters for any specific class of ∗Prof. Xuetao Wei is the corresponding author of this paper. traffic negatively impacts the majority of other traffic types. These limitations were found to be inherent in the state ma- chine design. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed As a solution, the industry organization that sets the tech- for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full cita- nical specifications for LTE and UMTS mobile networks tion on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than (3GPP) included RRC state machine enhancements in 3GPP ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or re- Release 7 and 3GPP Release 8. Release 7 introduced CPC publish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and Enhanced FACH. CPC allows HSPA users in the DCH and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. state to operate without a dedicated control channel and MobiCom’15, September 7–11, 2015, Paris, France. utilizes discontinuous transmission and discontinuous recep- c 2015 ACM. ISBN 978-1-4503-3619-2/15/09 ...$15.00. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2789168.2790105. tion. This results in reduced mobile device energy consump- 477 tion and increased system capacity. Enhanced FACH de- fines use of the high speed downlink shared channel (HS- DSCH) for the FACH state (HS-FACH). 3GPP Release 8 further improves Enhanced FACH with a shared enhanced uplink channel (EUL-FACH) and DRX for the FACH state (E-FACH DRX). While the recent growth of LTE subscribers is impressive, we note that increasing the capacity and performance of UMTS networks remains a priority for 3GPP participants. Over the next few years, global subscriber growth for UMTS / HSPA is forecast to exceed that of LTE. In 2019, UMTS subscriptions are forecast to exceed LTE subscriptions by 2.9 Billion [9, 11]. To address these needs, 3GPP has intro- duced numerous UMTS / HSPA enhancements [8,10], many of which are implemented as software upgrades. The need for operators to quantitatively assess these enhancements and decide which features to implement motivates our re- search of recent UMTS state machine improvements. The key contributions of our paper are as follows: Figure 1: The UMTS RRC state diagram. • The first measurement of UMTS RRC state popular applications we studied, but with full imple- machine enhancements in the wild. We study mentation of Enhanced FACH, there is potential for an operational network serving a large metropolitan improved FACH performance. area with a population in the millions. We measure the availability of devices supporting the 3GPP Re- Summary: we learned that current RRC state machine lease 7 and 8 optional features. From our measurement enhancements narrow the performance gap between UMTS study, we found that only a subset of the features are and LTE. We identified that pre-standard implementations well supported. Specifically 14% of the devices sup- of Fast Dormancy circumvent these enhancements. Further, port CPC, 4.5% support HS-FACH, while EUL-FACH Release 7 Enhanced FACH is limited in performance by re- and E-FACH DRX were not supported. liance on the legacy RACH channel. Release 8 EUL-FACH is required for an effective Enhanced FACH implementation. • A new measurement method for assessing the Finally, we note FACH requires further improvements to performance of CPC (x4.1). We use an RF spec- provide needed capacity for developing Machine to Machine trum analyzer to monitor the RF envelope of mobile and Internet of Things applications. device transmissions. This provides accurate identifi- cation of when a mobile device utilizes CPC DTX with 2. BACKGROUND millisecond granularity. Mobile wireless networks use an RRC state machine to allocate shared radio resources and minimize mobile device • A detailed study of UMTS RRC state machine energy consumption. RRC state machines are implemented enhancements: CPC and Enhanced FACH (x4 in GPRS, EVDO, UMTS, and LTE Networks [25]. and x5). We find that CPC reduces device energy con- We begin by reviewing the UMTS implementation. The sumption during DCH tail time by 25%. This improve- state machine is shown in Figure 1. The basic RRC state ment in energy efficiency allows network operators to machine consists of three states: IDLE, DCH, and FACH. extend DCH tail times, improving application perfor- These states are maintained simultaneously by the mobile mance. Enhanced FACH measurements reveal that device and the Radio Network Controller (RNC). The RNC lack of EUL-FACH support severely limits the poten- provides control functions and radio resource management tial benefits of this technology. The existing uplink for the cellular base stations (NodeBs). A basic description channel for FACH (RACH) is a low bandwidth channel of each state is given [19]: and exhibits high latency. Even with these limitations, we found devices supporting Enhanced FACH reduced • IDLE minimizes the use of network resources and de- 200 byte ping round trip times (RTT) by 26%. We vice energy; only occasional monitoring of the network also find that the HS-FACH channel reduces latency Broadcast channel (BCH), Paging channel (PCH), and of control signaling messages. Pilot channel (CPICH) are performed in this state. • FACH requires an RRC connection to the RNC and • Analysis of the enhanced RRC state machine minimizes use of radio resources by utilizing a slow performance with popular mobile applications speed shared channel with a bandwidth limited to aprox- (x6). We found that for audio and video streaming imately 32 kbps. FACH has lower device energy con- applications, CPC DTX is active up to 90% of the sumption than DCH, and FACH to DCH promotions time during track downloads. This reduces energy con- require less signaling overhead than IDLE to DCH pro- sumption by 23%. For a popular social media applica- motions. tion, we find that background transfers use the DCH state 13.7% of the time and the energy consumption • DCH utilizes dedicated radio resources and provides a is reduced by 21% in the DCH state.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects
    Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects Taehun Kim Ofinno • ofinno.com • May 2021 Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects Signals for transitioning to a radio resource control • a radio resource control (RRC) connection (RRC) connected state and maintaining the RRC establishment procedure to establish an RRC connected state could cause overheads (e.g., power connection [3][4]; and consumption and delay) to a wireless device having • an initial access stratum (AS) security activation small amount of data to transmit when in an RRC idle procedure for secured data transmission [3][4]. state or an RRC inactive state. When the procedures is successfully completed, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has wireless device in an RRC connected state transmits introduced technologies to reduce the overheads. the UL data. After the transmission of the UL data, This article gives a brief introduction of the the wireless device stays in the RRC connected technologies and investigates a protocol aspects of state until receiving an RRC release message from the technologies. a base station. While staying in the RRC connected state, the wireless device should perform additional 1. Introduction procedures (e.g., radio link monitoring (RLM), Before technologies to reduce overheads for small measurement & measurement reporting, etc.). The data transmission (SDT) is introduced for long-term wireless device transitions back to the RRC idle state evolution (LTE) or new radio (NR), uplink (UL) data when receiving an RRC release message from the generated in an RRC idle state can be transmitted base station. only after transitioning to an RRC connected state according to 3GPP specifications.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of 5G System Accessibility Differentiation and Control
    1 An Overview of 5G System Accessibility Differentiation and Control Jingya Li, Demia Della Penda, Henrik Sahlin, Paul Schliwa-Bertling, Mats Folke, Magnus Stattin Ericsson Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] component to provide the desired accessibility prioritization for Abstract—5G system is characterized by its capability to different types of devices, users and services, when supporting support a wide range of use cases and services. Supporting multiple verticals in a shared 5G Stand Alone (SA) network, as accessibility differentiation becomes therefore essential to illustrated in Figure 1. preserve a stable network condition during high traffic load, while This article provides first an overview of the motivations for ensuring connection and service quality to prioritized devices and accessibility differentiation in 5G system. Then, it describes the services. In this article, we describe some use cases and requirements that impact the 3GPP design of the 5G accessibility mechanisms introduced by 3GPP to maintain the service quality differentiation framework. We then provide an overview of the of ongoing high priority communications during high load supported mechanisms for accessibility differentiation and control situations, while assuring that incoming prioritized connection in 5G Stand Alone (SA) system, including cell barring and requests receive the desired access treatment. To the best of our reservation, unified access control, paging control, random access knowledge, this is the first article presenting a comprehensive control and admission control. We discuss how these summary of main use cases and technology opportunities for functionalities can be used to maintain the service quality and accessibility differentiation and control in 5G networks.
    [Show full text]
  • TS 5G.300 V1.1 (2016-06) Technical Specification
    TS 5G.300 v1.1 (2016-06) Technical Specification KT PyeongChang 5G Special Interest Group (KT 5G-SIG); KT 5th Generation Radio Access; Overall Description; (Release 1) Ericsson, Intel Corp., Nokia, Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Samsung Electronics & KT Disclaimer: This document provides information related to 5G technology. All information provided herein is subject to change without notice. The members of the KT PyeongChang 5G Special Interest Group (“KT 5G- SIG”) disclaim and make no guaranty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information contained or referenced herein. THE KT 5G-SIG AND ITS MEMBERS DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ALL INFORMATION IS PROVIDED ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS. No licenses under any intellectual property of any kind are provided by any person (whether a member of the KT 5G-SIG or not) that may be necessary to access or utilize any of the information contained herein, including, but not limited to, any source materials referenced herein, and any patents