The Culture of Mental Illness: Better Call Saul and American Psychiatry Kara Callahan
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SATURA VOL. 2 The Culture of Mental Illness: Better Call Saul and American Psychiatry Kara Callahan Psychiatry has not always been there. This popular view of mental a science which relies on cultural illness dictates how the character heritage. In fact, in many practices called Chuck develops throughout the across the world, psychiatry is seen as program, thus giving a valuable pers- medicinal and broken down into pective on the cultural influence on symptoms, labels, and treatments. psychiatric treatment in the US. For instance, the Diagnostic and Sta- Cultural aspects of mental tistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th illness are rooted in implications of edition (DSM-5), is a tool used by specific terminology that are used to medical professionals to define and describe mental illnesses and their classify mental disorders in order to symptoms. The terms used to describe improve diagnoses, treatment, and a mental medical condition—for research. Although including con- example, illness, sickness, or dis- tributions from an international co- ease—already imply discussions of mmunity, this tool is framed by a US- distinct features from the beginning American view on mental illness. It of treatment seeking. The choice of often neglects the patients’ emotions one term over another has different and experience with the disease and implications of meaning: (1) illness is may lead to an incomplete picture of the human experience of symptoms the patient’s illness with problematic and suffering in general, (2) sickness consequences regarding both the is the concern a medical practitioner diagnosis and treatment (Gray 1). would address to treat, and (3) disease There has been an increased effort on is a term denoting feeling unwell the part of many anthropologists and without any local or medical conno- psychiatrists alike to work toward a tations (Kleinman 3-6). The under- more comprehensive understanding standings of the terms and the of the cultural influences on mental associations individuals have with illness. These influences are depicted them are based on our individual in the filmic work Better Call Saul cultural backgrounds. The way symp- (2015 & 2017) which takes place within toms are discussed is influenced by the US and strongly represent how culture because their meanings be- mental illness is popularly viewed 79 SATURA VOL. 2 come truths and natural occurrences culture relevant to the practice of di- through a cultural system projecting agnosing and treating patients in a them onto the world (Kleinman 10). healthcare environment, but it is also For example, if I wake up with a essential to forming the social inter- headache I may contribute that symp- pretation and representation of men- tom to be the result of dehydration tal illnesses. To elaborate on this and drink some water, whereas some- point, a discussion of how the por- one who grew up in a culture where a trayal of mental illness in popular me- headache was a symptom of poor dia contributes to psychiatry’s de- circulation may address the symptom pendence on cultural influence is of with a heart medication instead. the utmost importance. These conventional terms and For such a discussion, selected associations we have for illnesses scenes are taken from the American manifest themselves in certain idioms Movie Classics (AMC) series titled of distress which are also culturally Better Call Saul, which follows the life influenced and demonstrate know- of lawyer Jimmy McGill. Mental illness ledge of the body and self in relation to in this series is presented through the each other in our lifeworlds (Kleinman character Chuck, who, at the be- 11). In addition to the symptoms, ginning of the series, is deemed to be emotions are also cultural knowledge, of sound mind as his illness is purely and the way a person interprets their physical, but whose reception is body is culturally influenced because transformed as a result of his illness our bodily experiences are informed being irrefutably categorized as men- and molded by social meanings which tal, a dichotomy common in the US then become internalized; therefore, (Mehta 14). The shift in his reception culture is a part of the mental faculties among other characters in the series which may be altered due to a physical brings out essential facets of the US- or mental illness. Health care profes- American psychiatric view. sionals, specifically Dr. Samrat (2016) Better Call Saul takes place in and Dr. Jadhav (2016), who have taken New Mexico, US. Next to James (Jim- these cultural facets into account, my) McGill, many other of its main have found that addressing