Modo Environmental Report 1996 Are Based on a Selection from the Large Amount of Information Reported to the 3 Products for the Ecocycle Environmental Authorities

Environmental Report Contents MoDo Environmental 1 Environmental policy 2 Bengt Pettersson President and CEO Report 1996

Products and marketing The facts in the MoDo Environmental Report 1996 are based on a selection from the large amount of information reported to the 3 Products for the ecocycle environmental authorities. Copies of the complete reports submitted by our Swedish units are held available at the authorities Environmental protection and at MoDo’s ofﬁces. Environmental facts on the units outside 4 MoDo and the Environment 1996 Sweden are available from MoDo. 6 Many factors inﬂuence environmental standard This is how the environmental report is arranged MoDo Environmental Report is designed to make complex 7 Reporting of environmental expenditure conditions as easy to understand as possible for a broad range of 9 MoDo Paper readers. The Environmental Report is arranged in accordance with the headings in MoDo’s environmental policy. 12 Holmen Paper In order to make it easier to read, the same colour codes are 14 Iggesund Paperboard used throughout all sections: 16 Iggesund Timber • Raw material consumption 17 MoDo Skog • Energy consumption 22 Environmental auditing • Production

Responsibility • Emissions into air • Emissions into water 22 Environmental organisation • Waste Purchasing and demands on suppliers Reporting of environmental facts 24 Study of environmental effects of In 1996, MoDo began to co-operate with the other Swedish transportation companies in the industry to standardise the reporting of environmental facts. Development The section entitled Environmental protection in 1996 includes 28 Higher production – improved environmental data for each mill, showing production, quantity of waste and performance environmental permits, and emissions into water and air. The environmental data are the facts that determine the extent of the 29 Priorities for the future measures taken to improve the environment; they also serve as a basis for a general assessment of the environmental status. MoDo in 1996 – the facts At the end of the Environmental Report there is a fact section containing detailed information on raw materials, production, 30 MoDo and energy energy consumption, total emissions into air and water, 31 MoDo – an overall picture emissions per tonne of product, and waste for 1995 and 1996. Figures in brackets refer to 1995. 32 MoDo – mill by mill. Use of raw materials, production, emissions and waste Further information Further information may be obtained by contacting the ofﬁces 40 Chemicals and persons listed at the end of the Environmental Report. 41 By-products and waste

Information Cover 42 Glossary Environmental workers. The environment is the concern of each of MoDo’s employees in one way or another. Tommy 44 This is MoDo – addresses Andersson and Jan Eriksson, MoDo Skog, Hallstavik; Kerstin Bergroth, Iggesunds Bruk; and Sven-Olof Westberg, Husum, are just a few of them. Environmental policy The environment is the concern of the entire Group. It is essential for the development of MoDo that full being given to the needs of the environment. Forestry account is taken of environmental constraints. will be practised in such a way as to protect vital ecological processes. The methods used must ensure Environmental protection biological diversity. MoDo’s business operations shall be managed in a manner which ensures the protection of the environ- Products ment, the efficient use of raw materials and energy, Our products shall be harmless to humans and to the and the promotion of sustainable development. Our environment. Functional and environmental demands work in this sphere will be guided by a careful assess- shall be considered in an overall perspective. ment of technical feasibility, economic viability and MoDo shall allow the needs of the market to ecological acceptability. This means that our environ- determine product development. mental protection measures will be characterised by a holistic approach and will be pursued with the aim of achieving continuous improvements. In order to Marketing guarantee sound environmental standards, environ- Marketing with the use of environmental arguments mental audits are performed at the individual units shall be factual and based on a comprehensive within MoDo. approach. In order to ensure our freedom of action, our aim shall be to comply with environmental legislation and official standards by a safe margin. Development Environmental measures involve costs. Effective environmental protection requires healthy profit- MoDo shall have a long-term environmental strategy, ability. This in turn calls for products which are and keep abreast of the development of environ- competitive on international markets. mental requirements within its areas of operation. In connection with investments in new plants, and the modernisation and rebuilding of existing plants, all Responsibility opportunities shall be taken to combine efficient Overall responsibility for the environment is shared production with effective environmental protection. by Group management and business area presidents Methods, processes and products which cause a together with the Group Board. The primary responsi- reduced impact on the environment shall be given bility for day-to-day environmental activities rests on priority over other comparable alternatives. the managers of our mills and the corresponding The results of research and development shall be managers of other units. used so that measures to protect the environment may When major decisions which influence MoDo’s be applied to the greatest possible effect. business are to be made on the environment, the mill MoDo shall keep itself fully informed about the manager or the corresponding manager shall confer environmental impact of the Group’s operations, and with the Group’s Environmental Director. on measures required to reduce unwanted environ- The allotment of responsibility at each of MoDo’s mental effects. MoDo shall continue to contribute units shall be clearly defined in writing. Our personnel towards the development of environmental improve- shall exhibit a personal sense of responsibility for the ments, through its own research and by participating environment in the course of their normal duties, and in joint projects. follow instructions and procedures. Any risk of breakdowns or disturbances which Purchasing and demands on suppliers could influence the environment shall be reported, so that preventive action may be taken. In the event of Environmental considerations shall be taken into serious disturbances or breakdowns that could harm account in connection with the purchase of goods and the environment, the environment shall be given services. MoDo’s environmental requirements shall priority over production. be satisfied by suppliers.

Forestry Information MoDo’s forests and forestry activities will be Our approach shall be characterised by openness and managed to ensure a high yield and a sustainable objectivity. Our personnel, customers and other rele- supply of wood, subject to the fullest consideration vant parties shall be kept comprehensively informed on environmental matters.

Revised in January 1997

1 Bengt Pettersson, President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer:

Natural to report on environmental activities

The environmental report has borating with other companies in the a value, but it is impossible to calculate come to stay. Providing share- forest industry to bring more uniformity this value in financial terms. to the reporting of environmental facts. We are therefore not yet ready to holders and the public with a We have not changed last year’s deci- describe the financial effects of environ- report on the company’s environ- sion to refrain from external auditing of mental issues. But we believe it will mental activities today seems the environmental report, pending the stimulate further development when we natural. official authorisation of environmental feel our way ahead with an open mind. auditors. We also illustrate the environmental This year’s environmental report inclu- aspects of transportation. We describe In this, our fifth environmental report, des some ideas as to how environmental two cases based on the transport study in our aim is to expand and clarify the measures should be reported in financial progress at MoDo. Our aim is that the reporting of environmental issues. Our terms. This is difficult, not least when it study should provide the facts needed for ambition is to make the report as easy to comes to putting a value on the environ- measures that will make it possible to read and understand as possible, despite mental measures built into the process reduce the environmental effects of trans- the many facts. For sake of continuity, we equipment. This area is very much a porting raw materials and products. have retained the established structure matter of estimates. Therefore, this year MoDo purchases most of its transpor- and at the same time paid special atten- we have divided MoDo’s environmental tation services on the open market. MoDo tion to the graphic design. investments into two types. As before, we will make environmental demands when Developments within the field of envi- state the total cost of all environmental purchasing transport services, just as our ronmental reporting occur quickly and investments, butwe also indicate the cost customers make environmental demands there are many views on what an environ- of those environmental measures that are on the products we manufacture. mental report should contain. In many integrated into the processes in the form Questions relating to the forest envi- quarters attempts are being made to esta- of an estimated subtotal. ronment are also covered. Forests and blish norms that will make it easier to It is even harder to put a value on forestry are important issues to most compare the environmental performance revenue generated by environmental people. At MoDo, our aim is to manage of different companies. MoDo is colla- measures. There is no doubt they do have our forests in a way that takes into account both financial and ecological values. We are therefore developing ecological skills in our forestry units, at the same time as we are developing new, efficient, biologically-adapted methods. We are also working actively to find forms for the certification of forestry; we must, however, also include the financial consequences in our overall assessment. Sweden, together with Finland, already has the world’s highest wood costs and our products have to compete on an international market. This very fact – the international competition on the market – means that we regard environmental measures as an integrated aspect of our business. The financial consequences of environmental investments are subject to the same detailed study as all other investments. This makes it far more likely that the investments will turn out successful and to the benefit of our business as a whole.

2 Products and marketing

Products for the ecocycle

Products The carbon cycle Paper, paperboard and sawn timber are Carbon is the most important building block in trees. When produced from natural materials. They are N DI CARBO OXIDE wood and paper rot or are some of the most obvious examples of burned, the carbon is converted products that are already adapted to the into carbon dioxide which is ecocycle. emitted into the air. There it is ERGY RECOVE absorbed by the trees once EN RY again and forms new wood.

RECO FIBRE VERY

Forests – raw Production materials Production The building blocks of systems wood are solar energy, increasingly carbon, water and MoDo make use of nutrients. The wood MoDo closed processes fibre is built up of as a means of elements which are minimising part of nature’s eternal environmental cycle. impact.

Recovery Paper can be recovered in two ways: as a raw material for making new paper, or as fuel to make energy. In terms of the External energy ecocycle, these methods are Apart from the bio-energy produced by the equally good. company’s own processes, production Use also requires external energy, primarily in Paper, paperboard and sawn timber play the form of electricity. Transportation of important roles in society, and their use raw materials and products requires fossil causes no harm to the environment. fuels.

In order to be able to assess paper, paperboard and sawn timber from The environment as a sales an environmental point of view, one must study not only raw materials argument and production, but also use and recovery. Environmental aspects and MoDo’s environmental policy states that the use of the environment in marketing use of resources are balanced into a whole. The products are assessed shall be based on facts and a holistic from an environmental point of view throughout their entire life cycle. approach. MoDo Paper has marketed MoDo Balans, an ofﬁce paper produced from pulp made in a closed bleach plant, since 1995. Low environmental impact is an important sales argument. Before the marketing activities began, the advertise- ments and brochures were assessed by MoDo Environmental Committee.

3 Environmental management programmes

MoDo and the environment 1996

During 1996 a couple of large benefits in the form of more than halved tal organisation for many years (see page projects of importance to the water consumption compared with the 23). The official environmental manage- environment were begun and previous unit. The noise level has been ment systems which are successively completed. The question of how lowered, and the transportation of wood being introduced will further refine to identify more accurately the and wood chips within the mill site has MoDo’s environmental work. been reduced by 25 per cent. Other posi- ISO 14001 was introduced at cost of investments and of tive side-effects include reduced use of Husum this year. Certification was operating environmental equip- chemicals and more use of bio-fuels. completed at the beginning of 1997. ment was also dealt with. Iggesund Paperboard decided to intro- New environmental permits duce ISO 14001 over the next three years Environmental policy All the environmental permits for the at Workington, Iggesunds Bruk and MoDo’s environmental policy was modi- Husum pulp and paper mills will be Ströms Bruk. Workington will be certifi- fied; it now defines the following points reviewed in 1997. The application to the cated during 1997. more stringently: National Franchise Board for Environ- At Braviken the preparatory work for The demand for “continuous improve- mental Protection was prepared in 1996, ISO 14001 certification was carried out. ments”, which is included in the EMAS and will be submitted during the first half Preliminary studies for introducing and ISO 14001 environmental manage- of 1997. ISO 14001 have begun at MoDo Skog. ment systems, was added. The environ- The system will be tested within the mental demands on suppliers were clarified. Waste Strängnäs region. A proposal to levy a tax on waste was put Investments forward in Sweden in 1996. From MoDo’s Development work The largest project was the new PM 53 point of view the proposal primarily con- Work on overcoming the problems paper machine and the de-inked pulp line cerns sludge from purification plants. associated with closed loop bleaching of at Braviken. A detailed report on page 28 According to the proposal, a tax of SKr chemical pulp has continued at MoDo explains how environmental considera- 250 will be imposed on each tonne of Research & Development in Örnskölds- tions have been integrated into the pro- waste. vik. The work completed so far will processes and how external purification units If the proposal is implemented, it will vide an important basis for the project to have been adapted to meet the environ- add some SKr 60 million per year to convert the birchwood bleach plant at mental requirements more effectively. MoDo’s costs. Husum into a closed loop process. The A new wood handling department was facts which have been obtained will be brought into operation at Husum. The Environmental management important when systems are to be select- new unit has immediate environmental MoDo has had an effective environmen- ed for use in future rebuilding projects.

Total emissions from MoDo's Swedish mills Sulphur AOX COD Emissions of sulphur have been reduced to less Emissions of chlorinated organic substances, Emissions of dissolved organic substanes – COD than 10 per cent of their level in 1970. measured in AOX, have declined by some 95 per – have been reduced dramatically, partly due to cent since 1970. improved processes and external purification. tonnes/day tonnes/day tonnes/day 60 20 1 000

50 800 15 40 600

30 10

400 20

5 172 10 200 6.5 0.75 0 0 0 1970 1980 1990 1996 1970 1980 1990 1996 1970 1980 1990 1996 At their current low levels, variations in emissions are mainly due to changes in output.

4 The expansion of Braviken, with a third paper Forestry discontinued mills at Strömsbruk. An machine, improved the mill’s environmental performance. Emissions per tonne of paper MoDo is involved in discussions with earlier survey indicated the existence of produced were reduced. environmental organisations, customers, some heavy metal pollution in the area. At Husum, a new wood handling plant was private forest owners, Lapps, trade The discontinued wood impregnation brought into operation. A reduction in the use of unions, ornithologists and other large site at Robertsfors will be investigated at water and chemicals was one of the positive Swedish forest industry companies on the the request of the County Administrative environmental effects of this. Intensive training programmes were carried question of environmental certification of Authority in Umeå. A limited area of the site is contaminated with arsenic. The out at Husum in connection with the mill’s Swedish forestry. The model under consi- certification in accordance with the ISO 14001 deration is the one worked out by the survey will provide information to environmental management standard. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). determine whether any measures need Proposals for criteria are planned to be to be taken. Debate presented during the first half of 1997. Chromium-containing barium sulphate from the discontinued chlorate factory in A forest harvest outside Piteå aroused Insurance Domsjö has been sent to Sakab in Kumla some controversy and attracted much MoDo co-ordinates the insurance cover for final disposal. The cost of this was attention locally. The incident gave rise for its production units. This includes SKr 4.2 million. to an exchange of letters with environ- cover against property and sequential Sludge containing mercury from the mental organisations outside Sweden risks, as well as for any claims for former chlorine factory at Domsjö is (see also page 21). damages which might be raised against being stored in concrete bunkers on the MoDo with regard to general liability and factory site. product liability. Environmental costs 1996 As far as environmental risks are con- Excessive emissions SKr million Pont Sainte Maxence. Emissions of oxy- cerned, cover against sudden and unfore- MoDo Group gen-demanding substances into water are seen environmental damage is included Environmental investments 205 (304) too high. Methods for reducing these in the global liability insurance, while of which estimated 133 cover against long-term effects on the emissions are being studied and tested. environment is covered by an environ- Information on which to base a decision Operations, capital, other 566 (450) mental liability insurance for the Swedish will be presented in 1997. of which environmental mills and parts of the French plants. Workington. Emissions of fibre residues liabilities 6* (suspended solids) exceeded the per- (1995 figures in brackets) Liability for closed down mitted levels on several occasions at the An explanation of how costs relating to operations beginning of the year. After measures environmental protection have been At the request of the County Administra- were taken in the spring, the emissions calculated is provided on pages 7 and 8. tive Authority in Gävle, supplementary were reduced to the permitted levels. *) See page 10 Pont Sainte Maxence surveys will be made of the site of the

