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$10.00 Per Share. one share, buys five shares, buys ten shares,ili.oo bo s buys twent$�a.OOy sh ares SIiO.OOfifty shares, $100.0.,buysy one hundred shares, $21)0.00buys two hnndreu SIiOO.OOfi!.hares. S i ,000.011 th a TO I NVESTORS y DUYS :aC !� ag'o cents on the dollar, oI::'n"::::'dire&?���nly ODe balf tbe par vaiue of:��c�!f tbe stoc k. M� call at· t O i t O !�g!iO:t $5�&l�:;�CZfr��:��:lBi�f�6� ft��� roOit:t� :�:�e� gf:���fn !o�! cO,mpanif'B who are 8elUn� at cents a sbare. confound the offer we are .s9me·· wild·cat '�,compaDies who are selling stock at these ' BUILDINGS ma.king with that of MACHINE SHOP. 100 X 500 feemin121y low price�.. �� In many instances their pri25c e is severa) timeDo� tnh'te par value of their stock. BOII,ER SHOP, 100 X 300 " n r s l t BI,ACKSMI SHOP .. 100 X 300 !.��h��i :e:aO�3 �Yt�� :�f;;; �� ib�P��g�� r &: :�lift;s��1':.�e�:::!�;b� SHIP SHED. BR K. 60 X 320 FEET e ves r . JOINER SHOP, 60 x.300 � FRAMING SHED,fH 270 x 344 SHEARS, . 100 sHANCE OF A L'FETIME. . .. You Dever h.",e another chance like this if you live to be .. tbousand REVOI,VING DERRICK, 150 " t:C OI;le-bal::=E��=1lT���: l� HC 0 o v r a o a 1':l stock at ��ue a�� �h�e 1E a�IJ.�fu.:�s:td ��\�� �f t�� Rt�d� �s �leW e��:ID��� TONS CAPACITY prollt, tbe Company deri�ed fwlromU every llllsher whicb it brings In. Not only that, but tbe Company OWDS the lalld and have a J!'usher guaranteed on their Spindle Top property. You cnD seartehhe t he wcrld DESCIUPTION OF WOQ.l{S buy �:;d such �plendid OPPOl tunity as the one now o:IJered to investors by Cbicagc- SHIP YARD CONTAINS 120 �ea:u:ri��Ln3�of BUII,DINGS COVER . 10 Look at America's wealthiest men and sep.h ow started their fortunes. Almost every single one . 2,600 of th9!D first be�an investing stocks. Rockefeller, lPal1derbilt, Depew, Gould. Astor. and thousands FRONTAGE ON THf' WATER, a in lflud OUTFITTING BASIN, . 900 x 500ACRES " others mtght be named who owe their immense wealth to i"'vestments of this kind. O uer s Is d d l tbpy t �r y�: :nl U;:,ae �\rdi�g��t�Mnp��!g�ri� w�I: ltPI�Yb���J�o"'h':.�"e� ���t�e;l!� m�s ��grt�l'i;, FEET oregretr It later. DQ.Y Docl{s No. NO. 2 LENGTH ON TOP, . 827 Buy Stock on Time with ;;J. Cusher Cuaranteed. .. . We will sell you -toel

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Copyright 1901 by Munn In the Above Fleet Will be Found : Battleships, Armored Cruisers, Semi�Armored Cruisers, Protected ' 13 6 3 6 & Co. Of these vessels, 5 Battleships, 12 Destroyers, 2.2 TorI The of e Na"l Growth. th United States MERICAN OF DECEMBER 14, 1901.

;ers, nonitors, Torpedo-Boats, Torpedo-Boat Destroyers, and '1 Submarine Boats; '18 Vessels 4 23 16 in all. 4 Boats, and Submarines have been completed. Since the Spanish.-American War. [Entered at the Post Office of New York. Second Class Matter. Copyrill(ht. 1901. hy Mnnn & .. Co.l

Vol. 24'J N. Y as I 1845. NEW YORK, DECEMBER 14, 1901. 110 .COPY. LXXXV.-No. $3.00 .\ YE.\ R. E8T ABLISHED CENTS A

Dlsplacem.ent,l1,540tons. Speed,16.9 knots. BnnkerCapaclty, 1,591 tons. Arm.orz Belt, l� mcbes inches; inches to 17 inches; barbettes,15 inches: deck: fiat, inches, nch fourietm 5-inch 6-pounders;to 4 eightturrets, I-pounders; four Colts; � slopes. 3 inches to 5 inches. Batteries: Four 13-inch B. four 8-i B. F.;·lwenty two 3-inch field Torpedo Tubell,4- Com.plem.enl,589. .' i'\lIlB. FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP "UNTUCKY." SISTER SHIP, "UARSARGE."-[See15 page 375.] L.; L.; R. Scientific American. DECEMBER 14, 1901. 374 pedo-boats two and a half to three years behind their SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN of inestimable importance in its effect upon the con­ EST ABLISHED contract date), and it would be possible to keep the tentment and general of the ship's complement. 1845 morale well-trained navy yard forces continuously at work, Taken altogether, the assemblage of ships shown in CO., MUNN &. Editors and Proprietors instead of having to discharge a large part of them, our table is one of which we may justly be proud; whenever routine repair work is slack. and we feel that there is no more fitting time than Published Weekly The practice of building some of the warships in this to speak a word in praise of the careful observa­ No. Broa.dwa.y, New York 361 government yards is followed to advantage in the tion of the trend of foreign development, the discrim­ at leading European navies. We should adopt it here. inating selective judgment, the characteristic original­

One copy, one year, for the Unite d States. Cana da. or .. . . Ity, and the great professional skill which have One coPY. one year. to any foreign country, postage prepaId...... '.,., OUR NAVAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE WAR WITH enabled the Bureaus of Construction, Ordnance and TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS � SPAIN. s d Mexioo . a '3.00ar Steam Engineering to produce a fleet of vessels which, ���t��!!, �t (1s:t�bii8iied' . . £0. 16e. M. 4.00 i 1876)' : .. : : .. :: . ... . $.�:� �!' In undertaking to describe the growth of the United ship for ship, we believe to be the peers, and in some ��::��1ll� 1THE�:� 1�SCIENTIFIC MERICAN PUBLICATIONS,. . . .. ������'k�&1��(����tR� ��3�J�):.::::::: States navy since the war with Spain we were some­ respects the superiors, of any that are built building ��The1:��1ll combined� 1:::�g� Bubscription rates and rates foreign countries�:� or be furnished upon application. what at a loss to determine the best basis on which for the navies of the world to-day. by postal or express money order, or by bank draft or check. to make the comparison between our standing in 1898 MUNN CO., toBroadway. New York.will and in 1901; but since the special naval number which "REVOLUTIONIZING" NAVAL WARFARE. Remit NEW YORK, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1901. we published at that time served to make our readers . The ponderous battl•••eship, » ..clothed with foot-thick & 361 �(' thoroughly familiar with the ships that actually took armor, bristling with half a hundred guns, crammeG The Editor is always glad to receive for examination illustrated part in the naval operations of 1898, we have decided with the costly products of the steel mill and articles on subjects of timely interest. If the photographs are that in the attempt to make clear our the machine shop, and representing an invest­ sharp, articles short, and the facts the contributions post-bellum ment of some seven millions of the nation's money, will receive special attention. Accepted articles will be paid for progress, we cannot do better than eliminate the regular space rates. vessels that were in commission during the war, and expresses our Twentieth Century ideal of the most at the authentic, give in the present number a description and illustra­ perfect fighting machine for naval warfare.LWar is PEACE AND A POWERFUL NAVY. tion of every type of ship that has been either com­ costly; upon the high seas it is enormously so. The We are building up a powerful navy for the ex­ missioned or completed, or is now under construction, history of naval warfare proves that there is no short press purpose of preserving the peace, and every bat­ or whose construction has been authorIzed since the cut to success, and certainly none by any byway of tleship and cruiser that hoists her flag in commission war. Just how numerous and imposing will be this cheap, "kill-all" devices, warranted to deal out super­ is a pledge that the peace will be kept. In the past new navy may be judged from a glance at the inset lative destruction to the enemy at a minimum deple­ few years we have made wonderful advancement in drawing, showing the vessels grouped in one vast tion of the national funds. possessions, in commerce, and in wealth ; and great fleet. The effect of this illustration will be deepened It is for very good reasons that, in the evolution of as have been the additions to our naval strength, by study of the table showing the detaiIs of displace­ the modern navy, there has been a growing tendency they have been trivial in comparison to the enlarge­ ment, speed, armor and armament which will be found to increase the size and cost of the individual unit. ment of the national interests, which the Navy is called at thea close of this issue. For a still more detailed The law of evolution is as inexorable in a warship upon to defend. description of the vessels, the reader is referred to as in the processes of natural life ; and in leading us In all sincerity we proclaim ourselves to be a peace­ the. larger illustrations, which include one of every to the best possible type it is scarcely less sure loving people, and in adding ship to ship we believe type of vessel shown in the general view of the fleet. guide: So complete is the interchange of ideas among n we are making more remote that day when the am­ We wish, however, at the very outset to emphasize the naval architects of the world, and so singularly bitions of other nations might have led them to the fact that no one, even after such a careful study free are they from that tendency to cling to national violate those clearly-stated and easily-understood of our new navy as we have just suggested above, will types, which in other spheres of activity prevents principles, by which we wish to regulate our conduct obtain an adequate knowledge of the great advance unfettered development, that we are justified in be­ as one of the great nations of the world. In an earlier which we have made since the war, unless he pays lieving that the present make·up of our navies is age, to possess the implements of war was to make particular attention to the fact that the armor and about the best that could be devised for the work they haste to use them ; to-day the nations that maintain the guns carried by the new ships are vastly superior have to do. greatest armaments appear to be the most reluctant to to those which won the victories of Santiago and Naval development, then, has always moved in the set them in motion. It is certain that so long as our Manila Bay. Gun for gun, thanks to improved gun' direction of big units, that are slow and costly in naval strength is adequate to our necessities, war will steel and smokeless powder, the weapon of to-day construction, but represent, each, a vast concentration never be thrust upon us. . delivers a blow which is in some cases nearly 100 per of fighting power, whether for attack or defense. Our As a journal devoted to the peaceful arts, we pre­ cent greater than that delivered by the same piece battleships have grown in ten years from the 6,000 sent this delineation and description of our growth as in 1898; while the armor with which the latest of tons of a "Texas" to the 16,000 tons of a "Georgia," a naval power, in the firm belief that the first and last our ships will be protected has from 20 to 25 per cent and our 5,000-ton cruiser "Chicago" of 1885 finds its duty of our navy, the fundamental object of its Ejxist­ more power to resist penetration than the best armor counterpart in the 14,OOO-ton "California" of fifteen ence, is to place the nation in a position of defense carried by our vessels in the war, and from 40 to years later. so secure and unassailable that we may pursue the 50 per cent superiority over the older armor, that was The history of modern naval development shows that arts of peace without fear of molestation, or even the fabricated before the introduction of the Harvey and inventors have been quick to appreciate the weak shadow of affront. Krupp systems of face-hardening. There is to be con­ point in this policy of concentrating the fighting The spirit which at once begets and controls our sidered furthermore the great advantage conferred by strength in few large units rather than in many determination to have a navy commensurate with our the substitution of smokeless for the old smoke­ smaller ones; and periodically the naval world has national standing was admirably defined in recent producing powder. Recent testimony of naval Officers been startleda by the advent of small, cheap, easily­ utterance of the Secretary of State : "There will be no in regard to the Santiago operations has shown how built devices, which at one fell stroke were to "blow" more surrender of our rights than there will abe viola­ greatly our ships were impeded by the smoke from anywhere from one to seven million dollars' worth of tion of' the rights of others. No wantonness of their own guns, some of the vessels being at ·times as ship "out of existence," and incidentally were to "revo­ strength will ever induce us. to drive a hard bargain completely bewildered as to the a�tual conditions of lutionize" the whole theory of nav�l construction. with another nation because it is- weak, nor will any battle as if they were enveloped in a dense sea fog. The naval revolutionist is ever with us; and not fear of ignoble criticism tempt us to insult or defy In the new vessels, in spite of the greater rapidity of even the contemplation of the long and steadily­ a great Power because it is strong." fire, and the enormously increased velocity and energy growing list of naval engines of destruction that failed to destroy, deters each new "annihilator" from being .. of the projectiles, the crashing discharge of the bat­ WARSHIP CONSTRUCTION AT THE GOVERNMENT NAVY teries will be accompanied merely by a slight haze, duly heralded as sounding the death-knell of the battle­ ------�YARD �.�.------S. similar somewhat in its atmospheric effect to that of ship and the breech-loading rifle. Popular delusions die hard; and one of the most summer heat, and even this will ,be quickly dissi­ There are but few of us so young but we can perniciOUS and persistent of these is the belief that pated. Moreover, improved mounts, perfect balancing remember the advent of the torpedo-boat, and the warship construction when done by the government is of the guns, and telescopic Sights, will enable the gun­ feverish haste with which the naval powers vied poorly done, and costs more than it does at private ner to keep his piece, except in a heavy seaway, con­ with each other in setting afloat whole squadrons of en the navy these now-discredited craft. For the torpedo-boat found yards. There was a time, it' is true, wh tinually upon the object; and it is pretty certain that • yards could not compete with private firms ; but that if our ships are ever again called to cast loose their its immediate answer, first in the rapid-fire gun and was a day when the yards were overridden by politi­ batteries in a naval engagement the efficiency of their the torpedo-net, and then in the "destroyer"--a larger cal influence, and encumbered with lazy incompetents, gun-fire will be increased four-fold or more. There edition of itself, capable of running it down at sea who owed their positions to "pull" with the local politi­ will be no such record as the 3 per cent, only, of hits, and sinking it with the long-range rifles with which cians. Thanks to the trenchant reforms instituted which was the best we could do in the fight with it is armed. The predicted revolution never to ok and carried through, largely by the efforts of the pres­ Cervera's fleet. place, while the battleship c ontinued to grow �n size, ent Chief Constructor, Rear-Admiral Bowles, our navy Nor must we in estimating the fighting value of our power and costliness. yards have been entirely emancipated from politics, new navy forget that there has been a decided advance The r!\m was answerable for another speedy revo­ and the organization, plant, discipline and character in that most vital element of a ship--motive power. lution that has yet to materialize. Great Britain built of work turnetl out, have been brought up to a standard The improvements in gun steel have been accom­ her "Polyphemus,". and the United States her "Katah­ that is fully equal to that of the best private estab­ panied by improvements in steel for boilers, for shaft­ din;" but the former is now doing some kind of lishments. ing, and for the moving parts of engines. The old obscure duty in the Portsmouth dockyard, while the The Naval Constructors: believe, and we fully agree Scotch boiler, admirable as it is, has given place to latter has already, we believe, found an abidi:Jg refuge with them, that the time has come when it would be the water-tube type with its rapid steaming abilities . in our museum of naval curiosities. The turtle-backed to the nation's advantage to have a certain propor­ and its larger rate of horse power per unit of weight. submergible ram, difficult to detect, impossible to hit. tion of its ships constructed in government yards. The economy of weight in motive power, and the even or, if hit, deflecting the shot harmlessly from her The plant and the working staff at N4ilw York and greater saving of weight accomplished by better rounded back, running amuck among a fleet of un­ Boston have been brought up to such a state of effi­ methods of armor-plate making, have enabled the wieldly battleships and sinking them with pitiless ciency that the largest battleships could be constructed naval constructor to allot a larger share of the total deliberation, presented on paper, it is true, an alluring with economy and great efficiency. The high cost of displacement to motive power, with the result that picture; but the Spanish war came and went while the the "Texas," the "Maine" and other govern.ment-built speeds have gone up from the 15 knots of the "Indiana" "Katahdin" lay' rusting at her moorings. orpedo-boat was, of course, ships cannot be quoted against this statement, since to the 18 and 19 knots of the "Maine" and "Virginia" The raison d'ctre of the t those vessels were built before the yards were reor­ classes. to be found in the enormously destructive power of ganized, and when the plant was old and inefficient. Lastly, and perhaps most important of all, there is modern high explosives; and about the time that we The construction of ships in government yards the fact that the new fleet is made up of vessels which awoke to the fact that the torpedo-boat had lost much would have a two-fold advantage. It would stimulate are pre-eminently sea-going, with lofty freeboard, of its terrors we were startled by the advent of the private builders to exhibit some of that dispatch, greatly increased radius of action, and a much more so-called "dynamite gun." Here at last was a demon which has recently been so conspicuously absent (some generous provision for the comfort of the crew. Thisa of destruction which was werth just as many battle­ u are a year and a half, and our tor- last feature, known technically as ships as range of its shells. of o r battleships "habitability," is happened to come within Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901. 375

Why spend five years in building a 12,OOO-ton ship proper subsidiary position among the fighting units when, for the same cost, one could put afloat in one-fifth that go to make up the navy as a whole. So, too, with Battleships. BATTLESHIPS "KEARSARGE" AND "KENTUCKY." of the time a dozen fast little "dynamite cruisers," bear­ the dirigible torlledo controlled by aerial impulses, of ing the awesome name "Vesuvius," and each capable' of which we are beginning to hear again, and of which The first addition to be made after the close of the sinking a battleship a minute by the simple' expedient we shall doubtless hear much more in the near future. Spanish war to our small fleet of battleships (we had of tossing a quarter of a ton or so of dynamite aboard It is certainly awe-inspiring-this vision of a solitary but four first-class battleships in commission during from her pneumatic guns? The Spanish war has operator, sitting secure on some headland pOint on the struggle) consisted of two sister ships, the "Kear· passed into history, and with its passing was written shore, or within his armored station on a ship, con­ sarge" and "Kentucky," of about the same displace­ the last chapter of the "dynamite cruiser" scare. It trolling by the magic Hertzian waves the course of a ment and speed as the "Iowa," but differing radically was a spectacular comedy, that midnight in their armament from that vessel. demonstration off Santiago Harbor, when The most novel feature of the "Kear­ the little craft was sent in to scatter sarge" was the introduction of the now­ "earthquakes" among the rocky blutls of famous superposed turret, over which the Cuban coast. Later, on the morning there has been waged one of the most of that memorable sortie from Santiago strenuous controversies of .modern times. Harbor, the destroyers were the first to The object aimed at in this device is the be destroyed, while it was a shell from securing of the greatest possible arc of the 13-inch gun of a battleship that fire for the various guns, and particularly caused the last of the fleeing enemy to • for the 8-inch rifles. It was considered strike colors and run for. the shore. that by dispensing with four of the eight

...... s...' ...... � ...... The latest annihilator of the battleship = &.�_�_� _. ______._ __ . . __ __ ._ . . _ ._ _ . __ _._ 8-inch guns as installed on the "Oregon," and big armored cruiser is the submarine L��t � �_ � :.. .� ��.;,�': and placing the remaining guns and tur­ boat. Far be it from us to deny that rets on the roof of the 13-inch gun tur­ this type of vessel may possess tactical rets, there would be the same concentra­ and strategetical possibilities, which it tion on either beam and also a dead-ahead only requires the test of actual war to and dead-astern fire, which would not be determine. Used in connection with a accompanied with any inconvenience to system of harbor defense the submarine the 13-inch gun turrets. There would will exert considerable moral, if not thus be a complete saving of the weight material, powers; and doubtless the pos­ of four guns, two 8-inch turrets, and the session of a few of these vessels by a necessary ammunition hoists, turning blockaded port would cause the investing Gun and Armor Plan; "Kearsarge" and" Kentucky." gears, etc. The idea of the double tur­ ships to keep continually on the move, ret was from the first very strongly op­ while they would be the cause of much nervous strain little death-dealing torpedo craft, and delivering its posed by the Naval Bureau of Construction, both on and justified anxiety on the part of the enemy. But torpedo with unerring aim at the unsuspecting enemy. structural and military grounds, an opposition which there is little likelihood that the submarine boat, any An ideal device, were it but practical ; which in the has at last succeeded in excluding the system alto­ more than the torpedo shell, the ram or the torpedo­ nature of things it never will be, except under such a gether from our latest battleships. boat, will drive the big fighting ship from the high favorable conjunction of wind, weather and motionless Briefly stated, the structural objections are : The seas. The submarine boat, when submerged, is only ship, as one might wait for throughout a whole naval concentration of weight so near the ends of the vessel, less able to see the enemy than is a torpedo-boat at the campaign and never secure. tending to impair her seaworthiness; the risks in surface when enveloped in the densest of fogs, and the There has been much evolution but no revolution in docking due to this concentration ; the complication impossibility of sighting the enemy, or keeping close the deliberate growth of the fighting ship to its present involved in concentrating at one point the large' am­ touch upon his course, reduces enormously the chances size and power; and to the navy that can concentrate munition supply necessary for the four guns, and in of getting in the vital blow. We shall build sub­ in greatest numbers the combination of a big the juxtaposition of the four ammunition hoists and marines in greater or less numbers, but from the pOSi­ ship, well-protected guns, a steady platform, a the ·necessary power to work them ; and last, and per­ tion of undue importance which they have taken at the true eye, a quiet nerve, unflinching courage, and haps the chief of all, the abnormal stresses to which appearance of the first successful type, they will be faultless discipline will the victory of the future the substructure of the double turrets would be sub­ relegated, like all previous "annihilators," to their belong. jected from the simultaneous recoil of four heavv

J,ONGITlJDINAL ROTI01l TKJ01J'QllllARlirTl AND 8UPEBPORD TlJBUT 01' BATTLESllIP "KENTUCKY," DECEMBER 14, 1901. Scientific American guns. These difficulties, however, have been cleverly central girder of the turret for . the operation of each gun deck is located a broadside battery of fourteen met and removed. of the 13-inch ammunition hOists, the arrangement 40-caliber 5-inch rapid-fire guns, and the whole bat­ The military objections, summed up, are as follows: being shown in the illustration. Each 8-inch ammuni­ tery is protected by 6 inches of armor with 2-inch First, the danger of all four guns being disabled by tion hoist is worked by a 6-horse power motor, and steel bulkheads between each gun. At the barbettes one successful shot; secondly, the reduction in the there are also special motors for. elevating the 13-inch transverse bulkheads extend across the vessel, protect­ number of separate 8-inch gun positions, as compared guns and for working the rammers which are located ing the central portion of the vessel from raking with the "Oregon" type, and the attendant danger to the rear of .the breech of these guns. fire. At the level of the waterline these bulkheads b that in the last stages of a hard-fought action no H will be noticed that whereas the front wall of the are 10 and 12 inches in thickness; On the erth 8-inch fire would be available on account of disable­ 13-inch turret lies within the circle of the barbette, the and gun decks they are 5 and' 6 inches thick. The ment; thirdly, the lack of mobility in the 8-inch guns, rear wall extends several feet beyond it. This is due armor on the barbettes is 15 and 12% inches, on the arising from the fact that they must be trained with to the fact that the section,is taken on the longer axis lower turrets 15 and 17, and on the upper turrets 9 the 13-inch guns beneath them, whereas it might be of the turret, which is elliptical in shape, this form and 11 inches in thickness. At the level of the top desirable to use the heavy guns on one portion of the being better suited to the movements of the gun crews, edge of the waterline belt will be a 2%,-inch protec­ ship and the lighter guns on some other; fourthly, the reducing the unoccupied space at the sides and giving tive deck, which will be thickened to 3 inches forward disconcerting effect upon the sighting of the other more space to the rear of the guns where it is needed. to the bow and 5 inches aft to the sternpost, the deck three guns in the turret by the sudden abaft the after barbette being increased firing of the fourth gun, necessitating, in thickness to compensate for the ab­ it probably WOUld, the resighting of those sence of waterline protection. pieces;' and, lastly, the risk of intrustingas The "Kentucky" and "Kearsarge," the training of four great guns to the skill which were built at Newport News, are of a single individual. among the handsomest battleships afioat, The protective deck, which in the and although the freeboard of 14 feet is "Kearsarge" is 3 inches thick, is indicated low and the 5-inch gun is too light for in the sectional view herewith shown by the perfqration of 6-inch armor except the full black line at the bottom of the at rather close ranges, they are most cut. Immediately upon it is built up the serviceable ships and a valuable addition great circular wall of the barbette, which to our navy. At some future day we look extends vertically to a few feet above the to see the superposed turrets removed, the main deck of the vessel and is protected 8-inch guns emplaced in spOnsons at thl> by 15 inches of armor. Immediately be­ four corners of the broadside battery, and hind this armor is a backing of oak the fourteen 5-inch replaced by ten 6-inch timber, which in its turn is backed up rapid-fire guns. by the heavy steel framing of the bar­ bette. Within the barbette, and at a " ALABAMA" CLASS-FIRST-CLASS height of about 8 or 10 feet above the Gun and Armor Plan; "Alabama" Class. "Alabama," " WisconSin," " lllinois." BATTLESHIP...... " WISCONSIN." protective deck, is a massive circular On June 10, 1896, Congress authorized track, upon which is carried, and upon which rotates, The elliptical turret is otherwise known as the bal­ the construction of three first-class battleships, which the massive double tu rret, the rollers u pon which the anced turret, the weights being so adjusted that there have recently been completed and are known as the turret turns being clearly shown in the engraving. is practically no excess of 16a'd on any part of the turn­ "Alabama," "Wisconsin" and "Illinois." The first Just inside of the circle of rollers, and bolted to table. The front walls of the turret are 17 inches in named was constructed at the Cramps' Shipyard, the circular table on which the track is placed, is thickness, decreasing to 15 inches at the sides and the "Illinois" at the yard of the Newport News a large circular rack, which is engaged by the turn­ rear. Shipbuilding Company, and the "Wisconsin," which ing gear with which the turret is operated. The As compared with the "Oregon," the "Kentucky" is is herewith illustrated, was built at the Union power for turning the turret is supplied by two 50- 20 feet longer on the waterline, and has 3 feet more Iron Works, San Francisco. These fine vessels in­ horse power electric motors, which are located below beam, 6 inches less draft and 1,252 tons more displace­ troduced a type of battleship that seems likely to the floor of the 13-inch turret. These motors revolve ment. Her maximum coal supply of 1,591 tons of coal become the standard type for the United States navy. in the same direction, both driving through bevel is about the same, and she has the same speed, 16.8 Several new features are introduced in these ships, gears a horizontal shaft which runs across the turret. knots per hour. Her waterline belt, however, is car­ among which we may mention change in the fram­ The shaft carries at one end a right-hand and at the ried up to the stem, tapering from 16% inches amid­ ing, the main frames being continuous from the keel other end a left-hand worm, each of which engages ships to 4 inches at the bow. The "Oregon" is unpro­ to the armor shelf, and from thea armor shelf to the with a worm wheel at the top end of a vertical shaft. tected at the waterline from the forward barbette to upper deck. The longitudinal frames are built on At the lower end of the vertical shaft of each of the the stem and from the after barbette to the stern. a system which gives special stiffness and rigidity e worm wheels is a pinion which meshes with the Amidships the belt is f6% inches at th top edge, to the floors of the vessels, and reduces the liability circular rack inside the barbette, thus driving the 13% inches at the waterline and 9% inches at the to damage in grounding and docking. Special docking turret. lower edge. Above the waterline belt is a wall of keels have been provided, these last being a great safe­ One 20-horse power motor is located under the 5-inch armor, extending to the gun deck. Upon the guard against undue strains when the ship is taking

11,653 Speed, knots. 1.310 tons. A.rmor: inches to inches; u inches; barbettes, deck, liat � inches, Alopes DI.placclllent, tons. 17� Bunker CapacUy, Belt, 16� t rretS 15 mches; 3 illches . fourteen 6-inch B. F., sixteen 6 pounders. I-pounders, four Colts, two &-inch tleld guns. Torpedo 'J'u (lomplemeD', to 4 inches. BaUerle. Four13-mch B. L . be., 4. 000. 4 . 14 FIRST· CLASS BATTLESHIP "WISCONSIN." ALSO "ALABAMA" AND "ILLINOIS." : st. I Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901. 377 the keel blocks. The coal bunkers have been designed "Alabama" class a spar deck extends from the bow spaces. Above the belt, over the same spaces, is with a view to easy stowage and accessibility for firing, throughout two-thirds of the length of the vessel, 2%-inch protective deck. Forward and aft of the and at the same time they have been pla�ed so as to terminating just forward of the after barbette. This barbettes the protective deck slopes toward the sidesa give a maximum protection to the boilers. A new feature not only gives better sea-going qualities, but of the vessel and has a thickness of 3 inches toward departure also is the method of placing the boilers, the forward guns are given an extra command of about the bow and 4 inches toward the stern of the ship. which are arranged fore and-aft, the two smokestacks 7 feet, and a considerable increase of berthing space Where the protective deck is sloped at the sides there being placed side by side, a conspicuously novel feature is provided for the crew. The hull is protected at the are cofferdams, 3 feet in width, packed with corn­ in ships of the United States navy. waterline by a belt of Harveyized armor with a max­ pith cellulose, which has the property of swelling and In these vessels we see a return . to the high free­ imum thickness of 16% inches, the belt extending forming a water-tight packing should the waterline be board which distinguishes the "Iowa" from the "Ken­ from 3 feet 6 inches above to 4 feet below the normal penetrated by a shell. Forward and aft of the ma:�1 tucky" and the ships of the "Oregon" class, whose low waterline. The maximu'm thick'ness is maintained armor belt are transverse bulkheads of 12-inch armor, · freeboard is not more than 12 or i3 feet. In the throughout the entire length of the engine and boiler From the wake of the forward barbette to the bow

ENGINES OF THE "WISCONSIN." Cyllnder.: HIGH PRESSURE, 33� inches; INTERMEDIATE, 51 inches; PRESSURE,·'j8 inches; STROKE, incbes. Worklu:: Pressllre, pounds to the square Horse Power, 12.609.

