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3D Sedimentary Architecture Showing the Inception of an Ice Age ✉ H

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3D Sedimentary Architecture Showing the Inception of an Ice Age ✉ H ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16776-7 OPEN 3D sedimentary architecture showing the inception of an Ice Age ✉ H. Løseth 1 , J. A. Dowdeswell 2, C. L. Batchelor2,3 & D. Ottesen4 Northeast Atlantic climate shifted into the Quaternary Ice Age around 2.6 M yr ago. Until now, however, the detailed changes associated with this inception of an Ice Age have remained obscure. New high-quality three-dimensional seismic data reveal a detailed geo- 1234567890():,; logical record of buried surfaces, landforms and sedimentary architecture over vast parts of the Norwegian North Sea. Here, we show the sequence of near-coast geological events spanning the Northeast Atlantic inception of an Ice Age. We identify the location of immediate pre-glacial fluvially derived sandy systems where rivers from the Norwegian mainland built marine deltas. The stratigraphic position of a large submarine channel, formed by enhanced meltwater from initial build-up of local glaciers, is also shown. Finally, we document the transition to full ice-sheet growth over Scandinavia from the ice sheet’s earliest position to the later pattern of debris-flow lobes reaching the present-day shelf edge. 1 Equinor ASA, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway. 2 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK. 3 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 4 Geological Survey of Norway, N-7040 Trondheim, Norway. ✉ email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 11:2975 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16776-7 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16776-7 dramatic climate shift led the Northeast Atlantic into an record across the transition from a fluvially dominated Neogene AIce Age around 2.6 M yr ago at the beginning of the into the glacially dominated sedimentary system of the Qua- Quaternary Period. In deep-ocean sediments this transi- ternary Ice Age (Fig. 1). tion is recorded as increasing volumes of iceberg-rafted debris The sands of the eastern Utsira Formation are located (IRD) delivered to the surrounding seas as ice sheets built up over immediately below the oldest glacial sediments of the Quatern- the adjacent mid-latitude land masses1,2. Until now, however, the ary Naust Formation (Fig. 1c). The sand is up to 200 m thick detailed changes in continental-margin sedimentary architecture and covers about 1500 km2 on the eastern margin of the associated with this transition to an “icehouse” world have northern North Sea Basin (Fig. 1b). Sedimentological evidence remained poorly understood. The recent availability of large from wells (Figs. 1b, 2a) show fine to very coarse sand, pebbles blocks of high-resolution industry three-dimensional (3D) seis- and poor to well sorted sands. Seismic records indicate that the mic data now allows imaging of the sediments and landforms that sand unit has a well-defined top and base but internally is record this major environmental shift and enables inferences on acoustically chaotic where RMS (Root Mean Square)-amplitude changing geological processes to be made. maps image numerous anastomosing and bifurcating channels The landscape of the Northeast Atlantic as we know it today (Fig. 2a). Individual channels are usually less than 800 m wide, was largely established during the mid- and late-Miocene, to be become narrower to the west, and can be traced for up to 30 km. overprinted by subsequent Quaternary glaciation3. Huge com- The channel patterns indicate a west to northwest flow pressive stresses uplifted Norway and the British Isles and their direction. The channel configuration suggests a source near flanking shelves were also raised and exposed, with a subsiding the location of the modern mouth of Sognefjorden, a 200 km basin forming between4–8. The East Shetland Platform was a long and 1300 m deep fjord system cut into the mountainous major clastic source-area for the northern North Sea Basin. The interior of Norway (Fig. 1a). The easternmost preserved sand is sands making up the Utsira Formation on the western flank were about 50 km west of the present-day mouth of Sognefjorden produced during the Late Miocene to Pliocene9–16 (“Methods”). (Fig. 1b), noting that erosion by the mid- to late-Quaternary At about the same time, sandy sediments from Norway formed Norwegian Channel Ice Stream has removed Utsira Formation the Utsira Formation on the basin’s eastern side (Fig. 1a). Here, sediments further east. the Utsira Formation east is bounded at its base by the Mid- The geomorphic pattern of the channels preserved within the Miocene Unconformity (MMU), an unconformity on the entire Utsira Formation east is interpreted to represent a fluvially eastern basin margin that dips smoothly westwards showing derived sandy deltaic system. Rivers from the pre-glacial reflection truncation, onlap and downlap17,18. The basin flanks Norwegian mainland, appearing