5 Environmental protection

Many factors inﬂuence environmental standard

In recent years the debate on Step by step to a better environmental performance corporate environmental reports A pulp mill consists of a number of blocks for the various stages in the production process. has included demands for key RAW MATERIALS figures that would allow compa- In large mills, each individual risons to be made between the block could cost between half a WOOD HANDLING DEPARTMENT environmental performance of billion and several billion kronor. The technical life of each block is different pulp mills. However, the between 20 and 30 years. DIGESTER HOUSE RECOVERY question is more complicated New blocks have a better environmental performance than old ones. than it may seem, and it requires BLEACH PLANT a thorough study of many diffe- A pulp and paper mill often consists of blocks which have been built on different rent factors. occasions. EXTERNAL PAPER MILL PURIFICATION With effective external purification, even mills with “old” blocks can achieve a reasonable environmental It is not self-evident that a simple compa- performance. The really significant improvements can rison of emissions per tonne of output only be made in connection with new investments and will provide adequate information on the major rebuilding projects. The best possible environmental status of a mill. There are environmental technology is then integrated into the new equipment. Improving environmental performance as the PAPER/PAPERBOARD many different factors which have to be mill is modernised is therefore a step-by-step process. taken into account so that a relatively fair assessment can be made. was commissioned in 1977, is the most blocks. Instead, there is a continuous No simple formula recent Swedish example of such a new process of gradual, phased replacement There is no simple formula for assessing mill. Most of the world’s pulp and paper of old equipment and blocks. the relative importance of all these diffe- is produced at mills which have been in The lifetime of each block is 20–30 rent factors in terms of easily understood operation for many years and which have years. A continuing programme of key figures, nor is it likely that such a been rebuilt and modernised in stages. modernisation at a mill therefore has formula can be constructed. Weighing up When a completely new mill is built the approximately the same life-cycle. the factors and making assessments best available technology is used to Replacing a well-functioning block based on the specific conditions at each ensure the mill has a high (the best possi- which still has a long remaining technical mill will probably remain the fairest met- ble) environmental performance. In a life, because the technology has deve- hod of indicating environmental perfor- mill which has existed for a long time loped, involves a high economic cost. The mance. and which has been modernised successi- best and, in practice, only realistic time to Comparisons are hampered and com- vely, some parts may be completely new, introduce the best available technology is plicated by the technological advances others are “middle-aged”, and some may in connection with investments and major which are constantly being made. New be old and ready for replacement or rebuilding projects. technology has a better environmental modernisation. It is obvious that this type performance than old, but the existing of mill cannot maintain the same envi- Many factors to take into equipment may still be usable for perhaps ronmental standard as a newly-built one. account thirty years and might have cost billions to install. If a mill is to operate econo- The environmental status of a mill is not Long technical life mically and the products are to be sold at solely determined by its technical level. competitive prices, then the equipment An integrated pulp and paper mill con- The geographical location must also be must be utilised throughout its technical sists of a number of different blocks. taken into consideration. Is the mill loca- life. Each of these blocks could cost between ted on a narrow and therefore sensitive, half a billion and one billion kronor. estuary or by the open sea? The first case Plants often rebuilt Some blocks in large mills may cost requires lower emission levels, so that the It is very rare for totally new pulp and several billion kronor. In view of these environment will not be disturbed, than paper mills to be built. The Braviken heavy investment costs, it is unrealistic to the latter case. paper mill outside Norrköping, which use “today’s best technology” in all The type of product manufactured is

6 Reporting of environmental expenditure

This year environmental invest- able for indicating what proportion of Factors to consider ments are stated as a total amount total investments environmental measures • The age of the equipment that are integrated into processes actually and an estimated subtotal. represent. But there is no doubt that envi- • The geographical location of the ronmental measures of this type also mill – by an open coast or on a The investments in and the cost of envi- affect the overall cost structure. narrow estuary or lake ronmental protection have been included At MoDo we have reached the conclu- • What products are manufactured in MoDo’s environmental report for sion that what is feasible is to estamate, • Whether there is a paper mill many years. Some of the information in each individual case, what proportion integrated with the pulp mill relates to investments and costs that are the environmental investments account • Emissions into air and water, easy to define. They include those which for. We take into consideration both envi- waste and noise are directly related to the environment, ronmental and production factors. Such an • Consumption of resources such as the cost of external purification assessment makes considerable demands plants. on the expertise and experience for those Other costs are harder to identify, since who perform it. Today, we believe that another factor which should be taken into a large proportion of the environmental this is best done by the company’s own account when assessing a mill’s environ- protection is integrated into the produc- employees who are familiar with the mental performance. This also affects the tion processes. Measures are taken issues. use of resources. The production of news- at source instead of building external Changed variable costs print uses almost the entire content of a purification plants. tree stem. On the other hand, it requires One example is the new bleaching Integrated environmental measures often large amounts of electricity. In the pro- technique for chemical pulp, in which give rise to changes in the variable cost duction of fine paper or paperboard from chlorine has been replaced by a combina- of chemicals and/or energy. This type of sulphate pulp, the yield from the wood is tion of chlorine dioxide, oxygen, hydro- cost change is easy to calculate the first only half the amount. The rest of the gen peroxide and ozone. This method of year after the measure has been taken. In wood can be used as energy, which working involves environmental consi- the following year, the new cost level has makes sulphate pulp mills more or less derations going hand in hand with pro- been established. No change can be mea- self-sufficient in energy. duction economy, quality and operative sured compared with the previous year. If pulp and paper are produced in an reliability. Quite clearly, though, costs have changed integrated mill, the product only needs to as a result of the measure, but identifying Assessment of integrated be dried once. Market pulp, on the other this change over a long period of time is environmental investments hand, is dried once at the pulp mill and a complex task. One possibility which then again as paper at the paper mill, No reliable methods are currently avail- has been discussed is to use comparisons which doubles the consumption of energy. Direct environmental Integrated environmental Complex assessment investments investments This general analysis shows that balan- cing economic aspects and environmental standards at a mill is a complex task. And to compare two different mills against each other is an even harder task. What is reasonable and possible is to evaluate a mill against itself. Studies of how the specific emissions per tonne of output change over time can provide a picture of the mill’s environmental status Environmental measures to purify waste Production equipment with an integrated and development. water, gas streams, etc.: environmental performance, such as: Another method is to compare the • Sedimentation basins • Process modification (with lower authorities’ environmental permits with • Chemical precipitation of waste water emissions) the actual emission levels and note when • Biological effluent treatment • More efficient use of chemicals the permits were last changed or are due • Flue gas cleaning • Recovery of process effluent for review. • Noise abatement equipment • More efficient use of energy There are therefore no simple key ratios. • De-inked pulp line

7 Environmental protection

Total environmental investments for 1996 Production

Environmental investments 1,000 tonnes 310 and costs, SKr million 244 238 220 232 Investments 150 (120) of which estimated 100 The estimated part includes the based on the estimated costs for the origi- Operations, environmental measures which nal equipment. However, the relevance of are integrated into new process capital, etc. 60 (50) equipment this will disappear with time, and it is Environmental audit: therefore a doubtful method. Performed 1992 1996 1990 1995 1996 With all of these difﬁculties in mind, Planned 1997 we have included SKr 80 million as the increase in variable costs, in the 1996 It is not possible to make a division of operating and operating and capital costs of environ- capital costs in direct and estimated shares mental equipment. 0.8 tonnes 0.5 tonnes

Income from environmental protection In this year’s environmental report, environmental investments are stated as a total sum and an MoDo does not currently report any estimated subtotal. additional income generated by environmental measures, for instance, in the form of higher selling prices or higher A new DIP line was started up at Bra- the technique is tried and tested and has volumes. Without doubt, there is some viken in 1996. Internal considerations re- become widely accepted. such additional income. However, mea- sulted in 75 per cent of the DIP investment It is beyond question that oxygen suring it is both complicated and very being regarded as due to other factors than bleaching offers distinct environmental uncertain. the environment. The environmental share benefits. But what share of the invest- Until we have succeeded in establish- was judged to be 25 per cent of the total ment in a new oxygen bleach plant does ing reliable principles for measuring investment. the environment represent? Is it 0 per income from environmental measures, The cost of operating the DIP line is cent because it is a self-evident and well we have decided to refrain completely lower than for the corresponding produc- tried process? Or is it 100 per cent be- from reporting any such income. tion of pulp from virgin fibre. Its annual cause today’s environmental requirements environmental costs are therefore reported demand that this process be used? Developments as zero. An oxygen stage that was installed at On the market, it is an advantage to be Husum in 1990 was judged to be exclu- During 1997, MoDo will continue its able to offer products into which recycled sively an environmental investment, work on developing ways of reporting fibre has been admixed. However, as no because the environmental authorities changes in variable costs, income from increase in income due to these environ- demanded that this particular bleaching environmental measures and what are mental arguments can be quantified, technique be used. known as environmental liabilities. they are not reported. (See also page 28.) The following three examples show some aspects of the measurement and reporting EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 2 of environmental expenditure. Office paper with an Use of oxygen bleaching environmental profile EXAMPLE 1 Oxygen bleaching is currently a standard MoDo Balans, an office paper which is method for bleaching chemical pulp. The produced from pulp from closed loop De-inked pulp line at Braviken use of oxygen bleaching makes it pos- bleach plants, has a clear environmental De-inked pulp is an excellent raw material sible to recover the waste water from the profile. This gives it some advantages in for mixing into newsprint. The investment oxygen stage (closed loop bleaching), marketing terms, both directly for the cost of a de-inked pulp line (DIP) is com- which means that the use of bleaching product as such, and also indirectly in the parable to that of a conventional line for chemicals can be halved. form of goodwill for MoDo. But it is dif- thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP). When the first full-scale oxygen bleach ficult to measure in financial terms the It is generally considered to be a good plant was started up 20 years ago, it was importance of the environmental aspect thing from an environmental point of view a pioneering project which involved con- to customers, compared with price and to collect and recycle newspapers as a raw siderable risks. Both operative reliability quality. In addition, more and more com- material for new newsprint. An environ- and product quality were areas of un- panies have policies stipulating environmental benefit should therefore be inclu- certainty. mental criteria for the purchasing of paper. ded in a DIP investment. Adding an addi- In view of this uncertainty, the first If the supplier does not satisfy these cri- tional raw material is also worthwhile from oxygen bleach plants may be regarded as teria, he will not even be considered. the point of view of production and costs. strictly environmental measures. Today

8 MoDo Paper produces and markets fine paper, as well as market pulp, both sulphate and sulphite. The paper is used as office paper and packaging paper, and for printed matter. The sulphate and sulphite pulp are used by European paper mills. A substantial proportion of the MoDo Paper sulphite pulp now consists of dissolving pulp, which is used in the manufacture of viscose fibres for the textile industry.

Environmental management The reduction in emissions has had a Alizay systems very positive effect on ecological condi- The mill’s environmental performance is Husum completed the process of certifi- tions in the Örnsköldsvik estuary. good, compared with similar plants, cation in accordance with the ISO 14001 3,000 tonnes of chromium-containing thanks to the efficient process design and environmental management standard. The barium sulphate, which has been stored effluent treatment plant. Work on collec- certificate was awarded at the beginning at Domsjö since the chlorate factory was ting diluted malodorous gases (which is a of 1997, which makes Husum one of the closed in 1993, have been sent to Sakab very difficult task) has continued. Parallel first units in the industry to be certificated. in Kumla for final disposal. to this, attempts have been made to re- At the end of 1997, Domsjö will sub- duce the formation of odorous substances Husum mit reports to the Swedish National Fran- at source. This work will continue during The closed loop bleach plant project chise Board for Environment Protection 1997. continued. However, technical difficulties as a base for new permits for emissions A project to reduce the quantity of caused by the formation of deposits on into water. These reports will also include solid waste is under way. This includes the process equipment meant that progress a chemical and biological characterisa- experiments in which sludge is mixed was rather slower than planned. The tion of waste water. with ashes to create a product which can birchwood bleach plant is operated as a be used as an agricultural fertiliser. closed loop for one-week periods, in be- Silverdalen tween which the loop is partially closed Work on reducing the quantities of waste Pont Sainte Maxence with a small flow of effluent. Owing to deposited is under way. Combustible An increase in the production of coloured these technical problems, the planned waste is put through a crushing mill and grades in the future will result in more closure of the bleach process on the soft- then incinerated. Development work has frequent product changes, as well as wood line has not been taken any further. begun on further reducing the quantity increasing the need to separate dyes from The modernisation of the pulp mill has of pigment waste or of finding ways of waste water. A variety of purification continued. A new wood handling depart- re-using this waste. methods for satisfying these requirements ment with debarking drums, chipping machines and chip storage facilities has been brought into operation. A new evaporation plant is under construction. This plant will improve the energy balance at the mill. New and improved technical solutions will lead to lower emissions into air and water. Studies are being made of the possibility of further expanding pulp production, including new environmental permits. An appraisal of the study is expected in 1998. Domsjö During the year the anaerobic biological effluent treatment plant, through which most of the waste water passes, was extended by the addition of an activated sludge stage and a final sedimentation stage. The effect of this is expected to be a 90 per cent reduction in emissions of suspended solids, and that the reduction in emissions measured as BOD7 will improve from 98.5 per cent to more than 99.5 per cent. The new biological stage Husum was certificated in accordance with ISO 14001 in February 1997. Husum’s mill manager provides greater protection for the water Sven Wirdh (right) receives the certificate from Harald Rach, SIS Certifiering. Also present at environment outside the mill in the event the ceremony were (from left) Carl-Johan Alfthan, Helen O Arnlund, Sven-Olof Westberg and of process disturbances. Katarina Uhlin.

9 MoDo Paper

and reducing the mill’s environmental Husum Domsjö Raw material: Softwood and hardwood Raw material: Softwood effects are now being studied. Pilot tests Process: Sulphate pulp and paper production Process: Sulphite pulp production have been carried out. In 1997, results Products: Fine paper for office use and printed matter. Products: Market sulphite pulp – paper grade and will be presented to enable a decision to Market pulp dissolving pulp Brand names: DataCopy, MoDo Balans, MoDo Birch, Brand names: MoDo Crown be taken on the installation of a more MoDo Kraft effective waste water treatment. The possible replacement of the mill’s Gideälven Moälven oil-fired steam boilers with new, gas-fired Örnsköldsvik units to reduce the high emissions of sul- Örnsköldsvik phur dioxide is now being studied. The Husum Domsjö study should be completed in 1997. The removal of leather waste from the site of a discontinued production unit Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Bothnia adjacent to the mill has begun. A pro- Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments vision of SKr 6 million has been trans- Paper Market pulp and costs, SKr million: Market pulp (incl. dissolving) and costs, SKr million: Investments 94 (53) Investments 3 (11) ferred to reserve to cover site restoration 464 456 of which estimated 74 of which estimated – costs in 1997. 401 Operations, Operations, capital, other 305 (226) 261 capital, other 30 (35) 191 166 Investments 222 215 202 Environmental audit: Environmental audit: A new wood handling department has Performed 1996–97 Performed 1992 been brought into operation at Husum. 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1999 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1997 This has immediate benefits for the envi- Emissions into air Emissions into air ronment, in the form of water consump- Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day tion that is less than half the previous 3 tonnes 5 tonnes 3 tonnes 5 tonnes level. The noise level has been reduced 2.2 and the transport of wood and wood 1.8 3.0 2.8 1.4 n.a. chips within the mill has been cut by 25 2.0 1.0 per cent. 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.3 A more effective barking procedure will enable the new plant to reduce the 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 quantity of chemicals needed for cooking and bleaching. The more uniform quality Emissions into water Emissions into water COD tonnes/day AOX kg/tonne BOD7 tonnes/day AOX kg/tonne of the wood chips will also provide better 125 tonnes 3 kg 20 tonnes 3 kg operating conditions (in environmental Permit 105 2.2 2.4 terms) in the pulp mill. The improved 100 12.5 12.5 75 Permit 1.56 barking process reduces the quantity of 68 Permit 9.5 5.6 non-process elements in the digester 4.6 0.3 0.3 house. These substances can otherwise 0 0 leave deposits on the process equipment. 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 More efficient barking will also increase The mill is situated on a peninsula in the Gulf of Bothnia. The Örnsköldsvik estuary has a low rate of water renewal. The water turnover in the recipient is good. Surveys show Emissions of suspended and oxygen-demanding substances the quantity of bio-fuel available for a continuous improvement in the conditions for animal life have been reduced by 90 per cent since 1972. The degree of energy production on the seabed around the mill. Surveys of fish populations oxygen saturation is now running at some 90 per cent. During show that the composition of these populations is now as unfavourable conditions, this can fall to 60–70 per cent in it should be. parts of the estuary. Areas of seabed which used to lack fauna have now been partly re-colonised. Salmon trout and salmon are once again leaping up the Moälven.