Low 48 180 lIlch. Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901. the waterline armor is reduced in thickness, tapering sists of two forged, scrap-iron, plate sides, with the Krupp process of face-hardening, had enabled our to 4 inches as a minimum. From the top of the main fianges for securing the column to the bed-plate, forged Naval Constructors to secure the same amount of pro­ armor belt to the main deck protection is afforded by solid with the sides, as are also the fianges for secur­ tection with considerably less thickness of armor, the a belt of 5�-inch armor which turns in to meet the bar­ ing the columns to the cylinder bottoms. Between weight thus saved being distributed judiciously among bette, thus forming a completely inclosed citadel. Im­ these two sides is secured the casting that forms the other oifensive and defensive elements of the de­ mediately inside the 5�-inch armor are worked coffer­ ,the main guides, which extends clear through from sign_ Moreover, the Bureau of Ordnance had suc­ dams, 3 feet in width by 3 feet in height, which are the front to the back of the columns and forms a rigid ceeded in making a highly satisfactory form of all­ packed with corn-pith cellulose. Above the 5�-inch belt connection between the two sides. Below the guides nitrocellulose smokeless powder, and it had brought is another continuous wall of 5�-inch armor which ex­ the sides separate and form an inverted Y-frame, out an enti:oely new set of guns suitable to the new tends fi'om the main deck to the spar deck. This wall and , here a plate is worked in between the two powder, of great length and high velocity, which, piece also terminates in forward and after transverse bulk­ legs forming a strong intercostal. The construction for piece, were vastly more powerful and effective than heads. Within the protected citadel thus formed is provides a frame of great rigidity, which does not the earlier weapons. Water-tube boilers had also been mounted on the main deck a broadside battery of weigh any more than the cast steel frames, and pro­ developed to a point at which the Bureau of Engineer­ eight 6-inch 40-caliber rapid-fire guns, and on the vides a greater certainty of absolutely reliable ma­ ing 'felt justified in adopting them exclusively in the same deck forward toward the bow, two 6-inch guns terial. It has given complete satisfaction in the "Maine" class. One advantage of the reduction of are mounted in two sponsons protected by 6 inches engines of the "Olympia" and the "Oregon," and has weights, due to the use of improved materials of con­ of armor. It should be me�tioned that l�-inch been readily accepted by the Bureau of Steam Engi­ struction, is seen in the increase of the maximum splinter bulkheads are worked in between each neering in place of the type called for in the original coal-bunker capacity from 1,355 tons in the "Alabama" pair of 6-inch guns in the central battery. On specifications of these engines. Tlie crank shaft is to 2,000 tons in the "Maine." the spar deck above the broadside battery are four made in three sections, which are reversible and inter­ 'l'he hull is constructed with the usual double-bottom, additional 6-inch guns, with an arc of fire from changeable. The crank pins are 14%, inches in diam­ elaborately subdivided, and controlled by powerful abeam to dead-ahead and dead-astern. These guns eter and 17 inches long, and the crank webs are each pumps. The upper, or spar-deck, as in the "Alabama," also have 6 inches of armor protection. The armot: 1614 chesin wide by 10 inches thick. A 7�-inch hole extends aft to the after barbette, the freeboard forward on the conning tower is 10 inches in thickness and is bored axially through each shaft and crank pin. being 19 feet and aft 11 feet. The vessels have the the tube which connects the conning tower with The thrust shafts are 14 inches in diameter with 9-inch seaworthy qualities and handsome appearance of the the central station below the protective deck has axial holes. Each shaft has 11 thrust collars, 2 inches "Alabama" class, but the effect is enhanced by the walls 7 inches in thickness. wide, placed 3� inches apart, the outside diameter greater length and by the arrangement of the funnels The main battery consists of four 13-inch guns, of the collars being 21 � inches. The propeller shafts on the longitudinal axis of the vessel instead of trans­ mounted in turrets, one forward and one aft, pro­ are 14%, inches in diameter, with a 9%,-inch axial versely, as in the preceding class. The waterline belt tected by 15 inches of armor, which is increased hole bored throughout their length, the hole being has a thickness amidships of 11 inches at the top and to 17 inches on the port plates. These port tapered in the after section, where it passes through 7� inches at the bottom. It extends from abaft of the plates, by the way; are ,another innovation, being the propeller hub. All of the crank line and pro­ after barbette forward to the stem, decreasing to 4 inclined sharply to the rear with a view to de­ peller shafting is of hollow, forged steel, of very high inches in thickness as a ,minimum at the bow. The fiecting projectiles and presenting a greater horizontal quality. The reversing gear is of the straight-push protective deck is 2%, inches on the fiat above the en­ thickness to penetration should the projectiles "bite." type, controlled by a hydraulic controlling cylinder gine and machinery spaces and slopes with a thickness The barbettes are protected by 15 inches of armor. and differential valve gear, and a hand pump is at­ of 3 inches to the bow, and aft, with a thickness of 4 The turrets, like those on the "Kentucky," are oval, tached to the hydraulic end of the reversing engines inches, to the stern. Diagonal bulkheads of heavy the oval form being adopted to reduce unnecessary for operating by hand. Tlle air pumps, which are of armor will extend athwartship from the main armor space at the side of the guns and provide extra room the single-acting, vertical type, with inverted steam belt at each barbette. Resting upon the main belt and behind them for handling and loading. Another good cylinders, are independent of the main engines. There its bulkheads is another wall of armor, 6 inches in feature of these turrets is that the center of 'gravity' are two air pumps for the set, which balance each thickness, which will be about 16 feet in height and other. of the rotating parts lies in the axis of rotation, and will extend unbroken, from the main belt to the upper the turret, being thus exactly balanced, can be turned A special feature of the condensers for these engines spar deck. This wall of armor will prevent the en­ without difficulty, even when the ship is rolling or is the fact that the shells are made of steel plate, trance of explosive shell beneath the central, 6-inch has a heavy list. The forward 13-inch guns have a fine the water ends being of bronze. This is a feature that rapid-fire battery, and v.:ill form a complete wall in command, their axis being 26� feet above the normal may be considered as somewhat experimental, and the front and around this battery. load waterline. The after turret swings just above result of using steel for the shell will be watched by The turrets containing the four 12-inch guns will the' main deck and has a command of 19 feet. Each marine engineers with considerable interest. The have a thickness of 11 inches and 12 inches on the port turret has three sighting hoods. The one in the center main circulating pumps which supply the condensers plates. Forward, in the bow, the two sponsons wh ich is occupied by the officer whose duty it is to keep the with cooling water are of the centrifugal type. There carry, each, a 6-inch gun, will be ,protected by 6 incheli guns pointed at the target, and who is simply con­ are two of them, one being placed in each engine room. of armor, and the same thickness will protect each pair cerned with the turning in a lateral direction. The hen :�ey are used as emergency pumps on the bilge W , of guns on the upper deck amidships. All of this armor of the ship they will have a capacity of 12,000 gallons hoods on either side are occupied by the gun pointers, will be face-hardened by tl{e Krupp process and, ton for who attend to the elevation and depression of the , per minute each. Each engine room is also fitted with ton, its resisting power will be, from 40 to 50 per cent guns. The secondary battery is made up of sixteen an auxiliary condenser with its air and circulating greater than that of the untreated plates, with which pumps, fire and bilge pumps, main and auxiliary feed 6-pounder, rapid-fire guns, six I-pounder, four Colts, our ships of twelve or fifteen years ago were protected. pumps, ,and hydraulic steering pumps in duplicate. and tw� 3-inch rapid-fire field guns for the use of The main armament will consist of four of the new The screw propellers are of manganese bronze and landing parties. 'The vessels are provided with four smokeless powder, 40-caliber, 12-inch guns, and sixteen are three-bladed, the pitch being variable from 16 feet long Whitehead torpedoes, which are discharged 6-inch smokeless powder 50-caliber guns. This 12-inch inches to 18 feet 6 inches, the designed pitch being 17 from the berth deck, the torpedo tubes being lo­ 6 gun has developed on trial a muzzle energy just under feet 6 inches. The diameter of the propellers is 15 feet cated behind the protection of the 5�-inch side 48,000 foot tons, or nearly double the energy of the inches. The starboard propeller is right, and the armor. Although the contract speed for these ves­ 6 12-inch guns of the "Iowa," when using brown pow­ port propeller left-handed. Each blade is firmly bolted sels was only 16 knots, they each did over a knot der during the war_ The 6-inch gun has shown a to the boss by tap bolts of rolled manganese or Tobin better, the trial speed of the "Alabama" being 17.1 velocity of over 3,000 feet per second and a muzzle bronze, secured by lock plates. An interesting feature knots, that of the "Wisconsin" 17.17 knots, while energy of over 6,000 foot tons, or about double tl),at of the "Illinois" made 17.45 knots. As may be seen,trom is that the hubs and plates for these propellers have the ' 6-inch guns firing brown powder with which "ur been tinned, this being done for the, purpose of main­ the accompanying photographic view of the "Wiscon­ vessels were equipped during the Spanish War. taining a better surface on the propellers, and also sin," these vessels present a fine, seaworthy appearance, Other novel features in the "Maine" class are the with a view to mitigating, to a certain extent, any and while somewhat behind the battleships of their fitting of under-water torpedo tubes, the advantage of galvanic action which may arise between the pro­ date in speed, they are superior in armament and which over above-water torpedo tubes in respect of pellers and the adjacent steel structural materi�l. protection. safety f�om explosion by the enemy's shell-fire is obvi­ The ship carries eight single-ended steel boilers placed ous. The lessons of the war, as shown in the destruc­ in four compartments, two boilers in each compart­ ENGINES OF THE BATTLESHIP "WISCONSIN." tion by confiagration of Cervera's fieet, are exemplified ••••• ment. Each boiler has a mean outside diameter of e Bureau of Steam Engineer­ in the fact that wood is used very sparingly throughout Although the work of th 15 ,feet 6� inches, and an outside length of 10 .feet. m in the the vessel. With the exceptions of the main deck out­ ing of the navy does not figure so pro inently They have a total grate surface of 685 square feet and as that of the side the superstructure, the upper deck and the bridge�. illustrated journals of the country a total heating surface of 21,200 square feet ; tHe boiler which is responsible for the decks will be covered with linoleum, rubber tiling, wire Bureau of Construction, pressure is 180 pounds to the square inch. design of the hulls of bur warships, it is no less im­ mats or cement, and such wood as is used will be fully portant, and to its efficiency we owe much of our fireproofed. Wherever it is possible light metal will "KAINE " CLASS-FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP " KAINE." naval prestige. Witness the feat of the "Oregon" be used for gangways, bridges and all fixtures, except ••••• in steaming 14,000 miles to the theater of war, and The "Maine" class of battleships, which includes the such as can be readily thrown overboard when gOing into battle. "Another noteworthy feature in these ves­ almost on the day of her arrival giving successful "Maine," "Missouri" and "Ohio," was authorized May chase to a 20-knot cruiser and bringing her to, with 4, 1898. The first plans drawn up for these vessels sels is that electricity will constitute the motive power a shell from her forward gun. Well-designed and were almost identical to those of the preceding ( "Ala­ of many of the auxiliary engines. It will be used -to well,built motive power and efficient engine room bama" ) class. The announcement of their · contract run the ventilating blowers, hoist the ammunition, to service did far more to win the victories of the late speed, which was set down at 16 knots, aroused storm turn and control the turrets, besides furnishing light war than they have ever received credit for. of criticism, on the ground that this was at least 2 knots throughout the vessel and providing current for four The engines of the "Wisconsin," herewith illustrated, less than the average speed of foreign battlesah ips at searchlights and a double set of Ardois night signals. were designed by the Bureau and built by the Union that. time under construction, and the agitation resulted Iron Works, San Francisco. There are two sets of in decision to enlarge the ships, and give them a "VIRGINIA " CLASS-FIRST· CLASS BATTLESHIP ------...... -e-. �------engines, rights and lefts, placed in separate water­ speed of 18 knots hour. The amended designs were "GEORGIA," tight compartments, separated by a longitudinal bulk­ graea t improvement over those which they superseded. The five great battleships of the "Virginia" class head. They are of the vertical, inverted-cylinder, While the hulls arean similar to the "Alabama" type, form by far the largest and most important addition ' direct-acting, triple-expansion type. The high-pressure tah. ey are refined by the addition of 20 feet amidships, ever made to the UI;lited States navy. Never before cylinder is 33� inches, the intermediate 51 inches, ,this lengthening being made to accommodate the in­ have we built so many armored ships of one class, the low-pressure cylinder, 78 inches in diameter, the creased motive power necessary to give the additional and never a vessel of the great displacement of 14,948 common stroke of all pistons being 48 inches. The 2 knots speed. 'I t also admitted of the addition of two tons. The "Maine" of 12,300 tons is a big ship ; but maximum indicated horse power of the two sets , as more 6- inch guns to the broadside battery. The im­ the "Georgia" will be larger by 2,648 tons. The story developed on trial was 12,609. provement of the "Maine" over the "Alabama" was not of the increase is shown in the accompanying table. Tre framing consists of special forged and bolted­ confined, however, to speed. The developments in The vessels of the "Virginia" class will be known as up column s ,for the back, and forged steel, turned armor manufacture, during the few years preceding the the "Gt\orgia,': "Nebraska," "New Jersey," "Rhode construction of v sse due the introduction "Virginia." The first three were author- columns for the front 'side. The forged column con· the e l, to of Island." and �M

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c:lIil Displacement, 12,30 0 tons_ ee knots. Bunker 2,000 tons. Armor (Krupp) : Belt. 11 inches to 4 inches ; turrets, 12 inches to 11 inches; barbettes, 12 inche k, ; dec fiat, � i ch , slopes, 3 inches to inches. Armament : Four 12-incb 4O-caliber. U p d, 18 Capacity, � s 4 sixteen 6-incb Iil 5O-caliber I-pounders, two Colts, two 3-inch field guns. COlllp,l.ewent. 5.5J . .• si x . 6-pounders, six TOrI}edo Tube�, submerged. S n e H. F !J..inph R. P . eigbt 2 Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901•

in the uniform freeboard of 20 feet from bow to stern. curved protective deck from bow to stern, which will be Battleship. L g h. Apart from the military advantage gained in the t and 3 inches thick on the n . Displacement. 1 Y2 inches thick on the fla added command of the guns of the main battery aft, eet in thickness will be slopes. A cellulose belt ·3 ·f Authorized. e t there will be a net gain in accommodations, which will worked continuously from bow to stern along the sides 1886 6.315 tons. •• contribute greatly to the comfort and healthfulness above the protective deck. The obturating material O eg n .. 11,540 .•.... . MaiKentucne..... ky . &!8 1�.300 of both officers and crew. None of them will be shut wn corn-pith cellulose. Wood will Texas...... 1�98 301 feet.. will be the well-kno Geurgir o a. I�OO 348 •• lO.:lAA 1001 . 14,948 up behind blank walls of heavy armor, and lighted ingly, and, where indispensable and II:l95 �68 be used very spar . only by artificial means, the living spaces all having not exposed either to the weather or under water, will 4115 .. ' ized on March 3, 1899 ; the last two on June 7, 1900. air ports and direct access to sunlight. The added be fire-proofed. Light metal b ulkheads will s upplant The accepted design, as shown i� the accompanying freeboard aft, too, will make the ships more weatherly the usual wooden partitions in the living spaces; some illustration, was only arrived at after a long con­ in a following sea. of the furniture will be of pressed me tal ; the chart­ troversy in the Naval Board· on Construction, which The hull will be protected by an 8-foot belt reaching house will be of bronze ; and all of the decks under was prompted by the revival of the question of the from stem to stern, which will extend 5 feet below cover will be laid with linoleum. To guard against superposed turret. As first designed, the the overheating of the magazines, there "Georgia," "Nebraska" and "New ,:fersey" will be a 4-inch air space around them in were to be of 14,650 tons displacement, addition to a coating of some non-con­ and their main armament was to con­ ducting material, while certain of the sist of four 12-inch and eight 8-inch magazines are to be arranged so that breech-loading rifles, and twelve 6-inch they may be chilled by compressed air rapid-fire guns, besides a dozen of the from the refrigerating plant. new 3-inch . rapid-fire pieces, the 8-inch . The fighting powers of the vessels will guns to be carried in four separate tur­ be centered in the main battery of four rets as in the "Oregon." In the follow­ 12-inch and eight 8-inch breech-loading ing year, when the battleships "Vir­ rifles, the main rapid-fire battery of twelve ginia" and "Rhode Island" were author­ 6-inch breech-loading rifles, the secondary ized, the acceptance and gunnery trials rapid-fire battery of twelve 14-pounders of the superposed turrets on the "Kear­ and a dozen 3-pounders, and the auxil­ sarge" had made such a favorable impres­ iary battery of eight l·pounders, two field sion that an agitation was started in pieces, two machine guns, and a half favor of reviving this form of turret on dozen 0.3 automatic guns. All the heavy the two new ships. The suggestion was guns will be of the new smokeless-powder, opposed by the Board of Construction, long-caliber type. the same arguments being used as in the The four 12-inch rifles will be mounted discussion over the "Kentucky" and Gun and Armor Plan ; "Georgia " Class. "Georgia," Nebraska," "New Jersey," in two elliptical, balanced turrets 10 "Kearsarge." Ultimately, as a compro- "Rhode Island," "Virginia; ' inches thick except for the slanting port mise, it was decided to build three ships plates, which will be an inch heavier. with and two without the superposed turrets, and a and 3 feet above the waterline at normal draught. These guns will fire through arcs of 270 degrees. Four few months later the board, for the flake of uniformity. From the top to the waterline the belt will be 11 of the 8-inch guns will be superposed upon these tur­ declared in favor of building the w'hole five ships with inches through, and thence to the lower edge it will rets, fixed to move in unison, and they will be sheltered superposed turrets. taper to 8 inches. These dimensions will be main­ by walls of 6-inch armor increased palf an inch on the Of course, the most striking novelty in these mag­ tained throughout the engine and boiler room spaces slanting face plates. '1' he four remaini�g 8-inch guns nificent ships is their great size. As compared with for a distance of 192 feet. Forward and abaft of this will be mounted amidships, two on each side, on the the "Maine" class thE) length has gone up from 388 the belt will taper in thickness to a minimum of 4 main deck, and will be housed in independent turrets feet to 435 feet ; the beam from 72 feet 2112 inches to inches at bow and stern. Above the main belt, for a similar to those placed above the 12-inch guns. These 76 feet 21;2 inches; while the normal draft is 3 inches distance of 245 feet amidships, i. e., throughout the 8-inch rifles will have arcs of fire of 180 degrees, rang­ greater, or 23 feet 9 inches, as against 23 feet 6 inches. position of the main broadside rapid-fire battery of ing from dead ahead to dead astern. This arrangement Great size has distinct advantages in the way of 6-inch guns, the sides will be reinforced by armor of of the 12 and 8-inch guns gives a bow and a stern seaworthiness, a stable gun platform, and a wider a uniform thickness of 6 inches. This armor will fire of six 8's and two 12's, and a broadside of six margin of flotation when the waterline is being pierced reach all the way up to the main deck, and it will be 8's and four 12's. in a close action. The greater displacement of the joined to the barbettes of the 12-inch turrets by The 6-inch guns are arranged in broadside. Each "Georgia" has been judiciously distributed among guns, athwartship armor of 6 inches in thickness aft, and gun, of which there are six on each broadside, has an armor, and motive power. She is the fastest, best by inclined armor of like thickness forward, yield­ arc of fire of 110 degrees, and the ports are so arranged protected and most powerfully armed ship in the United ing, in this latter case, the added protection of glacis that the guns can be turned inboard within the side States navy, and the most powerful in any navy. A against the head-on raking fire of an enemy. The line, the tw.o forward pairs swinging forward, and grea.t improvement over the "Maine" class will be seen after athwartship armor is vertical. There will be the other eight guns swinging aft, the recesses being

a

Speed, Armor inches inches ; turrets, inches and 6J.i to inches ; inches and inches ; Dbplaeemen" 1'-948 tons. 19 mota. Dunker Capaelq, 1.9CIO tons. i Belt, 11 to 4 11 to 10 6 barbettes, 10 6 deck. llat, lU inch, slope, i che L.; eight &-inch L.; twelve .8-inch eight 8 s. Armament Four 1J4Dob COocaI1berB. 4lklaI1berB. 64noh li().caUber R. F.; twelve R. F.; twelve 8-pounders ; I-pounders-; 8-inch a�tomat1o �; Complement, two field guns;� tWQ � 81JDII. Torpeclo'.l'Ilbel , I submerged. 700. n I ,laSt·OLASS JArtLESBIl' "OEOBOU." DECEMBER 14, 1901. Scientific America.n

long enough to bring the muzzle of the gun almost The stem is carried well forward below the water and light upon the fundamental plating. Wherever possi­ flush with the side of the ship. This arrangement formed into a powerful ram, The maximum beam is ble, woodwork is omitted and supplanted by light does away with the inconvenience of dismounting the 50 feet; and the draught upon the normal displace­ metal bulwarks, etc., but where wood is found needful guns to avoid obstructions or to guard them against ment of 3,235 tons is 12¥!J feet. Upon this displace­ for the sake of health and the saving of weight, it is the stress of heavy weather. Each of these guns is ment the ship carries, closely stowed in the bunkers, carefully fireproofed. sheltered behind a heavy port shield, and there is 400 tons of coal. The ship is propelled by twin screws driven by two splinter bulkhead of 2�I:!-inch nickel steel between each The hull is of steel, unsheathed, with an inner bot­ triple-expansion engines, placed in one watertight gun and its neighbor on either side. The twelve 14-a tom reaching up to the armor shelf and ranging fore compartment. These engines are of the vertical, pounders, sheltered by local armor of 2-inch steel and aft throughout nearly the whole length of the inverted-cylinder, direct-acting type, each with a and by shields, are to be mounted eight on the gun ship. This intramural space is extensively subdivided high-pressure cylinder of 17 inches, an intermediate· deck well forward and aft, and four up in the super­ into water-tight compartments, and, like the large, pressure cylinder of 26% inches, and a low-pres· structure on the main deck, aft of the amid ship 8-inch main compartments of the ship proper, it is under sure cylinder of 40 inches, the stroke of all pistons ,turrets. The twelve 3-pounders are to be mounted on the control of a pumping plant of large capacity. being 2 feet. The collective indicated horse power the bridges and on the superstructure of the propelling and the circulating deck, while the I-pounders, automatic and pump engines will be 2,400 when the main otherwise, and the Gatlings, are to be engines are making in the neighborhood placed in the tops and in the boats. The of 200 revolutions per minute. Steam is submerged torpedo-tubes, of which there supplied at a working pressure of 250 are two, are to be placed one on each pounds, by four water-tube boilers, having side, well forward, and the operator is to a total grate surface of quite 200 square control his tube from an armored station feet, and a total heating surface of 8,800 on the deck above, sufficiently sheltered to square feet, and capable of supplying all be proof against 6-pounder fire. the steam on shipboard when running at 'I' he main engines will be of the four­ full power. cylinder triple-expansion type, driving The vessel is lighted by electricity, twin screws, capable of developing 19,000 while the turret mechanisms and all the indicated horse power, and designed to ammunition hoists will be actuated by the drive the ship at 19 knots. The steam same power. By the adoption of elec­ pressure will be 250 pounds, and the cyl­ tricity so generally, the presence of long passages of heating steam pipes is obvi­ inders will be : H. P. 35 inches, 1. P. 57 inches, and two L. P. each of 66 inches dia. ated, and in this way alone a very consid­ by 4 feet stroke. Number of revolutions erable reduction of temperature will be a minute, 120. There will be twenty-four effected under service conditions. boilers of the straight water-tube type, The main battery consists of two of the placed in six water-tight compartments. new 40-caliber 12-inch breech-loading They will have quite 1,280 square feet of Gun and Armor Plan ; "Arkansas " Class. "Arkansas," " Wyoming," rifles, and the secondary battery of foUl' grate and 55,000 square feet of heating "Connecticut," and " Florida." 4-inch rifles, while the auxiliary battery surface. The air pressure in the ash-pits includes three 6-pounders and four auto· will not exceed one inch of water. Each ship will The hull is protected by a continuous band of armor, matic 1· pounders. The 12-inch guns are mounted in a single barbette be fitted as a flagship and accommodations will be extending from the main deck line down to a depth provided for 37 officers and 668 seamen and marines ; of 30 inches below the waterline amidships. This turret of the balanced type, having an inclined face a total complement of 705 persons. armor has a maximum thickness of 11 inches at the with a pitch of 42 degrees. The armor for the turret deck line throughout the region occupied by the and the barbette is 10 and 11 inches thick and treated engines, the boilers, and the magazines, tapering by the Krupp process. The four 4-i.nch guns are Mon.·eito • rs. thence to the armor shelf well below water. Forward mounted on the four principal corners of the super­ · " ARKANSAS " CLASS-THE MONITOR"A RK ANSAS." and abaft the "vital" space the armor is graduated by structure deck, where they will command a wide It is safe to say that the four monitors "Arkansas," easy steps till it terminates at the bow and the stern field of fire. These guns are protected by shields. "Wyoming," "Connecticut" and "Florida," which are in thicknesses of five inches. The protective deck, or Three 6-pounders are mounted on the bridge deck, now under construction for the United States navy, more properly speaking the main deck, is com­ while the I-pounders are placed on the . hammock are the last monitors that will be built for our own or posed of two thicknesses of %,-inch plating, of which berthing, amidships, and up in the single top of the any other navy. In the light of modern developments the upper course is of nickel steel. This is sufficient military mast. The . 12-inch and the 4-inch guns are the type is discredited. Indeed, these four will owe defense against the acute angle at which most plung­ designed for smokeless powder, the fir st having their existence to panic legislation during the late war, ing shots would have to strike. muzzle velocity of 2,800 feet per second and the latter due to the fear of bombardment entertained by some of A five-sided superstructure occupies the central por- of 2,900 feet per second, the respective muzzle energieas nd 1,870 foot-tons. the leading Atlantic cities. The monitor is purely a · tion of the main deck. In the lower half are quartered being 46,246 a harbor-defense vessel, and would be practically use­ some of the officers, and there, too, i s the galley, the The ship will carry two searchlights, one forward on less, if not, as Sampson's operations off the northern armory, some wash rooms, and spare space for the the mast and the other upon a stand at the after end coasts of Cuba and Porto Rico proved, a positive housing of part of the crew if so desired. On the next of the bridge deck. Every modern facility will add to incumbrance in naval operations on the high seas. deck above, i. e., the superstructure deck, is placed the t)1e equipment and finish of the vessel, and ample '

The monitor lacks those prime qualities of a fight­ · major part of the rapid-fire portion of the battery. quarters and bathing facilities wiII make life reason­ ing ship-seaworthiness, steadiness as a gun platform, The hammock berthing is also in the superstructure ably comfortable for the complement of a captain, six habitability, and mobility. As regards this last, one on that deck, lending a very mild protection to the other officers, and 130 enlisted men. •

ons Speed, 11.5 knots. Dunker CapacUy, tons. inches ; turrets. d k IJ.t inch. Two Dl.plaeemen" 3.235 t . 400 Al'D1o)' : Belt, .l1 10 Inches ; barbettes. 11 Inches : ec . A)'mament ! lS-fnob 4().caliber L.; four 4-lnch R. F.; three 6-pounders ; six I-pounders two Colts. (1 ompJement, B. 137.

HARBOR-DEFENSE 1I0NITOR "ARKA.NSAS."

battleship, capable of going anywhere and casting loose gun crews of some of the smaller pieces. On the bridge These four vessels wlll be used to a large extent to her guns under any conditions; i s worth a fleet of or uppermost deck are carried the chart-house, the meet the growing need of proper schools of instruc: monitors, huddled within a mined and fort-defended boats, and all of the 6-pounder rifles. This and the tion for the increasing ranks of the naval militia ; and harbor, into which an enemy's fleet wlll In all prob­ deck just below, llke the main deck, being exposed it · is easy to see how successfully they meet the de­ ability never be so rash as to force an entrance. to the weather, are not fireproofed ; but the berth deck, mand, by covering every practical branch of naval The "Arkansas" has a waterline length of 252 feet. being under cover, is covered with linoleum placed warfare, with the Single exception of torpedo duty. Scientific Atnerican. DECEMBER 14, 1901.

normal to the armor, have the intermediate guns of the as against 819,456 foot-tons for the "Oregon," a n in' Guns and Armor. enemy under control. We direct attention also to the crease of about 340 per cent. This enormous incr�ase LATEST TYPES OF NAVAL GUNS. diagram showing the development of the 6-inch gun of total energy is not due so much to increase in rate If it be considered that the striking energy of a ship, from the 30-caliber brown-powder gun of 1883 to the of fire, as to the increase of muzzle energy, which or her ability to deliver a maximum weight of .pro­ 50-caliber piece mounted on the battleship "Maine" energy in some cases, as will be seen from the accom­ jectiles against the enemy in a given time, is the and class of 1901. To illustrate the enormous in­ panying table, is about double that of the same pieces supreme mark of her efficiency, then it must be ad­ crease in power of our battleships due to the new as used in 1898. mitted that the great development which has taken guns, we offer a comparison of the total energy of It will be noted that in spite of the great increase in . place since 1898 in our warships is due more than any­ fire of the "Oregon," as she was equipped during length, there has been a simplification of the con­ thing else to the remarkably powerful struction of the new type of guns. guns with which they are equipped. The 30-caliber gun, for instance, con­ ' There is no denying that the war sisted of twelve separate pieces, where­ caught us napping in the matter of as the new 50-caliber piece, although smokeless powder; and had our strug­ weighing nearly twice as much, con­ gle been against a first-class naval tains only half a dozen separate pieces. power, whose ships were armed with The substitution of a long jacket and long-caliber smokeless-powder guns­ a few long hoops for the many short well, to put it mildly, our repair bill hoops of the 30-caliber gun not only would have been a heavy one. With cheapens construction, but adds great­ s} few exceptions our ships were ly to the transverse strength of the armed with old-pattern, brown-pow- · piece. - -- 6':'R .r. GUN. 40 CIIL . W! 6 To .... ader guns, of low velocities and ener­ It should be mentioned in connec­ gies compared with the long-caliber . tion with the table showing the ball­ smokeless-powder weapons with which istic powers of the guns that the 6':' B. L RlrLc..�50 CAL. wr 8.2 TO N� . our new warships are being equipped. velocities shown are the service or The remarkable velocities obtained by designed velocities. As a matter of projectiles in our new type of naval fact, at the proving ground the new DEVELOPMENT OF 6-INCH GUN, 1883 TO 1901. guns is due to the large powder cham- powder proved to be so excellent that ber, big charge, slow combustion and sustained acceler­ the war, with the total energy of fire of the new i'Geor­ higher velocities than these have been obtained with ation in the long bore of the gun, these combined gia" type now under construction. 'The "Georgia" is, powder pressures lower than the 17 tons per square elements enabling the new 6-inch gun, for instance, to of course, a larger vessel; but although the increase inch for which the guns were designed. Thus the deliver its 100-pound projectile with, muzzle velocity TABLE OF ELRMENTS OF LATEST TYPES OF NAV GUNS MODELS OF GIVING PERFORATioN OF FACE­ of 2,900 feet per second, as against a velocity of 2,000 ( lts99), HARDENED ARMOR. SERVTCE VELOCI'l'lES, AT RAN GES UP TO YARD S. WITH SMOKELESS POWDER. a a.ooo feet per second in the old 30-caliber 6-inch gun, thereby CAPPED AND UNCAPPED ARMOR-PIERCING PROJECTILES, AT NORMAL IMPACT. AL more than doubling its energy.

There is no branch of the naval service in which Perfora­ perfora- a greater advance has been made in the past three tion at tion at muzzle. 2,000 years than in the Bureau of Ordnance, where the Perfora­ Perfora­ experimental work has been extremely successful. The tion at I tion al. Krupp 1,Krupp000 yds. Kruppyds. a,Kruppooo yus. starting point in the reconstruction of 'our naval ord­ armor_ armor. armor. armor. Muzzle Muzzle Caliber of gun. nance was the powder; it was necessary to secure a velocity_ ener�. I ------smokeless powder that would give high ballistic re­ ProjectiIes. Projectiles. Projectiles. Projec iles. sults and at the same time would be perfectly stable. t The Bureau has directed its attention with great suc­ -g cess to the development of an all-guncotton powder, "'" from which nitro-glycerine is completely excluded, and �g -- --- the last report of Rear-Admiral O'Neil states that this -- o - !-- year's experience with the navy smokeless powder Lbs. L s. Ft. tons. 1 -- 3-ln., . ------places it in a high position as a propellant, the results 4-in., Mark VIII 1 -- -- -;::: -- 004:4 " 004: " " a:4' OOi605 003:�' :::::: 6-ln. , Mark V . g!l.a:g� 50gg 27� �� � l�n .4 6.6 :u6O 6.7 5.6 f� 4 7 177U even exceeding those of the previous year. The - 2085 1\.1, 4.6 6-in., Mark VI.. 100 2900 6838 180.9 6.S 6. 1895 6.9 5.2 7 in Mark I , 8.37 74 16 96(6 13.1H 10.5U7.a m825252580 11.4�8.SJ 9 221152185 9.77.2 7.6 2040 . 6.5' accompanying table of the latest types of naval guns - .• . . 45 115 250 13602 15. 12.1 13.2 S 9.1 2070 10 8-in., ark . . 60 2900 35ffi 2530 10.4 2290 11.7 · . 3 4.ti7.9 tells its own story, and we draw particular attention la-in., Mark I>U 46 3 12-in., Mark III.. la.33 45 � 2900 I s.a to the power of the new 12-inch rifle, which after a M V �:4IS. � �2800 �: ��:o. flight of 3,000 yards has sufficient remaining velocity II r. !8 � =�: �iJ =:; fh i:6 �g i�:� I �Mg U:� to perforate 19.5 inches of Krupp armor. The table in displacement is only about 40 per cent, the total en­ 12:inch piece has given a muzzle velocity of 2,854 foot­ includes the new 7-inch gun, which is likely to take ergy of five minutes' fire at the greatest practicable seconds and corresponding energy of 47,944 foot-tons the place of the 6-inch gun in the broadside batteries rate of firing aimed shots would be 2,765,830 foot-tons with a powder pressure of 16.5 tons to the inch. The of our future 7-inch 45- battles hips. caliber gu n The 6-inch has given a gun is unequal muzzle veloci­ to the penetra-, ty of 3,000 foot tion of the 6- seconds with inch casemate a chamber armor of mod­ pressure of 17 ern battleships tons. The 6- at a range of inch gun has 3,000 y a r d s, hown 2,935 whereas the foot - seconds new 7-inch swith a li ttle piece can pene­ over 16 ton s trate 8.3 inches pressure. The of Krupp steel 5-inch gun has at that range done even bet­ ter, having de­ and w ouI d, therefore, a t livered a 60- least where the pound projec­ tile with a shot s t r u c k NEW CUIBER, 6-INCR, RAPID-FIRE GUN muzzle velocity normal or ap- NAVAL, 50· proximately of 3,100 foot- Weight, S.2 tons. Length, feet. ltIuzzle Velocity, 2,900 foot-ece onds. Muzzle Enera, foot-tons. 25 . 5,838

8r� Clo� and Locke4. Breech-Plug Rotated Ready for Withdrawal. Breech Opened, Ready tor Loading. NEW 6-INCH B.AJ.>ID-FIRE GUN. SAllE NCH BUECH IlBCHANISIl OF IlECHANllUI ON Ii I AND Hl{(}a: <1VN.,.