them and characters are lawyers, such as his including them in the diagnosis and brother Charles (Chuck) McGill and treatment of mentally ill patients can Chuck’s law partner Howard Hamlin. impact the patient-doctor relation- Chuck suffers from electromagnetic ship and improve the treatment and hypersensitivity (EHS), which in- experience of the patient. Not only is creasingly impacts his life throughout 80 SATURA VOL. 2 the series. He lives in a house with no Chuck’s room. The doctor, Dr. Cruz, electrical components or batteries, all wants to commit Chuck to the hospital visitors must remove their watches for 30 days of psychiatric observation. and other battery-powered devices Because Jimmy is Chuck’s brother, she when visiting him, and he seldom claims that Jimmy can make that deci- leaves his house. Chuck is accommo- sion on behalf of his brother, with or dated at work by all lights and electri- without Chuck’s consent. At that cal devices being turned off and re- point in the conversation, Chuck moved from colleagues and offices emerges from his unresponsive state where he will be working. He also has by reacting to the doctor’s suggestion. tailor-made suits which are lined with He then proceeds to explain his condi- so-called “space blankets”; their use tion to Dr. Cruz stating that “it’s not a being to insulate Chuck from the elec- situation, it’s a condition” (00:23:45- tromagnetic waves interfering with 00:23:48). When prompted about the his body. In one of the first scenes of symptoms he experiences, Chuck lists the series in which his condition is a burning sensation on his skin, sharp discussed, Season 1 Episode 5: Alpine cold pain in his bones, muscle fatigue, Shepherd Boy, Chuck has been admit- blurred vision, and nausea, among ted to the hospital after a neighbor- others. He also explains that his first hood altercation. He is surrounded by experience of the symptoms took and attached to electric devices, as is place about two years ago, which leads normal in an emergency setting, and to the following conversation: unresponsive to all external stimuli. Dr. Cruz: “Two years, that’s a long time to His eyes and mouth remain open; he is live with discomfort.” ‘locked in’ his body. Jimmy begins Chuck: “Oh, there it is. You think I’m shutting things off and tries to explain crazy.” his brother’s condition to the doctor Dr. Cruz: “I never said that.” who comes into the room with a secu- Chuck: “No, you didn’t, because you’re very rity officer: polite. But you think it, otherwise you “He’s allergic to electricity!. All these wouldn’t be talking about commitment.” lights and machines, you might as well Dr. Cruz: “You find that idea distressing.” throw him into a microwave. Look, I know how it sounds. It’s real. anything with a Jimmy: “Who the hell wouldn’t.” battery in it, he can’t have it near him.” Chuck: “I find it inappropriate for a person (“Alpine Shepherd Boy” 00:21:04- suffering from a physical condition. Anyone 00:21:50). who’s spent more than a few minutes with Jimmy is successful in removing or me knows that this isn’t some sort of delu- turning off all electric devices in sion. Have you ever seen me exhibit any 81 SATURA VOL. 2 sign, any sign whatsoever, of mental ill- mind-body dualism: Chuck is ada- ness? (She shakes her head, no) See? If I mant from the start that his condition thought for one second that you could cure is purely physical. To consider his me, believe me, I’d jump at the chance. But, with all due respect, psychiatry doesn’t mental state as relevant to or influ- have the answers.” encing the situation he finds himself (00:24:47-00:25:43) in is a misguided assumption. Indeed, this view is put forth by Jimmy, who Meanwhile, Dr. Cruz walks to the foot remains unconvinced after Dr. Cruz end of Chuck’s bed and turns on an re-starts the bed’s electricity and also electric panel. Both she and Jimmy see by Howard and the D.A. for their firm. it, but Chuck does not, nor does he re- They have even gone so far as to refuse act to the electric stimulus in any way. Chuck’s commitment without visiting She asks to speak with Jimmy outside him first because they know his con- the room and attempts to convince dition is purely physical. Within this him to have Chuck admitted for psy- scene, all of these individuals act chiatric evaluation by trying to prove within the mind-body dichotomy, that Chuck is a danger to himself presupposing that the mind and the and/or others. Jimmy refuses Dr. body are two separate entities with Cruz’s pleas, saying “untie him, I’m different principle natures—the body getting him out of here” (00:28:47- to control physical manifestations and 00:28:50). The scene concludes when the mind to remain independent of Chuck’s partner at the law firm, How- the physical (Mehta 14).