Waste Waste Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day

400 tonnes 1 tonne 400 tonnes 1 tonne 327 246 0.63 169 99 70 77 0.04 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

10 Silverdalen Alizay Pont Sainte Maxence Raw material: Sulphate pulp, fine paper Raw material: Hardwood and sulphate pulp Raw material: Sulphate pulp Process: Paper production, paper coating Process: Sulphate pulp and fine paper production Process: Paper production Products: Coated fine paper Products: Fine paper and market sulphate pulp Products: Fine paper Brand names: Silverblade Brand names: MoDo Laser, MoDo Form Brand names: DataCopy Colour, Senlis, Nordic

Valdemarsvik Alizay Beauvais Oise Alizay Compiegne Pont Sainte Maxence FRANCE FRANCE Hultsfred Silverdalen Seine Silverån Seine Oskarshamn To Paris Evreux Paris

Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Paper and costs, SKr million: Paper Market pulp and costs, SKr million: Paper and costs, SKr million: Investments 0.1 (0.6) Paper was Investments 7 (5.4) Investments 0.2 (1.3) of which estimated – not produced of which estimated 2.5 of which estimated 0.2 126 122 108 109 Operations, in 1990 Operations, 108 107 Operations, capital, other 2.5 (2.3) 216 capital, other 34 (32) capital, other 7 (6.4) 197 Environmental audit: 201 138 Environmental audit: Environmental audit: Performed 1992 107 Performed 1995 Performed 1995 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1997 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1998 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1998

Emissions into air Emissions into air Emissions into air Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day 1 tonne 1 tonne 3 tonnes 3 tonnes 3 tonnes 0.6 tonne 2.4 2.6 2.5 0.53 2.3 0.48 2.0 n. a. n.a. 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.11 0.10 0.003 0.003 0.002 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 Emissions into water Emissions into water Emissions into water BOD7 tonnes/day AOX COD tonnes/day AOX kg/tonne COD tonnes/day AOX 0.5 tonne 25 tonnes 0.7 kg 3 tonnes 0.4 Permit 2.3 Permit 20 2.4 2.4 Permit 0.3 No bleaching 0.53 No bleaching 0.28 14.1 13.3 13.7 1.4

0.11 0.05 0.04 0.11

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 The Silver river has a very low flow in the summer, which The waste water is discharged into the River Seine, The waste water from the paper mill is drained into the makes it sensitive to water pollution. Compared with which passes a number of large cities and industrial River Oise. The river is affected by emissions from similar mills, the environmental situation is very good. areas, all of which influence it. In recent years, the water communities, agriculture and industrial centres in the The water quality in the river Silver is improving. quality has improved significantly as a result of reduced area it flows through. The water has a relatively high emissions from communities and industrial centres, content of nutrients. The mill’s waste water accounts for including the mill at Alizay. 0.1 per cent of the river’s normal flow.

Waste Waste Waste Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day 60 tonnes 1 tonne 60 tonnes 55 60 tonnes

26 23 18 16 12.6 12.6 0.02 0.02 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

11 Holmen Paper produces and markets wood-containing printing paper – newsprint, MF special paper (yellow and white telephone directory paper, improved newsprint, pink newsprint and continuous stationery), SC paper (uncoated magazine paper) Holmen Paper and MWC paper (coated printing paper). MoDo’s power operations are also part of Holmen Paper.

Braviken permit. Sulphur dioxide emissions were Sludge handling was extended to The new paper machine – PM 53 – was reduced by around 20 per cent. include pre-dewatering units to increase started up at the beginning of May, In April, the National Franchise Board capacity and improve the dry content and raising the mill’s production capacity by for Environmental Protection agreed to fuel properties of the dried sludge. Since 60 per cent to 700,000 tonnes of paper. the proposed changes in the production all sludge is incinerated (as bio-fuel) the The permits for emissions into water and permit, in accordance with a previous amount of oil required is reduced corre- air remain unchanged, where they have decision. At the same time, the emission spondingly. not been lowered, despite the increase in permit for nitrogen oxides was reduced The National Franchise Board for output. Several environmental measures from 100 to 80 milligrammes/MJ of fuel Environmental Protection began a review were therefore incorporated into the as of May 1997. during the year of the permits for certain project. (See page 28.) An environmental audit was performed emissions, including nitrogen oxides, into During the year, environmental work in November. The overall result was air. A decision is expected in 1997. was focused on starting up and trimming favourable. However, it was noted, i.a., A study has been made of fish, and the new and rebuilt units. that sorting of waste at source could be analyses of perch show only minor The waste water treatment plant was improved. differences between fish caught in the rebuilt to use a new and more effective Edebo estuary and those from unaffected purification technique. Some distur- Hallsta reference recipients. bances were noted in connection with its The waste water treatment plant uses an start-up in March. Since then it has func- advanced biological and chemical purifi- Wargön tioned well, with a high purification cation process in 4–6 stages. The mill is located on the upper reaches effect, despite minor disturbances. The The waste water treatment plant had a of the River Göta, which is the water emission values were kept below those high purification effect throughout the catchment for several municipalities. This stipulated in the environmental permit by year, although brief disturbances did means that the mill must devote great a wide margin. occur. This meant that the margins in care to limiting and purifying its emis- Combustion of bio-fuels increased by relation to the BOD and COD emission 7 sions. The most contaminated waste 70 per cent as a result of the rebuilding of permits were narrow. Measures, including water is treated first with biological the bark furnace during the previous year. the installation of a new aeration system methods and then by means of chemical Emissions into air from the steam boiler with higher capacity, were taken to precipitation and sedimentation together were well below the levels in the current improve the stability of the plant. with other waste water. The purification plant operated smoothly, except for some brief disturbances at the beginning of the year. Measures to prevent these from recurring were taken. Measures to optimise the bio-purification stage continued, thereby, i. a., reducing the level of nitrogen emissions. In October, an old debarking drum was replaced by a new one which debarks pulpwood without the use of water. This leaves the bark drier and improves its fuel properties. The flow to bio-purification was reduced by some 20 per cent, which improved the overall purification effect. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions increased. This was partly due to increased use of oil-firing (owing to reduced availability of surplus steam Margareta Larsson is a project manager at the laboratory in Braviken. Environmental aspects of from adjacent factories) and sludge. production and the mill’s products are a natural part of her work.

12 Braviken Hallsta Wargön Raw material: Sprucewood, waste paper Raw material: Sprucewood, waste paper Raw material: Sprucewood, unprinted waste paper Process: Production of TMP and DIP pulp and paper Process: Production of TMP, groundwood and DIP Process: Production of sulphite, groundwood and Products: Newsprint, telephone directory paper pulp and paper recycled pulp and paper Brand names: Holmen News, Holmen News Pink, Products: Newsprint, MF special and SC paper Products: Coated printing paper, sulphite pulp Holmen Directory White, Holmen Directory Yellow Brand names: Holmen News, Holmen Super News, Brand names: SCANGLOSS, SCANMATT, SCANPLUS Holmen Ultra Bright, Holmen Lux, SCANMAG, ECO etc

Vänern Bråviken Edebo Estuary

Vänersborg

Braviken Paper Mill Hallsta Paper Mill Trollhättan Wargön Paper Mill Norrköping Väddö Göta älv

Environmental audit: Environmental audit: Environmental audit: 9 Performed 1996 Performed 1992 6 6 Performed 1992 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1999 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1997 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1997

Emissions into air Emissions into air Emissions into air Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day 0.5 tonne 0.5 tonne 0.5 tonne 0.8 tonne 0.5 tonne 0.5 tonne 0.44 0.46 0.41 0.38 0.38 0.63 0.33 0.36 Permit 0.16 0.46 0.48 0.30 0.26 0.28 Permit 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.17 0.12 0.10

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

Emissions into water Emissions into water Emissions into water COD tonnes/day AOX COD tonnes/day AOX COD tonnes/day AOX

10 tonnes 20 tonnes 40 tonnes Permit 12 33 Permit 33 Permit 6.5 No bleaching 14.1 No bleaching No bleaching with chlorine 11.9 11.8 with chlorine with chlorine 20.5 chemicals 19.1 3.6 chemicals chemicals 2.9 2.2

1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 The water quality in the inner Bråviken estuary depends Effluent from the mill accounts for most of the water The quality of the water in the Göta Älv river depends mainly mainly on the inflow from Motala Ström. The Braviken mill flowing into the Edebo estuary during long periods of the on the water in Lake Vänern. The mill’s emissions of oxygen- accounts for only a couple of per cent of the oxygen- year. The oxygen saturation level is 88 per cent, which is demanding substances and phosphorus only represent a demanding substances, phosphorus and nitrogen received close to the natural level. The phosphorus content in the couple of per cent of the total level. Emissions of nitrogen by the river. The oxygen saturation level has improved surface water has declined since 1970 from 0.06 to 0.02 mg are even lower. The content of oxygen-demanding radically since 1970, and is now usually above 90 per cent. per litre. The nitrogen content has been reduced from 0.7 substances in the river has been reduced to the level The phosphorus content is around 0.04 mg per litre, and to 0.4 mg per litre. The seabed fauna are almost identical to prevailing at the beginning of the century. The phosphorus the nitrogen content is approx. 0.8 mg per litre. The variety the natural state. content has been reduced to some 0.02 mg per litre. The of species in the seabed fauna is poor. nitrogen level is around 0.9 mg per litre, which is high.

Waste Waste Waste Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day 200 200 tonnes 2 tonnes 200 tonnes 2 tonnes tonnes 205 2 tonnes 165 144 116 1.07 79 85 85 55 44 0.44 0.32 0.42 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.16 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

13 Iggesund Paperboard manufactures paperboard, which is used in packaging for food, chocolate, tobacco and perfume. It is also used as covers for printed matter. Iggesund Paperboard Some of the output is coated with plastic, to provide barriers against moisture, fat and odour.

Environmental targets adopted mental effects and costs would determine measuring points, the traffic noise is During 1996, Iggesund Paperboard’s envi- how to utilise the residual value of used louder than the noise from the mill. This ronmental situation was subjected to very packaging. may be seen as an example of the difficult detailed analysis. Environmental targets judgements required when environmental and strategies were identified and incor- Iggesunds Bruk effects are close to or below the ambient porated into the business plan for the next The substantial investments made during background level. Even though the same three years. During this period, the ISO the 1993-1995 period involved several environment is affected, the rules imposed 14001 environmental management stan- measures to reduce the mill’s environmen- on industry are more stringent than those dard will be introduced. The overall tar- tal effects and consumption of resources for traffic. gets and strategies will be broken down to and energy. Further efforts have been made to mill and department level and integrated For instance, a chemical precipitation reduce the quantity of waste water. Since into the various areas of the business. unit for waste water from the coating 1990 the volume of water needing to be section of the paperboard machine was purified has fallen by 27 per cent, and External events installed. Today, the sludge collected has further reductions are possible. The EU Packaging and Packaging Waste to be deposited. The use of plastic for packing of paper- Directive is being implemented. The The proposal to introduce a deposit tax board reels could be reduced by 150 ton- directive and its application involve a in Sweden – which came after the deci- nes by combining stretch wrapping with narrow priority for material recovery. sion on chemical precipitation was made reel-ends made of corrugated board. Experiences from several countries show – means that disposing of the sludge will The trials to recirculate ash from bio- that this involves high costs and produces cost even more. If the proposal is put into fuels onto forest land have continued. only limited environmental benefits. law, then other solutions may be necessary. Ash pellets were distributed on selected Iggesund Paperboard considers that Further noise abatement measures were test areas. The follow up, which is being paperboard packaging should be evalu- implemented. The very low night-time carried out with Stockholm University ated from a life cycle perspective and that noise level – 45 dB(A) – set for the mill and the Swedish University of Agricul- energy recovery should be placed on the by the authorities is being met. This tural Sciences, will continue until 2002. same footing as material recovery. In makes Iggesunds Bruk the quietest mill in practice, this would mean that environ- Sweden, in relation to its size. At some Workington Water consumption at the mill was reduced by 8 per cent over the year by further closing of the processes. This project is continuing, with the target of 10 per cent reduction in consumption year on year, for the next two years. Emissions of fibre waste exceeded the levels permitted by the authorities on a number of occasions at the beginning of the year. The levels set are quite low and do not allow for disturbances or breakdowns. Investments and other measures have been taken to prevent the levels from being exceeded in the future, and their full effect will show through by the middle of 1997. The mill is to be registered in accordance with the ISO 14001 environmental management standard in 1997. This should have been done in 1996, but the process was delayed by the extensive investigations preceding compliance with Kerstin Bergroth works in the pulp and environment lab at Iggesunds Bruk. Here she is measuring the English pollution control law. the concentration of dust particles from the flue gas purification system.

14 Graphic and packaging paperboard, etc. Chocolate box, etc. Plastic-coated paperboard for frozen foods, etc. Iggesunds Bruk Workington Ströms Bruk Raw material: Softwood and hardwood Raw material: Sprucewood and purchased sulphate pulp Raw material: Paperboard from other Iggesund Paper- Process: Production of sulphate pulp and paperboard Process: Production of RMP pulp and paperboard board units and purchased plastic granulate Products: Fully bleached paperboard for packaging Products: Folding boxboard for packaging and graphic Process: Plastic coating and graphic purposes purposes Products: Plastic-coated paperboard Brand names: Invercote, Invercote Albato, Invercote Brand names: Graphique-Silkia, Carton-Silkia, Tabac- Brand names: Invercote, Carton-Cote, Carton-Excel Creato, Invercote Polyboard etc Silkia, Carton-Cote and Carton-Excel

Hudiksvall Ströms Bruk Workington River Derwent Gulf of Bothnia Iggesunds Bruk Hudiksvall Iggesund Estuary Irish Sea

ENGLAND

Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Production, 1,000 tonnes Environmental investments Paperboard Market pulp and costs, SKr million: Paperboard and costs, SKr million: Plastic coated paperboard and costs, SKr million: 245 Investments 11 (70) Investments 2 (8) Investments 0 (0) 226 212 of which estimated 4 of which estimated 2 of which estimated 0 173 Operations, 140 160 Operations, Operations, capital, other 45 (32) capital, other 5 (26) 32 28 capital, other 0 (0.3) 23 Environmental audit: Environmental audit: Environmental audit: 69 92 63 Performed 1996 Performed 1996 Performed 1992 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1999 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1999 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1997

Emissions into air Emissions into air Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides tonnes/day Ströms Bruk 2 tonnes 2 tonnes 2 tonnes 2 tonnes Production at the mill consists of the plastic 1.8 1.8 1.5 coating of paperboard and does not 1.4 generate any emissions worth mentioning 0.9 into air or water. 0.8 0.73 0.71 0.63 The industrial waste tip at the mill was

0.002 0.0006 0.11 closed in 1996. 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 Combustible waste is processed at Igge- Emissions into water Emissions into water sunds Bruk and used for producing energy. COD tonnes/day AOX kg/tonne COD tonnes/day AOX Other production waste is sold for material 100 20 tonnes tonnes 95 2 kg Permit 1.8 recovery. 1.6 15 The internal environment has been Permit 65 13.5 No bleaching 47.3 modernised and new control rooms have 9.1 been installed. All production personnel 22.1 20.1 have been trained in issues relating to food 0.18 0.20 hygiene and the internal environment. 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 The use of forklift trucks in the factory The oxygen saturation in the Iggesund estuary has an The mill is situated at the sea end of an estuary (the buildings has ceased. Work is under way average level of 90 per cent. The phosphorus content has Solway Firth). In twenty years of study no adverse effects fallen from 50 to 30 micrograms per litre since 1970. The on the receiving water environment have been detected. to reduce noise levels. nitrogen content has fallen from 0.7 to 0.45 mg per litre. Seabeds which were devoid of fauna have been partially re-colonised. The fish density has increased.

Waste Waste Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day 100 tonnes 86 2 tonnes 100 tonnes 2 tonnes 80 101 1.6 n. a. 1.0 n. a. 36 0.5 26 0.17 0.16 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996

15 Iggesund Timber has sawmills in Iggesund and Domsjö. The output of the Iggesund sawmill amounted to some 300,000 m3 of sawn timber per year, and that of Domsjö amounts to approx. 100,000 m3 per year. The output consists of standard products Iggesund Timber for the traditional sawn timber market, as well as of customised special products. Some 90 per cent of the company’s output is exported, to customers mainly in Europe.

Iggesund Sawmill Domsjö Sawmill Raw material: Spruce and pine wood Raw material: Pine wood Process: Sawmill Process: Sawmill Products: Sawn timber Products: Sawn timber

The Iggesund sawmills’ thermal energy Hudiksvall Moälven Örnsköldsvik requirements are now met by surplus steam from Iggesunds Bruk. With the installation of Domsjö Sawmill the steam pipeline in 1995, the sawmill was able to discontinue the use of oil-ﬁring. Leif Iggesund Sawmill Lundgren checks the control system daily. Gulf of Bothnia

In environmental terms, the production of Production Environmental investments Production Environmental investments 3 and costs, SKr million: and costs, SKr million: sawn timber is a relatively uncomplicated m m3 91 Investments 3.3 (2.2) Investments 0.6 (0.1) process, entirely without the addition of of which estimated 3.0 75 74 of which estimated 0.6 268 252 any chemical substances. Operations, Operations, The impact of the sawmills on the 165 capital, other 1.8 capital, other – environment is largely limited to the Environmental audit: Environmental audit: following three areas: Performed 1993 Performed 1995 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1998 1990 1995 1996 Planned 1999 • Noise • Emissions of sulphur dioxide from Emissions into air Emissions into air Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides Sulphur tonnes/day Nitrogen oxides

oil-ﬁred drying and heating systems 1 tonne 1 tonne • Leakage of leached water from the

watering of logs during the summer. n. a. At Iggesund Timber, measures have been n. a. taken to reduce the environmental impact 0.07 of the activities in all these ﬁelds. 0.07 0.07 0.003 0.001 0.003 Several measures have been carried 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 out at the Iggesund Sawmill over the past Waste Waste Wet deposited, tonnes/day Harzardous, tonnes/day Wet deposited, tonnes/day Hazardous, tonnes/day few years to reduce the noise level. In 12 12 tonnes 11.4 1 tonne tonnes 1996 a new building was erected for 9.4 initial sorting. This forms an effective barrier shielding nearby areas from noise. 4.1 Oil is only used in the remaining tim- 2.8 ber dryers at Håstaholmen in Hudiksvall. 0.55 0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 However, current plans are for this 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 1990 1995 1996 activity to be moved to the sawmill site in Iggesund within the near future. After 1996, thereby reducing noise levels and satisﬁed by a wide margin at both saw- this, all drying of timber at the Iggesund improving the environment in a nearby mills. sawmill will be based on bio-fuels. housing area. A poorly functioning bark boiler in A land-based log handling unit was The permits in the environmental Domsjö led to an increase in the quantity constructed at the Domsjö sawmill in licence for the watering of logs were of bark deposited in 1996.