· Scientific Atnerican DECEMBER 14, 1901. seconds and 17 tons pressure ; while with a 50-pound with a crank, as the plug is too heavy and the not that a hydraulic buffer, or counter-recoil check, is projectile and a chamber preSsure of 16.4 tons, the swing is too great for opening with a lever. The fitted in the front end of each cylinder, which gradu remarkable velocity of 3,380 foot-seconds was obtained. time consumed in opening and closing the breech, ally brings the gun to rest as it runs out_ This is the piece' that will form the main armament however, is but a minute fraction of that required for The 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 and 3-inch guns all recoil in an the service of the gun ; it is loading and pOinting that oscillating sleeve. The piston rods are attached to the of the cruisers of the "Denver" class. take the most ime . rear end of the gun by a yoke, and the recoil cylinder�

GUN -MOUNTS AND BREECH MECHANISMS. In the case of the 12-inch guns, the continued move· contain t he counter-recoil springs_ The recoil of _ the The increased rate of• fi 1_re 'of • the new guns is chiefly ment of the crank first rotates or unlocks the plug, 8-inch gun is 24 inches, of the 7 -inch 21 inches, of the due to the improved gun-mounts and breech mechan- which is followed by its withdrawal and the swinging 6-inch 15 inches, and of the 5-inch 11% inches_ None round of the plug. It takes about 7l;f:J turns of the crank to open or close the breech of a 12-inch gun, which can easily be performed in less than 5 seconds. The 8-inch gun breech i:;; practically the same, but being lighter, can be handled more quickly. The recoil of the 12-inch gun is taken up -by fou r hy­ draulic cylinders placed sym­ metrically around the gun, but attached to the sleeve or non-recoiling part. A yoke on the rear . end of the gun serves as an attachment for the piston rods, which work in the recoil cylinders, and recoil is checked by the es­ cape from the pressure to the reverse side of the piston of the liquid contained in the ' cylinders. The escape orifices for the fluid are grooves cut. in the walls of the cylinders, which are wide enough to give a full opening at the beginning of recoil, gradually contracting in area until the proper limit of recoil is Breech of New 12-Inch Rifle Closed. reached, when the grooves Breech of 12-Inch Rifle Open. come to a pOint and thus cut isms. In the firstplace, all guns recoil in a sleeve which off any further flow of liquid. The recoil of the 12-inch of the new guns above 4 inches in caliber uses the carries the trunnions. Upon this sleeve are mounted the guns for the "Maine" and class and for the monitors is brass cartridge case, but the pow der is put up in bags. telescopic sights, and the m an who traverses and ele­ 33 inches. Inside each recoil cylinder is a series of The guns of and above 7 inches in caliber have the vates the gun, in the case of the large rapid-fire pieces, heavy triple-spira,l springs ( about one ton in w eight), charge in two sections, as one section would be too stands on a platform which is supported from this which are put in the cylinders under an initial tension heavy and too large to handle conveniently. In tur­ sleeve. He is thus able to keep the gun steadily upon sufficient to prevent the gun from moving when the ret guns of large caliber the elevating, training, hoist­ ing ammunition, and loading are all the target, and is not affected by the recoil. His ship rolls, or when the gun is elevated to its maximum done by machin­ position, with his hands upon the traversing and elevat- limit. When recoil takes place these springs are fur- ery operated by electric power. Guns of and below 7 inches in caliber are handworked. They are COMPARISON OF '.r OTAL ENERGY OF FIRE IN FIVE MINUTES OF BATTLESHIPS OREGON IN 1898) AND GEORGIA ( mounted on pedestal mounts, turn on ball bearings, and are balanced in theIr sleeves. Hence they can be 1898. OREGON GEORGIA. elevated or depressed with great ease. In the case of the 6 and 7-inch guns, the gun-pointer stands on IN a Muzzle Energy *Rate of Fire Muzzle Energy Muzzle Energy 'Rate of Fire Muzzle Energy Gun. Gun. platform attached to and turning with the gun. All of Gun. Minute. in Five Minutes. of Gun. per Minute. Five Minutes. per guns above 3 inches in caliber are fltted with tele­ ------_._--- !------scopic Sights, also with open day and night sights and in 4 IS-in h 33 627 foot-tons 0.4- 269,016 foot-tons 12-inch. 46,246 foot-tons 0.66 610,447 foot-tons . .. .. with electric and percussion firing gear. 8 8.011 .. 1.0 440 8 8-inch. 13,602 I 1.2 652,896 2,990 u H H It may be well to add a word of explanation, just 4, 8-inch. 2.0 119:60 0 ... 12 6-ipch. 1,225,980 .. 20 8-pounders.c 8.0 110,400 . 14,2 3-inch. 709 I � 6.5 276,510 138 .. .. here, on the question of rapidity of fire. The rates 8-inch. 320 Total energy all guns iu five minutes . 5,838 a.� 2,765,83 3 of fire given in the accompanying comparison of the . .. Total energy all guns in five minutes ... "Oregon" and the "Georgia" will, doubtless, appear to 'This is the number of shots that could be fired per minute for a few nu e by Rear-Admiral practWable carejuUy aimed i tes, g v n some of our readers to be very low ; but they must O·Neil. Chief of tbe Bureau of Ordnance. member that these are practicable and n ot ideal rates ing hand wheels and his eye at the telescopic sights, ther compressed, and theym exertas suffi i cient force to re­ of fire, Lieut. Meigs, ordnance officer of the B ethlehemre­ is shown clearly in the photograph of the 6-inch gun. turn the gun to the firing position as soon as recoil Steel Works, in his recent address before the Society All guns from 3-inch up are fitted with the "Welin" ceases. As the force exerted _by these springs is great of Naval Architects in New York, quoted approvingly patent breech-plug, the rights for which were purchased enough to return the gun to battery at extreme eleva­ a record recently made by an English ship of 8 shots for several hundred thousand dollars from the Vickers­ tion, it follows that they have an excess of power to re­ from a 6-inch gun in one minute, all of which struck a Maxim firm. The thread is cut in steps of varying turn the gun at level, and hence it would run out with target 15 feet high, at a range of 1,500 yards. Here, the radius-a device which reduces the amount of cutting great violence, probably injuring the mount, were it conditions w ere doubtless ideal, the ammunition being away f the probably piled t h rea d and ready close at also the0 depth hand. The 3.5 of the plug r u n d s per and the dis­ minute, given tance it must in0 the table, travel before it represents ac­ is fully insert­ tual cond i­ ed. tions, in The 7-inch which the am­ and all cali­ munition is be­ bers below in g brought, open the round b y breech with a round, fro m horizontal the maga­ I ever. 0 n e zines, and all sweep of the the death and lever unlocks destructior_ of the t h rea d, a sea-fight is withdraws the present. Even plug, and 3.5 rounds per swings it clear minute could of the breech, be maintained as shown in for a few min­ the illustra­ utes only, since tion. the heating up The 8-inch of the gu n, and all rifle foot-seconds. foot-tons. Welgb. alone, would MaxJmum lllu��I� VelQeUy, op trial, 2&14 47,994 FQot-TQU8 Jl;per�1 ,,,,r Top of ., .. u, �, calibers above ChslDber Pre.sure, tons square per inch. neceBsita.� � this open Muzzle Energy, NAVAL 4O-0ALIBEB rest. Blj:W IS-I N16.5OH . GUN. Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901.

ARMOR PLATE AND HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELLS. second. In each case the shells broke up after pene­ of the projectiles and fuses. Lastly, it must not be Commencing with the "Maine" class, all future bat­ trating from 3% to 4% inches only. The plate in attended with danger in loading into shells, and the tleships of the United States navy will be protected each case was dished only one-eighth of an inch, and explosive should be readily manufactured, and in large with face-hardened armor treated by the Krupp pro­ no further damage was done than the flaking of the quantities, at a reasonable cost. . Among the high cess, which produces a plate about as much supe­ face-hardened surface. No cracks whatever were explosives tested were black musket powder, the rior to the Harveyized plate as that was to the developed in the plate. In the case of the Bethlehem Rendrock Company's No. 400 explosive, picric acid, armor which it superseded. The objects sought in the 12-inch plate for the "Maine," one Carpenter and two wet guncotto,n pellets, maximite, and explosive "D." manufacture of armor plate are great toughness of Wheeler uncapped shells were used ; the striking Of these, the last two fulfilled in every particular the body to resist cracking and breaking up of the plate, velocities were 1,616, 1,692, and 1,723 feet per second. conditions laid down. Their exact composition is, of and extreme hardness of the face, with the object 'of The shells broke up after penetrating 6%, 4%, and 4 % course, a secret; but it is known that maximite is smashing the .p rojectile before it can effect penetra­ inches without developing any cracks in the plate, picric acid compound consisting mainly of picrate. tion. In the Harveyized plate great toughness is se­ the only injury beyond the penetration being flaking Its products of combustion are almost entirely gaseous,a cured by using a certain percentage of nickel in of the surface and slight dishing of the plate in and as the heat developed on detonation is verya great making up the composition of the steel. This tough­ the first round to the extent of quarter of aan inch. it possesses, as the result of its high gravity, an ness is f urther secured by a, very thorough furnace The foregoing resultsa indicate that the side, barbette, unusuany high explosive value. "Dunnite," the other mill tr eatment. a n a�d Face-hardening is done b); p\achg and turret armor of our latest battleships will be explosive if; the invention of Ca t. Dunn. nf the army,

lZ-Inch Kruppized Armor Plate Representing Armor for the " Missouri," After Attack by Three lZ-lnch Armor Armor for the " Maine," After At.tack Krupplzed Plate. Representing by Tbree lZ-lnch Shells. Projectiles Smashed on PenetratIon. 4% Inches, � Inches, and � Inches. lZ-Inch Shells. Projectiles Smashed on Plate. Penetration, 6J.ii Inches, 4J.S Inches, and 4J.S Inches. Plate. OUR POWERS OF DEFENSE. the plate, face upward, in a furnace, covering it with secure against the 12-inch shells of the enemy, except and its qualities and action it is very similar to layer of crushed bone and other carbonaceous at close range. maximite. material, and exposing it for the proper length of time The complete wrecking of the finest and heaviest Them plate which is shown in the accompanying toa a predetermined temperature. The face of the modern armor plate by high-explosive shells, as shown illustration so completely smashed to pieces was plate takes up a large percentage of carbon, and after in the accompanying illustrations, was the , culmina­ one of two identical plates built under an appro­ tempering with cold water becomes extremely hard. tion of a very thorough investigation carried out priation by Congress, which was granted for the pur­ The Krupp process is similar in principle. Nickel by the Army Board of Ordnance at Sandy Hook, pose of testing the regular 12-inch gun, firing service is used in making up the composition, and the steel in the search for a high-explosive shell-filler that projectiles, against an I8-inch gun which was built after being taken from the furnace is subjected in would meet all the ideal conditions as to safety, cer­ especially for throwirg the Gathmann, guncotton, the fluid state to enormous pressure in a hydraulic tainty, fragmentation and destructive effects. From torpedo shell. The Gathmann idea is to deli vel' press, which squeezes out the gas and various impuri­ the first appearance of high explosives artillerists large amount of high explosive against the outside ties. The compressed ingot is heated and forged have recognized how greatly they would increase the of a battleship, under the expectation that the detona­a into plate in a 14,OOO-ton hydraulic press, and then destructiveness of shell-fire, if they could be used as tion of the charge on impact will result in the undergoes various processes of annealing to take out a shell-filler and rendered sufficiently insensitive to bursting in of a large section of the ship's side. The initial strains. The face-hardening is done in a fur­ shock to be carried through armor plate and burst Gathmann test plate and the armor service projectile nace where gas is substituted for the carbonaceous by a suitable time fuse in the interior of a fort or plate were backed up with steel framing representing material of the earlier process. By this method a battleship. The desiderata in such a high explosive a section of the side of the battleship "Iowa." In these the face-hardening is carried into the plate about are : It should be reasonably safe in manufacture ; it tests three of the Gathmann shells, each containing twice as deeply as in the Harvey process. must withstand the shock of discharge from the gun about one-quarter of a ton of wet guncotton, cracked We present two photographs showing the Proving and the shock of impact when the shell struck amI the plate from top to bottom, but otherwise did it no Ground tests of two plates, representing armor for the was paSSing through armor plate ; it must be uni­ material injury. The plate with its backing, however, new battleships "Maine" and "MissourL" The 12-inch formly and completely detonated by a suitable fuse ; was driven 8 feet into the sand backing, and the Carnegie plate for the "Missouri" was attacked by it must possess the elements of stability-that is to whole mass was swung around 8 feet to the left one Carpenter and two Wheeler uncapped shells, with say, it must not decompose under test, it must be of its original position. However, in view of the great striking 'velocities of 1,675, 1,669, and 1,ijij4 feet per non-hygroscopic, and it must not attack the metal striking energy of 52,000 foot-tons of the 1,800-pound

An l1�inch, Kruppized Plate After. Attack Thre'l of Our lZ-lnch Armor-Piercing High. Rear View of Same Target, ShOWIng Complete Destruction Wrought Armor-Piercing Shot by by 1J.lnch ExplOSIve Projectiles. Plate and Wrecked. Loaded With Pounds of the New Government High-ExploSIve. Back::tug Completely � OUR POWERS ATTACX. OF DECEMBER 14, 1901. Scientific America.n

Gathmann shell, it was considered that the results inches and a minimum of 5; thence to the bow and to ahead, while all the other guns on each side will have on the plate itself were very inadequate. In the test the stern the belt will have a uniform thickness, top arcs of fire of 110 degrees, and will be arranged to of the service armor·piercing projectiles · three rounds and bottom, of 3l1z inches. For a distance of 232 feet house within the side line. These guns will be sepa­ were fired, the first two being with armor-piercing amidships, above the waterline belt and up to the rated by 214-inch splinter bulkheads. The ammuni­ shot filled respectively with 20 pounds of maximite main deck, the sides will be reinforced by 5-inch armor ; tion hoists will be run by electricity, and are to sup­ and 20 pounds of dunnite, the last being an armor­ transverse bulkheads, turning inboard at the ends of ply each 6-inch gun with three complete rounds every piercing shell fined with 60 pounds of maximite. The this side armor, will complete the central casemate, miO:ute. The 14-pounders will be mounted on the projectiles burst as they were passing through the housing the ten 6-inch guns. These transverse bulk­ gun deck and up in the superstructure, three forward plate, which was completely broken up, and the flying heads will be 4 inches thick. The protective deck will and two aft of the 6-inch battery on each side, and fragments of plate and shells tore the steel backing be continuous from bow to stern ; on the flat it will be four on each broadside between the 6-inch guns up i"l literally to shreds, cut to pieces the heavy oak struts ll1zinch thick and on the slopes 4 inches thick. Above the superstructure. The 3-pounders are to be mounted at the rear, and blew away several hundred tons .of this protective deck, a cellulose belt 3 feet thick will be on the superstructure deck and on the bridges, while the sand backing. worked along the sides. from one end of the ship to the most of the 1-pounders are to fill the military tops. As far as we know, large-caliber, high-explosive other. It is required that the water-line armor belt be Each 14-pounder is to be supplied six rounds a minute, shells have never before been carried through heavy so placed that at least a foot of it will be out of water while the 3-pounders are to have ten. armor. Had this been done, it could scarcely have at deepest load draft. The firing stations for the torpedoes will be sheltered been kept a secret, and would surely have become The armament wi ll consist of: A main battery of from the reach of 6-pounders and lighter pieces, and known to the world at large. It is, there- are to be located above the torpedo tubes. fore, evident oli comparing the upper with The conning-tower, located at the fore the lower pair of photographs that, while end of the superstructure, will be of our heaviest armor is impervious to at­ steel 9 inches thick, and the signal tower, tack at ordinary ranges by 12-inch shells, located at the after end of the superstruc­ we are in the possession of a high-ex­ ture, will be of steel 5 inches thick. The plosive shell which can penetrate and pilot house will be of bronze. All maga­ burst behind the best armor employed zines are to be carefully insulated, and in foreign navies. certain of them are to be chilled by the refrigerating plant. All are also to be easily susceptible of instant flooding. Arm.ored••• Cru isers. ARMORED CRUISERS OF THE .. MARY­ The ships will be driven by twin triple­ LAND " CLASS-" CALIFORNIA." expansion engines of 23,000 horse power, The development of the cruiser during which are calculated to give them a the past few years has been in two widely speed of 22 knots an hour. As the dis­ divergent directions. On the one hand we placement is 13,680 tons, these vessels in have the large armored cruiser of from respect of their motive power afford an 12,000 to 14,000 tons displacement, with a interesting comparison with the British complete waterline belt; and well-pro­ Gnn and Armor Plan ; "California " Armored Cruiser Class. "California," armored cruisers of the "King Alfred" tected positions for a main battery of "Colorado," "Maryland," " Pennsylvania," "south Dakota," "West Vir­ class, which on a displacement of 14,100 two or four heavy 8, 9 or 10-inch guns, ginia." tons are to make 23 knots an hour with and full broadside or casemate armor 30,000 horse power. The boiler rooms of for a numerous battery of broadside rapid-fire guns. four 45-caliber, 8-inch, breech-loading rifles and four­ the "California" will contain 30 water-tube boilers On the other hand, we see the protected cruiser tend­ teen 50-caliber, 6-inch, rapid-fire guns; and a sec­ placed in '8 water-tight · compartments. ing to lower speed, less protection and lighter bat­ ondary battery of eighteen 14-pounders, twelve 3- The ships will carry ammunition enough to put up tery. The line of division between the battleship and pounders, eight 1-pounders, two 3-incb field guns, two a good long fight; 500 rounds being allowed the g·inch the armored cruiser, furthermore, is becoming less dis­ machine guns, and a half a dozen small-caliber pieces guns, 2,800 rounds for the 6-inch guns, 4,500 rounds for tinct ; and the six magnificent ships of the "Maryland" jor boat service. There will be two submerged tor­ the 14-pounders, 6,000 rounds for the 3-pounders, and a class will be so well armored and protected that they pedo-tubes, to be placed on the broadsides pretty well pretty liberal supply for the rest. Provision is to be would not hesitate to take their place in line of battle forward. The 8-inch guns are to be mounted in two made for Closing many of the water-tight doors auto­ against second-class battleships, while their large coal balanced elliptical turrets on the main deck forward matically, i. e., from Single controlling station, and capacity and high speed will enable them to fulfill and aft of the superstructure. These turrets will be every care has been taken to localize the effects of all the requirements of the first-class cruiser. generally 6 inches thick with slanting faces liz inch damage by s hell-fire oar torpedo. The six fine vessels of the "California" class will be thicker. The turrets are to be controlled electrically, In Closing, we would draw attention to the protec­ 502 feet long, or longer by 90 feet than the next largest and are to fire through arcs of 270 degrees. The rate tion afforded to the broad�ide battery, which, com­ ships in our navy ; and they will be but little shorter of ammunition supply is one complete round of pow­ pared with separate casemate protection, as used on un the waterline than ocean liners like the "St. Paul" der and projectile to each electric hoist every fifty the English cruisers of the "Drake" class, is we thinl{ and "New York." seconds. superior. The casemate carries 6 inches of armor on The fighting positions and the "vitals" will all of The four 6-inch guns mounted on the main deck are the front and 2 inches at the rear. The stretches of them be sheltered behind walls of Kruppized steel, and to be placed in sponsons at the four main corners of the ship's side between casemates are unarmored, and the arrangement of armor protection will be as follows: the superstructure, and are to fire through arcs of 145 an enemy's shells might pass between casemates, and, First, a waterline belt 7 feet 6 inches wide extending degrees-the forward ones from dead ahead aft, and bursting on the 2-inch armor of the opposite case­ from bow to stern, which carries its maximum thick­ the after ones from dead astern forward. These guns mates, wreck them. No such damage could be suffered ness 4% feet from the top down, whence it tapers are protected by 5-inch armor. The ten other 6-inch by the off-side battery of the "Pennsylvania," as all to the armor . ledge_ For a distance guns, on each broadside, are to be placed amid­ of 244 feet amid· five 5-inch and most 6-inch shells would be burst on thn. ships, the belt will have a maximum thickness Of 6 ships the gun deck-the forward ones firing dead unbroken front wall of 5-inch armor.

on

Speed, 2Bknots. Bunker CapacUy, inches ; barbettes. 6 Inches ; deck. lJ.2 mch to 4 inches. DI.placement, l3,fRl toll8. 2,OOOtoll8. Armor . Bel!;, elllCbe8to�inchoo; turrets. 6UInchesto Armameut Four 8-1nch. 4li-caliber 6-Inch. field guns ; B. L.; fourteen fiO.caJtber B. F.; eighteen801Dcb twel 8opounders; eltlb ]..pounders; two 3o two macJune guIIS; SUi: automatto Torpedo Tube., Complement, B.F .; ve lIlOil Ir\UI8o 2, _ 6 I ARMORED CRUISER "CALIFORNIA." Scientific America�

THE SEMI·ARMORED CRUISERS OF THE " ST. LOUIS " upon the masts to accommodate the two searchlights. Cruisers. CLASS. Electric ammunition hoists are designed to supply the Protected The three vessels of the "St. Louis" class, although guns with the greatest rapidity, making it possible to THE SHEATHED SEMI·PROTECTED CRUISERS OF THE they carry side armor, are down on the naval lists hurl against an enemy a broadside of about twelve " DENVER " CLASS. as protected cruisers. This is due, doubtless, to the tons of metal per m inute. The four lofty smokestacks, An Act · of Congress, approved March 3, 1899, had fact that the authorization by Congress, March 2, extending to a height of 76 feet 6 inches above the among its provisions one for six protected cruisers 1901, calls for protected cruisers. As a matter of fact, normal load waterline, provide draft for sixteen "to have the highest speed com patible with good cruis· the Bureau of Construction, w hile keeping within the straight water· tube boilers located in four water· ing qualities and great radius of action, to carry th e limits of displacement and cost imposed by the act, tight compartments, which, together with the engines, most powerful armament suited to vessels of their has been able to add to the protective deck, which are protected by the side armor, sloping deck arm or, class." These vessels are now being constructed ac· marks them as protected cruisers, a partial waterline and a twelve·foot coal bunker. The inner bottom of cording to modified designs, which include the fol· belt and a broad belt of armor amidships reaching to these vessels exten ds to the under side of the protec' lowing general dimensions and particulars: length, the m ain deck. The armored cruiser carries a com· tive deck ; above the protective deck a cellulose coffer· 292 feet; breadth, 44 feet ; displacement of 3,200 tons plete waterline belt, reaching from stem on a mean draft of 15 feet 9 inches.. The to stern. Hence the "St. Louis" class oc· ships' bottoms will be sheathed with wood cupy a position midway between the and coppered, to suit them for service in armored and protected class, and they the tropics. With 4,700 indicated horse may be distinguished, very conveniently, power, they are to have a speed of 16¥.! as semi·armored vessels. knots. On their mean draft, as just They compare, in size and effiCiency, stated, they are to carry 467 tons of coal, with -the "Monmouth" class of the British the maximum bunker capacity being 700 navy, in which the belt is carried up to tons. They will be armed with a main the bow, but terminates at the after case· battery of ten 50·caliber, 5-inch, rapid· mates, the complete wall of 4-inch armor fire guns; eight 6-pounders ; two 1· amidships in the "St. Louis" compen· pounders, four Colt automatics, and one sating for the unprotected waterline at 3-inch wheel gun. The protective deck, if the bow. such it can be called, is only ¥.! inch thick, The main deck of the "St. Louis" is increasing to 1 inch on the slopes toward supplemented amidships with a covered Gun and Plan; .. St. Louis " Cruiser Class. . L s the ends and 2 inches on the slopes Armor Semi-Armort d t.S oui ," superstructure, within which are located .. Charleston " and " Milwaukie." abreast of the machinery spaces. It is four 6-inch rapid-fire guns and six 14- . probable that no vessels in our navy have pounder rapid-fire guns ; outside the superstructure dam, 30 inches wide and 41 inches above the normal provoked m ore adverse com ment than these, chiefly on are two more 6-inch rapid-fire guns, located on the load waterline, extends throughout the len gth of th � the ground that in an age when naval construction is center line, one forward and th e other aft. Located vessel. In the construction and equipment of the "St. running to arm ored cruisers, these vessels have been on the gun deck is the greater portion of the bat· Louis" class, as small a quantity as possible of wood produced with a protection which is even less than that tery, consisting of eight 6-inch rapid·fire guns, twelve is to be used, and wherever it is used it will be elec­ of the average protected cruiser. The speed of 16¥.! tric fire-proofed. Each vessel of this class is fitted to knots also is far too low for an age when armored UNITED STATES. . GREAT BRITAIN• accommodate a flag officer and staff in conjunction cruisers are being built by the dozen which have speeds ,. St. Louis." " Monmouth. " with the regular complement. In commission the of from 21 to 23 knots an hour ; and th is journal did Length on load waterline ...... 424 feet. feet. Breadth, extreme...... 66 feet. feet. number of officers will be 39 and the crew will not hesitate to pronounce the design unsatisfactory at Trial displacement 9,700 taos. • . . . • • .. • • 9,800 tons. the. time they were made public. The late Chief Con· Mean draoght at normal dIs· 440 number 525 men. The waterline belt, 4 inches in thick­ 6 6 placement ...... 23 feet inches. 66 feet inches. ness, exte nds in the wake of the engines and boilers structor of the Navy subsequently explained, in an Engines, twin-screw, . . 21,0· 0

Speed . . . . . knots. knots. and magazines for over one-third of the vessel's length, article before the SOciety of Naval A rchitects, that in Normal coal suppl. r...... 650 tons. 24 tons. Coal bnnker capacIty I. H. P . . tons. and reaches from several feet below to about 3 feet deSigning these ships the Bureau had been influenced .....• • . . . 1,500 .,22 1,0060 00 tons...... 22 23 above the normal waterline. Side armor of the sam e by the comparative failure of the hgh·powered "Ral· ARMAMENT. 800 Fonrteen 6-inch guns.; . Four 6-inch F. guns, in turrets. thickness is carried up amidships to the main deck and eigh" and "Cincinnati" to secure the speed of 19 Eighteen 14·pdr. guns. Ten 6-inch F. guns casemates. extends between and includes the forward and after knots for which they were designed, and that in these Twelve 3-pdr. F. �uns. Ten 12-pdr. F. guns. Four I.pdr. 8lltomR.atlc. F. Three 3-pdr.R . F. guns. 6-inch guns on the gun-deck . The 6-inch guns at the ships the coal supply is limited and the coal consump· Eight I-pdr. R.guns. F. Eight machineR. gnns. 111 so great as to make it a serious question in mak· Two 3-inch RF. .. field gnns. R. four corners of the superstructure are also protected tion Two machine J;un8, 0.30 caliber. R. by 4-inch armor. ing passages between distant ports. He stated that in Eight automatIcR. F. guns, 0.00 caliber. R. While we greatly admire these vessels, we must the new designs a liberal allowance had been made PROTECTION. dera· 4 express a regret that the waterline armor was not for all the principal weights ; that careful consi inc es. inches, tapering to 2 inches at bow. ���:���:�g:-iU-;';'��::::! �, carried up to the bow, even if some compromise .had tion had been given to t he strength or' the vessels, the per .. " ....4 Up scantlings having been made heavier ; that the en· 6-.mch gun protectIOn ... Inches. been necessary in the m atter of speed or armament. Conning tower and shield .5 gine'room weights per indicated horse power had been S This is an age of armored cruisers, and it is regret­ ignal tower...... •••.•.4 2 Spliuter bulkheads . . . •... 4: 4 table that these vessels should fall short of the re­ made 10 per cent heavier than in the case of the Protective deck ...... Two deck�, Inches and incb. . 2� 1� %: quirements for want of the 120 feet of 2 to 3-inch "Raleigh ;" that the large coal supply of 700 tons had 14-pounder rapid-fire guns, and four 1-pounder rapid­ armor n ecessary to complete the belt to the stem. It been provided, giving them at a speed of 10 knots an . fire guns. Sixteen rflpid-fire guns are stationed on the . must be admitted that the new ships, although they hour a cruising radius of 7,000 knots without recoal· superstructure deck and bridges and the remainder are not quite in the class of the armored cruisers, lng, w hich would c over a continuous trip from San of the battery is located in the fighting tops of the are nevertheless more than a match in defensive quali­ Francisco to Manila. It was also pointed out by the two military masts. Additional platforms are built ties, at least, for any protected cruiser afloat. Chief Constructor that as these vessels were intended

inches ; topsides, flat, i c slopeS. A.rmament : Fourteen 6-inch R. Dlaplaeemen" IlJnltons. Speed, 22 knots. Dunker Capa.clty, 1.50 0tons. A.rnlOr , Belt, 4 4 inches ; deck, 2 n hes ; 3 inches. F.; eighteen n e automatic ; two field guns ; S-inch R. F.; twelve S-pou d r semi-automatio; four l·pounder 3-inch two .3Q..caliber machine guns ; eight JIO.caliber automatics. (Jomplement, "" SE)[I·ARlIIORED CRUISER "ST. LOUIS." Americat\ DEC£MllER 14, 1901. Scientific up and fight modern for long voyages and foreign service, liberal berth­ poorly protected to stand mitted the old fault · of claiming too much, and there ing accommodation had been made for the crew and cruiser with any great likelihood of success. What, will come, if there has not already begun, a protest more spacious staterooms for the officers. It was for instance, would happen to the %-incah protec­ on the part of practical naval men against the im­ n of small further shown that there was no open waist amid· tive (sic) deck if high-explosive shells, eve possible qualities which have been ascribed to what ships, as in the "Raleigh," the upper deck being car­ caliber, were bursting above it? is, . at best, an untried device. The method of at­ ried flush throughout the vessel, and thus giving more tack of the submarine is outlined somewhat as follows: deck room and a higher freeboard ; and, lastly, that, The little craft will steam to within striking distance though the waterline protection is exceedingly light, Subma.rine,. Torpedo ...... Boa.ts. of battleship, and before her conning tower can be THE HOLLAND SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT CLASS. detected, will sink beneath the surface, approachin[,. consisting merely ' lIf an inner sloping deck 1 and 2 inches in thickness, considerable protection is afforded The United Stat(i)s government has now no less than stilla unsuspected, until within view of the vessel's un­ by a cofferdam 27 inches in width by 4 feet in depth, . eight submarine boats constructed or under con- protected hull. She will then discharge her torpedo

7W Dt.placement, 8,lDltons. Speed, l� no . BuDkeI' (lapaeUy. tons. Deck, � inch on fiat, linch to 2 inches slopes. Armameot : Ten 5-inch R. F.; eight 6-pounders ; two I-pounders four Colts; one B-inch field gun. (lomplem.eot, 293.

k Uts Arm.or : on BEMI-PROTECTED CR ISER "DENVER." ALSO " CLEVELABD,· "CHATTANOOGA," " DES MOINES," "GALVESTON," AND " TACOMA."

filled with waterproof corn-pith cellulose ; while back struction. These are of the Holland type, which and stealing away under water, will come to the sur­ of the . cofferdam, in the wake of the engines and has been adopted by our own and by the British face beyond range of the enemy's guns. All this is boilers, will be coal bunkers presenting a horizontal navy. In the absence of any experience with the picturesque and, if practicable, would certainly be awe­ protection of from 8 to 10 feet of coal when the submarine under the hard conditions of actual war­ inspIrmg. There is ' one difficulty, however, which bunkers are full. fare, it is difficult to assign to this novel craft its would render an exploit of this kind exceedingly hJ.z­ We have no doubt whatever that the prediction of proper value as a fighting unit of the navy. Just ardous, and that .is the impossibility of seeing unde: the late Chief Constructor that the vessels will be ex­ now, its value varies from nothing to everything, water with sufficient clearness for maneuvering. When ceedingly comfortable and will become, on that ac­ according to the conservative judgment or over-san­ the boat is submerged the navigator can see but dimly, count, popular with officers and crew, will be fulfilled, guine temperament of the critic. The friends and if at all, and his course, as laid, is ' subject to errors at .least in peace times ; and no doubt the vessels will promoters of the submarine have undoubtedly com- in both a vertical and a horizontal plane. .The chief fi n d a useful value of the sphere of submarine will work in repre­ Ue in its moral senting t his effect in keep­ government at ing the enemy fore i g n sta­ conti n u­ tions. We can­ ously on the not help ask­ move, particu­ ing the ques­ larly should he tion, however, be engaged in as to what blockading a would be the harbor in fate of one of which a few the s e slow, submarines poorly-protect­ were known to ed vessels exist. s h u I d she The first of fall in with � u r torpedo an 0armo red, or boats, th8 "Hel­ eve n a· pro­ land," is 51 :eet tected, cruiser 11 inches lonf'. of 20 k not 10 feet 3 inchul speed or over, diameter and - ! s that was capa­ tons displace­ ble . of over­ ment, and is hauling her driven by a 50- and o·v e r­ horse power matching her engine. She wIth the power carries one tor­ of her arma· pedo tube and ment. The one dynamite type is n e g un as her LeoC'b, Inches. Dtam.et.e Inches. �"!pl_emel�' $·ll .bnierged, Speed at Surface, 8 knots. Speed Su bmerged, that is too feet . , ll fee.t 120tons. '1 okn ts. armament . Ga.oUne Tank (lapacUy, 860 gallons, Armam.eot : One torpedo-expUlslOn tube ; five 45 cm. 11 feet 8mches Wlntehe� torpedoes. slow to run0 The six ves­ 63 Sl1BMABll'B.. 9 ," ADDER;" JrlOOOASIlJ TlIB lIOLLARD TOBl'BDO-BOAT OLAS8---"lIOLLAND " (JRAlIrIl'l1&,"by " "fiU," "PORl'QlIJB." away and too UP " SlIdE. iI e 1 II author- II II , 'I Scientific American �88 DECEMBER 14, 190I.

