Key to Lecture Quiz #1 1. Define: Abiogenesis – Abiogenesis (A

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Key to Lecture Quiz #1 1. Define: Abiogenesis – Abiogenesis (a = without, bio = life, genesis = beginnings) was a belief commonly accepted prior to the 1800s, that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living materials. The validity of abiogenesis was shaken by the work of Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani and others, but was conclusively disproven (at the microscopic level) by Louis Pasteur during the 1860s. Protoplasm – Protoplasm is the living material all cells are made of. It is the chemical and physical basis for life (has a complex chemical composition and unique physical properties), and changes over time, i.e., it is dynamic. Triglyceride – A triglyceride is a type of lipid composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol “backbone”. The fatty acids can vary significantly in composition (some saturated and some unsaturated), and this will influence the consistency of the triglyceride, i.e., whether it is more solid or liquid at room temperatures. 2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3. Louis Pasteur/ vaccines 4. Koch’s postulates provided a means for demonstrating the causal relationship between a specific type of bacteria and a specific disease. Prior to these, most people believed floods, earthquakes, cold weather, bad air, sinful activity, etc. caused diseases (often with help from the supernatural). Koch’s postulates provided a means for determining the etiological agents human diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. They do not work well for cancer. 5. Paul Ehrlich 6. Grow by assimilating materials from the environment/ mutate 7. Water/ hydrolysis 8. Hexose monosaccharides/ polysaccharides 9. Amino acids/ quaternary 10. Phospholipid/ steroid or sterol 11. Nucleic acids/ Nucleotides can have extra phosphates added to form nucleoside triphosphate molecules (NTPs) that serve as high-energy molecules (e.g., ATP); nucleotides can be combined to form coenzymes, e.g., NAD, FAD, and NADP; and cyclic nucleotides serve as regulatory molecules (e.g., cyclic-AMP). The etiological agents of human cholera are identified as Vibrio cholerae. .

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Some Considerations of Protoplasm
THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. XXV MAY, 1925 No. 3 SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF PROTOPLASM. BRUCE FINK, Department of Botany, Miami University. One of the most fundamental problems in biological science is that which concerns protoplasm. Yet there is great diver- sity of opinion among biologists regarding what constitutes protoplasm and some doubt whether the term protoplasm is really worth retaining. In the present state of knowledge, protoplasm can not be defined in any terms of physical structure which will be accepted, without qualification, by a majority of botanists, and can only be defined somewhat more satis- factorily in terms of colloidal chemistry. Again, though chemi- cal definition is somewhat more certain than physical, this alone is far from satisfactory to those who think of cell con- tents in terms of microscopic structure. It is sometimes stated by certain biologists that proto- plasm is essentially alike in all organism. This may be true in the rough if we define in purely chemical terms; or if we content ourselves with the statement that protoplasm is the living substance of the cell, knowing not how much of the cell is alive, and, therefore, protoplasm. Turning to those very lowly organized plants, the bacteria, most of us will agree that the whole cell content, inclusive or exclusive of the vacuoles, composes the protoplasm. For higher fungi and for animals the situation is about the same, except that definite nuclei here replace the nuclear granules commonly supposed to exist in bacteria. Turning attention to higher green plants, we find that the cells are much more complex with respect to visible contents.
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