16 MoDo Skog is responsible for procuring wood for the MoDo Group’s mills in Sweden, and also manages MoDo’s forest holdings. Wood procurement is mainly managed through the company’s own forest regions Lycksele, Robertsfors, Örnsköldsvik, Iggesund, Strängnäs and Norrköping. MoDo Skog Wood is also procured through a central wood department in Örnsköldsvik and local wood departments in Iggesund and Norrköping, as well as through the associate purchasing companies: Sydved AB in Jönköping, and Industriskog AB in Falun. There are also wholly-owned and part-owned purchasing and harvesting companiers in Russia, Estonia and Latvia.

Environmental objectives Land holdings 1.3 million hectares, of which just MoDo Skog’s environmental objective over one million hectares are is to ensure the long-term survival of productive forest land. indigenous plants and animals from a Wood procurement forest landscape perspective. 7.31 (7.65) million m3 of which from Environmental programme company forests 26 (23)% The environmental programme is an inte- private forest-owners 55 (48)% imports 19 (29)% grated part of MoDo’s forestry program- Most of the imported wood me and prescribes consideration for the comes from Russia, Estonia natural environment in all aspects of Lycksele and Latvia. forestry from three different perspectives: Types of trees in company forests • Forestry planning pine 52% Planning from a landscape perspective. spruce 38% Robertsfors • Forest management hardwood trees 9% Selection of methods for regeneration, pinus contorta 1% cleaning and thinning. Gideå • Harvesting Örnsköldsvik Regeneration Planting 78 (73)% Consideration taken to natural and Sowing from seed 11 (6)% cultural factors in harvesting. Natural regeneration In order to create the conditions neces- Friggesund under seed trees 8 (15)% sary for the survival of all species in the Iggesund under shelter trees 3 (6)% forest landscape, the forest must be Harvesting in company forests managed with ecologically sound met- 3 1.9 (1.8) million m hods. With the virgin forest as a model, as percentage of important features such as dead wood regrowth 63 (61)% and old trees shall be built in into the Environmental audit cultivated forest. Performed Strängnäs In practical terms, this means that the Sweden 1994 Russia 1994, 1995, 1996 proportion of really old trees and dead Norrköping Estonia 1996 trees in MoDo’s forests will increase. Latvia 1996 Coniferous forests in swampy areas shall Planned be managed, to the greatest possible Estonia 1998 extent, using special methods. Burning of Russia 1998 harvested areas, to a limited extent, will Sweden 1997 MoDo Skog raise the share of burnt ground and burnt Head Office Environmental investments wood. The proportion of deciduous trees Regional Offices and costs will also be increased, to create an envi- For environmental reasons MoDo Nurseries ronment that more closely resembles the MoDo forests leaves 8–10 per cent productive forest land unharvested. natural state. Value of unharvested In addition, the most important bio- wood SKr million 40–50 topes for nature conservation – key bio- Training SKr million 4 topes – will be registered, which is Growth in stock of wood particularly important for maintaining The pillars show the number of cubic metres per hectare in MoDo's forests at different times bio-diversity in the forest. m3sk per hectare Altogether, 8–10 per cent of productive 100 forest land will be left unharvested for environmental reasons (see next page). 80 The aim is that there should be a sufﬁ- cient variety of types of forest and fea- 60 tures within all large geographical areas – the size of a typical MoDo district – to 40 enable all species to survive. 20 MoDo Skog does not harvest virgin forest - either its own or that of private 0 owners - nor does it buy wood from vir- 1947-49 1955-56 1965-66 1975-76 1988 1995 1996 gin forests.

17 Company forests time when the trees are 10–15 years old, Forest areas that are more trees are left than was previously Forestry planning the practice. In the long perspective, the MoDo is currently making an inventory not harvested new cleaning instruction represents a cru- of its forests in northern Sweden, with As an effect of the current forest manage- cial environmental measure, since it will the aim of achieving an entirely new clas- ment programme, 8-10 per cent of the raise the proportion of deciduous trees in sification into new forest management productive forest area is not harvested. the forests. These trees, especially old units and identifying the biologically This mainly consists of: and weakened specimens, are essential to most valuable biotopes. The inventory • Key biotopes and other areas of natural a wide variety of species in Sweden’s value flora and fauna. and the new classifications will cover • Technical or economical impediments 680,000 hectares. All forests older than • MoDo reserves 30 years – some 480,000 hectares – will • Border zones, small biotopes and groups Thinning be studied in the field. New maps on a of trees adjacent to harvested areas. Today, more deciduous trees are left after scale of 1:10,000 are being produced. Apart from 1,020,000 hectares of produc- thinning than in the past. Moreover, trees Vast quantities of information about these tive forest land, MoDo owns a further 270,000 hectares or so (20 per cent of the with important natural values and trees forests are being collected. Forest sites total area). These areas are known as that may eventually have natural values are being demarcated on the basis of their impediments, i.e. forest land which produ- are left standing. In humid areas and bor- natural conditions. Natural and cultural ces less than one cubic metre (m3sk) of der zones the aim is to carry out thinning heritage values are being registered. wood per annum. Impediments consist for with a view to creating future natural A similar inventory was performed for the most part of land with bedrock and values. bogs, with a varying growth of trees. Some MoDo’s forests in central Sweden, impediments can be valuable on account comprising some 260,000 hectares, a few of the variety of species they support. Harvesting years ago. As they are mostly unaffected by forestry, The forest fires that have played a key By 1996, some 2,000 hectares of key they often contain really old trees and part in forming the character of Sweden’s dead trees. biotopes had been identified, indicating forests always left a few living trees in that the total area will be around 10,000 their wake. Humid belts seldom or never hectares by the time the inventory is burned down. Many pines survived, completed. sows seeds in the furrows that are made thanks to their thick bark, and lived to a An important aspect of the inventory is by the brush. very old age. In this way, the virgin to prepare a working model for designing Up until five years ago all regeneration forests became mixed in character, with a local forest landscape plans for all MoDo’s took the form of planting out. Since then mixture of old, dead, weak, strong, and forest land. These plans will indicate key the proportion of natural regeneration young trees. biotopes, valuable flora and fauna habi- and sowing has increased. Natural To recreate these conditions entirely is tats and cultural heritage sites. They will regeneration under spruce shelter is an not possible in a cultivated forest. How- also specify quantified guidelines for the important conservation measure in forest ever, some of the features that charac- proportion of old forest, burnt ground environments which provide a habitat for terise the virgin forest can definitely be and predominantly hardwood forests, for species that are sensitive to changes in recreated. This is the idea underlying example, to enable the company to reach light and humidity. Natural regeneration today’s “untidy” felled areas. Dead trees, its environmental goals. is not suitable for all forest land. The individual full-grown trees, groves of All of the districts within MoDo Skog, climate and forest type limit the use of trees and border zones around marshes, 30 of them at present, will eventually this method. MoDo Skog estimates that lakes and watercourses are left behind. be planned in this way. This work is the scope for natural regeneration under The aim is to emulate the conditions expected to be completed before 2000. spruce shelter in company forests is 5–10 created by a forest fire with a view to per cent, and that the share of seed trees building in some of the structures that Forest management should be around 10 per cent. characterised the virgin forest, thereby MoDo Skog is pursuing an intensive pro- Sowing can be increased potentially to encouraging biodiversity in the cultivated gramme to develop forestry methods that 20 per cent. forest. are both efficient and environmentally However, planting out will continue In order to measure the success of adapted. to be the predominant method for cul- these intentions, MoDo Skog has carried tivating new forest. MoDo Skog has out inventories for several years, in which Regeneration participated in the development of a consideration for nature and culturally It is usually necessary to scarify the mechanical system for scarifying the valuable sites is assessed. The result of ground in some way in order to ensure ground and planting. The system has con- the 1996 inventory is presented in the regeneration and reduce competition siderable environmental advantages since illustration on page 20. from grass and other vegetation. MoDo the ground that is affected is reduced to a mere 10 per cent, compared with 30–40 Skog is taking an active part in the deve- Private forestry lopment of a method in which the ground per cent if the ground is harrowed. is scarified with a brush instead of with a MoDo meets about half its raw material harrow. The brush only affects the upper Cleaning requirements by purchasing wood from humus layer without damaging roots or For some years now, MoDo Skog has some 20,000 private forest owners in moving rocks. This sweeping is perfor- applied a new cleaning strategy. When Sweden. All forestry in Sweden is re- med with a machine that simultaneously the young forest is cleaned, around the gulated by the Silviculture Act, for

18 Tommy Andersson from Hallstavik is one of the 35 salaried employees at MoDo Skog who Nature conservation map of Edsbro are taking a university course in nature Impediment Special ecological management conservation biology and ecology. These Öregrund employees will bring very important skills to MoDo reserve Area with cultural value MoDo Skog’s ﬁeld organisation. Every one of MoDo’s districts will now have staff with Ålands hav Lake No clear felling in-depth ecological know-how. In addition to their normal tasks, Tommy and his colleagues Grisslehamn will also function as consultants on biology in Hallstavik Halviksjön their respective districts at MoDo Skog and in Älmsta Liss- contacts with private forest owners. Bärsjön Långmossen In the photo above Tommy Andersson is Knutby Hållvik- discussing with Jan Eriksson, harvester driver. Edsbro kärret

Rimbo Skvalet Norrtälje Björksjön 0 10 km

Rönninge Rörmossen

Hållvik

Söderholms- mossen In Edsbro, MoDo Skog and the Municipality Vargbergen Nörrsjökärret of Norrtälje have drawn up an ecological plan FORNMINNESOMRÅDE for a 3,000 hectare forest area owned by Björkmyran MoDo. Almost all of MoDo’s forest land will be planned in this way by 2000. The forests in Lis-Norrsjön Edsbro have been cultivated since the 15th Blommenskärren Knappholmen Käringbackarna century. There were also a number of iron- Tranmyran works in the area until quite recently. Conse- quently, the relative incidence of dead trees, old trees and broad-leaved trees is very low. Here and there can be found areas with a rich Märkgärde ﬂora and fauna, however, around marshes and Nyckelangsmossen close to lakes. Using the ecological plan as a FORNMINNE basis, the goal is to maintain and develop the Högsäter natural value of the Edsbro forests, while also taking their economic value into account.

19 Share of approved harvests % 100 85 87 81 80 Protecting zone 60

20 Grove of trees 0 1990 1995 1996 The share of approved harvests increased by 2 percentage points compared with the previous year. Nature conservation was Trees of judged to be well above the required conservation quality internal criteria in 44 per cent of the harvested areas and adequate in 43 per cent. 13 per cent of the harvested areas were below the required level, mainly because of insufficient care being taken in swampy areas of the forest and Ecologically inadequate protecting zones around sensitive streams and bogs. biotope

example, and its two equally important The following was left on each harvested hectare, average: main aims: sustainable wood production 10.9 m3 of wood and the maintenance of biological which corresponds to 50 full-grown trees, of which 6 trees with nature diversity. An inventory of key biotopes conservation qualities 5.3 per cent of the volume of wood is currently being carried out in private 2.6% in ecologically sensitive biotopes Swedish forests. 1.2% in protecting zones 1.1% in groves of trees and individual trees mports 0.4% other Imports The inventory covers 84 randomly-selected areas that were harvested between September 1995 MoDo imports around one ﬁfth of its and May 1996. The total area covered by the inventory is 1,719 hectares, which corresponds to 17 per cent of the total harvested area. annual wood requirements, mainly from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. Marginal volumes are also imported from Germany and Denmark. handled through trading houses with • Methods for regrowth, cleaning, MoDo has imported wood from coun- government organisations. MoDo has thinning and ﬁnal harvesting tries in Eastern Europe for around 30 now established its own organisation for • Field studies in mature forests that years. Previously all of this business was purchasing and harvesting wood in Esto- are ready for harvesting, young nia, Latvia and Russia. The target is to forests and plantations. create a stable base for sourcing wood, In connection with the audits a large 0 200 km mainly hardwood, for the company’s pulp number of interviews were carried out mills in Sweden. The business area struc- with operative personnel and personnel FINLAND ture is shown in the diagram alongside. from forest protection authorities.

St Petersburg Environmental audits in Results and experiences Novgorod Eastern Europe ESTONIA Tallin The forestry laws in these East European In 1996, MoDo’s own units in Estonia, countries differ in some respects from Moscow LATVIA Riga Latvia and Russia were audited. The those in Sweden. This can be seen from following factors were considered in the the appearance of the felled areas, which LITHUANIA RUSSIA Vilnius performance of the audits: mostly have totally straight borders adja- • Forest history cent to unfelled forest. They are usually POLAND BELORUSSIA • Forest use in modern times very “tidy”, that is, all branches have By far the greater part of MoDo’s wood • Forestry planning been collected at one spot and burned on imports comes from the shaded area. • Laws and practice site. This is to prevent forest ﬁres and

20 facilitate ground scarification. Leaving being tested on an area comprising dead trees and branches in the harvest 14,000 hectares. This project began in site as is done in Sweden to the benefit of 1995 and has attracted great attention Wood procure- many species, is prohibited under current within Latvian forestry circles. legislation. In some forest districts, ment for MoDo’s however, the public authorities are now Training giving permission to leave aspen trees foreign units In order to manage forests efficiently, and branches on the forest machine while also ensuring the conditions neces- roads, for instance, The machines used to Responsibility for wood procurement sary for the survival of indigenous plant remove the wood sometimes have cater- for the units in France and Great and animal life, the personnel need to pillar tracks which can cause serious Britain rests on the mills concerned. know more about biology than before. damage to soft ground. In view of this, MoDo Skog has inten- In relative terms, there is more pro- Great Britain sified its training programmes in the field tected forest than in Sweden. In con- The raw material for the paperboard of forest ecology and ecological conside- nection with its audits, MoDo has rations over the past few years. mill at Workington consists of spruce encountered an immense interest in wood that is purchased from private nature conservation, especially in Estonia In 1996, 29 field personnel attended forest-owners, as well as from the and Latvia. Among those who are re- a one-term university course in forest Forestry Commission. Small quan- sponsible for forestry activities and per- ecology that a further six employees had sonnel in the public bodies involved in already attended. The aim is to have per- tities are imported from Ireland. forestry the level of knowledge regarding sonnel qualified in ecology within every A project is being carried out in forests and forestry is high. As legislation MoDo district. Great Britain to develop a system for is successively revised, more environ- A total of 550 people, of whom most tracing the origin of each individual mentally-adapted methods will even- are drivers of harvesting machines, have load of wood. tually be introduced. participated in courses in ecological consi- Since 1994, MoDo has performed deration. The purpose of these courses is France to improve the level of knowledge of bio- several environmental audits in Russia, The raw material for Alizay, which is logy within this group, whose everyday Estonia and Latvia. Some 60 different mainly hardwood, is purchased from work involves consideration for the forest forest sites have been studied in the field. private forest-owners, municipalities Despite differences in legislation and environment, and to extend their skill and and the state, and is sourced from the technology, the conclusion drawn from efficiency in performing their work in a whole of the north-western part of these audits is that there are no environ- way that conforms with ecological mental grounds for not importing wood considerations. France. from the areas where forests and forestry have been audited. Certification MoDo is participating in discussions Transfer of know how with environmental organisations, custo- MoDo endeavours to transfer know how mers, private forest owners and other not been clearly defined, and therefore it in ecological forestry to Eastern Europe. Swedish forest industry companies, gives rise to many interpretations. An- One aspect of this is regular contacts among others, on the eco-labelling of other topic that caused some debate is with public bodies, harvesting com- forestry in Sweden (FSC). These discus- whether it is acceptable to fell trees in a panies, environmental organisations and sions will continue in 1997, when a first forest that includes “red-listed” species, private forest owners. draft for a certification system is planned i.e., species that are included on the A seminar was arranged in Estonia in to be presented. Species Bank List of endangered species October on the theme of environmentally requiring special consideration in adapted forestry. The seminar was ar- Swedish wildlife. Environmental management ranged jointly with the Estonian Ministry Both these issues gained greater system of the Environment and was attended by urgency during the autumn in connection more than 250 participants. Its purpose with the harvesting of MoDo’s forests The potential to apply the ISO 14001 was to inform people working in forestry outside Piteå. The fellings attracted environmental management standard and public bodies in Estonia of the envi- great attention locally and generated within MoDo’s forestry activities is being ronmental requirements that are made correspondence with environmental orga- investigated. A pilot project to test the today by European buyers of paper, pulp nisations outside Sweden. system in practice is currently being and timber, and to explain MoDo’s inten- MoDo Skog takes the view that the carried out in the Strängnäs Region. tions with regard to sustainable forestry. environmentally adapted forest manage- The current certification process in ment programme creates the conditions Current debate Sweden was also highlighted. required for all species to survive from Smiltene MRS, MoDo’s associate The environmental organisations have a landscape perspective. However, it is company in Latvia, is currently engaged continued to take a great interest in the unrealistic to protect every individual on a joint project together with WWF, in forest environment. One issue that was specimen of every species wherever it which ecologically adapted methods frequently debated was the protection of may be found. modelled on Scandinavian forestry are “old growth forests”. This concept has