'- ized June 7, 1900, are 63 feet 4 inches in length, 11 per" during the past few months, together with trial a speed of 30.13 knots per hour. The bunkers feet 9 inches in diameter and have a displacement, the severe straining which has taken place In have it capacity of 95 tons. The armament consists of submerged, of 120 tons. When on the surface, they heavy weather of other craft of the torpedo-boat two long 18-inch Whitehead torpedo tubes and four are driven by a single-screw, four-cylinder, Otto gaso­ destroyer type, has reopened the question of the 6-pounder rapid-fire guns. She has a complement of line engine of 160 horse power. They are provid-ed proper design, size and strength of torpedo craft to 66 officers and men. with a generator of 70 horse power, which may be render them serviceable and safe upon the high seas. Of the total thirty-five torpedo-boats in our navy either driven by the gasoline engine for charging the Hence, it is a matter of congratulation that, if we twenty-three have been commissioned or completed batteries, or, when the boat is submerged, the gen­ decide to increase our torpedo fleet, we have the ad­ since the close of the Spanish war. erator can be thrown onto the batteries and used as a vantage of experience gained in the maneuvers of motor for driving the propeller. foreign fleets; while, on the other hand, should the TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYER "PERRY." These six submarines are built with a double bot­ torpedo-boat pass out of fashion, we shall not have a The torpedo-boat destroyer..'. owes its existence to the tom and with three watertight compartments. In large tonnage of worthless material on our hands. theoretical prowess of the torpedo-boat. The torpedo­ the forward compartment are the gasoline tank, the Our thirty-five torpedo-boats vary in size and speed boat was one of those devices which periodically figure expulsion tube, and the in the scare-head lines air flasks for the dis­ of the daily press as charge of the torpedoes. "annihilators," and the The amidship compart­ torpedo-boat destroyer ment contains the main is the annihilator of the ballast tanks, which annihilator. As soon as are I cat e d in the a few of the early tor­ double bottom, and pedo-boats were built above 0 them are the and began to maneuver storage batteries, the with the fleets, it was torpedoes, and the air found that they were al­ flasks in which fresh together unseaworthy, air for the crew is at least so far as main­ stored at 2,000 pounds taining their speed in a pressure. In the third jump of a sea was con­ compartment at the cerned. Hence, the idea stern are the gasoline of the torpedo-boat de­ engine, the motor, the stroyer-a larger edi­ clutches and the steer­ tion of the torpedo-boat, ing gear. Submersion armed with heavier is achieved by trim­ guns, and; by virtue of ming tanks assisted by her greater speed and a pair of horizontal div­ weight, able to run 190J. ing rudders at the down the torpedo-boat e n t feet. Beam, feet 7iJ4 lnches. DI ean Dract, Displacement, tons. Speed, knots. BUllker Capa­ stern. The v-essel is L Copyrg h.i ght 213 Eo 1IlM ler.00 feet. 279 and sink her. As the city, tons. ArI"'unent : Two 1S-inch Whitebead torpedoes; four 6-pollnder R. F. un . Complclnent, 66. controlled from a con­ 95 g s tendency in the con- 6 30.1 ning tower protected TORPEDO·BOAT "FARRAGUT." struction of torpedo with four inches of ar- craft, whether of the mor. Considerable experience has been gained with from the "Gwin," of 46 tons and 21 knots speed, to torpedo-boat or destroyer type, has always been toward the "Holland," whi ch has served as a school of instruc­ the "Stringham," of 340 tons and 30 knots speed, and increase in size, our Naval Constructors when designing tion in which crews and officers are enabled to fa­ the "Bailey," "Goldsborough" and "Farragut," of 247 the sixteen torpedo destroyers, authorized May 4, 1898, miliarize themselves with this type of craft. The most to 280 tons displacement and 30 knots speed. The last very wisely made them considerably larger than the interesting experiment thus far was the recent sink­ three craft wel'e originally designed as torpedo-boat destroyers which were being built for foreign navies. ing of one of the "Hollands" to the bottom of Peconic destroyers; but our Naval Constructors reached the We present an illustration of the "Perry," built by the Bay. where she remained for fifteen hours without conclusion that the destroyer, to be fully equal to its Union Iron Works, at San FranciSCO, which was taken coming to the surface. The officers and crew experi­ work, should be a larger and more' powerful vessel, when she was making one of her trial runs at full enced no inconvenience whatever from vitiated at­ and consequently when the sixteen torpedo-boat de­ speed. The cylinders of the "Perry" are 20lh, 32, mosphere. Whether the same- immunity would be real­ stroyers of the "Bainbridge" type were deSigned the 38, and 38-inch diameter by 22-inch stroke. At 327 ized were the batteries and motor power in operation four vessels named above were relegated to the tor­ revolutions the horse power is about 8,000. The is, of course, an open question which could only be pedo-boat class. As torpedo-boats they will be the steam at the boilers is at 300 and at the engines 250 solved by an actual trial. largest in the world ; indeed, they will exceed in size pounds pressure, There are four Thornycroft water­

1 many of the destroyers in other �avies. The "Farra­ tube boilers, two forward of the engines and two aft . gut," which is herewith shown after her launch from Nine of the destroyers are of 420 tons displacement Torpedo-Boats and Destroyers. • I' • the Union Iron Works, San Francisco, is typical of and are designed for speeds of 28 and 29 knots with TORPEDO-BOAT "FARRAGUT." the larger torpedo-boats. She is 213 feet in length, 8,000 indicated horse power. They are known as the In the matter of torpedo-boats and torpedo-boat 20 feet 7 %, inches in beam, d has a Ip.ean draft "Bainbridge," "Barry," "Chauncey," "Dale," "Decatur," destroyers the United States navy -has been content of 6 feet, at which draft she displaces 279 tons. "Paul Jones," "Perry," "Preble," and "Stewart," being to pursue a conservative course, rather than rush She is driven. by twin-screw, vertical,an triple-expansion named after heroes whose names are associated with into the wholesale construction of these craft with engines of 5,600 horse power, and she has made on the most brilliant episodes of our naval history. that precipitancy E a c h destroyer which has char­ carries on the acterized s m e main deck two European navies. torpedo tubes for Up to the 0year the discharge of 1890 we did not the 18-inch White­ have a single tor­ head torp e d o. pedo-boat in com­ The armament miSSion, and at consists of two the present time 12-pounder rapid­ wOe have but thir­ fire guns carried, ty-five of thel:le one forward and little vessels, all one aft, above the told, on our naval conning towers list ; whereas and protected by there are some shields. The r e navies hi ch are also five 6- number them by pounders carried the hundredw . The in broadside on value of the tor­ the main deck. pedo-boat is even These v e sse 1 s to-day an unset­ have a length of tled question, and 245 feet, a beam the complete loss of 23 feet 7 14 Length, 245 1eet. Breadth, 23 feet 714 inches. Dract, 6 feet inches. Displacelnellt, 420tons. Contrad Speed, 29 knots. Bunker the destroyers Capacity, 139 tons. Armament : Two long IS-inch Whitehead torpedo tubes; two 3-incb R. F. guns; five 6-pounders. Complelnent, 73. inch e s, and of : "Cobra" -and "Vi- TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYER "PERRY 6"-" BAINBRIDGE " CLASS OJ!' SIXTEEN VESSELS. draught of 6 feet a

LONGITUDINAL SE CTION, SHOWING INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTS OF TORPEDO·BOAT DESTROYERS. DECEMBER 14, 1901. Scientific AlDerican 1$80

what inClement, 6 of Colon, d ays is O. W. Mich recently received •• SELLING THE

TThisur nenot anr "extraordinaryLittl experiencee W aton all to danyoneer acqnainted" La. withm thep is remarkable merits and easily demonstratable selling qualities of this Lamp. It is what many of our other agents are doing, and some, more than that. After carefnl investigation it is estimated that over

were50 sold0. last,0 season00 ,. 6MaAnySOL more INll( soldLA thMis rseasonS . wi be Are you not ready to pocket some of the profits ? Big profits. "LITTLE WONDER " LAMP The is the latest invention of the greatest inventor of gasoline lamps. Generates hydro­ carbon gas from gasoline (wholly different fr om gasoline lamps) . Possesses under generator pressure overcoming the hitherto impossible obstacle of combining volume of light with non-clogging feature. Used with or without glass. 500 candle power arc light costs -!. cent per. hour. This Lamp can be adapted to aU interior lighting purposes. ABSOLUTELY UNAPPROACHABLE. Producing the BRIGHTEST KNOWN LIGHT, even more brilliant than electricity. There is no other lamp or light comparable with it, both in intrinsic value and selling qualities. ARE GREATER DEMAND IN THAN EVER BEFO RE. :�:::s� be-J�!�eb�!�i�i:8 f���:- In The sale of the REMINGTON wa facturers our 1898, s 25 per cent. greater line in the world. than in any previous year of its history. back thIS lamp by our reputa- tion.OUR We agreGUAe to makRAe good by repair or replacement at our factory within one year any part ot NTd f E REMINGTO iEe in on e In N sales exceeded those of the previous year this lamp which is proven � ect v materialin. or workmanship. The " W d r" I-mp 1899, was Invented A.fter mony years of experience in the manufacture of lamJll!LUtien a d after our expert. had by an eVen greater percentage. every the " e tested nearly lamp no... in market. It is pronounced a marvel health ami insurance authorities. We unhesitatingly affirm that the " LUtJe onder is the superior of any other In More REMINGTONS were again sold than e W " 190. 0, ' ver before lamp made. in any year of its history. SELLS ITSELF Put the Tarnel' "Little Wonder" Llgbt obyn exhibition, pref'erably • after dark, and it positively sells itself. Everyone tbat looks at >nr_ REMINGTO IT In More NS have been sold in Jlrised at the steady, brilliant illumination whIch this light will give. It can e seen be 1901, eleven months b to smokeless than in any entire year of its fo and odorless, and very handy : and when the people are told what it costs to operate it and learn of our rmer history. guarantee. together w t e absolute i h its absolute safety. sale. can made at onc tbe Ispot.t IS to whom we have a proposition to mak� that wilJ .all'ord The annual sale of the has always · WE WANT RESPONSIBLE AGENTS them more money than they can pOSSIbly earn any been greater than that of any other typewriter­ other manner. We _ant live men aad are willing to paybe _ell �or tbem.0.0 know that of many others combined. It is known the world we have a wonderful invention and are willing to ·blwkit With our guarRntee and the reputation of our over as the most durableREM aInNdG rTONelia ble writ ng house If you are an enterprising man, why ·be cobtent in vour present po_ilion when thee opportunityIII is yours to .ouble your present Income with ..the lArgest concern in our line in th Weworld ? we appoint but one agent a ,.Iace. Othprs are making hundreds of dollars a month. i REMEMBER Vou can, too. w responsible we guarantee thiS lamp to be all we represent WYmachine.CKOF F, SEAMANS & ..are BENEDICT, It. Don't misst hill opportumty. Write to-day. Address in 32'1 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. and

. THE TlJRNER BRASS WORKS 82 E. KINZIE STREET &01&,\60, ILL.

TI ..es Bulldin., New York Ctiy.

T:a::E X)UN'OAN" COJY:PMAANUN"-Y"FACTUR,E RS Ofr ---

MACHIlIE FIIIISHED AlID SUPER-GALIItDE SULPHITE AND SODA FIBRES. RED PAPERS.

I,'

/

OF DUNCAN RIVER MECHANICSVILLE, N. Y. GENERAL VIEW THE COMPANY'. PLANT ON THE HUDSON .AT DECEMBER 14, 1961• Scientific America.n. TABLE OJ<' VESSELS COMMISSIONED, COMPLE'l'ED, BUILDING, OR AU'l'HORIZED SINCE THE SPANISH WAR. BATTLESHIPS AND ARMORED CRUISERS.

Armor. Armament. DisPlace- Speed Name. Name. Type. mente in I in Tons. Knots. Belt. Gun Positions. Main. Secondary.

------.------.------> ------.--1 ------1 -----·- I L. R. 4 13-in. B. Kearsarge...... Battleship. 11,540 16.8 16� in. 17 in.-15 in. 4 S-in. B. L. R. � tPOU,?de'rs. 1 14 5-in. R. F. G. 6 smal,� guns. " Kentucky...... 16.9 16 6-pounders. Bainbridge. 9 7� 6 6 42U 29 2 18-in. 2 12-pdr., 4 13-in. B. L. R. " 8,00 0 189 Alabama ...... 11,565 17.1 in. 15 in.-14 in. 61 1� 14 S-in. R. F. G. " 56-p12-pdr.,dr. { 6 smal,� guns. Hopkins ... Ft.In2U . 24Ft.In 6 . Ft.In. 6 0 40; 7,200 150 2 Illinois ...... 17.4 { 245 23 li6-pdr. lll-pdr., La ren .. 2 242 3 22 8,(00 11° " \V-isconsin•...• ...•.•0 •••••••• 17.2 w ce 8 6 2 4 12-in. B L. R. pou.I1ders. 2 29 I 6-pdr. Maine ...... R. F. � t .. . 23 3 " . 12,300 18.0 11 in. 12 in.-12 in. 16 6-in. G. Worden . 3248 6 0 43:, 8,300 13030 232 2 lS-pdr.• 1 6 3-in.,�. F. G. 4 sma�� guns. 1 :ll1i14°C 1 6-pdr. Ii Missouri ...... 1 Ohio ...... 4 12-in. B. L. R. Ii r R. 1 12 3-pounders. mington, Del., are somewhat smaller vessels. They . . . 8 S-in. B. � " Georgia...... 14,948 19.0 11 in. in.-10 in. R. 8 1 11 6-in. F. G. small beam, and 6 i 10 guns. have about the same length, a foot more 12 3-in. F. G. t ,�. J " 408 tons. Nebraska ...... L. inches less draught with a displacement of . 12 New Jersey ...... They gned to achieve 29 knots with 7,200 in­ Rhode Island ...... were desi . . . .. Virginia ...... " . .. dicated horse power, and the bunker capacity will be

3 6-pounders. 150 tons, the armament and the complement of officers 12-in. B. L. R. Arkansas ...... Monitor. 3 235 11.5 11 in. 11 in.-10 in. 61 " , 4 4-in. R. F. G. 2 Colt�.. and crew being the same as for the "Bainbridge." The Florida ...... 2 "Lawrence" and the "Macdonough," which are being Nevada ...... Wyoming ...... built by the Fore River Engine Company, Weymouth,

12 3-pounders. Mass., are the smallest vessels of the fleet. They are of California...... Armored Cruiser. 13,680 22.0 6 iI�.-5 in. 6� in.-6 in. j I! tl�: �: �: �: 8 1 " 400 tons displacement, and they were designed to ( 18 3-in. ,�. F. G. 10 sm�� guns. Colorado ...... achieve a speed of 30 knots with 8,400 indicated horse

Maryland ...... Pennsylvania . . power. The coal capacity is less, namely, 115 tons; ...... : 0 •• 0. . South Dakot.a...... particulars of the armament and the complement are West Virginia ...... the same as for the other vessels. The largest of the Deck 14 6-in. F. G. 12 3-pounder�. Charleston ...... Semi-armored Cruiser. 9,700 22.0 4 in. l fleet are the "Truxton;" "Whipple," and "Worden," 3 in.-2 in. I 18 3-in. �. F. G. sm�� guns. Milwaukie ...... , building by the Maryland Steel Company, at Sparrows St. Lo uis ...... { R. 24 Point, Md. They are 248 feet in length, 23 feet 3 inches beam, and on a draught of feet they have a UNARMORED CRUISERS AND GUNBOATS. 6 displacement of 433 tons. They have the large bunker capacity of 232 tons-a very valuable feature-and Protective Deck. Armament. they are to make speed of 30 knots with a develop­ DisPlace. ! Speed Name. Type. ment 1 in ment of 8,300 horse power. in ns. Knots. · lope Flat. Maln. econda . These destroyersa cannot fail to produce a favorable _____. ___ __ . ______. ______. ______impression. Their size, roominess, coal capacity, and : \ � � � � powerful armament, and, above all, their good sea­ I �_I ___ R. _F. __ _8 6-pounders. Chattanooga ...... ••...... Semi-protected Cruiser. 3,200 16.5 2 in.-1 in. � inch. 10 5-in. G. J 6 smaE guns. Cleveland . .. going qualities and high speed, will place them in the ...... Den,'er ...... 0.0 •••••• very front rank of this type of vessel. . . Des Moines ...... I

Galveston...... _ ...... Tacoma ...... OUR RELATIVE STANDING AMONG THE NAVAL Reina Mercedes ...... Unprotected Cruiser. 3,090 17 0 POWERS. 4 6-pounders. Don Juan de Austria ...... Gunboat. 1,130 14.0 4 5-in. R. F. G. 4 Colts. In the accompanying table it will be observed we General Alava.. 1,390 10.5 6 N ordenfelts. { 4 have placed the United States navy in the fourth . . . R. 6-pounders. Isla de Cuba ...... f Formerly 1,125 14.0 2� in. 1� inches. 4 4-in. F. G. Spanish. 4 Colts. position in rank, with England first, France second, . 1 4 6-pounders. Isla de Luzon ...... {J . . 14 Colts. and Russia third. At first glance, when comparing 3-pounders. *Alvarado ...... J 106- 19.0 the navies by the total number of ships they possess, , . 2 Colts. I it would seem as though Germany, with her total of t Gunboat No. 16 ...... { 2 77, should take precedence over the United States with It must be borne in mind, how ver, that the truest * 'J' wenty-one of this type of Gunboat captured or purchased from Spain, varying from to 560 tons displacement and from 8 to 19 62. e knots Rpeed. test of naval strength lies in a comparison of the Contract not aWltrded. DESTROYERS AND TORPEDO BOATS. 42 total displacement and a consideration of the distri­ bution of that displacement among the various types 'f of warships which it represents. Judged by these Armament. Displace­ Speed in two tests we hold a remarkable lead over Ger­ Name. Type. ment Knots. in Tons. many. Thus the 77 German ships represent a total Torpedo Tubes. Guns. ------_._----_._._---_.- displacement of 395,858 tons, whereas the 62 ships of . .... Bainbridge . .. 1 Barry ... the United States Navy total up 474,179 tons, an ex­ Chauncey ...... cess of 78,321 tons. The fighting strength of a navy Dale ...... I1 . Decatur ...... r Torpedo-boat Destroyers. 29 0 2 IS-inch Whitehead. 2 3-inch and 5 6-pounders R. F. G. lies in its line of battle ; that is in the first-class battIe­ Paul Jones ...... : . ships and armored cruisers that can match armor Perry ...... Preble ...... 420 . with armor, heavy gun with heavy gun. Here our ...... Stewart . J1 Lawrence. superiority is overwhelming, for we can put in line 'Jorpedo-boat Destroyers. 30.0 2 IS-inch Whitehead. 2 3-inch and 5 6-pounders R. F. G. Macdonough . . ... r Truxton ...... 28 armored ships of 339,444 tons total displacement . . R. Whipple ...... I Torpedo-boat Destroyers. 402 30.0 2 IS-inch Whitehead. 2 3-inch and 5 6-pounders F. G. against Germany's 20 first-class armored ships of 215,- Worden ...... � Hopkins ...... I R. 254 tons total. Not only so, but ship for ship our 15,­ . Torpedo-boat Destroyers. 433408 29.0 2 18-inch Whitehead. 23-inch and 5 6-pounders F. G. Hull ...... r OOO-ton "Georgias" entirely outclass the 12,000-ton Ger­ R. F. Bagley ...... Torpeq?-boat. 175 29.2 3 IS-inch Whitehead. 3 3-pounders man "Wittelsbachs," and our 14,000-ton armored cruis­ Bailey ...... 2 .. 4 6-pounders R. F. 280 3t1. d r F. Barney ...... 175 3 , s . 29.1 3 3-p ,? e ers of the "Pennsylvania" class have an equal super­ Biddle ...... 175 3 u 28.0. " Blakely ...... 2()0 26 0 :I3 iority to the 9,000-ton "Prinz Heinrich" class. Davis ...... 154 23.4 3 3 I-pounoders R.R"',, F. R. F. Dahlgren ...... 146 30.5 4 I-pounders COMPARATIVE TABLE OF OUR OWN AND FOREIGN 2 R. F. De Long ...... 116.0 3 3 3-pounders 200 4 R. F. NAVIES. Farragut ...... 279. 30.1 2 6-pounders 154 R. F. }"'ox.. •.•.6 •••••••••• 23.1 3 3 I-pounders Total Number of Ships Built or Building per Brassey's Goldsborough .... . 247 30.0 2 R. F. . 4 6-pounders Annual, 1901. MacKenzie ...... 65 20.1 2 1 I-pounder R. F. - Nicholson ...... 174 3 R. F. 74 116.0 3 3-pounders as O'Brien ...... 1 26.0 3 3 3-pounders R. F. 182 27.0- Uowan ...... 3 4 I-pounders 200 R. Shubrick ...... 25.0 3 3 3-pounders Stockton ...... 3 3 3-pounders F. . 200 24.7 Cl Stringham ...... 340 30.0 2 7 6-poulJders U.R. J<'.F. ass. R. F. T. A. M. Craven .. . ". 146 30.5 4 I-pounders J<'. R Thornton ...... 26.0 3 3 3-po,,!nders R.'" F. . 200 Tingey ...... 165 26.0 3 Wilkes ...... 165 26.5 213

Holland ...... , . Sub "a rine. 74 8. 1 T rp'edoT pe. 1 Dynamite Gun. . � � l! Battleships.· I Adder ...... 1� 8;;-7 5 45;?m. Whiteh�ads. . 1st Class . .. . 13 14 17 16 9 6 Grampus...... 2nd Class ...... 11 10 10 5 Moccasin ...... C 7 3d lass ...... 11 1 1 2 Pi ke ...... 38 Shark ...... P p s Total. .. 59 25 18 16 7 or o e ...... 10 Plunger ...... ------1 ------34 23 i Cruisers. 1st Class. .... 1 13 5 5 6 2hd Class...... 62 � � 16 8 5 10 C ass ...... 44 13 5 5 18 11 6 inches. They are capable of carrying 139 tons ing about 9 feet. This will considerably improve their .. G ...... 43 of coal closely stowed in their bunkers, and the speed in steaming to windward in heavy weather. Total. .. \ 31 2 22 ...... 149 55 1 3d l 1 complement consists of four officers and sixty men. Three of these vessels have been constructed by Neafie ______1 _ 25 34 One excellent feature, which will give them consider­ Levy, Philadelphia; two by William R. Trigg Coast Dejeme Vessels. 17 14 16 10 19 3 1 ' & & -=-----,- able advantage over some of the latest boats that have Company, Richmond, Va.; three, as mentioned, by the I I been constructed for foreign navies, is that, in addition Union Iron Works, of San Francisco ; and one by the Torpeoo Gunboats. to their relatively large size, they are provided with a Gas Engine and Power Company, Morris Heights, N. Y. r -- - long forecastle deck, which gives them an extreme free­ The "Hopkins" and the "Hull," which are being Total Number of a -;- -;Y"�--=-1-:- -;-1-;- �hips...... 259 1 75 f.2 77 57 board forward of 14 feet, the freeboard amidships be- built by the Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, WH- : w -'1'- 124 -1-32 DECEMBER 14, 1901. 39' Scientific American. the Comptometer is four For times as rapid, and for

twice as rapid as the most expert mental mult'·pl,computer.·cat, ·on

In hundreds of Railroad and Insurance offices it is saving the FAtJtJiANI{Sf salaryadd of,'t' several,o n clerks for each Comptometer in servjce, and accounts are being kept which it would not pay to keep if the computation had to be done mentally. Used by Accountants and Engineers in all Jines of business. CelJ1el)t Testil)g In the United States Navy Department over Comptometer,; are used on Engineering Computation. Nearly one thousand manufacturing and commercial • after buying one Comptometer have ordered 8Ssecond one, Machil)es scores have purchased and use in their accounting rooms from to each. firm , It insures touchi ll/! accuracy. lever to operate a; simply an . the keys does it all. Simple, Ught, compact and durable. Many thousands10 2S in use. No Write !Of' !uIl deScription 8IatJJI da!/8' tria! offer.

Pelt Tarrant Mfg. Co., 56 illinois Street, Chicago· 52 and

& to On Land !

WhereverOn you ·S m eay be­! a every one pmising is

THE U. S. BATTLESHIP WISCONSIN.

The Wisconsin.Gr t t aphimpervious iteto heat , Prcold, aoductscids. alkalies, W,Oscons.,O n Oraph,Ote PaOn sulphurous odors, smoke, salt water, etc., A FOE TO as applied to all exposed metal surfaces. RUST Especially recommended for boat hulls, smokestacks, etc. o obviates fric�ion. Especially r�com, Wiscons,o n Oraph,Ote Lubr,cant mended for I1ght or heavy machmery. c Wisconsin Oraphite Pipe Joint Paste-�r����r �V����'!d�

Send to,day for If'rl!£, Samplu . and Bookwt "A Ufe Pr�r." Address Dept. S.

.. WisconsinNORTH SIDEGrap,. PIThiteTSBU CompaRG,. PA. ny,

SIX WINDINCS Now is the to keep a Prentiss runniD a time subscribe to the al)d Applial)ces. e ng Clock l Pamphlet No. "CEMENT TESTING," mailed k:�'s �e!.i:�t :f�Oe ::� O�u\�'in'!'ifcafJ� 327, shows the will correct upon Application. :r.. SCltforNTlflC the y eaAMr 1tRI902C AN Subscription Price, - $3 a a't�lr'Io��::to�::�o,date. - Year TheAlso Prentiss M.pan, Clo ckProgram Improvement and Eldric· Co .. Months Trial, cents Dept. 1 06, Dey St., Y. City. 3 50 40 1001. THE FAIRBANKS COMPANY,a'N'E:r�����" N. Es\abUshed 1871. t.,corpora\ed 1888.

H. & R. Automatic Double Action Revolver Hamme with Knife · Attachment. H. & R. rless t Revolver. with knife atta hment This c absolutely Impos­ was p i designed for export An safe e ec ally sible to d s rg and trade. The knife is made of fine steel, i cha e accidentally. 32 ann 38 C lib rs. pra ti l a e Has independentarm. cylin welldouble tems pered, and forms c cal y stop. a weapon. der

H. & R. Automatic Double Action Revolver. most popular medium priced revolver on the market. Barrel, The cylinder and working parts of quality steel best adapted to all the of their p r i r uses. 32 d 38 Calibers. a t cula a

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Makers of H. & R. Single Guns.

. . . " ...... years of age.

...... , ...... HARRINGTON &. RICHARDSON ARMA.S CO., "i4J�UJ""'.'''.··· . Dept. "S," mWorcester, CATA l..MassOG .,FO U. R S. POSTA l..� Scientific AInerican DECEMBER 14, 1901.

:John H, Lincoln; the inventor of the It is intended to supplant native car­ railBrwaiefy hN"ay tesfork Conce whichrnin be"a rsPate hisnts. name , riers for tAuhe tontralonbiJesport News. of go ods in the died on November 14 at Utica, N. Y., Congo Free State by motor cars. Sev­ where he was tisiting his daughter. eral experime'Ilts hav e been carried out in Brussels with heavy s eam lorries According to a recent bulletin of the t Census Office; there was one patent taken which would prove suitable to the coun­ out in Connecticut in 1900 for each 100 try. Each vehicle was loaded with 36 personS. In 1890 the figures were one hundredweight of iron and tested over for each 796 persons. rough country, typical as far as possible of that indigenous to the African state. The sharon Steei Coinpany has been The trials were eminently satisfactory. Sued at Pittsburg infringement. The A CAR OF ORE RUNS for Each lorry will displace 65 native suit is brought by J. J. Pearson Com­ car­ & riers, alld the inauguration of such Maine, and it involves the man­ 16.31 per cent. Copper per ton from BLACK HILLS COPPER CO. panY, of service will both decrease the cost of and ufacture of cement-coated nails, the ob­ The Greatest Copper Mine in the World, the Calumet and Hecla of expedite the transit of goods into a jeetot which 1s increase the tenacity Michigan, runs 3.05 per cent. copper, with profits paid, $75,850,000 .. the to interior. the \'If driven n1) used Qn raUway cars, and by the short time, shares .at 25 cents each, par value one dollar, fu ll paid, and to THlis (nearly 100 miles). The jour­ \lse t�i,s improvement a car has °a of ney was the first of its kind in Russia. �l'eater clf;larance in rounding curves and forever non-assessable. a Prince Khilkoff is known to have a high \ess frictiqn between the bolsters. It is This is not a speculation, but l gitimate investment in an enter­ a opinion of the utility of the automobile, therefore possible to place from six to prise officered by conservative business men. Remember, copper mines are and, says the correspondent, he perhaps e�ght lllore cars on a train. The value e the safest investments, and largest dividend earners. $15 , $25 , $100 or contemplates introducing it on the im­ tll,is device has been demonstrated by $500 invested -now pr mises an income for life. of o perial post roads. In view of the inade­ practieal tests. Results of wo!"k on our I I claims are so favorable, we have just quacy of the railway facilities between Qscar Hedstrom, who invented motor bought claims adj oining. By this consolidation we now own 510 ·acres. many important towns and the general 1>�cycle, recently buUt a machine after 16 fiatness of European Russia, the automo­ his design at works a of the o,wn the Handsome Illustrated Prospectus Free. bile, tl1e -dispatch sayS, should prove an WOr,cester Cycle Manufacturing Company invaluable means of communication. at Middletown, Conn., of which city Hed­ strom is a resident, .and has shipped the HILLS It is proposed to inaugurate a system machine to London, w)lere it will be BLACK12. Territorial Street,COPPER BENTON HARBOR,COMPANYt MICH. 0 of automobile transportation at Brussels, pla�ed on exhibition. The machine was and an application has been made to the built for speed, and the inventor had B Benton authorities for a concession. A series been making arrangements to raCe it FA RMERS AND MERCHANTS A , Han-bO'T'. REFERENCESBenton: of large delivery wagons will be run over with a locomotive, but this interesting CITIZENS STATE BANK, Harbor. 0 NK an extensive route between the city and BENTON HA RBOR STATE BANK, Benton HarbO'T'. event will be interfered with by the suburbs and insure the rapid delivery build&'s determination to send the wheel of packages and merchandise. The main abroad. S station will be situated at the Old Grain PORTABLE FORGE A dispatch from St. Thomas, D. W. 1., (PATENTED) Market, and a number of other stations NG The Forges that built will be placed at the prinCipal centers of reports that an explosion of refriger­ CUMMI the famous War Ships ating chemicals took place on November traffic. The projected route is to pass by 21 on the Royal mail steamer "Para" OIYlnpia. the three main railroad stations of the which did so much damage to the steamer Oregon city. The price of transport will be that she was unable to proceed. The ®. fixed according to weight, with a min­ boat had just been equipped with the G imum of 5 cents and a maximum of 24 CUMMINis FORGE Lawton fruit-preserving process to en­ •.• ••• cents for the heaviest packages, the limit able her to compete in the fruit-carrying of weight being 220 pounds. The wagons trade, and the inventor was making the Notice how easily No. Forgecan will run throughout the day ( except trip personally to observe the working be separated into parts Sundays and holidays) beginning at 7: 30 DAVID of the installation. He and three of his cuA nruNo A. M. W_ workmen were killed py the explosion, 787 Kinzie St. CHICAGO, ILL., A. The Anniversary Run is the annual and several others were injured. promenade which is made by the English N. S. Amstutz, of Cleveland, the in­ U. S. chauffeurs to celebrate the abolition of ventor of a process for sending pictures the famous Red Flag Act, by which auto­ over wires to distant points, has recent­ mobiles in England, up to November 16, ly brought out an improved process fOT A Comfortable Living 1896, could go no faster than a walk and the making of half-tone pictures for had to be preceded by a man with a newspaper use. Its chief value is the bell and a red fiag. This was happily rapidity with which a picture of this thoroughfor Investigation Fifty willYears convince you. tbat Modem times have not pro­ few dollars per month invested for six. years in abolished by the Light Locomotives Act character can be made, although it has the Montezuma Plantation will abeolutely secure It. duced its equal for amusement This is in no sense a speculation, but a 8olid� con· on that date. Last year the promenade another merit, and that is that the whites servativeA investment, with a complete chain of was made from London to Southsea, and and instruction. 8safeguards around every donar invested. are pure and solid and not broken up by from $10 $100. Rubber and sUllar. the great staples which never this year the chauffeurs will run to the fail, are being lanted. dots, as is generally the case. This NATIONAL PHONO

by means of a spring, and t his carries enade des 0 Anglais. Then follows the er which shuts off the On our kitchen stove It famous hill-climb from Nice to La Turbie, with it a plung t n t stand­ ��g:t:�e:a��� :tt�ffi::: ��:t a distance of 9.1 miles. The week fin­ power, and the vehicle comes to a . Simple as a tea kettle Herbert, . still. This invention will 0 prevent run­ Hon. Hilary A. Ex-Secretary of the Navy. writes: "The Sanitary. Still ishes with a concourse of the most hand­ Wbhas been a t usedtb e wtthNl1 a vysucceSB sa yin 0my f tbfamily. e Jam(' and tI aconsiderry J(t I'll t e use have made of it shows away accidents from automobiles. When that it wil1 a1rorda good supply of absolutely pure water for drinking and cooking purposes." some automobiles, which will be held at Admiral De e writes : join my friend, Hon Hilary erbert. ex-Secretary of the application for this patent was filed w mendy ing your i'anltary Still. The water fromH the Still is absolutely. Monte Carlo. Engagements are made :i'or �� �':.?, p�r �:gy:.' h I atent Office it was found that �e a the whole series of races, and will be re­ in the P Mrs. Julia Dent GraDt. b wirl"I ow of the famous Genet"al,writes A. : av usedyn r.Sani­ six other applications Still and am very much pleased with it. The water from the Sttll is and pa.latable." ceived at the Nice Automobile Club uy there were twenty- The Sanitary 8t1l1 is thp- HllUse." award at ParlsF.xposition. N; �reen !Street, Chicago. covering like ideas. Write for booklet. VPRIGRAPH CO., 13 8 u 1 e u to the 20th of March, inclusive. tary PUff' uspd in UWhite Higl� ""'t. C Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901. 393

ALL YEAR TO WHO SUFFER FROM k R I OOD or METAL Y OU W or ¢�r� . ' Spinal FOR BOOKS De85 per cent.for cheapermities tbuu the old WithoutW SteamWor Power�ers should ON LL BRANCHES 01" metbods. 100 per cent. better. use our Foot and Hand Power One Hundred DolJars per Month A b e Machinery. Send for Catalogues �e1�� �o��oi��:. A-Woad-working Machinery, �r less when all investment. of :lvery few dollars Engineering, and Children i none too�� young,�:� B-Lathes. etc. uone too old to be cured. CO. WILL DOUBLE THE RESULT. �ENECA FALLS MFG. $200, p!lyable $5 per mouth. will insure you all the profits Arts, Trades and We offer the only Scientific Appliance -39S Waler SI., Senecs Falls, t:\·er Invented for the relief and cure of for life that eM be growll from six acresof laud planted to the g d r N.V.�;O!:i!��iHJ- very choicest t pical frui ; �"OOJ or *10 per month,. willmore :ld�!� :b� 1n�t:� ��:�l ���t� 'or than double yourro B:dary. ts Manufactures. spine of 80years' standing. ·1� "Proof of the ])IIddlng is in b� ea.ting of it." SEND FOR OUR Throw away the cumbersome OUR PLAN IS PURELYt MUTUAL. and expensive plaster of paris Our company is Incorporated, with live 38Sets of OVER A New Descriptive List, . and sole leather iackets. QUARTER OF A MILLiON DOLLARS. world We bave the best. proposition offered the investment PurOE, FREE. r n to-day, and im'U.e legitima.te investigation. NO SCHEME. 50 CTS. I1b?e� a:l� t�::£O::n�If!�h� ��g!\ c!u:� :m t!lIterprise all we a weather has no terrors for but honorable business which will do SPON & CHAMBERLAIN. Publishers. t claim. Oile great commercial COlllp:my says of us: "The com. principles, and is truly a godsend:;��cet� toall 8ufferen!� s:r��ffrom r�::n spinaltifir: troubles,· a�!:r:i��i male Cold the wearers of the legitiul.'lt venture, well located, Cortlandt St., U. S. o lti i t o �:��I��I��e�ro(�!:�I:� ��1(1 e 12 A. �:e�k��'k, :� �:� �1���13��� ��Il:PIo�&= ����r�� ���ll�t�; &��� e Physicians, Physicaf Instructors and thO!iewho know oomexJ>erienceof our ON . ULARS. CALL OR WRITE US FOR PARTIC UEAITTIFUL wond�rful. Apllli:mces. Satisfaction guarauteed. Prices '4 to '25. TEHUANTEPEC MUTUAL PLANTERS' CO., MOOSE-HIUE MOCCASINS, STKAM.U"G, N. Y., Feb",",y 9th, 1901. 100 Journal Building, CIIAMOI!S TANNED After having worn tilt' 111ll.'!ter of paris jacket.s, I can tnlthfnlly !Say �h1. PUICES 1\1 'S· 6 11 ,0 1'5 , your appliance is far more comfortable to wear. It corrects cu tu Lad' 88 y suspectrva re 1 DR. DEIMEL and Boys", 8;;';s 2��, Youth;, and M��, quite w,·ll and the body 80 perf tl th'lt no one would *1.15, 5-10,$1.2u. was wearing one, fitsYou h:w my lifelongec gmtitucte and well Sizes 11-1, .2�725.Children's, - Si7..es r:AisJg:�D. Se�lt �rei'"id o.? �e�1t of � TIle lo81er of 'f){Lr..i, J·aekd above mentioned totigfled 8 1/ Un 1'I. .�,. S1 (. 1 price. p 'I E'J' Z () Jl ].( ER The Philo Burt ...4pp lfa�e put on in il, plate weighed 17 UNDERWEAR - .. - Hj Wis. dijf.rente of 115 ounce,. No Danger of Colds. \l '� �e :sl in ou,[�.� Uppers!'� � � ! ����goods, ��� in TJlE l>UILO BUItT M.'F'G· CO., handsolll"! 8i7.68 69 ••••••••J No Danger of Rheumatism or Bust of Ilt ' prices as quoted above. Third Street, 81DestoW1), N. V. andEspecially desirable for tender and La Grippe. swollen ft:et. McKexcellentinle busty. of I Danger of Anything but An I . No our martyred Presi­ Health and Comfort. dent in old ivory or Ball Trustworthy Tools. bronze finish, six . I GAR D N E R The Celebrated &.Pso(kerwa�rMotors GRINDEIt iBches high, care­ is specially designed used r fu lly packed. Ex­ aud �o Perfecting and FREE BOOKLET Finishing Flat6urfaces of Metal. press prepaid any­ Its work is lilllited only to size AND SAMPLES where in the U. S. of piece operated on, but shoulc1 for One Dollar. be uscd on pieces that can be bundled by one man. 4 to 6 in­ OF THE CLOTH Should be found in ches of tool steel can be gronnd every home in this 0'1: the end of 1 inch square bar BY ADDRESSING country. In an hour. Tbe essential feat­ ure 's the Spiral Grooved Disc discs ThIs Labelthe on 1liennIne. FRANKLIN STATUARY CO., P. O. Box 383. Columbus, O. Wbeei, tbe being covered on their flat sides with our Im Using Natural Gas, proved /Spiral Ci cles. Price, $250.00. ­ ('oaLGas. Producer Our " V" THUrEAD or STA ND· Gas. and GasOline di- ARD TAPS The Deimel491 Broadway, Linen-Mesh New SvYork.stem Co, e made in various frac· �� a���i. , l tiona sizes. U. S. or }'UANKLIN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., III Montgomery St. Il'Jr�r WASHINGTON, N.W. FAI CTORYhave foun.l ways WA to utilizeSTES many The Springfield D.C., 728 Fifteenth St., Gas Engine Co. MONTREAL, CAN. , 2202 St. Catherine St. wastes and unapplied substances, 21 W. Wasblugton St. LONDON, converting losses into profits. O. E. C., Eng., 10-12 Bread St. Send for Waste Product Blank. SprillKfield, DR. PETER T. AUSTEN, F. C. S., CHElllICAL EXPERT, 80 Broad Street, New I ��':i:� INSTITUTE STANDAItD TAPS""" and WHIT- WOItTH STANDAItD TAPS also a specialty : SELLERS HOB TAPS, LuNG" TAPEIt HOB FRICTFORION LIGH DIST WORK.K DR ILL Also Jlns The8e Great Ad vuntuges: The speed can be instantly changed from 0 to 1600 without slopping or shiftmg belts. Power :Lpph�dcun be �r:lduated to drive, with eqnal safetY the 8mnll�s' or largi.sl. drills i erl �c ��:i �: great �� :��� tsd ;�I'I�;;aak:;��d ll.;e��dllo c o . l�'V. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., 1999 Ruby Street, Rockford, m.