required to implement or develop any technology described herein. It shall be the responsibility of anyone attempting to use the information contained or referenced herein to obtain any such licenses, if necessary. The KT 5G-SIG and its members disclaim liability for any damages or losses of any nature whatsoever whether direct, indirect, incidental, special or consequential resulting from the use of or reliance on any information contained or referenced herein. © 2016 KT corp. All rights reserved 2 TS 5G.300 v1.1 (2016-06) Document History Version Date Change 0.1 2016-02-17 First Draft Version 1.1 2016-07-13 Final Version 1.2 2016-08-31 Correction in Appendix A4 KT 5G-SIG 3 TS 5G.300 v1.1 (2016-06) Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UMTS); Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (3GPP TS 25.301 Version 3.8.0 Release 1999)
    ETSI TS 125 301 V3.8.0 (2001-06) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (3GPP TS 25.301 version 3.8.0 Release 1999) 3GPP TS 25.301 version 3.8.0 Release 1999 1 ETSI TS 125 301 V3.8.0 (2001-06) Reference RTS/TSGR-0225301UR5 Keywords UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.:+33492944200 Fax:+33493654716 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://www.etsi.org/tb/status/ If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: [email protected] Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuzzing Radio Resource Control Messages in 5G and LTE Systems
    DEGREE PROJECT IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2021 Fuzzing Radio Resource Control messages in 5G and LTE systems To test telecommunication systems with ASN.1 grammar rules based adaptive fuzzer SRINATH POTNURU KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Fuzzing Radio Resource Control messages in 5G and LTE systems To test telecommunication systems with ASN.1 grammar rules based adaptive fuzzer SRINATH POTNURU Master’s in Computer Science and Engineering with specialization in ICT Innovation, 120 credits Date: February 15, 2021 Host Supervisor: Prajwol Kumar Nakarmi KTH Supervisor: Ezzeldin Zaki Examiner: György Dán School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Host company: Ericsson AB Swedish title: Fuzzing Radio Resource Control-meddelanden i 5G- och LTE-system Fuzzing Radio Resource Control messages in 5G and LTE systems / Fuzzing Radio Resource Control-meddelanden i 5G- och LTE-system © 2021 Srinath Potnuru iii Abstract 5G telecommunication systems must be ultra-reliable to meet the needs of the next evolution in communication. The systems deployed must be thoroughly tested and must conform to their standards. Software and network protocols are commonly tested with techniques like fuzzing, penetration testing, code review, conformance testing. With fuzzing, testers can send crafted inputs to monitor the System Under Test (SUT) for a response. 3GPP, the standardiza- tion body for the telecom system, produces new versions of specifications as part of continuously evolving features and enhancements. This leads to many versions of specifications for a network protocol like Radio Resource Control (RRC), and testers need to constantly update the testing tools and the testing environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ts 138 321 V15.3.0 (2018-09)
    ETSI TS 138 321 V15.3.0 (2018-09) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 5G; NR; Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (3GPP TS 38.321 version 15.3.0 Release 15) 3GPP TS 38.321 version 15.3.0 Release 15 1 ETSI TS 138 321 V15.3.0 (2018-09) Reference RTS/TSGR-0238321vf30 Keywords 5G ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • UMTS Overview
    UMTS overview David Tipper Associate Professor Graduate Telecommunications and Networking Program University of Pittsburgh 2720 Slides 12 UMTS • ETSI proposed GSM/NA-TDMA /GPRS evolution under name Universal Mobile Telecom. Services (UMTS) • Most of 3G licenses in Europe required operator to deploy a UMTS system covering x% of population by a specific date y – Germany: 25% of population by 12/03, 50% by 12/05 –Norway: 80% of population by 12/04 – In most countries operators have asked for and received deployment delay due to dot.com bust and equipment delays • Estimate 2.5 Billion euros to deploy a 5000 base station UMTS system • According to UMTS Forum – More than 90 million UMTS users as of 10/06 on operating networks in more than 50 countries – Most deployments of UMTS in Europe (~40% of market) and Pacific Rim (~38% market) Telcom 2720 2 UMTS • UMTS is a complete system architecture – As in GSM emphasis on standardized interfaces • mix and match equipment from various vendors – Simple evolution from GPRS – allows one to reuse/upgrade some of the GPRS backhaul equipment – Backward compatible handsets and signaling to support intermode and intersystem handoffs • Intermode; TDD to FDD, FDD to TDD • Intersystem: UMTS to GSM or UMTS to GPRS – UMTS supports a variety of user data rates and both packet and circuit switched services – System composed of three main subsystems Telcom 2720 3 UMTS System Architecture Node B MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN RNC USIM Node B HLR ME Internet Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Node B UE UTRAN CN External Networks • UE (User Equipment) that interfaces with the user • UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) handles all radio related functionality – WCDMA is radio interface standard here.