21 Environmental protection Responsibility

Environmental auditing Environmental o

The first environmental audit at MoDo was carried out in 1991, The environmental work at since when the methodology has been further developed. MoDo spans a broad field, Environmental audits are now an important internal management which affects all areas of activity tool within the Group. within the Group. The distribution and organisation of environ- The point has been reached where first respectively, the audits carried out were mental responsibility and work audits have been performed at all of based on these requirements. At Iggesund MoDo’s pulp and paper mills, sawmills and Braviken the audits took the form of within MoDo are based on the and forest regions both within Sweden a combination of follow-up of the first Group’s environmental policy. and abroad. In addition, two major wood audits and an introductory inspection suppliers in Russia have been studied. In for compliance with the requirements of 1996, second audits were performed at ISO 14001. three pulp and paper mills. Line responsibility The first environmental audits were Improvements Overall environmental carried out in accordance with the Inter- The environmental audits carried out responsibility national Chamber of Commerce’s guide- show that continuous improvements have lines and standard Swedish practice at been made at all the mills. Probably the Decisions on development and invest- that time. The units were audited in rela- most important conclusion to be drawn ments are made by the Board and Group tion to laws and permits and on the basis from the results is that environmental management. Evaluating and considering of MoDo’s environmental policy. Since issues are included in the total operations environmental aspects is a natural part of then these environmental audits have in a completely different way from what the decision-making process. been altered, mainly following the deve- was the case when the first audits were lopment of environmental management performed. MoDo’s environmental policy Operational environmental systems, such as EMAS and ISO 14001. has been applied in practice more clearly responsibility The environmental audit is a central con- and extensively, in the form of internal The operational environmental work is cept in these systems. As the environ- environment targets. Internal communi- carried out within the line organisation, mental management system covers the cations on environmental issues have i.e. at mill and forestry region level. The environmental impact of operations in improved. Questions regarding sorting of environmental work is an integrated part their entirety, the environmental audits waste at source have acquired a different, of the operations, for which the respective have become even more comprehensive more prominent position in day-to-day manager is responsible. and far-reaching. The environmental operations at the mills. audits include training, energy consumption, questions concerned with sorting Environmental audits Competence waste at source, as well as the purchase in Eastern Europe Environmental director of chemicals and transportation. In 1996, MoDo Skog’s own forestry operations in Estonia, Latvia and Russia MoDo’s environmental director has Three second audits were audited for the first time. There have overall responsibility for monitoring In 1996 the pulp and paper mills in already been two environmental audits developments in the environmental field, Workington, Iggesund and Braviken of forestry in Russia, which involved initiating environmental projects and underwent their second audits. A second studying the activities of major wood co-ordinating environmental measures audit was also begun at Husum during suppliers. within the Group. The environmental the autumn and completed at the The audits so far performed indicate director is chairman of the MoDo Envi- beginning of 1997. wide differences in legislative back- ronmental Committee and also represents All these audits have been performed ground and forestry methods between the Group in various trade associations. on the basis of MoDo’s environmental Sweden and these countries. In environ- policy, current laws and permits, and mental terms, however, no objections can Environmental auditor also in relation to the requirements of be raised to the importation of wood MoDo’s Group ecologist and environ- ISO 14001. from those forests and methods that have mental auditor is responsible for the As Workington and Husum have been audited. See also the section on regular performance of environmental environmental management systems Forestry on page 21. audits throughout all areas of the Group which comply with Britain’s BS 7750 in accordance with generally accepted environmental standard and ISO 14001 methods.

22 organisation

MoDo Research and The environmental organisation at MoDo Development Line organisation Organisation for co-ordination Competence Much of the work of MoDo Research and Board of Directors Development is focused on questions Environmental director relating to the environment, and it is Environmental Committee Environmental auditor integrated as a natural aspect of general President and CEO Environmental co-ordinators R & D activities. Business area president Water Technology Group Environmental controllers Forest environment Environmental co-ordinators co-ordinators Waste Products Group At least one in each business area. Mill manager/regional manager Key biotype serveyors Also belong to MoDo Environmental Committee. Within MoDo, operative responsibility for the environment rests on the line organisation. Alongside Environmental controllers this, there are a number of co-ordination groups, which highlight the environment, as well as exchange information and experiences. The groups are made up of representatives of the various Each production unit has an organisation areas of environmental competence which exist at all levels within the company. for monitoring emissions.

Forest environment MoDo R & D, and some forest regions. methods adapted to nature. MoDo is co-ordinators The Group’s task is to develop methods represented on The Forest Industries’ Each of MoDo Skog’s 30 districts has and a factual platform for recovering Environment and Energy Committee, on or will have a trained forest environment waste products from production and so the board of Environmental Auditors in co-ordinator with knowledge of forest reducing the quantity of waste. Sweden, and on the board of Swedish ecology at university level. Environmental Managers in Business. Water Technology Group There are corresponding external Key biotype surveyors This consists of representatives of all organs in Britain and France, on which MoDo’s mills, MoDo R & D and Group MoDo is appropriately represented. One per district within MoDo Skog. Staff Technology. Exchanges of experiences and knowledge of water puriﬁcation Co-ordination technology. MoDo Environmental Committee MoDo Environmental Committee External contacts Bengt Hultman Environmental Director, MoDo This consists of representatives of the MoDo works closely together with a business areas, MoDo R & D and Group number of external research and develop- Marie Berglund Environmental Auditor staffs. The Environmental Committee ment units; STFI (Swedish Pulp and and Group Ecologist, MoDo holds regular meetings, which are minu- Paper Research Institute), IVL (Swedish ted. The most important task is to serve Institute for Water and Air Pollution Carl-Johan Alfthan MoDo Paper as a forum for environmental issues for Research), SSVL (Water and Air Pollu- Johan Askaner MoDo Merchants the whole Group. Examples of its tasks tion Research Foundation of the Swedish Sören Back MoDo Paper include distribution of best practice from Forest Industries), CPM (Centre for Envi- different parts of the Group, preparing ronment-related Product Development), Åke Eklöf Holmen Paper policy issues, monitoring trends and SkogForsk (Forestry Research Institute) Christer Engman Iggesund Paperboard identifying new environmental issues, as and SLU (Swedish University of Agricul- Greta Fossum MoDo R&D well as acting to ensure that MoDo’s en- tural Sciences). vironmental policy is applied in practice. STFI carries out basic research into Per Erik Frick Iggesund Timber The members of the MoDo Environ- environmentally-adapted processes. IVL Mona Kanzler Iggesund Paperboard mental Committee are appointed by the studies the effects of various emissions Lars Klingström MoDo Skog President or by the presidents of the on the environment. SSVL runs joint respective business areas. projects for the entire industry on envi- Anders Lindström Holmen Paper ronmental techniques and impact. CPM Lars Munter Holmen Paper Waste Products Group develops methods for life-cycle assess- Erik Normark MoDo Skog This consists of representatives of the ment. SLU and SkogForsk run projects in Swedish mills, Group Staff Technology, such areas as the development of forestry

23 Purchasing and demands on suppliers

Study of environmental effects of transportation

MoDo is currently engaged in a study of the environmental aspects of transportation. On the next spread we present parts of the study in the form of two examples.

Background Much of the pulp, paper and sawn timber required by Western Europe is covered by deliveries from Scandinavia. Efficient transportation is therefore essential for the continued existence of European fibre systems. Transportation influences the environment in various ways, for instance, by emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide from fossil fuels.

Objectives In order to obtain a better perception of the effects of transportation on the environment, in relation to the effects of manufacturing processes, a life cycle inventory has been started for various products. The aim is to identify the stages in the transport chain where measures to reduce environmental impact will have the greatest effect. So far, the demand for speed, punctu- ality and cost-efﬁciency governs develop- Transport co-operation beneﬁts the environment ments in the transport sector. Taking From MoDo environmental aspects into account will In 1996, MoDo delivered a total of 810,000 cubic create opportunities for reducing the From MoDo metres of wood to AssiDomän’s and SCA’s mills 30, environmental effect of transportation. 000 m in Kalix, Piteå and Umeå. In return, MoDo’s 3 pulp mills in Husum and Domsjö received MoDo will include strict environ- 280, 000 m some 830,000 cubic metres of wood from other mental requirements in connection with Kalix 3 Assi Domän forest companies. This exchange of wood the purchasing of transport services. SCA meant that: Assi Domän MoDo’s intention is to contribute to From MoDo Piteå • Consumption of diesel fuel was reduced by reducing the environmental impact of 2,500,000 litres. • Transport volumes were reduced by 200 420, the transportation required to get raw T o MoDo 000 m million tonne-kilometres. material to the mills and products to its 3 • Emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels Hoting 750, customers. 000 m SCA were reduced by 6,900 tonnes.

3 Umeå • Emissions of nitrogen oxides were reduced by 100 tonnes. MoDo • Emissions of sulphur dioxide were reduced Örnsköldsvik by 1.5 tonnes. FINLAND In ﬁnancial terms, these exchanges of wood Härnösand lowered the costs of the companies involved by more than SKr 50 million.

24 Transportation of wood Transportation of other raw materials Transportation of products In order to minimise the distance wood is The heading covers the transportation of Most of MoDo’s products are delivered to carried between forest and mill, Swedish numerous other raw materials and supp- customers in Europe. Several different forest industry companies have co-opera- lies. The principal ones are waste paper, distribution systems with terminals in ted for many years, exchanging wood fillers, fuel, and chemicals. The suppliers several strategic locations handle most with one another. The scope of this of these materials have responsibility for of these volumes. exchange in northern Sweden, and its most of the transportation to MoDo’s The systems are based on distribution effect on the environment and use of mills. by sea to terminals and trans-shipment resources, as well as its financial effects, to truck or rail for delivery to the end Truck. Trucks are mainly are shown below in the map alongside. customer. Similarly, companies in southern and used to transport waste paper Truck. Trucks are used main- central Sweden exchange wood via two and purchased pulp, and for ly to deliver products from jointly-owned wood procurement com- raw materials that are used in terminals on the Continent panies, Sydved and Industriskog. small quantities. and in Great Britain to custo- Truck. For practical reasons, Rail. This is used mainly to mers, and for deliveries to trucks are predominantly transport certain chemicals customers in Sweden. Since the distances used for transporting wood within Sweden, and waste are comparatively short, the total trans- from the forests to the mills. paper from Germany. port volume carried by truck is relatively MoDo does not own any small. External haulage contractors are trucks. Wood transportation is contracted used for most of these transports. Return out to private haulage contractors. The Ship. Ships are the most loads can usually be arranged. environmental characteristics of these frequently used means of trucks are being improved successively. transporting “other raw mate- Rail. Rail is used for long- The average level of nitrogen oxide emis- rials”, fillers and heating oil. haul transportation between sions from the 1996 models is 7 gram- When possible, the ships terminals and customers on mes per kWh, compared with some 15 used to distribute products are also used the Continent, for instance in grammes per kWh for trucks older than for return cargoes. One example of this Switzerland, Austria or Italy. the 1993 model. It is estimated that is the importation of waste paper from Some shipments from Swedish mills to emission levels can be reduced to some England for Braviken and Hallsta. customers on the Continent also go by rail. 2 grammes per kWh in the future. Ship. Most of the products In Sweden, the maximum permitted distributed from Swedish mills length of a vehicle is 24 metres, compa- to the rest of Europe are car- red with 20 metres on the Continent. This ried by ship, using several has benefits in the form of lower environ- systems – for instance in co- mental impact per tonne of transported operation with SCA. The arrangement freight. with SCA, which includes transportation Rail. Wood is transported by from Husum, Domsjö and Iggesund, has rail when possible. However, led to a reduction in fuel consumption the geographical limitations per tonne-kilometre of 22 per cent, and a of the rail network impose li- corresponding reduction in emission mits on how much this can be levels. The same volume is now shipped done. Some 6 per cent of MoDo’s wood by five ships instead of the six that used transportation in Sweden goes by rail. to be needed. Projects have been started Ship. Pulpwood from the to reduce the sulphur content of the fuels countries around the Baltic is used. For this, the ships’ engines will brought to Sweden by ship. have to be converted. Fuel with a low Virtually all the ships sulphur content to suit this type of engine employed in this traffic use will also have to be made available at the low-sulphur fuels. A project has started ports of call. for making greater use of the ships which Ships powered by low-sulphur fuel are carry pulp and paper to Western Europe used for transportation from Hallsta and to carry return cargoes of pulpwood from Braviken. Baltic and Russian ports.

25 Purchasing and demands on suppliers

Measures to reduce the environmental impact of transportation The transport study Although the study has not been completed, a number of measures that could reduce the The study is based on data from 1995 and environmental impact of transportation have already emerged. Some of these measures takes the form of a simplified life cycle are the direct responsibility of MoDo, while others require agreement between suppliers inventory. It covers one product per busi- and distributors to take joint responsibility for reducing environmental impact. ness area within the Group. The inventory The following are among the possible measures. of these products takes the form of case • Stiffer environmental demands in connection with the purchasing of transport services. studies of specific distribution routes to • Intensified transport co-operation within the Group and with other companies, in order typical customers on the Continent. The to seize all opportunities to obtain return cargoes and raise capacity utilisation in the transport systems chosen are the most transport system. commonly used distribution channels. • MoDo will endeavour to take over the buying of freight services for imported wood, The study covers practically every stage so as to gain control over the type of ship used. (This has been the case with all in the product’s life cycle – from har- imports from Estonia since 1994.) vesting of wood in the forest, to delivery • Co-ordinate distribution of finished products with wood imports in order to create of the finished product to the customer. scope to accept return cargoes. Aspects such as environmental impact • Use rail freight instead of truck when possible. and the use of resources for production • Convert to low-sulphur fuel in all distribution ships not yet powered by this fuel. and for transportation of fuel are taken • Successively modernise the trucks used within and outside Sweden. into consideration.

Iggesund EXAMPLE 1 One tonne of paperboard from Iggesund to Bielefeld Bielefeld

Production location: Iggesund Oil El. Bio-energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 Production: Paperboard from sulphate Pulpwood, harvesting Pulpwood, harvesting pulp and transport and transport Other raw materials, Other raw materials, Raw material: Softwood, hardwood and transport transport sawmill chips Production Production Quantity: 4.0 tonnes Origin: Sweden, 62%. Estonia, Latvia Distribution Distribution

and Russia, 38% Energy consumption per tonne of paperboard, Total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) per Means of transportation/distance: GJ/tonne tonne of paperboard, kg/tonne Sweden: Truck, average distance 107 75 per cent of the product’s total energy re- Total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) km. quirement is covered by biofuels, i.e. mainly amount to 5 kg per tonne of paperboard. bark and wood waste from the sulphate pulp Around half of this comes from transportation Imports: Truck, ship, average distance process. Transportation accounts for 35 per and handling of freight. 880 km. cent of the total oil consumption. Other raw materials: Fillers, chemicals,

fuel Fossil Biogenous 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 0 500 1000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 Quantity: 0.6 tonnes Pulpwood, harvesting Pulpwood, harvesting Means of transportation/distance: and transport and transport Other raw materials, Other raw materials, Ship and truck, average distance 430 km transport transport Product: 1 tonne of paperboard Production Production Destination:Bielefeld, Germany Means of transportation/distance: Distribution Distribution Ship to Lubeck, truck from there, Total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) per Total emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) per distance 1,475 km. tonne of paperboard, kg/tonne tonne of paperboard, kg/tonne Total emissions of carbon dioxide amount to Total emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2,700 kg per tonne of paperboard. Most of this amount to some 3 kg per tonne of paperboard. – 85 per cent – consists of biogenous carbon Two-thirds of this comes from production. The dioxide that is released from the incineration remaining third comes mainly from the sulphur of biofuels in the production process. The in the ships’ fuel. other carbon dioxide comes from combustion of fossil fuels.