ENGINES • H. P. to .6 H. P. nARINE and STATIONARY. Built In accordance witb tbe practice In d s A te set �rca!�l s� �:ft� for J:f-tI�f� �� THE �CARLISLE & FINCH CO., 220 E. Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

MOTORS CO MSTOCK'S ..+- lI • TWIN CYLINDE� AIR PUMP drilled bwithllud.l l;JaraUel holes or at right angles to First Prize : A prCl1§flu rc blower pro· each other Wlthout being removed from clamps. duclng '!' u.nk Air pres- Sizes 1 to 6 incbes. Prices from 750. up to $6.00. r Toronto 8 t� ::I �� !bll �8��t� :� Our BONANZA IL CUP, 8 � etc�i to be used with Helmet Oil, is Exposition. ��1:r fil�II�"��bb��:��:::�. ., O WIlI811p y t.woofour Staud- the uP o �� iill�; � l Pan-American r n . S on n U:AU� rlll�l; :f?�lt�; and strong. Won't leak Exposition. he t !f6�!� ith Helmet Oil �.,:&I::l l�!�:' l}r;::�e.; W are nlHl Brazer for Shops or �i ll�1�,;h,M�",1:;; RIMUVVSE thatMAKE THEM"RIGHT Tool-Room-essenLi31Iy, BUD­ Prices sen burners, flames meeting in rding to size. r cenkr of Ulutue, IOrlx9 inches co The B�::���'¥l19�'lfre���� itr,!,�� Inside, Superior to bench forge. BADGEIt IItON OIL all witb or witbout flared No 81noke or smell. TBes re­ CUP can be applied from any posi­ ...... l:lceable. Pump, *12.50. Furnace,,11.00. Floor Or at the __ _.. ecwes• p u 3n<1 tion, from above, below ent we Stand for Air Pump, *1.50. x Carta e, Is t artm lIS • itb octagonal m;iennall �ti�s�1P Buffalo Gasoline Motor Co., ' COUlplete shown,Bo *25.i '30 Sendf or side. cast i ron w SEAMLESS STEEL TUBES, t���In.r caR operated by hand or wrench. . A. conSTOCK, WI]l not clog, strip or cross. SEAMLESS STEEL BOILER 3 9 BRADLEY 8T BUFFALO, N. Y. s. - 7. W. ChIcago. SHELLS, ::=-:.... _____ --=.,______Jackson Boulevard., SEAMLESS STEEL BOILER TUBES, and VAN WAGENEN DUMP WAGON HELMET BRONZE SPRING FLANGED BOILER HEADS. for Contractors, Aspbalt, Oarbage and Coal. in sbeets and rolls makes ft CHEAPER THANAND :nANYA CANDL E \:'emarkabl:r stitl' spring for ljiln te"ested in EZectJric We lding 1mite or have 0'Uff ,.epre­ mecbamcal purposes. 'Ve sentaUve all cal!. TIMES MORE LIGHT stock 12 New 100 have it in from THE STA!liDARD WELDING CO., Cleveland, O. FUOM THE Gauge to 36 New Gauge in long rolli< 6 inches wide. and can cut any length. FOR TOWN OR COUNTRY USE ___...: BRJGASLLlANTOLINE GAS and LAMPS HALO or HELIIlET BABBITT is the best anti-friction e o t1�� E e �: i�e �ha� J Guaranteed good for any place. Sells on metal on the market for fast-running macbinery. 1\ H. P. eneineWE:R suitablej�l for grindingNi(f�i sigbt. Write for agency. feed,ff� pump ing water, sbellmg (:oru, l\C., or for running fanoS, i Bl'illil'llt Gas Lamp Co .. 42 State St .. Chicago churns, butchers' machinery,pres..'!eS, sheep o ��oS!t;�lfa��?{n:�g�n :���d· shearing machines, etc. Complete wltboutn o.oy material deflectionflV! of rg:�any IT SIMPLIFIES DIFFICULT WORK with water aud gasoline tankS and e r The cbainlt�idi�� th: �g���gcf�:e:l'1o�� n�ri' arcb. er an n ur b e m a t �� �d�nd tiu�l t'i�:�':; r.\ l!� b:���& f>(J pe lighter the Box City, Mo. K�gb': I�nb�I��: �;g� Mt ��esl n�t"b�d �� convenient '·cam . movement. Five is to r cent. tban any otber in It has FootO DumpmgO Lever worked by driver's foot, Chasers, set by graduation to any stze market, hence it is cbeaper. It is tough, dnmble, fl' b xe of . NEW leavinll both bands ee to drive. Dumping Lever is needed. Can be released from rrbread- and superior to any other. It comes in o s IMPROVED icroscope �or Projection. ]ocll:edwh�n wag'onIs loaded, so it caunot be accident­ h� �:����n t n i ; about 50 pounds at 400. a pound. M ally dumped. Iron work bnnd·forJled, Sheldon steel i �� i�n d °cq ��:3 ��fti�'tl; New metal axles front and rear. Mauniactured by and positively. Sendjor Cataw""e. HELMET OIL is a solid oil, track plate VAN WAGENEN, Syracuse, N. Y_ THE MERRELL MA NUFAC­ cheap, pure, and tbe best lu· wi t b keys Ill. TVltING CO., �01 CUl·tis8St .. bricant known. Contains no to unlock acid or pitcb and will not standard fr(.-"Cze. It is cleanly and and change satisfac­ Instantly - NICKEAND L gives the greatest combining tion, besides etl'ecting a sav­ also polari­ Electro-Plating ing o 50 scope and f per cent. stamoscope. Patents,COPYRIG TradeHT Marks,S etC.,i Apparato8. aDd Material. Dlustrated catalogue free New series .. THE on application. of projec- Address ��������s. & VanWinkle OfficeMUNNof tbe SCIENTn'IO I) CO., AMER ICAN Co.• & CO., i e U��s.N �m'h 861 Bl'ondwny, New York. N'e"'fl.l'li. N. J. Fine CHARLESnakers H., Dealers BESLY and Importers, i l�ln� :���,�i"J ��c���: Bmnch 625 F St., W nsliington, D C. 136 St., N. Y. Tool :t:Jl:�n���e� ����e��yCi�� ..O Office : LIbertyS. catalogue, etc., free. Hand-book Sent }"'ree on Application. 00 & 32 Canal St., Canal St., CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A. Cblcnl'o• 10 & 12 N. . QUEEN � �O., .0.0 Chestnut St .• Pblladelphla, Pa. 394 Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. The " Wolverine " Three ELECTRIC Engineering Improvement8. Cylinder Gasoline Ma· INDEX OP INVENTIONS rine Engine. ENGINE.-CHARLES G. HOLMBERG. Woon­ The only reversing and self· For which Letters Patent of the st!l.rting gasoline engine on Search socket, S. D. The engine is of the type having the market. Lightest engine United States were Issued oscillating pistons. The object of the Invention for the power built. Practi­ is to provide an engine which can be driven cally no vibration. Absolute­ for t�e Week Ending Lights ly safe. Single, double aud by steam, compressed ail', or explosive gases. triple marine and stationary motors from � to 30 H. P. December , For Sea-I

T A E nA�K) OLYMPIA ( � D

A:�NlFOR� HIGHPA OR LOWC PRESSURES.KIN GS Not affected by heat and destroy friction

One, two and tbree ply. • • Made Gaskets to Any OlyMade tompi Wear. aHigla Quality. Sb��tinModerate in Pricge. and pe :��!�I?in c Given Size Sha from the Sheeting .;I. Will stand heat and pressure and remain in place where flimsy packing will fa il and blow out. Descri ptive price liot and . samples sent to who ask. S. SHIP OLYMPIA. CO .. Street BOSTON MASS. more Pearl , , 88 un

U. C. W. TRAINER MFG. naval and military Powtr of tbt Unittd Statts (ivmfl��E� AN

CO� r"f5EFEN.(�E T

Developtnent of.the United Sta;tes N a.vy since the Spanish Wa.r. 1898·1901. ARMOR. but three years have passed lince the war, we A �UN have made much enormous strid -s in the development of t the fIeet of or rORTlrlCATION LTHOUGHour Navy hat shi ps built, building, author­ 0 ized in size and ef'iciency e present · As ce 1898 is far larger in than thos nil Santiago. new SCIENTIFIC ....MERICAN at Ma a Bay and The Description of every Battleship, CrUiser, Gunboat SPECIAL, which treats the pme t United Description of every Gun, Gunmount of evelo n of the States , Range Finder, and Torpedo Boat in the United States Navy Navy since the Spanish War, is iesued in response to many urgent Dyoantite, Gun nortar, etc. , in the requests that we would bringD the information contained in the United States Army, 1898. up to Spanish War, 1898. War, Army and Navy Special up to date. Colored Cover. Supplement shomnlf Groups of 84 Vessels Artny and Coast Defence Special · Navy Supplenu�nt. bnilt and bnilding since the Spanish War. 30 Palfes. SuppleInent. HE ontbreak of the the people of the War with Spain found Price, 10 Cents. popularity of the Navy Supplement, the United St'.ates wIthout any clear kno l d e the naval and w e g of demand for which was instant and universal. encouraged us military armaments upon Which we had to rely for success After .January 1, 1902, price be Cents. will 25 XTRAORDINARYto issue. a similar num er devoted the Army oa t onT sea and land. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN undertook to gat.her b to alJd C s Defence.E his Supplement was larg'er and even more el borate tcgether in a Special Supplement, complete information on the a the first. So complete and accurate was the work that subject ; to illustra e the ships, their armor and guns, and so than t Address it receivedT semi-official recognition, and in spite of its popular d scribe it that every layman might have an int elligent knowl! dge e character, is used widely as a work ot reference in the United of the character and standing of our Navy the special duties and States Army. each part was assigned to thereof. The popuhlrity of this journal Publishers Colored Cover. . Supplement showing Battleship .. Iowa." so great that it attained a cirmilation of 250,000. Pages. Illustrations. the SCIENTI CFICO AnE., ICAN, 64 100 Colored Cover, Colored Map of Cuba, aud tbe West Indie... MUNof N 6. � Price, 25 Cents. Palfes. Illustrations. �O 90 The three numbers together make a complete ompendium of 25 c Price, Cents. mation regarding the United States Navy, gnns and war material. 361 Broadway, New York. intor­ 723 . . . 687,75{) Crank; variable leverage . driving, W. S. Electric motor, Burdon ...... 687, Garmcnt clasp, S. Katz ...... Impact tool, J. B . .abodes ...... 687,851 Weatherwax . . . . 687,801 Electric 688, 150 Inkstand, pocket, J. A. Crandall 688,066 ...... motor, Darling ...•...... •.... Garment clasp, detacbable, A. Hensbaw ...... • Crate, J. . a re ...... 688,127 Electric 687,916 Uarment 8UlJPorter auju::;tlllg clip, 688,017 Interrupter, R. Cunningham ...... 688,068 W S y SWitch, Cook Chipperfield ...... Culinary utensil, L. Harding 687,747 Electrical ground Implement tor sink- Lantz ...... 688,183 Ironing board holder, A. J. Fredricks ...... 687,958 ...... D.pIn Pg. s, ...... Cultivator, ' lister. R. E. Joseph . 687,995 ing, Fisher ...... 687,982 Gas, apparatuB tor the manufacture of, H. Jar opene:l', fruit, H. W. Bogart ...... 688,224 ...... J...... A. . Curler, hah�, J. A. Crandall 687,819 C. Rew ...... 688, 121 Joint fastener, metallic, G. Rhynellance . 687,789 ' ...... •.o •••o Electrical machines, OSCillating& device for (J� C.. H. Curler, hair, E. Myette 688, 192 687,729 687,924 Journal and bearing therefor, H. 'l'hemel. .. 688, 138 ...... • brusb holders for, W. Cooper ...... Gas engine, H. M. McCall ...... • Curtain· pole ring, F. Perry 688, 112 Elevator doors, electric latch tor, Otis GaB generating apparatus, W. J:!' aulkner 687,823 Journal box dust guard, B. HarrIson 687,959 .•.....•...... W. E. •• . ...• Cyanide vats, etc., apparatus for charging ::,undt . 687,775 Gas generating apparatus, acetylene, E. N. Lambert ...... H...... • 687,890 687,920 688,072 l-\.nitting machine, rib, L. D. Williams or discharging, A. D. Jansen ...... Embroidery hoops, adjustable holder for, Dickerson ...... • .• 688,275 Dam, movable, Shedd Sarle ... 687,858 r tc e 688,230 a u n e\ 688,120 Labeling machine, W. E. Pettee ...... 687,900 ...... ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & J. )j'. . Damper, furnace time, C. E. Lundblad ... 687,764 Eng �dl at � e ';r �ot � or r�gUl� �� l . y �s . . 687,715 Ladder, automatic locking extensioD, T. ... :: : : I-\'illl, E. Damper regulator for boiler furnaces, auto- lHil : � �:, � d � i 'A: ' T: 687,827 8::' � � � � �a � � � :::::::::::: 687,763 Waggoner ...... l ...... Gate, W. Luckow .• •.• .....••••.••...... N. . 687,945 matic, W. A. Kendrick ...... 688,178 Engine starting device, explosive, W. E. Girdle, hip form, N. S. Kerr 687,839 Ladder, lireman's, J. Zajicek ...... 688, 147 & ...... •..••...... 688, 122 Twichell ...... 688,040 Glass globe or shade, prism, O. A. Mygatt .. 687,848 Lamp, electric, T. A. Smith ...... 1I" lItal disk mandrel, C. J. Reynolds ...... �. . 687,943 . . 688,237 Lamp font, safety, W. Notley ...... llplltal forceps, J . B. Davis ...... Engines, fuel mixing and charge controlling Glutinous substances, manufacturing, A. 687,898 688,088 Mitscherlich . . . .. 687,844 Lamp hanger, H. L. White ...... l)pntal or surgical chair, G. Holtz ...... appHr�tus for hydrocarbon explosive, A...... ' ...• 688, 142 Jr...... 687,987 . . . , . . . 687,840 Gold saver, Flatland ListPl· 687,875 Lamp socket, electric, J. Robb ...... 1I" ntal press, F. O . .laques, h. rastlll ...... 688, 125 Dl''Sk and seat, ad justable school, J. EngiIH's, sparking mechanism for internal Grading and ditching machille, automobile, Lump terminal, electric vapor or gas, P. C. 688,267 combustion, H. H. McCall . . 687,925 M. G. Bunnell ... . . 688, 156 687 88a Sauder ...... Hewitt ...... 688.052 Evaporating pan juice transfer, D. A. Will- Grain binder folding platform, Schalll Lamp, vapor, P. Hewitt . . 687 882 lI�sk lock, D. Allen ...... & T...... \)psk, sblpplng and fillng, C. Lohrman 688, 104 lams ...... 687,806 Leval"e 688, 128 Lamps, apparatus and circuit for operating ; .....�1...... •...... llie or tool holder, H. Wharton . 687.804 Explosive engine, A. Hayes . .. . 688,245 Grain drill, C. Desjardins . 687,953 electric, P. C. Hewitt .. 687,881 ...... Die press, rotary, J. P. Seymour .. . 687,904 Extension table, T. J. d' Apery . . 687,712 Grat(>, rock.ing and reversing, J. N. Long 688, 105 Lamps, regulating socket for multifilament B...... & C. 687,905 incandescen t, C. A. Hussey .. .. 688, 176 llie press, rotary, R. C. J. P. Seymour ... Extractor. See Staple extractor. Grinding mill, ball, F. Hundeshagen, ...... 688.277 688, 134 688.018, 688,229 Lampblack, apparatus for making, G. Weg- Dining room tramway. A. L. Willoughhy . .. Eyelet or similar macblne, H. T. Sperry .... 688. 116 688,251 clin . .. . . 688,215 lIish washing machine. T. W. Pugh ...... Fabrics, apparatus for dIstendIng textile, Groove .cutting machine, H. P. H. jones ...... Display card, E. J. Templar . 688,038 W. Mycock . . . . 687.847 Gun sight, L. Orge .. . . . 688, 194 Lantern for electric or other lights, J. C. & ...... Display rack, C. Saylor . . . 688. 1 98 �'an motor, spring, P. Neagle . . . 687,897 Harne, Hagood Roi1ln s ...... �87 .8� Fleming ...... 687,7:l8 ...... � ....; � . Doll'S house, S. D. Rosa . . 688,008 Fan, rotary, M. Rolle . . 687,854 Harne and trace connectOl , D. Gard 688,160 Lantern, railway, F. King ...... 688,02 1 ...... & S...... Door check, J. M. Geary . . 688,082 Fat�, decomposIng, G. Dangojse .. . . 688,069 Hammock canopy, E. Palmer . 688,029 Lantern slide clamp, H. Smith ...... 687,862 ...... 1 ...... [)ratt regulator, A. L. yates . . 688.049 Faucet for beer barrels, inside, W. Keu- Harness shield attachment, W. "'''". Sellers 688,203 Latch, sliding door. W. K. Kaye . 687,922 �' ...... & ...... Draft regulator, J. H. Pearson . . 688, 195 nedy ...... 687,758 Harrow, T. L. Flynn 688,081 Lathe backing off attachment, engine, W. T...... C...... J. Drawer case, dust and mOllse proof, S. J. Feed water beater, T. J. Cookson . , ...... 687,728 Harrow, disk, J. C. Talbot . . . . 688,944 S. Johnson ...... 687,887 . I...... J...... Simmons ...... 688,010 Felly planIng machine, G. Ensign . . 688,076 Harvester, corn, J. T. Green . . 688, 167 Leather, -artifiCial, J. P. N(>alon 687,84U ...... J...... Drawers for desks, bUl'(�aus, etc., device for 687,968 688,035 ��ence wires, tool for attaching intermediate, Hat box, J. G. Reber ...... Leather coloring machine, R. D. Scott ...... 688,074 687,814 688,034 688,01 2 guiding. F. Dumke ...... B. Cleaveland ...... Hat box, H. Spengler ...... Lifting jack, R. S. Berger ...... Drawing or spinning frames, weighting Fifth \v h(,pl, N. Long . . 687,923 Hatch for elevator shafts, H. Karb(>rg 687,921 Lifting jack, S. O. Brosius . 688, 155 ...... A...... -.... 687,770 Limh joint, artificial, M. Held . . 687 ,750 mechanism for, C. McGowan ... Fire alarm, thermostatic, H. C. Vierkant, Headlight directlng device, automatic, J...... Dredger and gold saving machine, submarinp, 688. 212, 688,213 G. A. Joslen . 687,964 Linotype machine, Wich . .. 688,218 F. J...... J . . A. Kirk . .. . 687,830 E' irearm, automatic revolver, W. J. Whiting, Heat regulating apparatus, electrIcal, H. Liquefaction of aeriform fluids, O. P. Oster- ...... 8. Drenching bit, G. W. Greenfield 688, 168 688,216, 688,217 . Scbultz . . , ...... 687,903 gren . . . 688,001 R...... Drill. See Coal or rock drill. Fireman's bose holder, E. A. Whitaker . 687,929 Beating and ventilating apparatus, F. Liquid concentrating apparatus, E. Shaw, ... . & }1'. J. holder, E. Jones 688.094 688, 148 688,204, 688,206 Drill ...... •...... }I� ireplace, L. B. Arnold ...... Sims ...... " ...... " ...... 688, 132 Drying apparatus, L. Atwood ...... 688,152 !i'lavoring powder, making vanilla, E. Braun 687,974 Heating furnace, Rauber ...... 688,005 Liquid beating device, A. Elmendorf . . 687,735 ...... Dust pan and sprInkler, combined, C. St. Flour bolt, gyratory, S. T. Green . : ..... 687,743 Heddle machIne, R. Barker ...... - . 687,912 . .. J. . Hilaire 687,927 bolting machine, G. Fensom . . 687,737 Heel lift. composite, J. F. Vid(>to 688.041 (Conrtrlue6 c & J. F. \of Electric J. P. Scientific Atnerican DECEMBER I4, I90I.