to come from a point source at were flooded, possibly related to termination of the compression the mouth of what is now Sognefjorden, contributed sorted phase8, around the end of the Miocene, but the uplifted Nor- sediments to build marine deltas. The buried sandy channel wegian mountains remained as nucleation points for the build-up system imaged and interpreted from 3D seismic data in Fig. 2a of glaciers. represents channels eroded into delta foresets; the topset beds and The Utsira Formation is overlain by the down-lapping pro- part of the foresets have been removed by subsequent erosion. grading shelf clinoform sediments of the Quaternary Naust Formation that are often in the form of glacigenic debris- flows13,19–21. Naust units A–D record the west to northwestward Glacifluvial activity—Sunnfjord channel. The sinuous Sunnf- progradation of these sediments through the Quaternary13,14,20. jord channel25–27 is cut into the northern portion of the eastern To the west of the basin, an eastward-prograding deltaic unit Utsira Formation and was therefore formed after the sand was from the East Shetland Platform continued to build up during the deposited. The channel is 100 km long, up to 2 km wide and early Quaternary13,14. The Norwegian Channel Ice Stream, which 150 m deep within the 3D dataset (Fig. 2b) but continues north drained much of the southern Scandinavian Ice Sheet during and out of the study area at 62 °N (Fig. 1a). The present dip of successive mid- and late-Quaternary glaciations, eroded parts of the middle and outer channel is ~0.5° but increases to 1.3° in both the Utsira and Naust formations and formed an Upper the uppermost 25 km. Near its upper end several sub-channels Regional Unconformity (URU) at the base of the Norwegian are present that merge downstream. The original eastern por- Channel13,22–24. tions of the channels are missing through erosion but the We use a large (35,410 km2) 3D seismic survey obtained from preserved extremities point inshore towards the modern the northern North Sea between Norway and the Shetland Islands Sunnfjord and Nordfjord (Figs. 1b, 2b). The sediment fill of this (60–62 °N; Fig. 1a) to investigate the geological record spanning channel system comprises a 120 m-thick unit. The lower intra- the change from relatively warm and fluvially dominated sedi- channel part onlaps the base up-dip. This unit is not dated but ment delivery from land to sea during the Neogene, to a Qua- the relative age is younger than the eastern Utsira Formation ternary environment influenced largely by erosion, transport and andolderthantheupperNaustUnitAofOttesenetal.14. deposition from glaciers and ice sheets. A new generation of high- Further up-dip the channel is infilled by the west to northwest quality 3D broad-band seismic data provides continuous coverage prograding shelf sediments of the Naust Formation, the oldest of large areas of the Norwegian margin, allowing spectacular of which belong to Naust Unit A. Prograding clinoforms from imaging of palaeo-surfaces and buried landforms within the late overlying Naust Formation sediments also fill up the remaining Neogene and Quaternary sediments compared with traditional portion of the Sunnfjord channel. Whether the Sunnfjord two-dimensional seismic-reflection data and smaller 3D seismic channel is an immediate pre-Quaternary or early Quaternary cubes. Here, we report our observations and interpretation of event chronologically remains unresolved. these data to reveal the sedimentary architecture relating to the We interpret this major Sunnfjord channel, whose preserved pre-glacial and early glacial evolution into the icehouse world of upper arms point towards the Sunnfjord and Nordfjord systems the Quaternary. on mainland Norway (Fig. 1a), as a submarine product of enhanced summer seasonal meltwater and sediment delivery after the initial build-up of glaciers and ice caps in the Norwegian Results mountains. The prograding shelf sediments correlating to the Pre-glacial fluvial activity. Our 3D seismic imagery from the intra-Naust Unit A of Ottesen et al.14 began the process of northern North Sea show three phases of the changing geological infilling the Sunnfjord channel (Fig. 1c). 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 11:2975 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16776-7 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16776-7 ARTICLE a 0° 4°E 8°E b 2°E 3°E 4°E viii Norwegian Sea 34/4-6 vii Unit C 61°30'N 34/4-7 Sunnfjord 64°N 34/7-4 vi channel Top B UK NO v iv 35/8-2 North Sea ii Utsira Fm. iii east TMF 2a 35/11-1 Unit B 1c m 1000 Sunnfjord channel 61°N 62°N 400 m Top A Nordfjord 2b Unit A 0 m 20 Sunnfjord Base Naust Shelf break Fm. Sognefjorden Shetland Norway Islands Utsira Utsira west east 2c East Shetland 1b 60°30'N Platform 60°N i Early Norwegian Quaternary Channel deltaic Early Quaternary unit deltaic unit N NO Height North UK N Sea 100 km 25 km –3000 0 2500 m c TWT (s) Norwegian Channel 0.5 URU Unit D B ii vii vi iii Unit A 1b viii v iv Top Unit C Unit B U Top C Top A MM 1.0 Base Naust Fm .
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