26 The links in the transport chain covered by MoDo's study Transport of waste Transport -Truck Pulpwood Harvesting Sweden -Truck Transport Transport Wood Harvesting Chipping Sawmill chips -Truck -Truck handling

Chip handling Pulp Transport Trans- Transport Imports Pulpwood Harvesting Unloading production -Truck shipment -Ship MoDo Transport Paper Swedish Collection -Truck production Waste paper Handling Transport at mill Imports Collection -Truck -Rail -Ship Loading onto ship Transport Oil -Truck Energy Production Transport Bio-energy -Rail Ship -Ship Unloading off ship

Energy Electricity Production Loading onto truck

Transport Truck Chemicals Transport -Truck Fillers -Rail Customer -Ship

EXAMPLE 2 Norrköping One tonne of newsprint from Norrköping

to Ahrensburg Ahrensburg

Production location: Norrköping Oil El. Bio-energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 Production: Newsprint from TMP and Pulpwood, harvesting Pulpwood, harvesting and transport and transport DIP pulp Waste paper, collection Waste paper, collection Raw material 1: Softwood and transport and transport Other raw materials, Other raw materials, Quantity: 1.7 tonnes transport transport Origin: Sweden, 98%. Imports, 2% Production Production Means of transportation/distance: Distribution Distribution Sweden: Truck, average distance 106 km. Energy consumption per tonne of newsprint, Total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) per Imports: Truck, ship, average distance GJ/tonne tonne of newsprint, kg/tonne 661 km. 65 per cent of the product’s total energy con- Total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) Raw material 2: Waste paper sumption is of electricity. Production accounts amount to 1.6 kg per tonne of newsprint. Quantity: 0.3 tonnes for practically the entire energy consumption. Around 60 per cent of this comes from Origin: Sweden, 50%. Imports, 50% Transportation accounts for around 25 per transportation and handling of freight. Means of transportation/distance: cent of the total oil consumption. Sweden: Truck, 173 km

Imports: Ship, rail, truck, average Fossil Biogenous 0 500 1000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 distance 909 km Pulpwood, harvesting Pulpwood, harvesting Other raw materials: Chemicals, fuel and transport and transport Waste paper, collection Waste paper, collection Quantity: 0.1 tonnes and transport and transport Other raw materials, Other raw materials, Means of transportation/distance: transport transport Ship and truck, average distance 635 km Production Production

Product: 1 tonne of newsprint Distribution Distribution Destination: Ahrensburg, Germany Means of transportation/distance: Total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) per Total emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) per Ship to Hamburg, truck from there, tonne of newsprint, kg/tonne tonne of newsprint, kg/tonne Total emissions of carbon dioxide amount to The use of low-sulphur fuels for transport distance 1,135 km. 500 kg per tonne of newsprint. Nearly half of by ship and low emissions from production this consists of biogenous carbon dioxide that mean that total emissions of sulphur dioxide is released through incineration of bark and (SO2) amount to a mere 0.35 kg per tonne of other bio-fuel at the mill. newsprint.

27 Development

Higher production – improved environmental performance

The new PM 53 paper machine at Braviken will enable the mill to • High level of steam recovery in the raise its output by 60 per cent. Despite this, the environmental permits new TMP line. are unchanged or tighter. This demonstrates clearly how investments • Water-saving measures which reduce and major rebuilding projects can go hand in hand with a better the volume of waste water per tonne of paper and the need for thermal energy. environmental performance. • Recovery of heat from compressors in the vacuum system. Studies into the conditions for a third Energy saving measures • Installation of a number of heat ex- paper machine at Braviken began already – electricity changers for recovery of low-value heat. at the end of the 1980s. As a result of The following are the most important of these studies, the production of thermo- several measures: Emissions into water mechanical pulp (TMP) was comple- • The 50/50 mix of TMP and DIP used Braviken already had an advanced and mented with a de-inked pulp (DIP) line in with the new paper machine requires very effective waste water treatment sys- 1991. Various environmental arguments 35 per cent less electricity than if the tem, consisting of biological purification had a strong influence on the decision. paper is produced from TMP alone. in bio-bed and aerated lagoon, followed At the same time, the Swedish Natio- • The new TMP line was fitted with by final chemical purification. This unit nal Franchise Board for Environmental newly-developed, low-energy equip- has been rebuilt to handle higher volumes Protection considered a request to expand ment (Thermopulp), which is expected and raise the degree of cleaning. This in- annual production from 440,000 tonnes to reduce electricity consumption by cluded replacing the aerated lagoon with to 700,000 tonnes of paper. The Franchise between 15 and 20 per cent, compared purification by the active sludge method. Board’s decision allowed the expansion, with earlier technology. In the chemical purification process, provided that the emission levels were • All large pumps are speed-controlled to sedimentation was replaced by flotation. kept unchanged or reduced. reduce their electricity consumption. The “new” purification plant has in the The start up of PM 53 in May 1996 In total, Braviken’s electricity consump- main functioned very well. Emission represented the realisation of these plans. tion per tonne of paper is estimated to be levels are below the threshold values in The paper is produced from a 50/50 mix reduced by around 10 per cent. the environmental permits by a wide of thermo-mechanical pulp and recycled margin. Since PM 53 was commissioned, fibre pulp, which is considered to be an Energy saving measures the emissions per day have actually optimal mix in production and environ- – thermal power been lower than they were in the corre- mental terms, and also in other respects. A number of measures have been taken sponding period last year, even though An important aspect of the PM 53 to reduce steam and oil consumption, production has been raised considerably. project was the reduced environmental including: impact and improved efficiency in the use • New technology (a shoe press) in the Emissions into air of energy. press section of the paper machine. Despite the many heat-saving measures, Braviken’s environmental performance before and after the extension The output of paper at Braviken has been Average values for September–December 1994 and September–December 1996. increased by 60 per cent. Thanks to a number In 1996, production was 51 per cent higher than during the corresponding of environmental measures, the mill’s environ- period in 1994. mental performance has improved, with lower emissions per tonne as a consequence. Kg per tonne of paper Total tonnes

Emissions into water 1994 1996 1994 1996 SS 0.45 0.24 0.5 0.4 COD 2.1 1.1 2.3 1.9 Phosphorus 0.004 0.003 0.0042 0.0052 Nitrogen 0.12 0.08 0.13 0.13 Emissions into air

SO2 0.28 0.05 0.30 0.09 NOx 0.28 0.25 0.30 0.41

28 Priorities for the future

the need for fuel-produced steam at the The environmental work at MoDo covers a very broad and complex mill is increasing. In order to satisfy the area. Priorities need to be decided so that the available resources are lower emission permits, especially for used in the best possible manner. MoDo considers the following areas sulphur dioxide, oil-firing must be reduced and replaced by heating with to be the most important: various bio-fuels. The PM 53 project therefore included Forestry ongoing development towards transpor- the rebuilding of the bark furnace, which Growth in MoDo’s forests exceeds the tation with less impact on the environment will double the bio-fuel capacity. This volume harvested. Forestry is therefore throughout society. sustainable in quantitative terms. In order means that more bio-fuel, both our own Management of resources and purchased material, equivalent to to improve biological sustainability as The ecosociety requires effective use of 20,000–25,000 m3 of oil, can be used. well, new forestry methods are being available resources. In addition to this, the rebuilding work applied and developed. MoDo is continuing to develop means included various measures to reduce It is of great importance to continue of reducing its specific consumption of emissions of nitrogen oxides and dust. the development of biologically adapted energy, wood and other raw materials. The oil-fired boiler was fitted with methods in forestry to create conditions to equipment to reduce sulphur. enable flora and fauna in forest habitats Recycled fibre to survive in vigorous populations. These measures have largely produced MoDo’s products are mainly produced the intended result. Combustion of bio- Production technology from virgin fibre. Recycled fibre is also fuels increased by around 70 per cent Progress towards increasingly closed used in some products. Virgin fibre and during 1996. Emissions of dust are still recycled fibre complement each other low, well below the permitted levels. processes is accelerating as a result of our own R&D work and research outside and have their respective advantages in Emissions of sulphur dioxide were different areas of application. reduced by around 20 per cent. Since the the company. However, several years’ experience from production using closed It remains an important task to inform commissioning of PM 53, emissions are customers and decision makers in and running at levels below the 50 tonnes per loop systems indicates that problems can arise if totally closed loop processes are outside Sweden about the interaction annum specified in the new environmen- between virgin fibre and recycled fibre. tal permit. The previous threshold value used in pulp mills. An important task, therefore, is to find was 115 tonnes per annum. Emissions of Training the optimum balance between closed nitrogen oxide, related to fuel consump- Building up knowledge through in-com- tion, have also declined. processes and purification techniques for each individual mill. pany environmental projects and col- Costs laboration with research institutes and The share of the PM 53 project costs Measuring methods universities is an important aspect of our which related to the environment are It is often difficult to measure environ- efforts to adapt our business even more to estimated at approximately SKr 215 mental impact precisely. This means that the environment. million, or around 10 per cent of the total the different parties in the environment Our internal environmental training – project cost. debate do not always speak the same both general and relating to employees’ Approximately SKr 100 million of the language. MoDo is working via industry individual work tasks – is being continued investment costs relate to direct measures projects and with authorities and organi- and developed. sations to develop a joint approach and to reduce the environmental impact of Market operations. The new de-inked pulp line uniform measuring methods within this The market’s demands for adaptation to was built for environmental reasons, for field. the environment are still high and are instance. Twenty-five per cent of this Transportation expected to remain so. New aspects on investment cost – or around SKr 75 mil- the concept of the environment are lion – has therefore been estimated as an Optimising transportation helps to achieve constantly emerging, which broadens the environmental cost. both economic and environmental advantages in the short-term and long-term sphere in which environmental issues are Summary perspective. The extensive study of trans- debated. A specific goal of the PM 53 project was portation in progress within MoDo will The companies’ and their customers’ to make Braviken’s environmental per- provide facts on which to base measures adjustment to EMAS and ISO 14001 formance even better than in the past. to reduce the environmental effects of require greater readiness to meet the Results so far have more than matched transportation. increasingly stringent environmental expectations. It is important to contribute to the demands of the market.

29 MoDo in 1996 – the facts

MoDo and energy

MoDo is a large consumer of most of the heat production at these at the same time as electricity is energy. It uses energy to produce mills. The other pulp and paper mills use generated (counter-pressure power). bark, wood residues and sludge where Within MoDo, most of the counter- pulp and to dry paper, pulp and available. Bio-fuels are also bought from pressure power is based on bio-fuels. sawn timber. outside sources. In relative terms, the counter-pressure This energy consists mainly of power produced at the chemical pulp thermal energy produced in our Fossil fuels mills uses the highest proportion of Oil is used to produce steam. Natural gas bio-fuel. In 1996, counter-pressure power own processes, and of electricity, is used at Alizay and Workington. Fossil accounted for 17 per cent of MoDo’s either purchased or generated in fuels serve as a complement to bio-fuels, electricity requirements. which are always the ﬁrst choice. At our mill processes. Hydro-electric power Hallstavik and Braviken surplus heat MoDo’s hydro-electric assets had an out- Thermal energy from the thermo-mechanical pulp process put of 775 GWh during 1996, which is is utilised, which considerably reduces Bio-fuel equivalent to some 15 per cent of the the need for fossil fuels. Fossil fuels In 1996, bio-fuels accounted for around company’s total energy requirements. accounted for 26 per cent of the produc- 74 per cent of MoDo’s total fuel require- The hydro-electric power is generated tion of thermal energy in 1996. ments for producing heat and electricity. by partnership-ﬁnanced companies which Most of this bio-fuel comes from the Electricity own power stations in Umeälven, Fax- parts of the wood which are not used to älven, Gideälven, Ljusnan, Iggesundsån produce pulp. Counter-pressure power and Motala Ström. At MoDo’s chemical pulp mills reco- Most of the mills produce steam at higher vered liquor, which contains large quanti- pressures than required by the mill. By External purchases of electricity ties of dissolved wood, is used together allowing this high-pressure steam to pass Externally purchased electricity corre- with bark and wood residues as fuel to a turbine connected to a generator, the sponded to 68 per cent of MoDo’s total produce steam. Bio-fuels account for pressure and the temperature are reduced, electricity requirements.

Production of thermal energy Electricity used

MoDo

Recovered liquor 49% "Own" hydro- Purchased electricity 68% Oil 20% electricity* 15%

Counter-pressure Natural gas 6% power 17% Bark, wood 25%

MoDo Bio-fuel Fossil fuels *partner-financed power-companies

30 MoDo 1996 in and out

Emissions into air Sulphur dioxide 5,780 tonnes Nitrogen oxides 3,590 tonnes Dust 1,300 tonnes Carbon dioxide: Fossil 777,500 tonnes Biogenous 3,625,300 tonnes Raw materials consumption Saw timber 0.85 million m Pulpwood 3 Purchased pulp8.01 million m 3 Waste paper 134,000 tonnes Chemicals 303,300 tonnes 814,540 tonnes Production Energy consumption MoDo Fine paper 804,700 tonnes Fossil fuels: Newsprint and magazine paper Oil 8,320 TJ 1,222,200 tonnes Natural gas Paperboard 2,610 TJ 371,400 tonnes Bio-fuels: Market pulp Recovered liquor Sawn timber553,100 tonnes Bark, wood 20,220 TJ Other products*325,600 m Purchased electricity 3 10,590 TJ 3,900 tonnes Counter-pressure electricity 4,420 GWh* *Excluding products which are used internally 900 GWh or further processed by other companies

Emissions into water COD 63,000 tonnes BOD 14,400 tonnes AOX 270 tonnes SS 5,900 tonnes Nitrogen 620 tonnes Phosphorus 90 tonnes

Waste Deposited wet 268,100 tonnes Hazardous 580 tonnes *incl. 775 GWh of partner-financed electricity

The illustration above gives a picture of total use of energy, as well as consump- The environmental impact of forest MoDo’s total use of resources, production per tonne of output, is reported for machinery and transportation of raw tion and emissions during 1996. The each mill. materials and distribution of products are following four spreads present the corre- Internal deliveries are not included in not included in the tables. sponding information for the various the illustration above, but are in the ﬁgu- Some of the authorities’ environmental production units. res for the individual mills. A dash (–) permits are included in the fact frames The presentation mainly adheres to the means that ﬁgures are not available. The for the individual mills on pages 10–16. preliminary recommendations which bioenergy and counter-pressure power re- In some cases the permits are not have emerged out of a joint industry ferred to are almost completely generated included, as they vary, depending on project begun in Sweden. The aim is to from bark and wood residues, which are production, and cannot be stated in a provide more uniform reporting of envi- included in the volume of wood purchased. simple manner. ronmental facts in the forest industry. By-products that are sold are not The consumption of raw materials and included.