Load binder, J. Mortenson ...... 688,190 Sharpener, shenl's, J. H .. yeaton ...... 688,146 Lock, F. H. Mills ...... • 688,001 Sbavlng CUll, G. M. Muller ...... 688,250 G. Delll1 - ...... 688,070 Lock, IV. : Shears, H. L. Hopkins, rcissuc...... 11,953 Locks, electrically controlled mechanism for . Sbower bath, W. H. Bridgman ...... 688,057 time, W. Rees ...... 688,119 Sieve holder, O. A. Butterfield ...... 688,062 Log carrier, J. H. Smart...... 687,860 Sieve holder, H. Rolfe ...... 688,126 687,785 '. r. Loom, filling replenishing, J. RaUtoH .•..... Signal operating apilaratus, Coleman & Loom, filling replenishing, J. V. & E. CUll- Thomas ...... 687.816 niff ...... 688,236 . . . . Morrow Signaling and indicating apparatus, electriC, Loom jacquard mechanism, P. Bendix ...... 687,813 . F. W. Wood ...... 687,V48 Loom shuttle, T. H. Cromer ...... 687,821 Signaling system, electriC, A. ;f. Wilson . ... 688,046 Loom stop motion, C. Tbompson ...... 687,793 Coaster Singletree and borse detacber, A. D. Maddox 688, 187 Loom stopping and automatic belt shipping Skate, H. Glade...... 687,878 device, A. Lauster ...... 688,254 Skate wheel, roller, T. W. Bryant ...... 687,721 Mail bag catcher and delivercr, L. B. Wright US" ,b.IO Skirt and waist supporter, combined, A. J. 688,214 prake Mail marking machine, H. E. W�lte ...... Lundvall ...... 687,765 Maudolin shield and string holder, combined, Skirt waistband fastener and skirt sup- �'. O. Gutman ...... 688,243 porter, E. Bobn ...... 687,973 Manure spreader, L. Kniffen ...... 687,935 Smoke consumer, R. W. Humann ...... 688, 171 �Jat, H. A. Weil ...... 688, 140 bicycle is safe or a Snap, boldback, S. C. Pitney ...... 688,196 Match box and cigar cutter, J. A. Cunning- No complete without SOHIIl book, J. H. Hickman ...... 688,006 hllm ...... 687,731 Soldering machine, can, J. W.· Gheen ...... 688,083 Matcb boxing macbine, H. C. La �' Iamboy .. 687,036 Sparking m echanism, J. S. Dikeman ...... 687,874 �Jatch igniting device. E. Bovee ...... 687,717 "Y . Spinning and ' tWisting machines, snarl Match machine plate filling apparatus, fl. catcher for ring, ,T . Eastwood ...... 687,081 C. La Flamboy ...... 687,937 MORROW COASTER BRAKE ::;I)l'uye1', C. W. Parks ...... 688,261 Match safe, F. Schn,eckellburgm· ...... 688,129 Stucker and derrick, hay, M. C. Hutchings . . 688,OUl Measuring roll, cloth, J. E. Windle ...... 688, 143 . m es but p a Stalk cutter, �'. B. Kendall ...... 687,757 Metal wheels, machine for mHking, E Eln- You ride 50 il ed l only Stamping and embOSSing press ink fountain, F,'lelt ...... •...... 688,�39 35. . Your wheel is always under control, you can stop in an H. S. Hewston ...... 687,752 Metal working machines, magnetic holding Stamping or punching m achiuc, If. H. Pier- taule M. Barr ...... 687,931 [UI', in�tant without strain on the riuer or wheel and you can coast pont ...... 687,77V, 687,780 . Metals, l)iunt for the electrodepositioll of, Stamps, labels, ctc., apparutus for damping L. Walker ...... 687,800 incline with your feet on the edals if you A. p and affixinl;?, huckcrr zsc & Engelm ann . . . 687,928 Mills. See Grinding mill. down every Stand for umbrellas, canes, or Similar arti- Milling, justifying, and measuring matrices, cles, H. A. E. ROSSmtlUll ...... 687,902 etc. , apparatus for, H. Pierpont ...•• 687,781 F'. Staple extractor and hammcl', J. D. Racc ... 687,78-:1. Mine exploders, prodUCing, N. Schmitt ...... 688,268 Price, Complete on NewR WIhDeel,E A MORROW, Steam boiler, E. Van ](eurcn...... 688, 130 Mirror, adjustable multiple, H. A. Seymoul'e 687,970 Steam trap, E. H. Gold ...... 688,084 Mirrors, insect disturbing device for, G. Brake separ ately, $5. 50 Steel, hardening and tempel'iug, W. R. Ben- Vinson .. . ..•...... •••.••••••• 687,799 4.50 nett ...... 687,71 6 Mud ring corner, M. Cox ....• .• • •• ••••• • 688,064 11'. StCl'iltzel', A. Castle ...... 687,078 Music leaf turner, C. A. Tugue .•...•••••••• 687,860 . ECLIPSE MANUFACTURING CO., Elmira, N. Stoker, automatic, R. C. Pcabody ...... 687,899 Music roll spool, G. B. Kelly ...... 688,253 V. . . . Storage apparatus, Pipz & Beaumont...... 688,]11 Musical instrument, E. C. Heydenl'cich.•...• 687,984 Stove, heating, Adams & Donaldsou ...... 688,051 . MusIcal instruments, pedal operatJng meCh- Strainer, tea, D. Chambers ...... 687,070 anism for automatically operated, T. P. Stretcher, A. Luria ...... 688,185 BI'own ...... 688,013 . Stringed instrument bridge, W. T. Truax . . . 688,272 Nautical instrument, J. W. Gillie ...... 687,877 Sulfuric anhydrid, upparat�s for the manu- Needle and presser bill', combincd, W. N. facture of, R. l"llit'tach ...... 688,020 Parkes ...... 687,777 Sulfuric anhydrid, making, C. J. E. de Noz?le and rose sprinkler, Hermann & Hacn ...... 687,834 �fason ...... 687,751 Swaging device, O. 1-1. Slmpson ...... 687,859 Nut, axle, J. Seui'fert ...... 687,857 Sweeping machiJle, F. C. Muson ...... 688, 189 Nut crackel', E. W. Murphy . ... ., .• ...... 687,896 Swing, lawn, P. Welliver ...... 687,803 Nut lock, E. R. Oliver ...... •.... 687,774 Switch. Sec Electl'lc swltcll. Nut lock, W. N. Keen ...... 687,837 Tnmpon, A. E. M agoris ...... 688,188 Nut lock, G. H. Roberts, Sr ...... G1:I7,n69 - 'l'al'get, rotary. S . . Daniels ...... 687,873 Nut lock, J. E. Ward ...... 688,2n Air Pumps. Tanks. Gauges, Air Whistles and Air Apphances Target trail, E. D. Schmitt ...... 687,856 Oil from fish, cooking and extracting, C. GLEASON·PETERS AIR PUMP CO. 181·189 Mercer Street, NEW YORK. N, Y. 'relepbone attachment, J. A. Rice ...... 688,124 Wacker ...... GS7,nO!) 'Telephone exchanges, Hutomatic monitor for, Ore tl'eating fUl'llace, S. Bailey ...... 687,71:3 B. J. B. Lee ...... 688, 184 Ore treating furnace, B. DurL' .•...... 687,!Jlti Ii' . , Telepbone receiver, H. Llebrelcb . . 687,096 to 687,999 Pll int tube, W. S. Scales ...... •. • • ...... 687,700 My,ONTHL�Y BVL�LET,IN� OF N:tEW BlIOOKS '1'e llurian, J. H. Craddock ...... 688,235 Pan lifter, I. J. & W. H . Murphy ...... GSS, 101 Ticket case, Kerr & Wlght...... 688, 179 Paper box or packet, T. Flester ...... 688, 11-:1 ]1�. Time check, NeubauCl' & Smltb ...... 687,771 Paper packets, etc., machine for making This List Sent Regularly, IOc. pe� Year, Postpaid Tirc, cushion, J. E. Furlong ...... ·687,876 and tllHng, F. T. Plester ...... 688, 113 Write for the CHRISTMAS NUMBER Tirc v:llvc, G. H. Ii'. Schranor . . . . • ...... 688,199 Peat drying apparatus, Carswell & rI' J'ottel'. 688,014 � � Tires, machine for applying metallic plates Peeler, Ol'an�e, J. A. Crandall ...... 687,820 in the manufactuL"e of puncture proof, Percolator, J. B. liibler ...... , .. 687,759 H. I. Lalu· ...... 687,761 Pho r i · v t , SAFE DELIVERY OF BOOKS BY nAIL GUARANTEED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD Tobacco cutter, A. W. Adt ...... 688,011 �� s����t�l c�.��� � . . .j��.c. ���· ...... 688,Oa� Tobacco pille, E. D. Bussel·t ...... 688,060 Photogl'H phic printing frame, C. �'W h�:ethanl �. �..: 688,274 '1obacco ' stemmer, J. O. MOl'l·ls ...... 688,258 PhotOgl'llphic records, uutomatic developing Tombstone OL' mOllument, '1' . B. "\V hitc ...... 688,043 aPluu'a tus fol', Pollak & Virug ...... '. 688, 115 BRENTANO'S. Union Square. New York . Tool, combination, W. R. AyCl· ...... 688, 153 Picturc hangeL' or remover, H. W. Will- rI'. rrool, compound, L. E. Bessette ...... 687,871 iamson ' ...... 688,044 Traction engine and thresher, combined, W. Pictures, etc., holdcr 01' exhibitor for, G. Stephenson ...... 687,868 Sch"'ub ...... 688,200 '1'I'action wheel, J. r. Smithers ...... 687,926 Plpc coupling, P. J. Dervin ...... 687,917 rI'l'olley, J. Zumbrunnen ...... 687,050 687,736 BENEDICT NICKEL Planter, J. H. Elward ...... 'r rolley for electl'ie railways employing ov�r- Planter, cotton, R. S. Bonner ...... 687,914 SEAMLESS TUBINC head conductors, W. Ii'. Muck ...... 687,7G6 Pluntcr, potato, Johengen & Ii'edick ...... 687,886 rolley '1' guard, A. W. Smith ...... 687,861 Plantjng- nnd ff"rtilizel' distributing machine, Is best for condenser tubes, and Twine holdcr, N. R. Streeter ...... 688,208 seed, H. Engilsb ...... 688,075 for every other purpose wbere the metal is subject to corrosive '1'ypebar shifting m echanism, C. Spiro ...... 687,867 Plow, HuntCl' & Peavey ...... 687, 250 'I'ypewl'iter cleaning attachment, A. F. Plow handlc rest, adjustable, E. Hnll ...... 687,835 influences. It eff ectually resists electrolysis and otber forms of Splll'kg ...... 688,133 Plow steering mechanism, G. E. Evans ..... 688,228 disintegmtion. because, being an alloy of nickel' and copper, it Typewriter protector, M. R. Houston ...... 687,828 Pneumatic elevator, F. G. Burrison ...... 687,960 offers the least cxci ti ngm ed i urn for tbe electro-cbemical current, . Typewriting m nchinc, E . B. Craw ...... 688, 015 Polishing machine, A. S. Tulloch ...... 687,795 besides being perfectly bomogcneous and of extreme density Umbl'ella dl'ip cup, W . W. Winter ...... 688, ]45 Powder di,stributer, automatic, P. B. Hal'je. 687,748 . and tougbness. Umbrella rib, W. C. B. Sparry ...... 688,037 Power press, JacQb & ArthUl· ...... 687,986 Superior to nickel-plated brass-work for exposed plumj;ling, be· Vacuum breaking devleQ, T. D. Mlllea . . ... 687,895 Power transmission device, G. A. Hercher .. 687,880 Valve, hlast Illpe safety, J. O. CIHll·lJentier .. 687,831 Precious metals from photographic residuum, cause it is wbite metal clear through and Ilever w ears brassy. Vulve, flont nctnatL'd, G. B. Guylord ...... 688,166 appul'Utus for the recovery of, A. G. We sell TOBIN BRONZE at anufacturers' prices. Valve for expansion pipes, safety and vac- Goldsohel et a!...... 688,085 � uum, C. U. Connell ...... 687,817 Press, S. J. Webb ...... 687,802 . VIlPOl' burner tank, W. Mitchell ...... 688,256 Press board, H. Goldberg ...... 688,242 BENEDICT " BURNHAM MFC. CO., . Vault, safety, G. B. Linney ...... 687,842 Printing IlHlchine, multicolor and perfecting, Mills and Main Office , Waterbury, Conn. Vegetable cuttm' 01' grater, F. Suellentrop . . 688,137 W. Silaickhaver ...... 687,86& Sena tor treatis e on "E!ect1'oLysts Vehicle brake, motor, W. A. Maybacb ...... 688,108 Printing plates, metal pot for castiug, L. a/ Condenser Tubes." New York, Broadway. Vehicle driving mechanism, sell propelled, 688,086 253 Boston, 172 High St. Grossman ...... A. W. Sandell...... 688,266 Printing press, m ulticolol", J. C. H awes ... . 688, 172 Vehicle, motor, H. J. Lawson ...... 688, 101 688,097 Printing press perforator, G. & R . Kennedy . Vehicle running geur, motor, C. R. Greuter. 687,744 Printing presses, electriC conductor and at- Vchicle running gear, motol', R , L. Morgan. 688,257 tacbment for, C. H . Colby ...... 687,932 Vehicle spring, B. P. Cox ...... 687,872 PI'luting, tympan fabric for usc in, A. S. Vehicle, traction, O. A. Goodrich ...... 688,OHI j\llen ...... 687,711 Vessels, constrnction of, J. S. Watters ..... 687,VlO Pulley, expansible, E. HermsdOl·f ...... 688,173 Vise Slide bar, bencb, M. G. Lewis ...... Pulp grading machine, Zeyen & H aas ...... 6&;,050 All you may have cue.oed about the platlDC bualne.. may be WPODc-COSTS NOTH I NC Voting machine, Johuson & BaUdin ...... Pulp making 'wood grindcr, M. R. Rust. . ... 688, 197 A NEW MONEY-MAKING BUSINESSTO I VESTI CATE-SlmpI1 write ror our proposllioo-do 1\ «HI.y. Would aDd Expenoea Wagon bed llftinl'; device, W. L. Slate ...... 688,207m:�§ Pulverizing machine, Richut'ds ...... 687,787 N ,20.00 to ,86.00 P. "V agon box, Eldred ...... � ...... 687,734 Weekly at HOlDe or TravellD.C lnterest 70U 1 Let U8 atart. 'V. Pump, A. L. Campbell ...... 687,725 m n 688, 103 1011 in the Gold, Silver, Nickel and Metal Plating Busines8, doing Pump, compound rotary, J. Richards ...... 687;853 :!fs��a �d, f1. ",.wWI;;B to����: ::::::::::: 688,033 plating, 8�ll1ng or appointing al:eot8 tor Prot. Gray's 1'011111, compressor, J. Sloan ...... \V al'ping machine. F. L. Atherton ...... New Machines for dotn. Gold, Silver, Nickel Pumn hOllsing, C. HoIT ...... 688,247 and 'V ashing machiue, C. T. Gilmore ...... 687,742���: Punch, duplex, E. L. Sibley ...... 687,906 Metal Plath.c 00 Watche., ,Jewelry, Tableware, Washing machine, C. Bognt·th ...... 688,248 Punch, �I"IP, and wrist machine, combined, Bicycles, all metal gooth. We've done plating tor :rears. Watches, devIce for removing rollers, hands, I-Il'issenbcrger ...... 688,087 . J Will TEACH YOU, fu... .. hrecipe .. fo rmula• or other parts of, W. W . Joscelyn ...... 688,095 Radiator "alvf', Lcutbesser ...... 687,938 1;'. \Y . and t.rade 8ecreta FREE. We make outfits aU aizes, 'Vater closet, S. C. Browu ...... 688,234 687,740 Rail joint chair, Hatte & Adam s ...... send them out complete, work on same principle that Rogers \V ater closct attachment, Cameron & Bey- H.ailway, '\\1'. L. Beach ...... Bro •. do their be., pl.tlog. TIlE ROYAL, PR OF. a RlIllway draft appliance, J. J. Hennessey .. . · GRAY'S New Dlpplna Proceee. Latest method. wat�� �m peiil�g '�I;p�;·,;i;,�: 'j: iticb�;·ds :::: Railway joint lock, L. E. Ayres ...... 68�N7,952�� 'Vater motor, R. M. Blackmer ...... 688,233�: Railway Signaling system, electric, A. Goodsdipped io melted metal taken oU1. 108tl.otl, with flne J. Water tube boiler, R. J. Van Llew ...... 687,708 Wilson ...... 688,045 brilliant plate, ready to delher. Thick plate every time, ' Welding metals, J. W. Comley et a! ...... 688,1 62 Ru nway tie plate and brncc, H. A. Jourdan 687,965 to wear 5 to to yearl. A boy plate. to pteeeA tableware dany-...... 200 800 ... Well drilling m acblne, G. Zlnk ...... '.' 688,221 Railway track gage, B. F. Lyud ...... 688,106 e1eatJoletty, dynamo or poU8hlnc necel8sry. TRKMltNDOU8 DB.II.AND Jo'uR K£..PL.lTING. EYery person, 'amlly, \\'histle Signal, automutic railway, 'Moore & Rammel', pneumatic, Keller ...... 688,252 hotel, omoe or ractory bave goods to be plated. YOU WON'T NEED TO ()ANVA88 our plan. You can hire boy. cheap J. by Miller ...... 687,846 Reel. See Clothes line reel. to do your plaUng tb. same u we. This business is honest. and le«it.imate. PROFITS ENORMOUS. Customers deltghted. Window, W. C. Rogers ...... 687,788 C. I;' leming ...... 687,739 Reflector, light, J. We'Pe old established firm. Vapltal ' t 00,000. Largest m'rn. Know what.'. required.. Customer. have beneftt or our Window lock and regulator, W. B. Hooper . 688,089 Refrigerator, portable, W. E. BOWCll ...... 687,718 experience. We &,uaranree all our .oods. LET U8 8T ART YOU. Dou't. delay a alngle d&y. Catalo&,ue FREE. Wire crimping m achine, F. W. Hoefer et a1. 687,753 Residues, reducing and deodorl.zing, Lincoln WRITE TOUAY for Dew Proposition, Sample of plating by our outftt fnr 20 mn jIItll AddreR8, Wire fabric frames, making trussed, J. C. & Greenbaum ...... 688,102 Samples, etc., 80 we can Btart. you at once. Gray & Co., Platina Work... 111 Miami BIde., ()Incinnati. 0. Perry ...... 687,967 Revcrsing mechanism, F. C . . Ricc ...... 688,123 FREE I Wire stretcher, F. Franke ...... 688, 164 Revolvers, locking device foL' .cylindcr yokes Wire stringing machine, F. B. Collins ...... 687,727 In, D. B. Wesson ...... 688, 141 Wood bending macblne, G. V. Griffith ...... 688, 160 687,822 Rotary engine, Eaton & Wright ...... Worm wheel cutting tool, K. l{ nappe ...... 688,098 Rotary f'1lg'ine, F. G. Tees ...... 688, 271 Wort or beer and the' mRnufuctul'c thereof, Rule, E. Lautenbach ...... 687,762 extract foL' coloring, O. Gurth ...... 687,746 Ruler, pal'ULiel, A. Bustanoby ...... 688,061 Wrench, T. A. Weston ... .. , ...... 687,946, 687,947 . . Sack bolder, T. J. Davis ...... 688,238 Wrench, A. R. Selden ...... 688,202 Safety hook or link �for chains, etc., S. R. Yoke center, neck, C. W. H oyt. ....••••••.. 688,249 Putten ...... 687,778 Safety pin, O. C. Graf ...... 687,934 Safety Ilin, S. G. McClain ...... 688,109 Sanitury incInerating closet, W. S. Hull . .. . 688,090 DESIGNS. Sash fastener, H. L. Norton ...... · 688,003 Saw set, D. C. Adams ...... 688, 151 AdvertiSing tootbplcks, pattern sbeet for, SawLng machIne, band, F. DiehL ...... 687,993 J. E. Hills ...... 35,376 Scale, weighing, H . G. Roth ...... 687,855 Bicycle frame, F . 1. .J ohnson ...... 35,S!)] Scruper, J. H. Clarke ...... 688,160 Bolster circle, W. N.. M ecklan ...... 35,3V2 Seal, F. W. Brooks ...... 688,225 Box covel', R. K. Higgins ...... 35,371 Seal, cal', Wilcox & Vun Rensselaer ...... 687,805 Brush 01' mirror back, S. A. Keller ...... 35,357 Seed cleaner and separator, J. W. Hall ... . 688,244 Bucklc or similar article. belt, J. F. LULle . .. 35,355 Selective system , S. A. Reed ...... 688, 118 Cun or jal', W. A. Lorenz ...... •.. 35,365 to 35,3!le Sewing looped fabrics, trimming mechanism Chafing dlsb lamp support, sbelf for a, G. E. for machines for, F. G. Shelain ...... 688,032 Savage ...... ••.••..•... 35,361 Sewing mnchine feeding mechanism, "V. M. Desk or cabinet, F. S. Thomas ...... •.... 35�3,)� Ammerman ...... 687,951, 688,971 Dress sbleld, B. Ryan ...... 35,308 Sewing machine pressel� foot mechanism, Exbibltlng tray, W. T . Hatbaway ...... 35,375 u 688,193 P. Fence stay, wh'e, P. A. Reid ...... •. ...•... 35,387 · r 2 H. P. to 60 H. Sew� e:n� hi , �:g , : ·B�·i�gs: :::::::::: 687,719 FenCing fabric, wire, P. A. Reid ...... 35,386 Run 50 hours without refilling tank. Scwlng�� ma�chine,�� shoe,� iTE. Nonuancut ...... 687,966 Fireplace front, E. T. Schoonmakcr . . 35,383, 35,384 Sewing machines, automatic fe('ding mech- Garment, bifurcated nethel', J. A. Scriven ... 35,390 anism for book, D. M. Smyth ...... 687,863 Garment supportcr jaw, T. F. McCullough . . .. 35,356 ShaH coupling, S. F. Smytb ...... 687,864 Ctndtrs. J:auncbu, (Continued on paye 397) � Working Boats 21 feet. to 125 feet. to Economical. 1 pt. gasoline per h. p. per hour Now is the time to subscribe the SAFE. RELIABLE. DURABLE. PCatOenPtYs,R TIrGadHeT MS,.a etrc.k,s ., Hot tube or electric ignition. AUTOMOBILE DELIVERY WAGONS. Address SCI[foNrT thlfelC y eaArM [RICAN OffiMUNce of tileN SCIENTIFIC fj CO A.,M ERICAN�f':,c,::� �8f DAIMLER MFG. CO., Subscription Price, 19$032 a Year 861 Broadway, New York. Long Island City, N. y. Branch OffiCf' : 62� F St., W1UJ}llngton, D V. 935 Steinway Ave., 3' Months T rial, 50 cents Hand-boko Sent. Free on AI)I)llcat.ioll. Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901 • 397

35,373 ------�--""'r l Hot water bag, J. B. Miller ...... :� Jar closure, lever of a, J. M . Greiner ...... 35,370 ...... 35,396 Lacing, shoe, H. L. Hiller ...... Measure for automatic vending . machines, B. . 35,377 M. Davis ...... Memorial tablet, M. S. Teller ...... 35,405 Oil burner, J. Henderson ...... 35,380 35,400 Pape r border, wall, P. Weal'ne...... ' ...... 35,401 35,404 Paper. wall, Wearne . . .. to Plow landside, }itG. A. Kelly ...... : ...... 35,389 . 35,388 - N. PT ST. , ST. LOPU EIS, [ ·MO. PloWShare, C. E. Anderson ...... 920C H92EN2 & 50NS RO 0 . A.L[S Purse, Scheuer 35,353 P...... •...... ur Refuse receptacle, G. H. Jenney ...... 35,3,72 BRA NCH 0 FFIC-'--E_S______Scale face plate, Ozias Koehne ...... 35,378 Centre Street. York. Y. 35,397 92 • Shoe upper1\1. blank, J. Bruno ...... 137 East Lake Street. N- ew ChicagoN. . Spoon, K. S. Hanington ...... 35,358 . I Fremont Street, San Francisco. III. Spoon, L. Sievert ...... & 35,359 85 Cal. Spoons, forks, etc., handle for, W. H. Rogers 35,360 Sprocket wheel, J. M. Dodge ...... 35,a90 Stand, E. C. Seaman ...... 35,394 It Nothing to . Costs Stove, F. A. Nieberding ...... 35,381 35,382 Why have the BOTHER your life of taking Stove board, E. M. Kemp ...... 35,364 your razor away to be honed and paying Syrup can, J. C. Johnson ...... Learn. Tea kettle, J. C. Tyms ...... 35,379 cents Or more for doing it when by following . . . Toy bank, A. C. Wi1llams ...... 35,3H the instructions given andall ILLUSTRATED in the . AERIAL W I RE RO . 35,393 Vehicle body hanger, A. H. Worrest ...... 35 . 35,362,. 35,363 Torrey Catalogue, Wine glass, A. Pick ...... Wrench, G. A'mborn, Jr. , ..... 35,385 Sent Free, ...•...... you can qUoickly learn how to hone your razor . . TRAMWAYS ­ as as any one can do it-saving time, bother. and money ? TRADE MARKS. While you're looking through the catalogue 37,402 Bookkeeping form, newspaper, T. Millcr ..•• . notice the famous TORREY STROPS and if . 37,400 well Boots and shoes, C. H. Mo�lton Co ...... you don't,need one. They put an edge your Boots and shoes for boys, leather, N. B. . 37,407 razor that makes shaving a pleasure. Thayer Co ...... 'Vhere dealers haven't Torrey Stropssee ar.d Cement, Portland, Teutonia Misbul'gcl'& Port� ,.,... 37,417 Hones, we sell direct, postpaid, at Catalogue011 land CpIlll'nt\\'PI'IL ...... prices. Clgarmakers&' knife blades, Heer Heer ..... 37,430 . 37,422 Cigars, Husted Gessler ...... for of Torrey Strop , ...... 37,404 Corsets, Fellheimel' Co ...... SendDressing, cents good8ample for ANY . Crackers, cookies, cakes, biscuIts,& bread and pies, Colonial Biscuit Co ...... 37,423 R. TORREY CO., Box Worcester, Mass. & . . . }i" abrics, cotton, Ward, Hanbury Co ...... 37,408 J. 4 & & . strop. Felt goods, certain named, Westerll Felt . . . 37,409 Works ...... 22, Fly paper, sticky, O. W. Thum Co ...... 37,415 NO WEICHTS TO LOSE & . Laboratory Food substances, prepared fatty, oleaginous, BqZ"nce. or unctuous, N. }i" airbanR Co ...... 37,425 . Di,rect Reading. Foods and relishes, certain& named, Deutsche. Apfel·Murdoch Company, Nabrmittel Werke Berlin, G. M. B. H ... 37,424 ar Games and implements for playing same, J. Lake Street, Chicago, 1lI. Ie • . . 37,401 G. Grant ...... 37,418 THE Glue and gelatin, Cudaby Bros. Co ...... 37,403 . Hats, J. Marshall ...... 82 . . 37,427 SCIENCE OF Horse boots, Gilliam Manufacturing Co ...... Taught In a Full Coursera by Mail bylSIn Lotion, scalp and hair, Moorman Drug Co .... 37,410 P h Matches, Penna. Match Co ...... 37,419 . syc t- Medicinal preparation, certain named, E. J. PR.OF. ALBERT VERNON Hart Co ...... 37,411 . . . Founder and Headmaster of Medicinal preparation, certain named, H. E. VERNON ACADEMY Steinbilber ...... 37,412 OF SCIENCES. . DAVIS' PATENT MENTAL Medicine for& animals, Lenox. Veterinary Med� at ROcheste . .. Ioe famous leine Co...... 37,413 � �� � b ':.�'i-����� . Moth catcber, S. A. Haseltine ...... 37,416 THE a e b . .. e i Pneumatic machinery, certain named, Empire d Engine Motor Co ...... 37;431 d:r���b �<;:� b�� o� r�e *��%�iegt:re B:�: . . . ate and As���sembly.�Y�� The Science of Psycaratism teaches Poultry and eggs, Beyer Brothers Commis� o h d sion Co...... 37,426 �o��� �l �lrua::� ��j �o�Jit�o�� t�n;�J::lf�£env e'�g Refrigera tors,& domestic and general, Keyser FOR LINE SHAFTING their latent powers that they can not only become mas­ Manufacturing Co...... 37,428 Compression Coupling e ters th mselves, but of the conditions under which Shirts, negligee, Meyerholl Jacobs ...... 37,405 May be ordered through any Hardware or Machinery w a \ i eir income often ten Soap, Beaumont -Soap Co ...... 37,421 ��iJ. � � . Store. Agents wanted in territory not already placed. �:�. ;�r�6� 8�&r�� :'b�\ Teeth, filling material for, Chemical Labol'a� .. Psychicof Phenomena of tory Dr. H. Michaelis and& Dr. O. �' riede· keys required. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send the Twentieth Centnry " SENT F R E E berg ...... 37,420 No for ...... price list and discount. postpaid, if you address Typewriting machines, Visible Typewriters Co. . 37,429 A()ADEMY OF MENTAL SmEN ()ES, • ••...... , East Avenue. Rochester, Y. Weevils, compound for the extermination of, . . 37,414 W. Greenshield ...... VERNON MANUFACTURED BY 2204 N. H. . LABELS The W. P. Davis Machine Co. "Best Value Brand," for canned sugar corn, ROCHESTER. N. Y U. s. A. . ,." ...... 8,817 Weideman Co.. . � ...... "Columhia Rye Whiskey,'.' for whisky, Colum- •• bia Wine and Liquor Co ...... 8,814 . . . . . [CTRIC 4'00nquest, " for brooms, Lee. Broom and Duster Co...... 8,824 HDr. Gossom' s Kidney and Bladder Cure," for a medicine, Dt', Gossom Medicine Co , . 8,827 DfUS . "Empire Pure Rye Whiskey," for whisky. Co- lumbia Wine and Liquor 00 ...... 8,815 . . The Most Marvelous Metal Polish in the World "Eye Ease, " for an eye remedy, S. L. McKee . 8,825 "Laundrine, ' for a washing tablet, Bachelor BURContains no ACids or anythingN injurISHINEious to the Metal or Hands. Beedy ...... 8,820 . . . . Prodnces a wonderfully brilliant luster on Brass, Copper, Tin, Zinc, Silver, "Lever' S Dry Soap," for a soap, Lever NiCkel, and all Metals. Brothers ...... 8,821, 8,822 . . . A few rubs and the article is handsomely burnished. "Malted& Zweiback," for a food product, Lam� 8,818 Will not soil the hands or leave deposits in corners or surface of the metal. bert Good Food and Machinery Co ...... "Mills' Co�No Stomach Powder, " for a medi- will restore burnt or rusty Nickel on stoves to its original luster, cine, E. C. Mills ...... 8,828 Burnishine is not gummy or greasy as other polish, and is warranted to reo -'Old Columbia Club House 'Vhlskey;' for move all spots and stains from the meta! with perfect ease. whisky, Columbia Wine and Liquor Co .... 8,813 "Rhinitis Balsam, " for a remedy, T. S. Booth 8, 826 Half-pint cans, t-pint cans, t-quart cans, 2-quart cans, t-gallon cans. "Snap, " for brooms, Lee Broom and Duster Co 8,823 Put np in liquid al1d paste form. "White House Bread," for bread, Schulze Bak- ing Co...... 8,816 "White Rose," fl)r lard, A. von Cotzhausen .. 8,819 J. c. PA UL & co. Dearborn Street 59 CHICAGO. ILL. PRINTS. _-----'--- HBartlett's Comfort Water," for a medicine, W. B. Mason ...... 432 -----_. Type. 5-inch R.apid-fire . . . . j "Taken Root," for newspapers, Herold 00 ...... 43: � � Brown SegD\ental A printed copy · of tbe specification and (lrawlng 1898 MODFiringELm sbots. Smokeless Powder. Average Muzzle record, of any patent in the foregoing list, or any patent Wire-Tube un. per second. for size in print issued since 1863, will be furnished from G Velocity, 2,600 feet THE WORLD'S RECORU this office for 10 cents, provided the name anti class that date. 300 number of the patent desired and the date and to GOVERNnENT TE.ST. given. Address Munn Co. , 361 Broadway, New The Trustees of the York. Canadian patents may now be obtained by the In·be BR.OWN AL o SEOMENT ventors for any of the Inventions& "named in the f re­ going list. For terms and further particulars WIRE-TUBE GUN CO., address unn Co. , Broadway, New York. 361 incorporated, offe� to for investment shares on special terms. M & Application should be made .to the soon be Trustees at once.

Office. TEMPLE COURT. 5 t and 7 Beekman S . , K NEW YOR. CITY. N. Y., [Special terms the next TO CORRESPONDENTS. days.] calculatingsimplest, macbine. ha.ndl� No business completeand withont it. Adds, HINTS Subtracts, Multiplies, Divides. Easily learned, a lifetune Names and Address · must accompany all letters or •. Saves time. labor, money, and no attention will be paid thereto. This is for for 30 Fastest,QU ICKLY most practlcal durable low-p� our information and not for publication. NOT FOR. FARMERS ONLY FOR. References to former articles or answers should give Ensures 1.LCCuracy, releasesPA fromYS mental strain. ITAddslastsSELFall, columns date of paper and page or number of question. simultaneously. Capacity Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be An Unsotlelted Letter : .. repeated ; .correspondents will bear in mind that EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, AUSTIN, TEXAS. some answers require not a little research, amI, MFG, C , August 12, e . 999,999,999. though we end�a"or to reply to all either GENTLKME���s :heI;��;e cannot afford to pay stlveral hotter or in this department, each 'DuSt tal�t.� hundred dollars for an adding machine, the a his turn. C.most E. satisfactoryLoc�£ substitute.o It is valuable aid to the19 busy01. ac- 11 Buyers wishing to purchase any article not adver� n a d h le be had for only by l'tW n our columns will be furnished witb IS ��� ::: d be i:e;� b:����L�. tised I NOT ONLY � or carrying i Very respectf LOCKE ADDER is acldresses of houses manufacturing J'gt' LEE JAMESON, tbe same. The Country Gentleman (State Revenue Alr8nt)..5.00, Specia.l Written Informa.tion on matters of personal Price Charges Prepaid. rather than general interest cannot be expected Descriptive booklet FREE. Agents wanted, without remuneration. Scientific American Supplements l'(�ferr('d to may be C. E. Locke Mfg. Walnut Kensett . la. The Lea.ding Journa.l of Agriculture .• had at the office. Price 10 cents each. AND r· OSITIVELY 15.00, Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of price. Co. 2 5 St Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly " ONE TEST REVEALS marked or labeled. 'TIS BEST FOR WHEELS" s S s The ONLY A riculturalBUT ALSO NEWSpaper a�J�N'e:; inT!�y f:t�� ;p: ';�� (8472 ) Whether or not g better than other tires. ran't H. L. asks : 1. tbe one weekly devoted to country Ufe which no suburban resident and no City owner of a country puncture as easily, outer cover· "cross ta lk" will be caused by having two or place can a!foro to be witbout. Every department edIted bl a speCIalist recogmzed 88 a leadmg ��.l' c in i e a o t r �g m lines attached to the same ground wire c 8 p�:s��b��6;���I�ed ore h Ub f.°r�, lt s'U� wg:c��e: e Bo� r:Q :::� �r�\Ti :;Hal'tv�e t���c:���i� ���� � ��T�t;�it ��3����:; ::p� ��e men. �mgle �ube type. at the central office. No. 2. Also will pay anybody interested In any way In countrJ; life to send for t/lem. Addre8S the publlsbers: ��i;N��the ea Siest actIOn and a perfect Wrlte for lllus.catalog. cross talk be caused by one wire above another LUTHER TUCKER SON Albany. (Continued onA . � � N Y �:'.J' F���oP!�ur....?!�.!?·' sprmg. I I • • page 898\ Scientific American DECEMBER 14, 1901.

on the poles (not cross armed) ? A. Yes. Cross talk is produced by the wires running parallel to each other, and not by their being on the same cross arm. I do not understand N e'-M Model No. 6. how every 'phone attached to the lIne In multiple system will reduce3. the resistance of the line. A. One wire has a certain resistance between two points. If we add a second wire $50.00The ONL Y TYPEWRITER that like the first we have half the resistance, be� has a LOW PRICE and ELASTIC cause there are two paths for the electricity, and hence twice as much can pass. 4. Does LIGHT TO CH with UNIVER­ the corrosion that gathers on the zincs of a, U Leclanche cell impair the working of the bat· I SAL KEYBOARD. tery ? A. Yes. How Is polarization guarded against In those forms of the Leclanche cell The only one with VERTICAL ha vlng the carbon In the form of a hollow 5. PEN or cylinder ·1 A. By the great amount of surface WRITING RULING, it presents to the liquid. It does not prevent VISIBLE WRITING and writing polarization, It only retards It. Can you 01:' tell me where I may obtain directions for in FOUR COLORS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING making a home·made galvanometer,6. such as would be suitable for rough-testing a 'phone is the only one supplied with TAWriteUGHT for owBY- Free MAIL. Illustrated Book. generator and battery ·1 Iu "Experimental It I Science," price by mail. Why Is It harder an attachment successful "CAN BECOM E AN ELEC- $4 for to turn a 'phone generator when the line Is We tt-achTRICAL Electrica l ·EN F.nglneGINEERering, Elec�r1c?" Llght.ill�. A. .. .. A. ElecLrlc n.tu lway�. i\lech"nicni Engineermg, Steam Eng-i . grounded or when the 'phone7. Is plugged ? neerll. l�. �lecballlcal Draw ing, at "our hom� Illstitllw Inllorseol Thos. ErtiSl)n others. Because no current ·Is generated when the gen­ erator Is. short-circuited. Could you give BOOIt has manKy ot·Ther Ynew PEVVand nevel sfeatRIure . TIAgentsNG bv m:ul. me instructions for making a home-made blow- wanted for the Commercial Visible Typewriter. lIy A. :md ELEOTItIC AI. ENGI N.:.:lt INSTITUTE, pipe furnace ? A. Pile up a 8.few bricks around Dept. A, 24U-242 "r, 28d St. New York. your crucible and work away. See "Ex­ perimental Science." Do sharp ends of ROO:MS 3L8-332, 300 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. wire from one-half inch to one Inch long, left -- ADDRESS --

projecting from any electrical9. connections, cause a waste of electricity ? A. Not un­ less there is a very high potential, as In the secondary of an Induction coil. What Is BUILD R OF the best method for splicing small copper wires, TheE S'Fa STEAMstes YACHt YachTS ts in the World. especially No. magnet wire ? I have tried 10. splicing it with an alcohol lamp, but found the "ARROW," 40 knots per hour. flame to be too36 hot ? A. By soldering them, "ELLIDE," 40.2 LlB�ARY OF using rosin as a flux. is there any method miles " of testing the strength of the polarizing mag­ " PRESTO," 31.0 " net of a polarized bell of a telephone ? A. By " " 11. "FEISSEN " finding what it 11ft, or what repulsion It , 31.6 " " Engineering(Printed BQlely for our PracticeBtudents) " will exert on a magnetic needle. Should oil NORWOOD," 30.5 ��i�l The Mosher Patent Triple and Quadruple h be plac�d on any wofll I the bearings of a telephone En,pn(to!!;Rieering�:ri Cour����r--e8, it� boun,n half!J moroccoS�:: generator ·! A. Any part of a machine where Expansion Engines and Water-tube Boilel"S. leather. As a special Christmas offer. a 12. valuable reference be given there is rapid motion may be oiled. There Is These boilers have been supplied for no less FREE in no magnetic or electrical advantage or disad­ than eleven of the t.orpedo boats of the U. S. !Jet of OF GHIlIlGE Navy, the U. Monitor .. ]<'lorida" and six theee books will vantage one way or the other. S. with each engineering scholarship. dllri.n� torpedo boats for Russian government, besides for numerous othcr fast yachts and launches. Is the the month of Dec('mbcT. 18 C. C. H. writes: I was inter­ �im,ited fJpplication8 can be CO'Il.Sl,dered mUll (8473) unquestionably the most powerful, lightest and compact boiler made. the order ested in the question of your correspondent, What betterfltIl Christmas gift can be given As edition No. Issue of October In regard to the young man than an opporttlnitl to increufle hIe earni ng-power ? Aacholarl"hlpIn the American temperature of an Iron bar In sunlight. In L'School of Correspondencereceived, Offerfl81lch an oppor-. a Thorough instruction at home in this 8403,Instance the sense of 26,temperature Is not CHARLES D. M OSHER. No. I Broadway, N. Y. City. MECHA ..ICAL ELECTR icaL TE XTILE at fault, the temperature of iron in sunlight STATIONARY LOCOMOTIVE MARINE lJelng higher than the temperature of the sur- tuoHy. rpundlng air, as the following experiment shows : In the edge of a cast-iron disk, about Inch thick by six inches broad, I bored a hole and Inserted a thermometer HEATINGEngi VENTIneeringLATION PLUMBING after first MECHANICAL. DRAWING fianll ing the hole with water. The disk being under instructors wh-, are t�Rcher� nnn grad.. stood In t he sunlight o:Jt of doors, at the end uates from the g-reat tcchntcal schools BOliton. of a half hour the thermometer registered adlJantages oJJ ered by a �ch llocate.d· in an t>.ducation l centrp. cha t red deg. The t emperature of the surround­ by the of �}fa s.�achU8ett8, are to thinking re.arler. Hf Ing air, also in t he sunlight, found by whirling ' The oo Hand!>ooJ:t, describing courses, may be a thermometer at the end of a. string, was on apphcauon.a like BORton and r e 100.6 Co mmrmloealfh deg. The sky was hazy, .or the difference se(f-el,,:dent n'er!l had would have been greater. The explanation Is U NI ON IRON WORKS a5s9 .9fo llows : A body radiates heat at a rate nearly proportionate to the excess of Its tem­ perature above that of the surroundings, pro­ vided the excess be not too great, so that a piece of Iron when placed In sunlight wllI rise Sh'ip Builders In temperature until the 108s of heat radiated Is equal to · that received from the sun. If we make the part of the iron not exposed to the sun a bad radiator by polishing It, and the part exposed a good absorber by smoking Tbere not much chance. If you are not lazy, the temperature difference will become stili you can For the .18z, grea ter. The reason that the air becomes onlyIt, y O slightly heated by the passage of the sun's rays 18 �g,�tb e';" SAN FRANCI'.SCO!J CAL. studyEa inr n your Mo sparer time.e � � best coursesI�U�� �for�i Is that the air Is a bad absorber of radiation. An home study ours. Electrical. Mechani­ cal, Steam, ll'Iining and Civil Engineer- Interesting experiment is to lay a sheet of t t black.ened sheet metal In the bottom of a shal- �noll'n ;'n:::i'i..:!IV::{iSbAr.lranThe �t��! ��::::! aare n i low wooden box and close the box with a (or tf�: f.;�? t�� 'i,9c�� ::� :�:r:s�c�,r�\�g-J better two )· cover of glass, making ali as subjects . nterested in and ask for Catalol4. 11>6, 11>8}'ll'th N. Y. the world on all s<:ientific and technical q estl ns BUILDINGl u The illustrations are line engine what effect will the variation In It contains exactly the kind of informatwlI about sho d be witho t it. ua the world's progress >ISwh ich most reaners desire, from photographs of houses actually the number of lights used have upon the use l c and 11001' p an and this information is given in a popular, thoOugh. ho sMONTHLY.. are well se e ted buildcrl s dynamo ? . In a mill, the motor, which receives scientil1c w ay. It is far from being nry and heavy, are upublished w th The literary contents rean are notable, " lKS With Architects " oeing espc­ current from a transmission line raises the imd it is American In tone ; more Wiaely in Ta UUllt. D t ts the libraries than any sclentitic or mechanical Thecially attractive. Among the epar men stamps times per minute wlth ut any per- . . u b d. All the new dlscoverles and Household Notes,"i each... Le>!>tl Notes," .. Hook . . . � Jo rnal pu l s e •. ceptlble variatIOn. Jack up all the stamps Inventions are given, and all the l atest develop- views." .. With uur Reaners," .. Monthly Com­ u _ It ment," H Pa ents Relating 'to B ildi g," and the motor will turn the empty camshafts ments in every line of h man innustry t n arC 110 u therefore, ofi ahbsorbing interest to every reading no uses illustrated cost from p BoundIta­ exac t! tlme�' per m I nu t e. Th e dlff erence u ldi $t,OOO and thinking pel"Son. '.lhere are an average of volumes of the i n between full load and no load does not phase llrticles, short notes, and .4 illustrations in eacISh. l e a ord an unriv led uc clopedietc..a '.r mho­ erican IJuilumg. Sample copy mailen tot' her particle. ld issue. Among the departments recently added are . a y 110 An engine wou race unless the PATENT DEPAR'rMENT, dealing with ever�y� H g EditlOn can still be sup­ provi·d e d w I t h a very sens I t I ve automatic gov- I phase of 55pa tents, trade-marks, and copyrights ; the p i d and lf a r of A ernor ; and I suppose the motor takes only as Husiness and Personal, Want and Exchange Col­ Sut,scr(pt price $3.00per annum.2;) cents. b s m nufac much current as Is required to make that umn free to subscribers, which ring a - tu el· and purchaser into dircct correspondence. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT numb el· 0 f revoi u tIOns.' B u If a - Ii ght dl- · ion � Alrl questions relating to scientific and technical rect-coupled dynamo Is runnmg and the women matters are answered free in the Notes and Queries Weekly Established 1876 It also ain , week y, a full dex folks turn out all the lights In order to enjoy Department. cont s l in 5 0 o IIlore appropriate hoH- of Inventions There is n j urnal is a distinct publication from t.he th e moon I· what III h ppen to the the � � day gift than an annual subscription to SCThIENisT HPublished'IC AMER ICAN and is designed to extend dynamo ? If a mllIer draw lUg water from fy the wcrk of the older paper. I� -- SCIENTIFIC AME CAN ampli . . RI -­ rtiSing pages and the his pond toIght, run his mill, and he shuts the gate adveo cientific. mechalllcal and engmeermg to go to dinner, what happens to his pond ·1 $3.00per AmlUm, $1.50tor Six l1l.nII18. up the s A. IS to annewd s of day. A numbers contain hIlS Nothing. Just this will happen to your . S,Jeoimen lO'P'lIFr ee. the. ­ nlaorg e f li pag'es equal to overe ntire os�pdinllcea.r1Sy gI '.'IVeagn liynamo, a8.d for the s ame reason. Water In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Bun.DING EDITION azine pages and contain about lustrat ns. SOIENTrFIC AMERICAN and SCIENTIFIC AME1132R­ the !lond with the gate shut has pressure year's o one who ontem laleR house s uld ICAN SoUPoP LEMEN'r form a libr4a,00ry 0 in themselves. e · � <: p but no motion . Only pressure , el ctromotive fall to subscnbe for the BUlldtngb�lil�ing Edition of the Sample copy free. 1,300 ll lO

