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The Death of Cleopatra, a Medical Analysis of the Theory of Suicide by Naja Haje

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The Death of Cleopatra, a Medical Analysis of the Theory of Suicide by Naja Haje Article ID: WMC00502 2046-1690 The Death Of Cleopatra, A Medical Analysis Of The Theory Of Suicide By Naja Haje Corresponding Author: Dr. William Maloney, Clinical Associate Professor, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, 10010 - United States of America Submitting Author: Dr. William J Maloney, Clinical Associate Professor, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, 10010 - United States of America Article ID: WMC00502 Article Type: Research articles Submitted on:24-Aug-2010, 04:51:29 PM GMT Published on: 24-Aug-2010, 08:25:08 PM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/502 Subject Categories:TOXICOLOGY Keywords:Cleopatra, Murder, Suicide, Naja Haje How to cite the article:Maloney W . The Death Of Cleopatra, A Medical Analysis Of The Theory Of Suicide By Naja Haje . WebmedCentral TOXICOLOGY 2010;1(8):WMC00502 WebmedCentral > Research articles Page 1 of 6 WMC00502 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 31-Dec-2011, 06:25:00 AM The Death Of Cleopatra, A Medical Analysis Of The Theory Of Suicide By Naja Haje Author(s): Maloney W Introduction dohistorians actually know today about the trueincarnation of Cleopatra who ruled Egypt, the richestnation in the Mediterranean world and the last toremain independent of Rome (3)? Cleopatra was Cleopatra had been the source of mystery and intrigue bornin 69 B.C. in Alexandria, Egypt. Her father was throughout her life. It is imperative to remember that KingPtolemy XII Auletes. Her mother?s identity is still Cleopatra was a real human being while studying her amystery. Leading theories speculate that life and, most ironically, her death. Her mythical status Cleopatra?smother was either the King?s sister, has been embellished throughout the past two Cleopatra VTryphaena, or one of his concubines (4). thousand years by the numerous writers, historians, We do knowthat Cleopatra was Macedonian Greek artists, and actors who have studied her life. These and the last in aroyal line that began with Ptolemy who individuals have created a certain image of Cleopatra was Alexander the Great's childhood friend an in the public?s consciousness which differs greatly dcommander of his eastern military campaign from the once flesh-and-blood Queen of Egypt. It is of (5).Contrary to most popular images, Plutarch has particular importance in examining her death to avoid writtenthat Cleopatra was not very attractive (1) but, the snares set by some of the most masterful authors she wasvery cultured, charming, multilingual and a (William Shakespeare), gifted artists (Guido Cagnacci) beautifulsinger (6). Cleopatra spoke the Egyptian and talented actresses (Elizabeth Taylor). These are language.Most observers would assume the Queen of merely artistic renderings, albeit masterful ones, of Egyptwould have be able to speak the Egyptian what might have occurred at the scene of her death. language.However, her forbears spoke Greek and One must remember that there are no eyewitnesses to observedGreek customs while being the rulers of the death of Cleopatra and her two handmaidens. Egypt (3). Acoin dated 32 B.C. was recently There are many aspects of Cleopatra?s death which discovered. It bears aportrait of Cleopatra who is are unknown. Therefore, individuals ranging from depicted as having a largenose, narrow lips, and a historians of Cleopatra?s time to artists and actors of sharp chin (3).At the age of 18 Cleopat ra was mar r modern times have speculated as to what they think ied- to her10-year-old brother Ptolemy XIII who jointly might have occurred. In analyzing the details ruledEgypt with her (6). She would fight for power surrounding Cleopatra?s death, one must not confuse againsthim. She then seduced a married Julius the known facts from pure speculation or legend. The Caesar andbore him a son, Ptolemy XV also known as most widely accepted theory of Cleopatra?s death is Caesarion.Caesar returned Cleopatra to her throne. that she committed suicide by an asp- specifically, the She marriedonce again. This time to her youngest Egyptian Cobra. This theory has been promulgated brother PtolemyXIV.In 42 B.C. a romant ic and pol i t throughout the past two millenia. This paper will ical relat ionshipdeveloped between Cleopatra and analyze the feasibilty of such a theory by relying on Mark Antony. Afterlosing a one-sided battle against the known facts- both historical and medical. I will Octavian and thinkingthat Cleopatra had betrayed him, attempt to conclude whether the legend of Mark Antony, fatallywounded himself (2). Cleopatra Cleopatra?s death by an asp has any medical and attempted to negotiatewith Octavian a promise of the scientific plausibilty or if it is merely the product of throne for her children.Octavian never made any many creative imaginations throughout