31 Husum

1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

Raw material Wood, m3 2,490,000 3.8 2,630,000 3.8 consumption Purchased pulp, tonnes 14,700 0.02 14,000 0.02

Waste paper, tonnes 0 0 0 0

Process water, million m3/m3 48.7 74 50.6 74

Chemicals1), tonnes 236,800 0.36 241,500 0.35

Energy Fossil fuels Oil, TJ/GJ 2,514 3.8 2,217 3.2 consumption Natural gas, TJ/GJ 0 0 0 0

Bio-fuels Recovered liquor, TJ/GJ 8,0542) 12.22) 8,7872) 12.82)

Bark, wood, TJ/GJ 1,738 2.6 1,717 2.5

Purchased electricity, GWh/MWh 560 0.85 611 0.89

Counter-pressure power, GWh/MWh 200 0.30 161 0.23

Production Market pulp, tonnes 202,4003) 222,1003) Paper, paperboard, tonnes 456,400 464,500

Sawn timber, m3 0 0

Other products, tonnes 4504) 5604)

1,306 2.0 3.6 1,028 1.5 2.8 Emissions SO2, tonnes, kg, tonnes into air NOx, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,041 1.6 2.8 1,104 1.6 3.0

Dust, tonnes, kg, tonnes 567 0.86 1.55 584 0.85 1.60 193,000 293 529 170,000 248 466 CO2, fossil, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,360,000 2,064 3,726 1,320,000 1,923 3,616 CO2, biogenous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,553,000 2,357 4,255 1,490,000 2,170 4,082 CO2, total tonnes, kg, tonnes

Emissions COD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 24,900 37.8 68 27,200 39.6 75 into water BOD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 7,600 11.5 21 10,600 15.4 29

AOX, tonnes, kg, tonnes 185 0.28 0.51 220 0.32 0.60

SS, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,150 1.7 3.1 1,400 2.0 3.8

N, tonnes, kg, tonnes 116 0.18 0.32 117 0.17 0.32

P, tonnes, kg, tonnes 33 0.05 0.09 34 0.05 0.09

Waste Hazardous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 2 0.003 0.005 14 0.02 0.04 Deposited, wet, tonnes, kg, tonnes 62,000 94 169 90,000 131 246

1) The main types of chemicals used are listed on page 40 Husum: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996. 2) Including combustion of approx. 10,000 tonnes of internally produced tall oil. 3) Excluding approx. 10,000 tonnes of knot pulp. 4) Terpentine. 32 Domsjö Silverdalen

1996 1995 1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

858,000 5.2 959,700 5.0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 88,9797) 0.827) 86,9467) 0.817)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6.6 40 7.6 40 0.65 6 0.62 6

41,900 0.25 48,000 0.25 46,300 0.42 45,100 0.42

116 0.70 126 0.66 19.88) 0.188) 15.9 0.15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2,381 14.3 2,513 13.2 0 0 0 0

819 4.94 796 4.17 345 3.17 325 3.01

146 0.88 151 0.79 46 0.42 41 0.38

82 0.49 86 0.45 3.6 0.03 3.0 0.03

165,900 191,100 0 0

0 0 109,000 108,000

0 0 0 0

–5) –5) 0 0

609 3.67 1.67 718 3.76 1.97 1.2 0.01 0.003 1.8 0.02 0.005

488 2.94 1.34 460 2.41 1.26 37 0.34 0.10 37 0.34 0.11

175 1.05 0.48 175 0.92 0.48 3.4 0.03 0.01 – – –

8,829 53 24 9,590 50 26 700 6 2 1,260 12 4

444,000 2,676 1,216 460,000 2,407 1,260 34,300 315 94 32,400 300 97

452,800 2,729 1,240 469,600 2,457 1,287 35,000 321 96 33,660 312 101

8,3816) 50.56) 22.96) 9,8556) 51.66) 27.06) 71 0.66 0.20 76 0.7 0.23

1,684 10.1 4.6 2,041 10.7 5.6 15 0.13 0.04 15 0.14 0.05

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

267 1.61 0.73 281 1.47 0.77 17 0.16 0.05 15 0.14 0.05

176 1.06 0.48 193 1.00 0.53 4.1 0.04 0.01 – – –

12 0.08 0.03 17 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.001 0 – – –

0.2 0.001 0.0005 0.2 0.001 0.0005 12 0.11 0.03 6.5 0.06 0.02

28,230 170 77 25,650 134 70 4,600 42 12.6 4,600 43 12.6

Domsjö: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996. Silverdalen: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 24-hour operating in 1995 5) Recovered liquor is used or further processed by other companies. and over 365 24-hour periods in 1996. 6) Excluding chemical plants (other companies). 7) Uncoated paper from Husum is coated at Silverdalen. 8) Of which 56% LPG. 33 Alizay

1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

Raw material Wood, m3 822,900 2.5 910,000 2.7 consumption Purchased pulp, tonnes 58,700 0.18 49,000 0.15

Waste paper, tonnes 0 0 0 0

Process water, million m3/m3 19.6 60 18.8 56

Chemicals1), tonnes 126,700 0.39 129,400 0.39

Energy Fossil fuels Oil, TJ/GJ 0 0 0 0 consumption Natural gas, TJ/GJ 604 1.87 575 1.71

Bio-fuels Recovered liquor, TJ/GJ 4,093 12.7 4,631 13.8

Bark, wood, TJ/GJ 2,153 6.7 1,849 5.5

Purchased electricity, GWh/MWh 126 0.39 134 0.40

Counter-pressure power, GWh/MWh 177 0.55 167 0.50

Production Market pulp, tonnes 106,700 138,300 Paper, paperboard, tonnes 216,200 197,200

Sawn timber, m3 0 0

Other products, tonnes 0 0

611 1.89 1.67 443 1.32 1.28 Emissions SO2, tonnes, kg, tonnes into air NOx, tonnes, kg, tonnes 516 1.60 1.41 473 1.41 1.37

Dust, tonnes, kg, tonnes 56 0.17 0.17 85 0.25 0.25 37,080 115 102 35,280 105 102 CO2, fossil, tonnes, kg, tonnes 658,100 2,038 1,803 683,200 2,037 1,980 CO2, biogenous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 695,200 2,153 1,905 718,400 2,142 2,082 CO2, total tonnes, kg, tonnes

Emissions COD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 4,992 15.5 13.7 4,605 13.7 13.3 into water BOD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 402 1.24 1.10 327 0.98 0.95

AOX, tonnes, kg, tonnes 34 0.11 0.09 38 0.11 0.11

SS, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,484 4.6 4.1 1,194 3.6 3.5

N, tonnes, kg, tonnes 62 0.19 0.17 77 0.23 0.22

P, tonnes, kg, tonnes 20 0.06 0.05 20 0.06 0.06

Waste Hazardous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deposited, wet, tonnes, kg, tonnes 8,405 26 23 9,141 27 26

1) The main types of chemicals used are listed on page 40 Alizay: Emissions per 24-hour period calculated for 24-hour per day operating in 1995 and for 365 24-hour periods in 1996.

34 Pont Sainte Maxence Iggesund Timber Total of Iggesund and Domsjö sawmills 1996 1995 1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

0 0 0 0 845,800 2.62) 907,600 2.52)

86,000 0.81 87,800 0.81 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.2 21 2.5 23 – – – –

27,300 0.26 26,200 0.24 1203) 0.00042) 1203) 0.00032)

1,145 10.7 1,043 9.7 201 0.622) 188 0.522)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 650 2.002) 650 1.812)

94 0.88 95 0.88 32 0.102) 33 0.092)

29 0.27 35 0.32 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

106,800 108,000 0 0

0 0 325,600 358,300

0 0 0 0

1,850 17.3 5.1 1,686 15.6 4.6 54 0.172) 0.15 50 0.142) 0.14

193 1.81 0.53 176 1.66 0.48 – – – – – –

– – – – – – – – – – – –

87,900 823 241 80,070 741 220 15,300 472) 42 14,300 402) 39

0 0 0 0 0 0 57,300 1762) 157 57,300 1602) 157

87,900 823 241 80,070 741 220 72,600 2232) 199 71,600 2002) 196

872 8.16 2.39 857 7.94 2.35

510 4.78 1.40 475 4.40 1.30

0 0 0 0 0 0

90 0.84 0.25 91 0.84 0.25

– – – – – –

0 0 0 0 0 0 7.24) 0.022) 0.02 7.24) 0.022) 0.02

0 0 0 0 0 0 3,450 10.6 9.4 1,214 3.4 3.3

Pont Sainte Maxence: Emissions per 24-hour period calculated for 24-hour per Iggesund Timber: 2) Consumption or emissions/m3 of product. day operating 1995 and for 365 24-hour periods in 1996. 3) Hydraulic oils etc. Approximate values. 4) 97% are sent via Iggesunds Bruk.

35 Braviken

1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

Raw material Wood, m3 804,000 1.5 687,500 1.7 consumption Purchased pulp, tonnes 25,800 0.05 19,800 0.05

Waste paper, tonnes 197,500 0.37 114,100 0.28

Process water, million m3/m3 8.2 15 6.9 17

Chemicals1), tonnes 25,600 0.05 18,500 0.04

Energy Fossil fuels Oil, TJ/GJ 792 1.49 798 1.93 consumption Natural gas, TJ/GJ 0 0 0 0

Bio-fuels Recovered liquor, TJ/GJ 0 0 0 0

Bark, wood, TJ/GJ 1,146 2.2 677 1.64

Purchased electricity, GWh/MWh 1,337 2.5 1,034 2.5

Counter-pressure power, GWh/MWh 35 0.07 36 0.09

Production Market pulp, tonnes 0 0 Paper, paperboard, tonnes 530,900 413,500

Sawn timber, m3 0 0

Other products, tonnes 0 0

73 0.14 0.20 90 0.22 0.25 Emissions SO2, tonnes, kg, tonnes into air NOx, tonnes, kg, tonnes 140 0.26 0.38 122 0.29 0.33

Dust, tonnes, kg, tonnes 28 0.05 0.08 25 0.06 0.07 61,000 115 167 61,400 148 168 CO2, fossil, tonnes, kg, tonnes 111,200 209 305 65,700 159 180 CO2, biogenous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 172,200 324 472 127,100 307 348 CO2, total tonnes, kg, tonnes

Emissions COD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 1,318 2.5 3.6 1,059 2.6 2.9 into water BOD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 220 0.41 0.60 146 0.35 0.40

AOX, tonnes, kg, tonnes 0 0 0 0 0 0

SS, tonnes, kg, tonnes 329 0.62 0.90 219 0.53 0.60

N, tonnes, kg, tonnes 59 0.11 0.16 91 0.22 0.25

P, tonnes, kg, tonnes 3.6 0.007 0.010 2.6 0.006 0.007

Waste Hazardous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 105 0.20 0.29 68 0.16 0.19 Deposited, wet, tonnes, kg, tonnes 60,500 114 165 42,300 102 116

1) The main types of chemicals used are listed on page 40 Braviken: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996.

36 Hallsta Wargön

1996 1995 1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

1,051,000 1.8 1,126,000 1.8 278,000 2.5 313,000 2.6

30,300 0.05 29,000 0.05 3,100 0.03 3,300 0.03

105,200 0.18 108,000 0.18 600 0.005 1,600 0.013

7.7 13 8.9 14 8.5 77 8.9 74

75,500 0.13 81,600 0.13 70,000 0.64 71,000 0.59

1,226 2.1 1,196 1.9 7822) 7.112) 7122) 5.922)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 6033) 5.483) 7003) 5.823)

1,360 2.3 1,350 2.2 378 3.44 400 3.33

1,529 2.6 1,578 2.6 145 1.32 148 1.23

57 0.10 63 0.10 25 0.23 27 0.22

0 0 6,000 6,000

587,300 614,500 104,000 114,000

0 0 0 0

0 0 –4) –4)

281 0.48 0.77 264 0.43 0.72 339 3.08 0.93 216 1.80 0.59

176 0.30 0.48 167 0.27 0.46 102 0.93 0.28 83 0.69 0.23

187 0.32 0.51 239 0.39 0.65 36 0.33 0.10 54 0.45 0.15

94,430 161 259 92,120 150 252 59,600 542 163 54,000 449 148

132,200 225 362 131,100 213 359 48,300 439 132 48,700 405 133

226,600 386 621 223,200 363 612 107,900 981 296 102,700 854 281

4,334 7.4 11.8 4,346 7.1 11.9 7,480 68 20.5 6,970 58 19.1

706 1.20 1.93 576 0.94 1.58 2,520 23 6.9 2,520 21 6.9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

506 0.86 1.39 497 0.81 1.36 990 9.00 2.71 770 6.42 2.11

37 0.06 0.10 46 0.07 0.13 58 0.53 0.16 88 0.73 0.24

2.4 0.004 0.007 2.6 0.004 0.007 2.8 0.025 0.008 5.8 0.048 0.016

155 0.26 0.42 78 0.13 0.21 74 0.67 0.20 59 0.49 0.16

31,100 53 85 52,600 86 144 20,000 182 55 31,100 259 85

Hallsta: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996. Wargön: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996. 2) Of which 10% LPG. 3) Waste steam from Vargön Alloys (smelter). 4) Recovered liquor is further processed by another company. 37 Iggesunds Bruk

1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

Raw material Wood, m3 1,341,800 4.9 1,434,200 4.5 consumption Purchased pulp, tonnes 0 0 0 0

Waste paper, tonnes 0 0 0 0

Process water, million m3/m3 29.1 105 29.2 92

Chemicals1), tonnes 106,000 0.38 100,200 0.32

Energy Fossil fuels Oil, TJ/GJ 1,435 5.2 1,020 3.2 consumption Natural gas, TJ/GJ 0 0 0 0

Bio-fuels Recovered liquor, TJ/GJ 5,0932) 18.52) 5,259 16.6

Bark, wood, TJ/GJ 2,001 7.3 1,760 5.5

Purchased electricity, GWh/MWh 184 0.67 187 0.59

Counter-pressure power, GWh/MWh 229 0.83 210 0.66

Production Market pulp, tonnes 63,200 91, 700 Paper, paperboard, tonnes 212,500 226,000

Sawn timber, m3 0 0

Other products, tonnes 3,4743) 6,2763)

578 2.10 1.58 635 2.00 1.75 Emissions SO2, tonnes, kg, tonnes into air NOx, tonnes, kg, tonnes 667 2.42 1.83 660 2.08 1.82

Dust, tonnes, kg, tonnes 246 0.89 0.67 298 0.94 0.82 107,800 391 295 76,650 241 211 CO2, fossil, tonnes, kg, tonnes 780,000 2, 830 2,137 781,700 2,461 2,153 CO2, biogenous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 887,800 3,221 2,432 858,400 2,702 2,365 CO2, total tonnes, kg, tonnes

Emissions COD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 7,321 26.6 20.1 8,006 25.2 22.1 into water BOD, tonnes, kg, tonnes 733 2.66 2.01 930 2.93 2.56

AOX, tonnes, kg, tonnes 54 0.20 0.15 58 0.18 0.16

SS, tonnes, kg, tonnes 18 0.07 0.05 16 0.05 0.04

N, tonnes, kg, tonnes 112 0.41 0.31 126 0.40 0.35

P, tonnes, kg, tonnes 14 0.05 0.04 14 0.05 0.04

Waste Hazardous, tonnes, kg, tonnes 173 0.6 0.5 5924) 1.94) 1.64) Deposited, wet, tonnes, kg, tonnes 36,8005) 1345) 1015) 31,300 99 86

1) The main types of chemicals used are listed on page 40 Iggesunds Bruk: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 24-hour per day operating in 1995 and 365 24-hour periods in 1996. 2) Of which 2% company-produced tall oil. 3) Tall oil which has been sold. 4) Partially asbestos-containing waste from demolition. 5) In- crease in comparison with 1995, due to dumping of melted slurry sludge (approx. 40%). 38 Workington Ströms Bruk

1996 1995 1996 1995

Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Per tonne of Emissions Total Total Total Total product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day product tonnes/day

366,300 2.3 347,300 2.0 0 0 0 0

57,000 0.36 56,700 0.33 28,8256) 23,6546)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7.2 45 7.7 45 – – – –

55,200 0.35 58,300 0.34 3,200 0.11 2,800 0.12

90 0.57 2 0.01 0 0 0 0

2,002 12.5 1,850 10.7 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

212 1.33 231 1.34 10 0.36 10 0.43

67 0.42 66 0.38 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

159,600 172,600 28,200 23,100

0 0 0 0

83 0.52 0.23 0.42 0.002 0.001

232 1.45 0.63 249 1.44 0.71

– – – – – –

111,900 701 307 104,400 605 298

0 0 0 0 0 0

111,900 701 307 104,400 605 298

3,335 20.9 9.1 4,690 27.2 13.5

– – – – – –

1 ,049 6.6 2.9 1,960 11.4 5.6

– – – – – –

60 0.38 0.16 59 0.34 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0

13,000 81 36 9,000 52 26 0 0 0 0 0 0

Workington: Emissions per 24-hour period based on 365 days in 1995 and 1996. Ströms Bruk: 6) Ströms Bruk coats paperboard from Iggesunds Bruk with plastic.