_ force, exists in the dyna mo when all tge �hts The Subscription to the SUPPLEMENT, one year, C'om i oed rates with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and r . ho ­ are h,r ned off There is every preparatign for SUPPLEMENT. a $5. t . ANYtistic intereSl'Cld �badin!! inor Art,Coloring A both to one address, one year $7. Bo h papers for months trial. $3 will do well to write an outflow of electricity, but no current. Turn The Co. a switch and the current flows and the lights b Air Brush Mfg. six .10. Nassau Street, glow. Just as in the mill the wheels 80 turn ",hen the g!lte Is opened. Publishers Scientific American Broadway, ltoekford. Ill.; U. 8. A. MUNN 6. COMPANY,36 1 N. Y. Scientific American DECEMBER I4, I901. 399

HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO. . I NUUSTRIA r PUBLISH ERS.BOOKSELLERS & IMPORTERS, 810 Wol..n ut St .. Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 0",' New and BIl1J;"w, Oata.log1u> of PracUcal and Sarient iftc Books, pages, &vo; Oatalogue of Books c 92 r a on �::g�!,;�;XYA,!t�'i:i..gtc� �PJ���M�e elfo'w.'��lJ11n 'f3ou:,J/·01��':n1�ng�::c:.�� 'it:;'il ��; and Circu,la:rs, }Is Otb�rs and owr other Gat'2f.o(J-tU!-S Yltet wl,:u�holeg l::$cov�eTintg!;g r.verll bra,nch of Science applied to the Arts, sent free and. tree oj postaoe to any one in an1l part of the world who wilt fl U'1tish his address. IF YOU SHOOT A RIFLE Snotgwn, Bu ' s Every letter bears date November, Pistol or you'1J make a n High-grade screw·cutting engine lathes with Eye by sendinll: t ree 2c. stamps for J90J. feed, either plain, compound or � s power cross the Hand-bobok '·A." 126 pageR S t a Defiance ltltLc hine Works, Defiance, O. !!'REId&dE. Tbe latest Encyclopedia of raise and fall rests. S. Standard, Whitworth Arms, Powders, Shot and Bullets. Men­ We have rcc<'ivpd orders from all over the U. tion SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Address wol'ld, through this udvCl'tlsement, and we �"" ��"'!l or metric lead screws ; also draw·in chuck, NEW HAVBN. S. CO., CONN., U. A. conSider it tb c highest class advct'tlsillg gear· cutting, milling and taper attachments. medium that is published in this country, HAT �t reaches every ·class of people that are Heavy, rigid. and, above all else. accurate. interested in mOdeI'D methods. It stands in Suitable for electrical and repair work, tool­ SET EGGS g:"�t·B�m. such high favor with mechaniCS, that in e :!dYh:�h b : ie most cases they have t hem bound, and after makers. gunsmiths. technical schools and any e e e they are once put into book form, il gives . f�:�8i :: �;; ::b b ��� �;� shop requiring fine, accurate work. �� y:: cr:"n o he .:a �b� r :� : the advertiser a standing ad. that lives in· for our � � � t! � of defiuHely. rrhen, again, the Scientific Send big fr�ee catalogu;ey. agivin�g hundredsb � Send for Catalogue B. " actual phoUlgraphs of poullTy rds, .to. Addresa nearest American is sold by all the leading book­ .. Sure Hatch incubator Co., Clay Center, Neb.,orColumbus,o. stol'es througbout this and foreign coun­ THE SENECA FALLS MFO. CO. tries, aDd it is simply astonishing how . far its infiuence reaches. desire to state , .. ,, R S We Water Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y., U S. A. _nu� .. that we have been many times repaid tor 666 �� POULTRY the money that we have paid you fOt' adver· 11'o:ml i� ;;'.:-0'i �� �1!.9g�ba��,P�gre:c;dO;�: tising in tbe ScIentific American. etc. Bow to raile chickens auc� :'I� care. diseaaes and remfldie.. Dill- Julian F. Denison, Ne"W' Bn,ven, ConD. full description Poultry house,. OUI' advertisement brought more intelligent tlnd with of valuahle inquiries than any other paper. All about; Inlnb.tors, Rrooders and thoroulSghc.­ bred Fowls, with lowest prices. Price only Winton lUotor Carriage Co., Cleveland, C. C . SHOEMAKER. HOI 283, Pro.porl., III. Ohio. The only publication in which we have adver­ tised continuously. The reason is that re­ E'RE For youTr ordHer forA a sinNKFULgle buggy or one set of sults bave been good at all times. W CYPWHorEldR'sS S tanIdNaCrdU HBatAchTerO. R, harness lIS we are for a carload. If we receive your order for one Item otbers will com e in Willianls Brothers, Ithaca, N. Y. JUST �S are espeCially impressed by wide lield time. '1'bat's bow we've 'built up our bu.i­ ...... I't. lil'r'Medal .' Pan�Amerkan,Oct, l901. S2-p.circu�d­ We tbe ness to its present mammoth proportions. �US�o �i:::m �:�d�DS IUlGl covered by your circulation, and value ·your lar free. ultry an GuIde, 224 p. Our " Murray " work hIlS stood the test of for 100. Ask neare8t offi'8 ce for bok:o No. IStn!., journal as one of the most profitable CYPHEUS INCUII A.TOR CO•• mediums fat' advertiSing that we have ever years and our best customers are those who Buf£alo,N.Y.,Chlcago.Ill.,Doston,lb&l.,New York,N, T. been able to find. have beeu purchllSing of us from the time we started in business )1) years ago. We sell to P J. B. Colt Co .• New York. you direct from factory our cele brated 1.'be . Scientific American is unquestionably a •• Morray " Bu!l'''y' HarOfltlll at 8"-71) power of great influence in the commercial per set and and "M ray Top Bn,,­ world. or "Iell at 82u8p..1) 0 each and up". Our mam­ Willia.111 Roche, Ne-w YOI.-k. moth line of Buggies, Phaetons Driving Results ha ve not been exceeded by any other Wagons, Surreys, Ple asure Jw_ agon s advertising wc have done. Sp ring Wagons, MUk Wagons. B&.Kety Y. Wagons, Delivery Wagons Grocer,)'. Wgg­ A D Eclipse lU fg. Co., Elmira, N. .!. N In number and quality the returns have been ons, Laundry Wagons ,t-arm Wagons, INCUBATBEOSTR HSO T WATBERR POIPOE SDYESTREMS. equal to those of any medium and far in Buggy Harness, WRlt0n 'Harness, and Sad­ . Simple, durable, economical and safe. Haich� advance of many of your competitors. les, is an exposition III Itself, and we invite .. es stronger and more chickens from 100 eggs you to call and make our place your bead­ The Vilter 1\lfg. Co., 1\UlwlLukee, Wis. . than any otber. Prices reasonable, g6-page quarters when visitinl\' CincinnatI. will be a plellSure for us to show you th�ough, whether yun . Illustrated catalog of Incubators, Broersod , A lat'ge proportion of the inquiries received III '1'0 those wbo are unable to Cftll and examine our stock ,.- 'lerson , we �11l L'J f came from parties who appeared to be in wish to buy not. It FREE No. giving . the market for our goods. are well gladly man or upon application our large Ulustrated Catalogue, 64 PflC�R We whiph we .hlp , ��:YSJOE�IUiR,d l,�Ul� Fie��:�t, lU: : pleased. on our " Murray " work whwh·we sell direct from factory to consumer, ann ination without one cent in advance. ALI, OUR " MUR­ Consolftluted Engine-Sto ) Co., Water­ anywhere with of pxam l RAY" WORK IS GUARANTEED FOR 'l\WO Y EARS AGAINST BREAKAGE. bury, Con n. privilege We did not believe it possible to receive sucb large returllS from such a small advertise­ ment, from Boston to South Africa. Wisconsin Wheel Works, Racine Junc­ WILBER MURRAY MFG. tion, Wis. TUIE U. CO. "Much pleasE"d wJth the results, both in quan­ Nos. o tity and quality. Will use much larger 323 t 329 East Fifth Street, space. BU1l1Llo Gasoline MOtOI· Co., Bu1lalo. N. Y. Have tl'Hced g ood share of our . sales to the Sci· CINCINNATI, OHIO. entific American, as all advertisements are keyed. THE SAMUEL WINSLOW SKATE MFG. CO. Watson 1\lcDauiei Co., PltUadell)hia, Pa. BI'ought mnny inquiries from a new and valued fil?ld, heretofore not reacbed. W. F. & Joltn Barnes Co:, Rockfor.I , Ill. Its readers arc of the bright, studious, alert and interesting cluss and the inquiries mean business and are not from c atalogue seekers. LoU'ell 1\lo(Iel WOI·ks. Lowell. 1\lass. ConSider the. Scientific American to be an ad­ vertIsing medium of tbe first class. Sent by mail if your dealer does not supply you Vulcan Iron Work.. Co., Toledo, O. One of the best advertising mediums we know Williams' Shaving Stick , - - 2Sc. of. Have had a great many inquiries men­ Yankee Shaving Soap, (Round or Square), lOe. tioning the Scientific American. Luxury Shaving Tablet, - - 25c. The Warren Co., ChiclLgo, Ill. Swiss Violet Shaviug - Cream, - - SOc. Tbe advertisement bas paid for Hself. One WillIam.' Shaving Soap (Barbers'), 6 Round order from RUSSia, another from British Cakes, l Ib., 40c. Exquisite also for toilet, GuIana, besides many inquiries. Manufacturers of PLAIN AND WINSLOW'S BALL-BEARING SKATES. (Trial Size) Williams' Sbavlng Tablet for 2e. stamp Cyphers Incubator Co., Bu1ltLlo, N. Y. .. Ii Ii .. Stick U lOco H No paper on our list yields a larger per cent of customers from the inquiries sent SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 7be on(y in the us. firm world making a specialty The readers of the Scientific American mean of SHAVING Soaps busines.s when they send for catalogues. · WORCESTER, MASS. , U. S. A. THE J. B. WILLlAnS CO., Olastonbury, Ct. Avery & Jenness Co., Chicago, 111. LONDON PARIS DRESDEN SYDNEY Inquiries from all over the world, as many as forty-five in one d ay. One of the very best mediums fol' advertiSing goods in the Ou, MaAgn eFtoE IgWnIt eOrsF 0"O, NUewR A uStPomEaCtIIcA DLesTk IES. mechauical line. e e e ly IntercommunIcating 'Phone SavtLge Arms Co., Utica. N. Y. f,:: n�� e���: � We 8��:� nta r Results bave been far nhead of expectations. special formH for automobile !�::;;t�:� k��,;I!.-�tl �i'o���e���R���s���R' d:���·��l� Your paper 'will stand well at the head of and Itmnch \I�t'. 'More reliable lh:lO batteries and h 11 \, e no receiver furnisht-d with In�lrumel1t. COl1stnlded tbe list. AdvertisIng all keyed. especially fotustlw ith the Ne� Intercouununicating deterioration. Operate with System. V:uSTAMME Neustadt-Perry Co., St. Louis, 1\10. either belt or fridion pulley. Results beyond expectation. Inquiries coming Have perlll:lIlent field magnets Send for Booklet "S" on �nterlor Telephone Systems, re�:g:at�rdinsg� re=a.tm�en�t,lf Be�nt� F�r�ee3 p8Jl.,d,ticul"rs in weeks after advcrtisements f.LP.peared, and so will operate through resa, Enclose I id � d t proving that yOUl' pf'l'iodical is kept for COll­ Se�·\l fo�lOfi!;�I:r �·(�" on Gas LEWIS ScHOOL. tinuous refcrpncc, which enhances its value. . Ou' Seml-Enclosed A. Edg'urtou �Ifg. Co., Shirley, 1\la8s. Motors C. Our Acme Wa'chmnn's Time Results compnre favorahly with those ohtal.ned Detector art' ad&J?table to floor, "'-al1 ·or ceiling from publications as Munsey's, M · suspensIOn. They are efticlent., cool· such e :md runomg Clure's, etc. has been on the market for many years is al:d sparkless in olJerlltion. reoogni7.ed as It thoroll�hly r�lIllble article, It May be completely tmcl�d for buf-' OIL--SM£L TER-·MIN£S. 1\Jerrell 1\lfg. Co., Tole.lo, O. may be operated by tdther hutt.:ry or HlajrneLo Received great benefit from the small adver­ current. It is endorsed. by Immrnm:e Com­ �;�f�rf°��i;� Da�t�.;.tf:"���lfiftin�1tt'�'� tisemC'nt. panies and B09.1·d� of Firt' Undenvriten;. cure li�htn�S8. Send for Cat..'lI�le No. 29 "S" which gi\'es full Send for Bulletin No. 126 HS" Type 1\leati Cycle Co., ChiclLg'O, Ill. description of our dlfIerent sb�es. E A-lotors. on Have kept record of all orders resulting from Ban kers, Brokers, Fiscal Agents, OOUGLAS,LACEY &CO inquirIes f"om euch paper. On this baSiS, The Holtzer-Cabot Electric Co., Me)nbers N. Y. Consolida.ted Stock Exchange, and Los Angeles, Cal. Stock .b:xchange, the Scientific American has shown very sat­ Boston (Brookline), Mass. Chicago Office. 397 Dearborn St. isfactory results. 66 BROADWAY .t. 17 NEW ST., NEW YORK. Standar.I StlLJUI.ing Co., Bu1lalo, N. Y. THE KELLEY PATENT DI"ldend.Paylng MInIng, 011 and Have obtained very good r esults f rom our small SEWER CULVERT Smelter stocks, LIsted and . udvertisemf'nt, and recommend your paper Unlisted, our SpecIalty_ as n good medium. IMPROVED BERRYMAN & giving ou plan )hitL, Pa. Booklets r successful for realizing D. J,. Holden, Philadell WATER TUBE the large profits of eg t m mining, sJ!lel- Some of the biggest contracts have ever had PIPE-All SIZES. l .l ate <.>i 1 and I' i cume dire-ct from the advertisements In Feed-Water Heater& Purifier f!�� �t�� ��, r�e:����i��r ����k�hf� 8:��:g�: �'OUT' papf'r, not only tn America, but foreign H �� E countT'jps, as f�H nway as China. BENJ. F. KELLEY & SON, Makers. vens &. Howard Cl e . (; .;;;, i. � 1\I.l�l �or� :�g: � !� �� a,.': . ? r? �,� NiagartL Fulls A cetylene Gas 1\lachine Office and Works: Fire �t �l � Co .. NitLA'tLrn Fall ... N. Y. Brick Co., �g�Pes,Pd:l��W:ftPo �bOo n�, ?���a:, �t� - 76 40TH STREET, - - BROOKLYN. N. L John, l\lontrea.land Toronto, Can. We cun truly suy that we have rece-ived more N, B., ���. - LIBERTY STREET. fT. LoUIS• •0. , U. S. A. r:: hf'JlPtit durin.'! the past foul' YP8"S than f"om New York Office : m any othcr advet'tising medinm we havc used. Farr & Furl'. C),icug·o. 111. The Amount of inquirif's that come in to us 1s DO YOU WANT THE BEST PIPE IN THE WORLD ? astonishing ; more than we ever expected. Dra·l.er 1\lfg. Co., Ne..v York. H lnquirif's and orders from vurious parts of the world resulting from OUt· advel·tisement I I I Complete line, ranging proves the wide cJrculation of YOUI' journal. � � Paine's Perfect PIPE Turuer Bra .. s Wor)�". Chicago, Ill. Simple, Durable, Economical, Clean. Ufrpomr iogurn NtewD FIriicItIiosn Not only 8 large llllmbPr of replips, but very F8tlsfactory sules. Have rarely had any Wblle Jj�hted the Inner bowl can be Disk Drill for light advertiSing pay as well. work rai sed to clean or remove obstruc­ to 42-inch Back Geared, Ohio Electric Works. Cleveland. O. tioos without emptying or wasting As an efficient advf'l'tising medium, it Is unap� the t obacco. No Nicotine can enter It Is In 3 claRs itsplf. Self Feed Drill • • • • proachpd. by the stem. as ft Is all depOSited I'l ltbe smoke cbamber surroundmg tbe toba.cco bowl. No center draft to leave 1\l otslnger Device 1\lfg. Co., Pendleton, Openlnll8 for smoke opposite the stem, so ha •• In.l. unbnrned tobaceo around the sides. t t smoke passes around clean, filweet �moke. Pipe never bll r We llavp found no other paper which brings us bowl b efore enterin� the stem, insurlng n Oll t because extra. tobacco SEND FOR CATALOGUE prepaid by m aill and Canada: French 8S many inquirip$. bowls may be bad at afraetion of cost of pipe. PRICES. O U. �S . AND PRICES Briar, R).o.)e (sltLn.1 TeIe).hone Electric Co., bent or stra.l�ht stems. amberoid mouth ptece. �OC. each. French Briar, bent stems, pure rubber: & French Briar. first Quality, • • Pro,.,.itleuce, R. J. moutllpiece. /i Oc. eacb. bent or straigbt stems, amberOld mouthpiece, ,./ic• Frenell first quality, Best quality. Se­ Have hud IDOI'e inQulriC's than from any s milar eacb. Briar. bent stem, pnre rubber montb plece. ,./ic. e.ch. W. F: & JOHN BARNES CO. advP"tising In other papers, and froim all lected French Briar. bent or strai�bt stems. real amber montbpiece, St .,./i each. Extra Bowls lor parts of the world. :lOco pipes 20c. for an otber pipes, 2:lc. each. EVERY PIPE WARRANTED. Dealers. every PIpe u by S reet. 1999 R t YOn sel1 will seJl otbers. Write for price Jist. Address, JlO()KFOUD, lLL. (Continued on page 400.) FRANKLIN R. PAINE. Sole Patentee and �anufacturer, Duluth Minn •. U. 8. A. American 400 Scientific DECEMBER 14, 1901•

Smitll Premier Typewriter Co., Syra­ C . ��� e s to get in touch with a class which �ul�It Isi ::very� desirable to reacb. Hercule.. Flo .. t Work .. , SpringAeld, I Ualuablt . Oooks ! M ...... REVISED and ENLARGED EDITION oC 1901 Have always considered a card in the Scientific Ameri an as one of the very best invest­ ments cin advertising we have ever made. Why Don't You·. refer to an authority on engineering The Scientific American M ....on Co., Providence, R. I. for a solution of the many knotty Some of our largest orders from ·tbis country problems that daily confront the have resulted, and most of our foreign average engineer ? V. 'V . trade, on &account of its being consulted by the largest and most important concerns abroad. (; y clopedia B. Steven .. , Toledo, Tulley·s Handbook on 15.000 Receipts. 7�4 Pages. My advertisements In tbe Scientific American Price, in Cloth. in Sr:heep. ::.�:�:.: always count. $1i.00 $6.00 $6.1i0 in Morocco. Pos Free. AuAtom. ..tic Reducing O. lve Co., Clli- Engineering .. t cago, .. will not only solve the difficulty but This work has been re­ Has brougb t us more Inquiries tban any otber vised and enlarged, medium used. will make a better engineer of you. U IC · V Treats on all branches. Endorsed by Cllic.. g oH FI.orm Co., Cllic.. g o, nl. New the forem ost practical men in the lias proven one of the best mediums of 900 Formulas. its engineering field.· class. The work is arran�ed If you don't w ant the book. send 80 Book-Keeper Publi .... ing Co., Detroit, as to be of use only to for a pamphlet which briefly de­ the specialist, but to the Mich. general reader. It should H scribes it and is sent for the asking. have a placenot In every A valuable advertising medium. Will use it lib· home and workshop. erally the coming year. circular contalnl"" full Grippin Mfg. Co., Newark, N. Y. Table oC Content" will Of twenty-odd publications used, tbe Scientific HENRY C. be sent on application. American brought the best returns for the TULLEY & co. A Those who already have amount invested. the (Jyclopedlam ay obtain 2222 Wainwright Bldg. tbe Wind ..o r Collar Cuil Co., Wind ..o r, 1901 APPENDIX. Conn. ST. LOVIS. M Oo, V. S. A. Price, boundIn cloth, We carefully check returns, and those from your Wasteful paper are from& people \\" ho mean business postpaid. a.o o and are not from curiosity seekers. Have also had numerous foreign orders as a direct Merchants who buy with discrt,tion and ertisement. Office dv Work result of tbis a FO� D sell largely at fair advances over cost. at of Invent.·on Wm. G. Will .. rd, St. Louts, Mo. TELEPHONES EVERYBO Y the pnd of the year find that their individ­ Have had n o end of returns from all sections of ual profits are small-that they hardly have The ProgrNe.·snse teenth Ce· ntury the country. A large number of orders ac· e i es r v In . companied by casb, proving that your read- Battery Call Telephones �ag ':;� ��! �ri��eif�� e�t��r;� de U 2 f et By EDWARD W. BYRN, A.M. ha e eno h O They feel that there is an immense amount �f�n t� kno� t d <: _ the La� Octavo. i��f :�; ��ln: ! ���N�:d M:i:S�c _ of d. tail connected with their business, tbereln must be an rlgbt, or It would not be Genertoa�toi�r . '1'elep$h4on.e5B0 SlllUustrationB. Price S making the office work cumbersome, intri­ tbere · they simply clip out tbe advertlse- 2 good for .00 ' cate and ,",xpt'nsivp, w hich might less­ lose their money wltb the miles, one wire, I ra,,,,. ment and enc $7 50 en�, do not b'k!':1ic'amt. aroP480 I t ,,f.d order, not wasting time for descriptive cir- (Jail but how to simplify it they most important book culars. 3 know. n If mounted on backboard r e be � I G. Fowler Co., Bridgeport, Conn. wltb Battery Box add :: !t���':�:' �r ! :.  � F. received inquiries and orders from nearly toINCL eacUhD PhJ>lGon BATTERIES.e. abTHEle 88 a novel, being written Have lupopular style every country upon tbe face of the earth By express C. O. D. If �l.OO The book gives a most com- and from &m ost Intelligent classes. Nearly Is sent lIuarantee charge700.s. prehensive and coberent ae- overwhelmed with orders as a direct re- FARR F 1 19 W suit. & ARR, . Jackson CHICAGO. Baker -Vawter �?�age¥�� ofsf��:tgf�:�� invention,t"e" r;esilJullilt�- Moran Flexible Ste Joint Co., Loui.- Business Systems in d e i .. d V �� :r wcg Fcg' r; id one of tb e best all-round publica- are the result of examination of office work in �; >;t Boulevard, almost every Une of trade and can be adapted Without'.:' '!,precedent.�r,!,� A chrono- J� tions� Issued. AUTOM ATIC � - fJChlJic:ago:1, on f a 1D APFEL-IiU�DOCH COMPANY. In. any business, sRvlng both time and money_ : �� Q,ueen Co., Philadelphi .. , · P ... I� :¥ �i� V om tbe Baker-Vawter Company's accountants, f�':IImportant� :featur;ens �of :t�he Have had perbaps more direct results fr H ER c AmerIcan than from any other limided by practical experience and com­ boOk, enabling the reader to Scientifi to Many mon sense, will analyze your bUSIness. d� refer at a glance to Important m&edi um In wblcb we bave advertised. e s lnventiOD8 and discoveries of actual sales in distant foreign countries. 8 :b ct ft8�v ��: �nyparticnlaryear. Thebook Locke M fg. Co., Kensett, Ia. :tcost: ::am�auy�� �timl� eB.��� f�As� often? �nas required printed With large type, . Hoe paper, and Is elaborately Inquiries and orders from all over tbe world. � N. P. aAS ENalNE CASTINaS competent auditors will make examina­ Illustrated by engravings We bave been greatly surprised at tbe wide Materials and Blue Prints. Write for Catalogue tions and reports. on C. E. extent of territory from whlcb respo ses PARSELL WEED. W. 31st Street, New York and is attractively bound. n IS bave been received. e���n7e l� �f J �n � e�� Rudolph Wurlitzer Co Cincinnati, O. Catalog\le Architectu � �� lf t 8�::�:: iito�: � ? �::'� 300 •• ral. !:!elentl1l tinent and wholesome truths. Up to date, the results are far ahead of our & and Te129-chulcal13101 Books. ex­ fo . We are the oriJ!lnators of the Perpetual EXPERIMENT SCIENCE. I pectations and better than otber similar .f: s Ledger and many other labor-saving loose­ � At magazines. .; �� � 2 ' By GEORGE M. HOPKINS. WM. COMSTO�CK. Pg;ub., �Wa.rrren� �St.,r; New�"! =° leaf systems. Seb ....ti .. n ..t he Co., Cincinn ..ti, F RT. E E '13 (ork. Is a book full of We feel that. we could not do business without . Address all commuulcatlons to Interest and value tor being represented in its columns. Baker-Vawter Company. Teachers, Stndents , 'r homp.mn IM fg. Co., Troy. N. Y. O. Wa.shlngton Street. Chicago andTHIS others who desire Out of about tw enty of the leading magazines, 143 to Impart or obtain a It Is conspicuous for bavlng given us tbe MATCH FACTORY MA HINERY. pracllcal knowledge of best results for a large percentage. C W. Accountants, Auditors, D evisers of Business WILLIAMS. Mfr., lOOl Monadnock Bluck, Chlc&,

page DECEMBER 14, 1901. Scientific America.n

i. Inqu;,'y � o. l'Oti.-�'or manufacturers of punc!>.­ lOgs for armatures. "LIGHT ASIA" LAMP I OF Manufacturers of patent articles, dies. stamping, The Smallest Porta­ tools. light machinery. Quadria-a Manufacturing Com. ble Electric Light. pany, 18 South Canal Street. �hicago. Unlike all other portable Inquiry No .1'0 '.- For manufacturers of water t e pumps for drilled wells. t $2.50 !l t F,i a p o Dot t�� d�eterior�i �:::ate �unless� us�ed Designer� and builders of automatic and speCial ii'or a fjitOOd light. for sbort $1 machines -of all kinds. Inventions perfected. 1.' he W. 0,000 a h J N. . �l\ h !�L A. Wilson Machine Company,.Rochester. Y. �Lampt is m�ade \�with a view to � r:J If.� �} X��!.-" '0 8.·-For dealers in stamped art!- beauty, and is mounted in an CI e on aluminum sbell covered with tine ! : t'; � leather. Weight. � 0'. "I n. di­ Wanted��r �.r to �manufacture machinery or anything for ameter. 8 Inches long. the southern trade. Correspondence solicited. Steven. Larger sizes at $a & $a.lio. son Machtne and Repair Company, Bryan, Texas. EL:: I:CTRIC CONTRACT CO., W YORK. Inqni ry No. 1 "09.-For makers or dealers m24- 53 MAIDEN LANE. NE inch mill rocks.