    [Show full text]
  • Communications Technology Assessment for the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) Link
    NASA/CR—2014-216675 Communications Technology Assessment for the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) Link Steven C. Bretmersky MTI Systems, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio William D. Bishop Verizon Federal Network Systems, LLC., Arlington, Virginia Justin E. Dailey MTI Systems, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio Christine T. Chevalier Vantage Partners, LLC, Brook Park, Ohio June 2014 NASA STI Program . in Profi le Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientifi c and technical NASA Scientifi c and Technical Information (STI) conferences, symposia, seminars, or other program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientifi c, The NASA STI Program operates under the auspices technical, or historical information from of the Agency Chief Information Offi cer. It collects, NASA programs, projects, and missions, often organizes, provides for archiving, and disseminates concerned with subjects having substantial NASA’s STI. The NASA STI program provides access public interest. to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- Server, thus providing one of the largest collections language translations of foreign scientifi c and of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which Specialized services also include creating custom includes the following report types: thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION.
    [Show full text]
  • Ts 138 331 V15.2.1 (2018-06)
    ETSI TS 138 331 V15.2.1 (2018-06) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 5G; NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification (3GPP TS 38.331 version 15.2.1 Release 15) 3GPP TS 38.331 version 15.2.1 Release 15 1 ETSI TS 138 331 V15.2.1 (2018-06) Reference RTS/TSGR-0238331vf21 Keywords 5G ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Resource Management in Ofdma Networks
    DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN OFDMA NETWORKS Javad Zolfaghari Institute for Theoretical Information Technology RWTH Aachen University DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN OFDMA NETWORKS Javad Zolfaghari A thesis submitted to the Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Technical University of Catalonia-Barcelona Tech, reviewed by Dr. Michael Reyer and Dr. Anna Umbert on 14th December 2013 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master in Information and Communications Technology Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Information and Communications Technology Institute for Theoretical Information Technology RWTH Aachen University I assure the single handed composition of this master’s thesis only supported by declared resources. Information derived from those resources has been acknowledged in the text and references are given in the bibliography. Aachen, 14th December 2013 Abstract Inter-cell interference is of great interest and one of the essential issues for wireless oper- ators who want to provide full coverage within their service area and guarantee a certain Quality of Service (QoS) to all users. In this thesis the resource allocation problem in an OFDMA based multi-cell network is formulated. Since no algorithm with polynomial running time exists due to non-linearity and combinatorial nature of underlying problem we adopted a heuristic approach with low computational cost and acceptable performance loss. We address specifically sharing available radio resources among users in terms of bandwidth allocation in order to suppress inter-cell interference. Besides, cell assignment and power allocation is foreseen. Performance of proposed schemes were evaluated by simulation network properly aligned with 3GPP LTE network.
    [Show full text]
  • LTE Progress Leading to the 5G Massive Internet of Things 1
    LTE Progress Leading to the 5G Massive Internet of Things 1 LTE Progress Leading to the 5G Massive Internet of Things CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7 2. IoT Market Drivers ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Evolution from M2M to IoT ................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Key IoT Market Drivers ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 IoT Connectivity Market Forecast ...................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Operator Deployment Concepts ........................................................................................................ 20 2.4.1 Global IoT Platforms ................................................................................................................... 22 3. IoT Requirements .................................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Overview in 3GPP ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Next-Generation Mobile Wimax Technology
    AHMADI LAYOUT 5/15/09 1:10 PM Page 84 WIMAX UPDATE An Overview of Next-Generation Mobile WiMAX Technology Sassan Ahmadi, Intel Corporation ABSTRACT embarked on the development of a new amend- ment of the IEEE 802.16 standard (i.e., IEEE The growing demand for mobile Internet 802.16m) as an advanced air interface to meet and wireless multimedia applications has moti- the requirements of the International Telecom- vated the development of broadband wireless- munication Union — Radiocommunication/ access technologies in recent years. Mobile International Mobile Telecommunications (ITU- WiMAX has enabled convergence of mobile R/IMT)-advanced for fourth-generation (4G) and fixed broadband networks through a com- systems, as well as the next-generation mobile mon wide-area radio-access technology and network operators. flexible network architecture. Since January Depending on the available bandwidth and 2007, the IEEE 802.16 Working Group has multi-antenna mode, the next-generation been developing a new amendment of the IEEE mobile WiMAX will be capable of over-the-air 802.16 standard (i.e., IEEE 802.16m) as an data-transfer rates in excess of 1 Gb/s and sup- advanced air interface to meet the require- port a wide range of high-quality and high- ments of ITU-R/IMT-advanced for 4G systems, capacity IP-based services and applications as well as for the next-generation mobile net- while maintaining full backward compatibility work operators. with the existing mobile WiMAX systems to Depending on the available bandwidth and preserve investments and continuing to support multi-antenna mode, the next-generation mobile first-generation products.
    [Show full text]