39 Evironmental aspects of

Chemicals

In order to produce pulp, paper and paperboard, wood, energy and water are needed. A number of other raw materials, often known What does paper collectively as chemicals, are also required. consist of? (Example)

Some chemicals are used in large quanti- Pulp production ties, while others are only needed in very When sulphate and sulphite pulp are pro- small amounts. In all, MoDo uses a duced, chemicals are used in connection couple of hundred different chemical with cooking and bleaching. Sodium products in its manufacturing processes. hydroxide and sodium sulphide, for instance, are used to dissolve the binding Why are chemicals used? agent in the wood and release the cellu- Chemicals are necessary to give the pro- lose fibres. Most of the chemicals are ducts different characteristics. The sur- manufactured in the mill´s own chemical Copying paper has the following face of the paper has to be treated so that recovery system, where used chemicals composition. it can take pigments and printing inks of are recycled and converted into new Softwood fibres...... 23% various types and can be processed in cooking liquor. Oxygen, hydrogen Hardwood fibres ...... 47% different types of printing equipment peroxide, ozone and chlorine dioxide are Fillers (ground marble). . . . . 20% and copying machines. Many different used for bleaching. Water ...... 5% properties are needed by papers for a All in all, some 200 kg of purchased Other additives ...... 5% wide range of applications. chemicals are used per tonne of bleached sulphate pulp. Fillers. Used, as the name implies, to What chemicals are used? fill out the paper and make it more The use of chemicals is reported in detail Paper production uniform. There are different types of – which ones and how much of them – to See illustration alongside. fillers: ground marble, chalk and china- the environmental supervisory autho- clay are some of the most common. rities. The information is classified, as Water treatment Water. There is a certain percentage of each recipe often involves extensive A number of chemicals, including alu- water in all paper. development work. The properties these minium sulphate, are used to treat the Other additives. Used to give the chemicals give the product are a valuable water that is used to transport fibres in paper the desired properties. Most of competitive advantage. the system and for washing pulp. them are used to “glue” the paper and adapt its receptivity to ink in the Only approved chemicals Industry-wide studies subsequent printing process. Among Before a chemical can be used, it requires Some investigations are carried out the additives used for this purpose are the approval of the chemicals council at jointly on behalf of the industry to deter- common potato starch, corn starch all MoDo’s pulp and paper mills. The mine the environmental characteristics of and agents which prevent water from chemicals councils consist of experts in certain chemicals, such as complex being absorbed too readily by the chemistry, the work environment, and the binding agents like EDTA and DTPA. paper. internal environment. In addition, con- These substances make it possible to These substances are the ones most sultations are held with the supervisory bleach pulp efficiently, using chlorine- commonly used. authorities on permits for the use of free chemicals such as oxygen, ozone In addition, small quantities of various chemicals. and hydrogen peroxide. other substances are used. For exam- Some of the chemicals used bond with ple, 5 parts per thousand of retention the fibres and will remain in the finished Disposal agent, to reduce losses of fillers in the paper product. As many paper and paper- Chemical residues and empty containers paper machine’s water system. board products are used together with are mostly returned to the suppliers. foods, there are very strict requirements Some chemicals residues, which are Other types of paper have a basically for the chemicals to be approved for use classed as hazardous waste, are sent to similar composition. However, the with foods. specially licensed companies for final mixture of fibres and the proportions disposal. of the other components can vary widely.

40 Environmental aspects of

By-products and waste

The production of pulp and paper results in a certain amount of Heavy waste. Packaging, building ma- waste, which cannot be used and therefore has to be deposited. terial waste, demolition waste. Needs to be sorted at source so that it can be reco- There are also a number of by-products which are collected and vered as new materials or energy. used for various purposes. Hazardous waste. Cutting and cleaning fluids from workshops. Waste oils, chemical residues, neon lamps and Waste which is deposited on a tip usually Sludge from recycling processes. Lime electronic waste. Some of the waste can has no practical use. However, waste sludge and green liquor sludge which are be evaporated and incinerated, subject to which is classed as worthless today may deposited. approval by the relevant authorities. be of some use in the future. It is there- Sawmill chips. The outer parts of the Other hazardous waste is dealt with by fore important not to mix different types sawn stems are chipped, and account for authorised recycling companies. of waste in the same tip. a high proportion of the raw materials The total quantity of waste deposited Hazardous waste accounts for a very used at many pulp mills. within the MoDo Group’s various areas small percentage of the total waste. Sawdust. Used as bio-fuel. of activity amounted to around 268,000 It is handled by authorised recycling De-inking sludge. Produced by the re- tonnes in 1996. companies. processing of recycled fibres. Used as The quantity of hazardous waste was By-products are materials which can be bio-fuel. some 580 tonnes. used, such as: bark and wood chips, used Ash. Produced from the incineration of to produce thermal energy. bio-fuel. Often deposited. Iggesunds Recovered liquor occurs in sulphate Bruk is currently spreading ash in the Deposit tax pro- mills. This is not a by-product in the real forest on a trial basis. This returns to the posed in Sweden sense. Contains, in addition to chemicals, forest some of the nutrients removed In order to reduce the amount of which are recycled, large amounts of when the trees were felled. waste deposited on tips, the Swedish wood substances. Recovered liquor is an Chemical precipitation sludge. Produced authorities are planning to introduce important bio-fuel which makes chemical by the chemical precipitation of waste a deposit tax on January 1, 1998. The pulp mills self-sufficient in thermal water. The use of this sludge as a sealing tax will amount to SKr 250 per tonne energy. layer on waste tips to prevent leaching is of waste. currently being tested. If the proposed rules are introduced, Different types of by-products Biological sludge. Produced during the they will add some SKr 60 million and waste within MoDo: biological purification of water. Can be per year to the cost of MoDo’s total Bark and wood residues. Used to produce deposited, used as bio-fuel or in compost operations. thermal energy. to provide soil.

By-products and waste – average per 1 tonne of MoDo product

1 tonne of MoDo product 124 kg 105 kg 2 hectograms

By-products Waste to Hazardous waste to recycling deposit to destruction

41 Glossary

Aerated lagoon Calcium carbonate Environmentally hazardous waste (see Biological treatment). Chalk. See page 41. Activated sludge plant Certification Environmental management system (see Biological treatment). Documentation from a third party demon- An overall management system which strating that an identified product satisfies includes the systematic implementation of AOX a given standard or other regulatory the company’s own environmental policy. A measure of the amount of chlorine bound document. May be built up on the basis of EMAS or to an organic substance. Occurs, among ISO 14001. other things, during bleaching with chlo- Chemical precipitation rinated chemicals but may also occur (see Chemical treatment). External treatment naturally. Purification of waste water (effluent) away Chemical treatment from the actual production process. There Bio-bed The cleaning of waste water by means of are three main types: mechanical treatment, (see Biological treatment). chemical additives. Dissolved substances biological treatment and chemical treat- are converted into solid substances by Bio-fuel/bioenergy ment. means of precipitation chemicals. The pre- Renewable fuel originating from plant life, cipitated substances can be separated from such as wood (including liquors and bark). Extractives the purified water by means of sedimenta- About 4 per cent of the chemical compo- Biological treatment tion – the material sinks and is removed nents of wood eg. terpenes and resins. The cleaning of waste water with the aid of from the bottom – or flotation – the mate- FBB board micro-organisms. The principle is the same rial rises and is removed from the surface. Folding box board, which comprises several as that found in nature, but the process of Chlorine dioxide layers. bio-degradation goes much faster. In oxy- (see Bleaching chemicals). genrich environments wood substances are Filler broken down, mainly into carbon dioxide COD Filler is used to add bulk to paper and make and water. Chemical oxygen-demanding substance. it more uniform in structure as well as Purification techniques used include: A measure of the amount of oxygen needed brighter. Various types of pigments are Activated sludge processing: the clean for complete decomposition of organic used, including ground marble and china water is separated from the micro-orga- material. clay. nisms and these are mainly returned to the Cleaning Flotation bioreactor. This reactor has a high concen- The thinning out of young forest – between (see Chemical treatment). tration of micro-organisms, which means a 10 and 20 years old – where the felled small treatment volume. Forestry planning wood is not robust enough to be processed Aerated lagoons: micro-organisms are not Surveys and inventories are made as a basis as usable timber. returned, which means a large treatment for long-term harvesting with the purpose volume with a relatively low concentration DIP of the forest composition and felling levels of micro-organisms. (De-inked pulp) Recycled fibre pulp which being guaranteed in the long term. has been de-inked. Bio-beds: the waste water filters through Groundwood pulp a number of beds fitted with a biofilm of Dissolving pulp Mechanical high yield pulp (96–98 per cent micro-organisms. A pulp containing very pure cellulose. yield from the wood) which is made by Biotope This type of pulp is used in viscose fabrics forcing barked spruce logs, in short lengths, An area constituting the habitat for a cer- (rayon). against a rotating grindstone. tain characteristic combination of flora and Dust Humus layer fauna. In key biotopes there are often Particles which are formed during the inci- The top layer of ground, which consists of endangered species. neration of such materials as bark or liquor. organic matter; decaying plants. Bleaching chemicals Electrofilter Impediment In the bleaching process, lignin is dissolved A purification plant for the separation of An area where production is less than one or, alternatively, reformed from/in the pulp. particles from fumes. The particles become forest cubic metre per hectare and year, for Extractives are also removed. Common electrically charged at the emission elec- example, wetlands and poor rocky terrain. bleaching chemicals include oxygen, ozone, trode and adhere to a precipitation elec- Inorganic substance hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide. trode, from which they can then be Salts, minerals and metals and most sub- removed. BOD stances which do not contain carbon. Biochemical oxygen-demanding substance. Environmental audit Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) A measure of the amount of oxygen used A management tool used to evaluate how An LCA includes all environmental impact during bio-degradation over a period, usual- well the environmental organisation, occurring from raw material to waste phase. ly of seven days. management and equipment are performing with the aim of helping to protect the environment.

42 Lignin Nitrogen oxides SC paper A substance in wood (20-30 per cent of its A group of gases (NOx) composed Super calendered, i.e. calendered, coated total chemical content) which functions as a of nitrogen and oxygen which are produced paper in grammages of between 50 and kind of binding agent between the fibres. during burning. In moist air nitrogen oxides 60 g/m2. can form nitric acid, which is then preci- m3 Seed tree pitated as acid rain. Since this contains Solid volume of logs inside bark. (see Natural regeneration). nitrogen, the emission of nitrogen oxides m3sk can also have a fertilising effect. Sedimentation basin Forest cubic metre. The total volume of the Mechanical purification of waste water to Non-process elements stem of the standing tree above the stump separate out fibres and suspended solids. Substances in wood and/or chemical additi- and including bark. ves which tends to rise in concentration in Shelter/seed tree stands Malodorous gases the process and thereby cause deposits and (see Natural regeneration). Sulphur compounds, such as hydrogen sul- corrosion. They include silicon, chlorine, Sulphate pulp phide, dimethyl sulphide, and mercaptans. magnesium and manganese. A chemical pulp. The chips (different types These compounds are formed during the Organic substance of wood may be used) are cooked in an cooking of sulphate pulp, for example, and Substance containing carbon and, in most alkaline cooking liquor. they possess an extremely unpleasant cases, hydrogen. The primary elements in odour, even in low concentrations. Sulphite pulp animal and plant life. A chemical pulp. The chips (often spruce) MF paper Oxygen bleaching are cooked in an acidic liquor. Machine finished, uncoated paper in low Bleaching with oxygen to remove around grammages. Sulphur (S) 40-50 per cent of the lignin. All waste water A chemical element contained, for instance, MWC paper from oxygen bleaching is recycled into the in sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide Medium weight coated paper in grammages process for chemical recovery. as well as in other malodorous gases. The between 70 and 130g/m2. Oxygen saturation sulphur in the emissions from the pulp Natural regeneration A measurement of the quantity of oxygen industry mainly comes from cooking and In pine forests, seed trees can often be left which exists dissolved in water. The oxygen bleaching chemicals and from oil. behind in areas known as seed-tree stands, saturation can vary from over 100 per cent Sulphur dioxide (SO ) each containing between 75 and 150 trees, 2 in clean water to 0 per cent in highly pol- A gas consisting of sulphur and oxygen, whose role is to allow seeds to fall on the luted water. When the oxygen level is low, SO , which is formed during the combus- ground. Once the seedlings have taken hold, 2 the water often contains hydrogen sulphide. tion of sulphur-containing fuels such most of the seedtrees can be harvested. Cer- as recovered liquor and oil. On contact tain types of spruce forest can be renewed Phosphorus (P) with moist air, the sulphur dioxide forms under a shelter of protective mature trees, A chemical element in the wood. Phos- sulphuric acid, which contribute to acidi- whose main purpose is to protect the self- phorus is an important constituent of phos- fication. sown trees that are mostly found in this type phates, which are used, for example, in of forest from frost. A shelter is created by fertiliser. Excess phosphorus in water can SS thinning the forest on two or three occa- cause eutrophication and diminish the Suspended solids. A measure of the quan- sions until 200-250 trees are left. As the oxygen supply (see Nitrogen). tity of particles that can be separated using shade, the moisture content of the soil, the Pigment a fine mesh filter. air humidity and climate only change to a (see filler). Thinning limited extent, the sensitive flora and fauna The thinning out of middle aged forest which have their habitat in humid spruce Recovery boiler where the harvested trees can be used as forests can survive in this type of successi- A steam boiler with a chemical reactor at pulpwood, for instance. vely renewed forest. Most of the trees are the bottom. Liquor is burnt in the boiler at harvested later, when the young trees have high temperatures. The organic material TMP the height of a man. (wood residues) burns and generates steam, Thermo Mechanical Pulp. A high yield while the inorganic material forms a sludge pulp (about 90-95 per cent yield from the Nitrogen (N) at the bottom of the boiler. The melt is dis- wood) which is obtained by heating spruce A chemical element. Nitrogen is contained solved in weak liquor to form green liquor, chips and then grinding them in refiners. in most salts and has a nutritional effect. which can then be reconverted into cooking Excess nitrogen in water can cause severe chemicals. Virgin fibre increases in the amount of algae, which can Fibre from fresh wood. lead to oxygen deficiency during decompo- SBB board Wet coniferous forests sition of the algae. Solid bleached board. A single layered board of bleached chemical pulp. Wet and damp areas of forests where the surface of the ground is dominated by moisture-demanding mosses.

43 This is MoDo

The company Head office Production units MoDo is one of Sweden’s top ten expor- Marketing companies: ters. MoDo’s main markets are in MoDo Paper Western Europe, and more than 85 per fine paper MoDo Paper cent of the Group’s output is sold in the pulp EU. Holmen Paper wood-containing printing paper The Group has its own production Iggesund Paperboard facilities in Sweden, Great britain and paperboard MoDo Merchants France. sale and distribution There are marketing organisations in of writing and printing paper most European countries and in the USA. and paper- MoDo’s products are also marketed by board Iggesund Timber agents and distributors in many other sawn timber MoDo Skog contries. regional and Husum The average number of employees in purchasing Domsjö offices 1996 was 9,899, of whom 2,790 were Strömsbruk employed outside Sweden. Iggesund

Hallstavik Products Vargön Stockholm • Fine paper Braviken • Wood-containing printing paper Silverdalen • Paperboard Workington • Sawn timber • Pulp Fine paper, wood-containing printing paper and high quality paperboard together account for some 80 per cent of total sales.

Alizay Pont Sainte Maxence

44 MoDo Iggesund Paperboard

STOCKHOLM, head ofﬁce Iggesund Paperboard Environmental information MoDo Environmental information S-825 80 IGGESUND Christer Engman P.O. Box 5407 Group Public Relations Tel +46 650-280 00 Tel +46 650-284 04 S-114 84 STOCKHOLM Tel +46 8-666 21 00 Fax +46 650-288 00 Fax +46 650-288 00 Tel +46 8-666 21 00 Fax +46 8-666 21 30 Fax +46 8-666 21 35 http://www.modo.se

ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK MoDo Environmental information S-891 80 ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK Bengt Hultman, Environmental Director Tel +46 660-755 13 MoDo Merchants Fax +46 660-759 73 MoDo Merchants Environmental information Marie Berglund, P.O. Box 5407 Christina Nordfeldt Group ecologist and S-114 84 STOCKHOLM Tel +46 31-742 42 00 environmental auditor Tel +46 8-666 21 00 Fax +46 31-742 42 20 Tel +46 660-755 17 Fax +46 8-666 21 07 Fax +46 660-759 73

MoDo Paper Iggesund Timber

MoDo Paper Environmental information Iggesund Timber Environmental information S-891 80 ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK Carl-Johan Alfthan P.O. Box 1203 Per Erik Frick Tel +46 660-750 00 Tel +46 663-183 77 S-824 15 HUDIKSVALL Tel +46 650-280 00 Fax +46 660-754 09 Fax +46 663-184 30 Tel +46 650-280 00 Fax +46 650-178 65 Fax +46 650-280 57

Holmen Paper MoDo Skog

Holmen Paper Environmental information MoDo Skog Environmental information S-601 88 NORRKÖPING Anders Lindström S-891 80 ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK Lars Klingström Tel +46 11-23 50 00 Tel +46 11-23 64 04 Tel +46 660-750 00 Tel +46 11-23 61 90 Fax +46 11-23 63 04 Fax +46 11-23 60 30 Fax +46 660-754 23 Fax +46 11-23 61 70

MoDo Environmental Report 1996 The environmental report is printed on paper and paperboard MoDo Environmental Report 1996 is also available in Swedish, produced by MoDo. German and French. Further copies may be ordered from: Cover: Invercote® Creato 260 g, fully coated on both sides MoDo, Group Public Relations Text pages: Silverblade® matt 130 g S-891 80 ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK Graphic design and printing: Nova Print AB Tel +46 660-751 31 Graphic illustrations: Designmakarna Fax +46 660-759 70 Photo: Malcolm Hanes, Anders Engman, Bo Göran http://www.modo.se Backström, and others