the years. assurances on this point (7).Cleopatra remained Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator locked in her mausoleum duringher last few days. Two handmaidens and possibly aeunuch were with her at the time of her death.Cleopatra was found dead by Cleopatra has become, through the ages, a symbol Octavian and his men. ofmystery and intrigue. Cleopatra, the visceral Queen The missing facts surrounding Cleopatra?s death ofEgypt, has become interwoven with the Cleopatra hasconjured many romantic images. It is imperative oflegend. Today, Cleopatra is best remembered for tonote, when analyzing the cause of Cleopatra?s herunparalleled beauty, her tragic romance with death,that extremely little is known of the details and MarkAntony, and her untimely death. But how much whatlittle that is known probably originates from WebmedCentral > Research articles Page 2 of 6 WMC00502 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 31-Dec-2011, 06:25:00 AM Octavian?srecollections. The children of Cleopatra An Analysis of the various were treatedsympathetically by the Romans after her death exceptfor one child whom the Roman?s had theories killed. That childwas Caesarion- son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar(6). An analysis of any proposed theory of the nature of Naja haje Cleopatra?s death would be incomplete without an examination of all possible alternate theories. In the death of Cleopatra, it is natural that there would be The Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) held a special position multiple theories. There were, supposedly, no in Egypt. The uraeus depicts the Egyptian cobra and is surviving witnesses to Cleopatra?s death. No worn in front of the king?s headdress. The Egyptian implement of death was ever recovered. In such a cobra of the uraeus represented the goddess Wadjet death as Cleopatra?s it is to be expected that there who was associated with the Lower Egyptian would be multiple theories set forth surrounding her sanctuary of Buto. Wadjet was seen to be the mythical demise. From the evidence, I surmise that there are mother and midwife of the king (8).Even rural farmers only three possible theories that have any form of have looked on the presence of cobras as a mixed legitimacy. They are the following: 1) Cleopatra blessing. They have been known to kill humans while committed suicide by poison hidden somewhere in her also ridding the peasant farmers of rodents that have mausoleum; 2) Cleopatra committed suicide by the the potential to ruin their crops and food stores (3). venom of the Egyptian cobra and 3) Cleopatra was The Egyptian cobra is large and heavy-bodied (9). It murdered by means of poisoning by Octavian and his has a maximum length of 9.8 feet and is the largest of men. It is safe to conclude that Cleopatra died by one all the Naja species (10). This is of particular of these three scenarios. One must remember that significance as the snake or snakes which have been there are no primary written accounts of the death implicated in the deaths of Cleopatra and her scene and that most of what is known of the events handmaidens were purported to have been delivered surrounding Cleopatra?s death came from Octavian to her concealed in a basket of figs. Ergo, one must who must be considered a suspect in the Queen?s question the veracity of the legend as it is seemingly death. The oldest source of information is from Strabo implausible for some rural deliveryman to pass the who was alive at the time of the death. He stated that guards with a basket (or a water jug as the he was not sure whether she had been murdered or conveyance vehicle has been alternatively posited) had poisoned herself but, that there were two stories filled with enough of these large and heavy-bodied surrounding her death- one revolved around a toxic snakes to kill three adults.The Egyptian cobra?s ointment while the other focused on the bite of an asp venom is neurotoxic agent and is much stronger than (14). Cleopatra?s personal physician, Olympus, the venom of the common cobra. Its venom contains theorized that she either died from the bite of an asp lecithinase which is an enzyme that dissolves cell or by applying a poisonous ointment (15) while Galen walls and membranes surrounding viruses. For this theorized that she broke the skin by deeply biting her reason, medical researchers have been using the own arm (16). The Egyptians had studied various venom of the Egyptian cobra for years (8). Naja haje poisons for many generations and were thus familiar venom is composed of three disulphide-linked with which poisons might provide a relatively polypeptide chains (11). The immobilization of comfortable death while not inflicting much outward potential prey and predator species is the biological trauma on the descendant?s body. This would lend function of the snake venom neurotoxin (12). It has credence to theories of either murder or suicide by been demonstrated that the venom of Naja haje poison.
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