The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd .. Patent Safety is Dona built by the De t e La d erg n t E e o ngi Refri ne g H erat yp ing M n a- otism \r 011 ,LI '!I,I ,....Y PEW R I 'I' E R S chine Company. Foot of East 138th Street. New York. !.���¥:���!!�: p�c!s� ':�:r:"!d��!T:�k!:�S ���� for Oatalogue. Inquiry No. 1 "1 0.-For manufacturers of appll- F. S. WEBSTER CO.. ance!, for burning crude petroleum in cook stoves. Dr. La Motte Sage, a Noted Scientist, Donates The best book for electricians and be/innners in elec. X. tricity is " Experimental Science," by Geo. M. Hopkins. To Be Used fo r the Publication and By mail. $'. Munn & Co .. publisbers. 361 Broadway. N. ". $10,000 Inquiry No. l"l 1 .--For manufacturers of trac­ Free Distribution of a Valuable Work a�;-s�,f':��:� tion engines for trausportation purposes and for auto­ P!�:!�der(ul invention-nol. . filler. mobiles for handling heavy freights. on Personal Magnetism and 2t,OOO alnaciy sold. Demand · enormous. Everybody buya. WANTED-Patent articles of merit to manufactUre Over the kitchen stove it rur­ and place on tbe market. Will buy or pay royalty. Hypnotic Infiuence. nisbell plenty of distilled, aer­ ated drinking water, pure, de­ Give full particulars. Address Sidney Folder Co., Sid­ licioul and safe. Only method. ney, Ohio. Distll1ed Water cures Dyspep­ sia, Stomach, Bowel, Kidney, Iuqulrl' 1\'0. 1" 12.-For dealers in cheap novel­ Bladder and Heart Troubles; ties. feven and aickoe88. EXPERI"ENTAJ� MACHINE SHoP.-We a USing Booklet. New re not Wants to Demonstrate the Practical Value and PI n_ T .., .. etc. FREE our shop at present. Well equipped with lathes. sbaper, .. ... woodworking machinery. etc. Will rent use and power Power of this New Science in Business, in very low. Fine place for automobile work. Billings Clapp Co .• Boston. Mass. Society, in the Home, in Politics, and . Inquiry No. 1"1 a.-For dealers In Imitation gold Jewelry, Buch as watches, etc. as a Factor in Infiuencing and IJ""'" Send for new and comprett;! catalogue of SCient.tflc noSt mat.terraight bow tangledens It Out Swaying the Minds of People. and twisted. and cuts it in and other Books for sale by Munn & Co . . 361 Broad�ay. required len�ths-long or New York. It"' ree on RDolicAtion.. shol't. tlJe Inquiry No. 1 "14.-For manufacturers of articles uLong C t Automatic for the mail order trade. Wire-Straightening 1'he subscribers have invented a rotary engine utihz­ and Cutting Machine in� expansion of steam-thoroughly steam tight-with Prominent Business and Professional Men, Min­ an adjustable cut.. otf; and investors and practical en­ which straightens and cut� wire from the coil at �ine builders are invited to correspond. as the en�ine isters of the Gospel and Others Heartily the rate of 120 feet per minute. wiJl be shown them tn actual operation. Expansion Rotary Engine. P. o. Box 19;16. Boston. Endorse the Movement-A Noted Col- F. B. SHUSTER CO., New Haven. Conn .• U.S.A. Inquiry N o . 17115.-For manufa.cturers of hand lege Undertakes the Work of power machines for domestic use and fur textile tab .. rics, etc. Free Distribution. Barclay . NEW YORK Inquiry No. 61 , 1 .-F'or manufacturers of auto­ Cb¢ CYJ)¢writ¢r1 � Excbang¢51 . matic stencil cutters. 124 La Salle SI., CHICAGO 38 BromfieldSt .. BOSTON Inquiry No. l"l ".-For parties engaged in erect­ Wyandotte SI.. in� electrical power plants .. 817 KANSAS CITY, MO. 209 Norlh 9th SI. Inquiry ;\0. 1 " �.-E'or manufacturers of electrl· ST. LOUIS, MO. cal novelties. Any One May Get a Book Absolutely Free so long as the 432 Oiamond SI.. Inquiry No. 1 "1 9.-For manufacturers of ma­ Edition Lasts and Master the Hidden Mysteries of this PITTSBURGH, PA. rine gasoline motors. 5 Norlh Calverl SI .. In quiI'y No. l'ZO.-For dealers In high-pressure Marvelous Power at. His Own Home-Many BALTIMORI!,MD. gag-es. 536 California SI., Jealously-Guarded Secrets Made Public. SAN FRANCISCO. CAl. ' i turers of tubing . ca w t 'S b p s � We will save you from 10 � � t!�1t�g V�� �:�� :� to 50%on 'l'ypewriters of all makes. S.1U1 fl)r GataLOQue. Inquiry��::, ;l �o 't. 1"2�. -For manufacturers of steel springs for clocks. TRUSCOTT MARINE Inquiry No. 1 '2a.-For manufacturers of wire rope machinery. Carnegie is giving away his fortune for libraries. in your accepted business or calling, if you desire X MOTORS. Inquiry �o. 1'�4.-For machinery for making Dr. La Motte Sage proposes to put the most to wield a greater influence over others. if you cement mosaic tHe. 8S hydraulic preS8es. etc. useful book in all libruries free of charge right : care to win the friendship of someone you know, The sim"lest, Inquiry No. l"��.-For manufacturers of color into the homes of the people. For this purpose he or if you long for fame or renown, you should most powennl, and which will stand the llction of Portlaud cemen t. has just donated 810, 000 and a big publishing house write for a copy of this remarkable book at speed enll'ines Inquiry No." 1 26.-For manufacturers of mine­ is husy day and night turlling out the books for once. of their1l:�!J� class�:t upon ral wool. the market. free distribution. The book Dr. Sage wishes to The following extracts from a few of the letters Made �iDglet double, and triple Inquiry No. 17�".-For appliance for making paper cigarettes by hand. distribute free of charge is entitled "The Philoso- received from some of the people who have read cylinder, both two and four cycle. ranging from to phy of Personal Infiuence." It is heartily en- the book give an idea of its unusual character and 1 40 H. P. Inquiry No. 1 "��.-For marine engines operated Catalog for the asioing. by gaSOline or petroleum. dorsed by the ablest husiness men, ministers. great value : I nqu iry So. 1" �9.-�or sm!,11 tin strips or fasten- doctors and lawyers of two continents. It is Mrs. Mary Milner, 312 D Street, Pueblo, Col., in a • 111 �. I' era for holdl11� cards for dlsplay m stores. beautifully illustrated with the finest half-tone recent letter says : "I was so worried I could not. Trnr ST, cot JtOSEPH, Boat VI MICH.'rr Co Tnquh'y No. l"aO. -For dealers in small gears. engravings, and every page is brimful of intensely eat or sleep. I wrote you for your free book. I chains, taps. dies, general model machinery, �rc. I interesting and practical information. It is a used the methods on myself with wonderful suc­ End Your IGNITION TROUBLES Tnquh'y No. 1,al.-For manufucturers of gas en- book which should be in every home. It is by far cess. To-day I am perfectly weU. I would not gines for electrl� generators of 1;'or 18 h. p. It will only cost you ONE DOLLAR to get a copy of the most remarkable work of the kind that has part with the information you gave me for any r acturers or delliers Eleclric Ignilion for Gas and Gasoline Engines 8 t ever been written, and it has truly created a money." i} \ U� t.?t �� ;!� fi�I�';,�� .::�� �r � sensat.ion in the book world. Mr. T. L. Linderstruth, East South Street, with working drawiDlls for both Jump and Ham- Inquiry No. 1 "aa.-For manutacturers of ahlml- 30 r a h ln o e I nium tubing. It explains numerous instances in which people Wilkesharre, Pa .. says : "Your work on personal f e "b l � �� §'i � � �� : g have been secretly and instantaneously controlled magnetism is a fortune to any one starting in life. on � receipt� � of 'lf one��: �doll;ar.:t �ft J: � : I Inquiry No.14 "a .-For manufacturers of com- pressed au plants for cleaning carpets. furniture, etc. by hypnotic influence. It teaches you how to It is absolut.ely sure to bring success." MAXWELL ENG. CO.. ROME, N. Y. Inquil'y N o. 1,ali.-�·or manufacturers of unplat­ protect YOUl'8e1 ves from the use of hypnotic power A. J. McGinnis, 60 Ohio Street, Allegheny, Pa., I ed jewelry, trinkets, etc. THE Ml ETZ & WEISS I over you. It tells you how to develop and use says : " When I wrote for your book I was labol'­ Inquiry N . 1 "ati .-For manufacturers of brass your magnetic power so as to wield a wonderful ing by the day. Now I am managing a business. and aluminium.. castinlls for small model engines. KEROSand GAS EEngineNE influence over those with whom you come in This is certainly the best proof that could be of­ 1 "a" ,-For maDtliHcturers of Iron :I a!Jl:���?;' n�i�Ii:. contact. fered of its great valne. I advise every man who c���ipr��;��:��I��:E��N;�.�.�E Men like .vanderbilt., Morgan, Rockefeller and wishes to succeed in life to get a copy at once." fl Inquiry �o. 1,a.- S )j'or manufacturers of the _ School Boy's Pride " sboe. other millionaires have studied the very methods G. S. Lincoln, M.D., 101 Crutchfield Street, Dallas, "o •• ,>"'.o,�, I .. Inquiry No. 1 "a9.-For manufacturers of hrush­ explained in t,his book and have used them in their Tex .. writes : "Your methods of personal influ­ making machinery. business to pile up millions. This book lays bare ence nre marvelons. I bave used them on my pa­ Inqu iry No. 1 "40.-For a system for furnishing secrets in the lives of rich men of which you h ave tients with wonderful results." power ';";"�";"'D''­ I water t? dwellings, wbere there are no water works. dreamed. It reveals all the hidden myster- S. R. King. M.D., Gillam. Ind .. writes : "You @'" Send for Catalogue. never I nq'uhy No. I '41 . -�'or a machme on the style of agnetism, hypnotism, etc .. and have sent me the most remarkable book I lulve A. MI ETZ, a'� nickel-in-the-sJot" for turniD� off a. certain quantity ies of personal m MO'M' ST., NEW I of water. the real source of power and influence in truly ever r ead. Your instruction in personal 128-138 YORK. discloses Awarded Goll} Medal Pan.American Exposi­ Inquiry �o. 1 "4�.-For manufacturers of the every walk of life. It contains secret information magnetism is simply grand. It gives one a power 1901. tIon. Buffalo. •• Grisson Speed Reducer." of inestimable value to every person who wants to and an influence over others which I did not Inqulrv No.1a "4 .-For manufacturers of alumi­ succeed in life. Many of the most prominent dream it was possible for th e average man to ac­ niuw goods. Motors, public men in this country have obtained this quire. Your book is worth more than gold to any of Tnquiry N o." 1 44.-)j'or a small outfit for casting book and read every line, and they are daiJy using one starting in life. Its value eannot be esti­ type. its teachings to their own profit and gain. . mated. My only regret is that it was not in my Inquiry No. 1 "41i.� - 'or a manufacturer. In Ca­ nada. of small malleable castings. It tells of a secret, instantaneous method by hands when I was a young man." which you may produce a state of insensibillty to The New York Institute of Science has tmder­ Inquiry No. 1 "4ti.-For address of parties making rotary brushes. . pain in any pal' ts of the body, so that the teeth taken the free distribution of the book referred InquiI 'y No. 1 "4". -For the latest Improved burl<­ may be extracted and surgical operations per- to. Big roller presses are running day and night lI iar alarm. formed without the use of cocaine, ether or anaes- to supply the demand until the $10,000 worth of Inquiry No. 1 "48.-�'or manufacturers of house­ thetics of any kmd. It gives you the power to books are distributed free. On account of the I hold novelties. induce sleep in yourself or others at any time of g' eat expense incuned in preparing and printing iuqulry No. 1"49.-Fnr manufacturers of novel- the dny or night you may desire. It enables you this book. only those are requested to wrIte for �'....:'��ties. D L HOLD�N to develop your mental faculties, improve your free copies whO are especially interested and real ly REAL ESTATE. TRUST BLDG PHILA PA Inquiry No. l"liO.-]<'or manufacturers of coal­ beading machines. memory, eradiGate disagreeahle tempers in child- and truly desire to achieve greater SUC(!CSS, obtain ren, and to develop · within yourself a marvelous more happine.'3S, or in some way better their COll­ Inquiry No. t"lil .-For manufacturers of labor­ . saving dey ices. magnetiC will power so strong and so subtle as to d ition in life. Please do not write through mere S EE. r lRST PA E 5(I [NTl f l ( AMER ICA N SlPT 2 1 399 -======HMAC INES I a make you practieally irresistible. It will give you curiosity, as the free edition is limited. If you RS EcfALED ICE======::::::: Inq h'Y No. 1 " Ii�.-l<' or a 15 h. p. tractiou gasoline or kerosene engine for use on a dry. level turm. a foree of character of which you have little want a book, write to-day, as the copies are gOing Inquirv No. 1 "lia .-For a machine for cutting, dreamed. and will truly make you a leader of men. very fast. Never before in the history of the Now isthe time to subscribe to the shredding or grinding straw. No matter how strong this description may seem, publishing business has there heen such a great Inquiry No. "li4 .-For manufacturers of nails. i it is not one-half as strong as the marvelous power demand for any h ook aB to-day exists for "The Inquiry No.1 " lili.-For manufacturers of rubher explained in this wonderful work. Philosophy of Personal Magnetism." SCl t forNTlflC the year AM tRICAN weather strips. If you have not aehieved the success to which Remember, at the present time it will be sent to 1902 Tnqui v No. 1 "!i6.-For parties to make a ma­ your abilities and talents justly entitle you, if you yo.u r address absolutely free, postage prepaid. Subscription Price, $3 a Year chine for the manufacture of carbon paper. ... would like to secure a good paying position, ob- Adc1rrss New York Institute of Science, Depart­ 3 Oonths Trial, 50 cents Inquiry No. 1 ":;7.-1i"or the manufacturers of an i automatic postage stamp machine. tain an increase in salary, if you cal'e tb rise higher I ment P .T 7 1935 Broadway. New York. Scientific ADl.ericcin bECEMBER i4, 1901. A TRUSGOTT BOAT \ y v�v< y� MATHEMATICAL CLASSICS •••• . - 100 k r BABY'--.4lONIAN10 NUMERALS. �� :�� � ' , - FROM FINK.- !�fr�rn� �� ���:�r'iC;; Every Stndent needs tb. exact sciences. BRICCS" TEMPLE-C LASP EYE CLASSI':S H R r JI�Te� �n�l�ef':��� - ali g:ru,�s:! . because yon look straigbt through their center- all tbe time. Bm�. ��� �W�n �l When you read throullhtbe ordinary eye-glass, you al'e reading across the Oli' edgfl f!I � t T�� s�����t��'D f}i�rigtLTIES MATHEMATICS.- {d8 �?,�3��!rp n LASSES revolve on a rildd,yet very By A. DeMorgan. tbe famous English �athematlclan. ��� e�� .j'i1 t�� � �!i se..Ji�u£!a adjustable to botb exact pupil distance Excellent for beginners, and for a rapid l'eview of the ��3 � �e o '; s � : � g o�� Elements. $1.25 net. Moreover, they do not pinch the nose or even touch any sensitive spot at LEC'l'URESON ELEMENTARY M.ATHElUATICS.- By J. L. all, being supported by a lIexlblp. flyfoot at tbe temples. while the weigbt Is e f t ;:b�� �ai�]� �ttclans of all entirely on the cbeek. You cannot feel you are wearin� glasses. yet 1t is ul­ li:::'0Yfug{d a�d ��tfg:� l : off. Tbe only perfect eye-gla.s made, yet cost-· ' ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS Oli' 'lEE CALCULU!'I.- most Impossible to shake them If Simple, Slife, Reliable, Spee.y. le and Rclentiflcexplanation ing even les8 than the old kind. Only the tlnest lenses are used. you want fl�.t����rgf�. t ';;:,t� verfect eye�las8 comfort, a.ndglasses that really belp the sight, write for book­ Ruitt eitber cabinerl or open In sizes from 16 to 100feet MATHE�l MATICAL ESSAYS AND RECREATIONS. '£be let, .. Eye-Glass Revolution," which contains a dozen oVler reasons why you In lengtb. For catalog giving full inJ'ormation write n n n - need them, and endorsements from physicians, ministers and well·known Kg���s�!�� �� H:i'��h����� �i't��t����� ��Il�� people. We can fityon perfectly, whRtever the prescription you need. BRIGGS OPTICALWRITE {JOt li�OR Sole OUR Manuf" ON acturers.APPROVAl, 845" OFI Cox�EH. Bldg.,. , Trbscott poal: Mfg. G���f��:�CAL EXERCISES IN PAPER·FoLDING. 8yT. Roche8ter. ST. JOSEPH, MICH. CO.,. �. Row. Unique in mathematical JiLerature. $1 net. (Formerly called Revolving Spectacles Co.) ESSAYS ON NUMBEa.-By R. Dedeklnd. Gave a new foundation to the science of numbers. Cloth,75cents net. A IN AU. :xl SMUt for Catalogue of 0'I.Iir MatMmaUca! Works, 0'I.Iir PII.INCIl'AL : TERROR prints of tlte reat PMlosopMca! Classics, Re­ (JITIES Psycho!OfI1/,g History of Religion,books etc. on '1OSrtEAK j!lz=0 tM Agents Wanted "THIEVES, '":; ,., - THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING GO" 1:1.'" AN ABSOLUTELY POSITIVE • PORCH C'>- 324 DEARBORN ST. CHICAGO. ILL. CLIMBERS, . =e _ . ,WiNDOW -. �- WoRKERS ....'" '< ="0 ELEVATOR SAFETY . AIID CD � AUTO MATIC, SIMPLE, IAL O�'I"ER copylnj( devices. J"REE ' R made by STRONG, RELIABLE. , BURGlARs THE�f�� A.tt� S, Ag�VSCHAPIROGRAPHg�l' gCO.,H��\ 265Yt Broadway,��i!�� N. Y. �AH g� Speed Regulator and requires DO additional OQC'> o

whose cylindersBERK of INFUSORIALEF EARTHELD retain every particleFI Lof solidTE matter.R an d allow fresh WaterA NECE forSSITY Old Salts no bacteria or vegetable matter to pass throngh. A perfect filter,used in tbe Health Depart­ The only pure water Is ments of the chief cities, tbe hospitals, Iao".·atorles and GovernmentinsLitutions. DISTILLED WATE� BERKEFElD FILTER COMPANY, Cedar ' Street, NEW YORK. such as you get.from the 4 BRAKE FRICTION IN CENTER OF HUB. P:O�� S DOtlT RALSTON Coasts on ====� SImple. AUTOMATIC ALARM CO., Balls. 9 Pieces. CHICAGO, ILL. WABeautifnllyTIR made STand finishedILL WrIte for Light. with blocfc-tln surfaces; simple as a tea kettle; pro· duces two quarts ev:eryhour from fresh or salt water Circular Guaranteed Price $10. Write to-day for booklet A. . ST. LOUIS THE A. R. BAILEY MFG. CO., 4 Cedar St., New Yor Box X. SatIsfactory. Beware of flimsy ttn-8hop stills k Sampling :. and:. Testing :. Works, THE BARWEST COASTER BRAKE CO., B3 Chambers St., New Yor k. Spruce St., ST. LOUIS, MO. J225 & J227 · The largest and m ost com­ TRADE CHECKS Tho Hot Blast 8moKuloss 8tokor Experle maCblnists in· ALUMINUM OR BRASS, . plete eire Testing Works Machine for Burning PulverIzed o l in best use of Improved tools 111 large macbme sbop, existenc 60c. 100 A C a n���:�:�!! kinds ofe for makinworkingg all Absolutely Per.fect. Combustion. . employing several hundred men. Man wanted must practical & IN QUANTITIES test.s of Ol'es to determine - Samples Circnlars tree. Our tests show that we can e aporate have experience In adjuBtinl< feed and speed and be a v practical up-to-date expert in directing others to get the most suitable meLhod of almost twice the amount of water to one ,I treat,ment, Schwaab Stamp &,Seal CO. greatest output from tools employed on beavy engine, Plant for Coal Washing, MILWAUKEE, WIS. Pound of coal than other systems now compressor and pump and general maciline work. Must Steaming Tests MECHA.'HC. Coking and SEND FOR CATALOGUE OF BADGES. I!TO. In. use. have good reference. Address EXPER'l' of Fuels. P. o. Box 528, Chicago, III. Assa�s,An alyses and Che­ A SAVING IN COAL UF OVER 50 PER CENT. mical Inves�igations. Leaving .only a ,small per cent of ashes in Mines and Metallurgical Processes Examined I whoCompetent can earn 126 to '70 A�ents a weekUklngorders Wantedfor the boiler-pit, and no clinkers. and reported upon. " ..Bi•••• ••• lim ...... SUN" INCANDESCENT THE SMOKE QUESTION COMPLETELY SOLVED. . CASOLINE LAMPS. WE DO NOT MAKE ANY SMOKE. ()heaper an kerosene, more ha "lien ele tr cth bulbs. in homes,light s to es, If you can arrange to have some repre­ churches,c i etc. ConformsNeeded to all i surtlL!lr Dc _ hallt,underwriter s' ruliD@s. Writo n c sentative in Chicago visit the plant lo­ TELEPHONES for terms. Mention Storage Batteries wnnted. ,tAPt�R LIGJI'l' territory SUN o cated north of the machine shops belong­ f r vapor Electric Motors ���s(:.iji��5Slo�c:J����� Ob\e:.t ing to the Union Stock Yard & Transit Bells, Batteries Co .. , you will decide, as the best engin­ eers and experts have done, that all we and all kinds of electrical supplle8 at Low Prices. claim for our system is completely dem- onstrated. . Catalogue and Price List Write for particulars to N. Whitman, Secretwry No, 001 �FREE � ELECTRICAL MATERIAL COMPANY THE HOT BLAST SIOKELESS STOlER CO., WIRELESS Van Buren St.. Chicall'o, III. 167 New .• 18:i Lla:htest, Nearest Oust Proof, Ind Exchange Bldg Easiest Runnina: Hinger In the Wotld UNION STOCK YARDS, CHICAGO. . . Park City t.Hg Co • inc�•. Chlca&o. EDSON'S SYSTEM s eo I � VESSPOOL matter. v OutHt�l!!o Smaller {)oDlplete�� ? �� �for Private..� d TELTbe NorthwesternEGWireless RA TelegraphPHY Co. announces Estates, Hotels that their Cbi�o-Milwaukee stations wUl soon be in and Institutions. opera.tion andtbat stock yet for a short.time win sell at Tbe U. S, a a d a Lon[od·for Lubricant MilitaryGovernment �s�e��:�i'e. "&;�:p Pt b'eV� hu,,'h'l t�Od:�Ncli�! Be� ? phone$4,1100 achievement, stock of wbicb is now Quoted���: at A Iu.nl a sbare. Send for prospectus. Make cbecks, heel n i h s�:e money orders. etc., payable :;�l.�h W �� r���j��� ��rl ::J>!�:�� �ga��� t�:; ��r::�Duse our outfits. Northwestern Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Co., on the macbine Is Send for Catalog A G K3. "nite fl()'l1,� La Salle St., Chicago. r F ()J; M 8 :: U. S. DIXON'S 182 ()om!��Y!. s S. A. JOSEPB SCHWAB, President. ��� ?t!!: !'� CYCLE . stores. GRAPHITES. . Elite ColDc.lar !lot Buttoner oIr otCanber real e 8tSeate torll ea 81lYo, no muratter w Farmhere located For Chains, Gears or Send description and selling price and learn my wonder.­ Coasters. W. M. OSTRANDER, size. tully successful Bplan.ulldJ.n&, temper North American eIlad pbia, Pa. Pleasingy our Patrons Send 10 cents for sample By mai1 10c. Solid Sliver :iOc Saves time and Pbl stick or tube. increases your sales. thereby MONTAUK FIRE DETECTING WIRE. increasing your profits. Protect your Buildings by Installing Equip yourSteam Wagon with .:JOSEPH DIXON CRUCIBLE CO. THE .:Jersey Cit)', N • .:J. Approved by .the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, R. John Keim . Pebruary 20, 1901. • Steam En�ine Its reputation is its best testimomal. Write for particulars. Montauk 100Fir· BROA.De DetecWA.Y, NEWting YORK, Wir N.e Y. Company, JOHN R. KEIM, Buffalo, N. Y., U.S.A. Electrical Scientific Novelties W!;US,ARTESIAN Oil and Gas Wells drilled by Cf'ntrnct to any deptb from 50 Models of Railways. Motors. Locomotives, THE OBERFor Turning LATHES Axe. Adze, Pick, to 3()()()feet. We also manufac- Sledge, Hatchet, Ha.mmer, Au­ h r t n Dynamos, Minia.ture La.mps, Etc. �':J;e�D UU:rl :,;;� Yc �.!t p� ��� solicited testimonials to prove that they are safe, �er, l1'He, Knife a.nd Chisel Han. same. Portable Horse Power Thousands of un tive dIes, Whimetrees, Yokes, Spokes, and Mounted Steam Drilling a ?n�e��:cf0�;�:u1;6� ��6W�i:u: c n r 1200 pr ctii�ii�;��:r s _ Machines for 100 to feet. (., Illustrated Booklet tells a.ll about them. Sent free. Don't make ����� �.i� g���� �:�� �:���� :r Write us stating exactly what • mistake of wa.i'tin g ntil height of holiday sea.son. Send now. . � irrl1gular work. ie required and send for illus­ THE CARLISLE t FINCHU CO., 220E. Clilion Ave.; Cincinnati, aPa tented. Circular O. .:: IT S�nd, Jor A. trated catalogue. Address - � AND SUPPLY CO. Makers of Electrical ScientificNovelties in the World. Th� Ober MIg.- CO., 1 0 BeU St., ChagrIn FaUs. 0 •• U.S.A. �!�,!!:,��.IIi�lo� U. S. A. Scientific AIneriC8.fi

lESLIE'S WEEKLY, $ L JUDGE, STAN· Bath Iron Works, LAWS' GIRLS BATH, MAINE, U. S. A. - andZIM'S FUNNY - •• -

PICTFIRSTURES, OFFER. $1

I[IjESLIE'S WEEKLY is an ideal paper for the � business man and home folks. Its short serial stories are the best that can be ob. LESLI 'S tained, and the events of the day are discussed andE illustratedWEEKLY in the most interestmg way. Shipbuilders and Engineers of isFOUR. a clean,MONTHS, wholesome, illustrated history Among the large number vessels our times. $1.00. of Sent for on trial, for only SECOND OFFER. $1 that · have been built by this Company UDGE es makin a weekly visit to every Ameri. are the following : can town whichJUDGE people know how to read asI!J � � � � D and laugh. is as clean as a whistle, sweet as a bon-bon, as pure as a sea-breeze, and as clearFOUR. as a crystalMONTHS, 10 spring. He is a symphony, . whoSent hangs for up his hat every house forthat loves$1.00. fun. on trial, only THIRD OFFER. $2 $2.00 JUDGE For the United, States Navy : �OR we will send you both and lIJIl LESLIE�S fe r fo ur months, and also thein unmounted series(nxq) of eight reproductions First-Class Battleship HGE ORG IA" tons). colors of drawings of beautiful women, as (15,000 portrayed by Stanlaws, and of characteristicII stud. les by the most fa mous of caricaturists, Zim." Protected Cruiser �� CLEVELAND." Orders filled as long as the pictures last. JUDGE COMPANY 110 FIFTHAVE ., NEW YORK Monitor HNEVADA."

" All about the Telephone" Gunboats H MACHIAS," H CASTINE," The A. B. C. of the Telephone NO SPOTS is treatiSe just. published, giving vsst amounta practical of valuable and useful up-to-date informationa uVICKSBURG " and HNEWPORT." o NOR BLOTS ��:n��fr;il Cf��iO�f! ���!�O���:l:�I:�dd possible with the aned. Order to-day or send for clltalogue. ;��li= Practice Cruiser �� CHESAPEAKE." PRICE $1 TO ANY ADDRESS. HAYNE T HEO. AUDEL & CO •• Torpedo Boats �� DAHLGREN " and SUSPENDED 68 Flflh Avenue, NEW YORK. INKWELL. H. C. HINCHCLIFF. �, CRAVEN " knots), H BAG LEY," The ONLY Inkwell rlodels, Dies and Automatic rlachinery, (30 Roll for Top Desks. Mfr. Occupies un uEe<.l of Special Hardware and Wire Goods. �' BARNEY " and U BIDDLE " (29 knots). space. 2 or 3 170 172 CENTRE ST .• NEW YORK. kinds of ink. No and evaporaHoldstion. No waste. Uniform dip MACHINES FOR ROLLINC -absolute. Cannot r SCREW �F����� ��,\ ��t THREADS. he . s. Dept. : any desk instantly. to 1" 3" For t U. S Trea An Any size up diameter, elegant and Xmas Gift long. Four sizes of macbine�. practical ar Send j

INDUSTRIAL ENGINES OF All KINDS ALSO

The well-known Ocean-going Steam Yachts : YORK31 Burliug KERO SENESlip, NewOIL York.ENGINE CO. H APHRODITE," uELEANOR," THERMOMETER uVIRGINIA " �� PEREGRINE, " HYGROMETER , ·These instruments continuous records in on weeklygive charts of HPANTOOSET," HILLAWARRA." tbe temperatureink and percentage of moisture in the air. Standardized and Fully Guaranteed.

Wr ite j

SILAS HOWE, ENOOH PETERSON, Pres·t and Treas. Vice Pres't a d Sec'y. This Cornpa..ny ha..s exceptional fa..cilities

OUR 1901-1902 CATALOCUE n a h " for repa..irs. including a.. T on Wm. 100- sentFREE free to your address. Postage 50. AlJ books carried Steel Dock Cra..ne. in stock. One price20i; to everybody.OOO WeS saveOOKS you money. Tho n. Gibson GOIRnany MANUFACTURERSOB' THE BOOK SUPPLY COMPA NY, , 866.268 Wabash Ave.... • • • • ()h1caco. Largest MaU Order Hooksellers in the .World. Correspondence solicited.

SPRINGSOf Every Description. Address ·By constructing your boat fr a set of my Boat Build-Ing Materilills m r o e thanm one-hall the boat fac­o ed tory'se price can be realiz . Also ono ize freight 500 JOHN . "e rcent. Launches, Sail and S. HYDEt Row Boats,c m Gasoline En­ Vice-President and Gen. Manager. gines. Catalog free. DeKalb St.

Springs of our make are Hi uIe on many Battle and etc Sblps Gun Carriages for Coast Defence. Patents,CO PYRIGH TradeTS,. Marks, •• Mechanical experts requiring Springs would do well to correspond with ue. Address �'::�����s. The Bdttleship "GfORGIA," iIIustrdted on the outside OfficeMUNN of the SCIENTIFIC n CO., AlIlERICAN 861 Brond\\'uy • .New York. , Branch OffiCE" : 625 F St., W08hJnpon, D C. Hand-book Sent Free on Application. 25 North Olinton Street, CHICAGO, ILL. (over of this paper, is being built by this (ompdny. Scientific American. DECEMBER 14, 1901.

Waltham Watches� -M ADE AT KEY WE.STJ- " \tQOmj�AR.5These Cigars are manufactured under " Rich in good works. the most favorable climatic conditions and from the mildest blends of Havana to­ "The Perfedecl American Wa tch, " an iflustratecl hooR. bacco. If we had to pay the imported of interesting information ahout watches, will he sent cigar tax our brands would cost double the money. Send for booklet and particulars. fre e utJon request. American Wa ltham Wa lcn Compan�, CORTEZ CIGAR CO., KEY WEST. Wa ltliam, Mass. WINTON TOURING CAR The Season's Successful Creation NfW fNGLAND WAT(HfS Horizontal, dOll · Our New Enamel Booklet tIe cvlinder mo­ showing the daintiest line of tor,Do vibration, DO noise. all enamel watches in nil colors is points of adjust­ just out and will be sent on ment directly New Standard Dry Battery application. acceSSible, transmission STANPAJ{P TME U. S. NAVY Ilearsand cranks OF THE NEW ENCLAND WATCH CO. tightly encased. angle steel and 37 & 39 )laiden Lane, 149 State Street, iron riveted New York Chicago. frame, wood Spreckels Building, San Francisco. els l Cb 15 norse Power (actuol). ;r�ees b �!� ;f everything-best result, complete with detachable ton- ne"u, wud guards, lamps, etc., Price $2,000. $2.00 t. o. b. New York THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO.. 486 Belden Street, Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. NEW STANDARD FLASHLIGHT F.ASTERN DEPOT. 150-152 East 58th Street. New York. 8 cell, Oak, $ii.OO C. o. b. New York Absolutely Highest Standard in NEW STANDARD " AUTOGAS " Gas Engine Battery Is used by more launch the World for __ __ _ and automobile owners than ny otber dry battery ill the market.a CHARTERANY PLACEENGINE · ... TRADE MARK. BY ANY ONE Columbian Spirit. Telephones While as low as any in price A Chemically Pure Metbyl Alcohol. Price in bbls. St i n s. ���ab �,YSa�i� ��:;;�s. and )1! bbls .• $1 50 per gallon. Colnmbian Spirit cannot the quality stands alone, there e b r m a g Hoisters Engines� and Pump: s. Bell Work ��et:���l �; ;l��\!�L U[� 1� a :�t!tr ,;gn� sCi�rr�::��� Fuel.-Gasoline" G"s, Distillate. �., are none per cent. SendQ� JOT�D Illust'l'"utpd uataloque a,uI 99 of pleasant odor and free from impurities. -ri.'U- I; 'Ilwnials, and State Yowr Power Needs. !!iii. Gasolene Engines CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO., Box 14B, STERLING, ILL. .. JUST AS GOOD." MANHATTAN SPIRIT CO- All sizes and prices Sole Manufactnrers. BUFFALO, N. Y. Carriage lights, etc. accordingly. WIJI be pleased to send you Catalogue.

1111111.,,"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11111111 . . jus � e · o r lIsing the'r" \Vhich�� 'Vay;:" Inventor and Sole Manufacturer . of a silver� dollar,� � in. 48('. iu ROCHE, Samf�:/or P"o, U. S. A. 42 Vesey Stre et. New York City

MOTORS CENERATORS An an swer to every movement made by the body Is found In the action of Pr.,.ident Suspender. All strain is re­ lieved, work Is made easier, and play LUN DELL more enjoyable. No other suspender Is built on the same prinCiple as PRESIDENT SUSPENDER Sold��e�Jk�8�8 ����gs c� �� {�r��i�:�'��:! ELECTRIC MOTORS everywhere, or by mail. C • .1, EDG.lRTOJ MFG. CO., Box 2"l'!,8hirleJ,IIISI.

ARE SIMPLE,SERVICEABLE I"\ADE ANDWITH EITHEDURRABLE. SINGLE OR DOUBLE KEYBOARD

CATALOGUESPRICE. ON APPUCA $ 60.TION� THE HARTFORD TY PEWRITER CO., 493 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, Conn.

THE PRACTICAL VALUE and utility of the Lundell Motors are due to their superior design and All VRrIelrleSat loweMt prlces. Kest Railroad construction. They are made in var�ous types, are constructed on O scientific principles, and have a bigh efficiency and remarkable en­ II:g\��"l�s���f �rt�:,e��i�c,�C:��B sa��:: durance. They range in size from horse power up to horse Sewing �lachIJles, BiCYCleR, Touls. etc. J;ave 1-20 1,000 SMoney. I List. �' ree. CHIC"AGO ,;c ALK Co., CllicajlO, lll. power, and will operate the most delicate mechanism or drive the Ga B S heaviest machinery. They are non-sparking, compact, economical in current consumption, simple and reliable in operation , and give the best possible commercial value. Send for illustrated descriptive NEW MODEL 6 Bulletins No. 10206 and 10207. ELMORE A Fifteen !-lnndred Donar Automobile for

Double$800.00. cylinder motor, p�rfecL action. easy to control at any speed. 11bree speeds forward and re­ from the Lijlhts on vel'se. No unpleasant jerk or kick wheu traveling. Both Manufacturers of High Grade Electric Apparatus uynamo and 8torage battery. CHRISTMAS TREES SPRAGUE ELECTRIC CO. A GOOD J>JlOI'OSlTION TO AGENTS. when Edison l\1 iniature Lanl})S are used. No Smoke. Smell or Grease. Lamps Ceneral Offices : in any coloT. Lamps can be either bou�ht ELMORE MANUFACTURING CO., or rented at a low cost. Anyone can readily 527-53 1 WEST THIRTY·FOURTH STREET, NEW CITY CLYDE, OHIO. U. S. A. wire and put up tbe lamps If tbere is electriC YORK current in the house; Our LeaHet on ChristJll!l.<; Llll'htmll'tells all about It. FANS COlli DUITS ElliSON DECORATIVE AND RIVETT LA THE MINIATURE LAMP DEPT. ';�I�i!1From $100 to S 1700 Each. GOLD MEDAL 'BICYCLE MOTORS, AT THE PAN-A M ERIUAN EXI'OSITION. Guaranteed best madp-. l:o:lets$60 of 1- . castlng� with aluminil1ID crnnk The Elrponent of Higbest ATt In ISI""Send for new Catalog : 190\...I\£I cas" and blue prints. $10.00. Send 1-1i i';O;j-1-";1.) :11 ]�i' Faneuil Watch Tool Company. stamp for particulars. ACETYLENE BURNERS �as������i��;���� S,EFFEY MFG. CO .• BRIGHTON, BOSTON, MASS. FOR TOOLS,STE SAWSE LT ETHB\�\RC.ORK : 1�7tit�;tf�� S'l'ATE LINE M�'G CO., ClmltalloMIt, 'l'enn., U. S. A_ JESWI!! ,JES$OPSO 6< SONSpts ":2 9.1 JOHN _5T. N(W Y 1!�!!!! "-,""-o!,,,-�=iJ 2720 Brown St., Phila., Pa. 107 Chambers St .. New YOrk, . m

LEWIS NIXON and � THE � The a NOF THEv iGResEAT ANATIOrmiNS es are now eqUipping with the new SCientifically constructed CRESCENT SHIPYARD BAUSCH and RS BINOCUbecauseLA N. J., U. S. A. LOMB-ZfISS ST[R[O In Elizabethport, SEEING POWER, IMMENSE FIELD Some Vessels Recently Built at the Crescent Shipyard OF VIEW, GUNBOATS PADDLE·WHEEL STEAMERS Anna-polu. STEREOSOOPIO or Submarine TOFJedo-Boat.-Holland. H wnaberah, for Colombia. Townsec nd, for UnitedU. States. YACHTS Sidewheel.iJoctor Steamerfor Old Dominion S. S. Co. PLASTIO IMAGE, Eireba, for Henry Darlington, Pittsb'.:::-". . Mrr.""i,a ft. Jos 'phine, for P. B. Widener. Philade phi � STERN-WHEEL STEAMERS OOMPAOTNESS, Emerald, for J. RogersA. Maxwe .. l Freelance. for F. Schemerhorn. Caura. for Venezuela. A. RodII/fo for Mexico. Ste'l;n Y acht ( oZumbia. "vr J. Harvey Ladew. I., LIGHTNESS and Yacht Dreamer, for T. W. Lav"lt'n. Jame8 Dei/rICk. for United States. Aux. 8chr. Yacht Genesee, for James ,vatson. Me rcede-, for Colombia. Antioquia, for Colombia.. OPTIOAL Aux. Schr. Yacht for R. Chillpin. U. t. TWIN-SCREW DUMPING BOATS PERFEOTION Cincinnaii. double deck, screw ferryboat, for 1:.<. Edria, ('''ester for City of New York. Penll8ylvania R. they are the superior Camdell, for Pennsylvania R. R. Two additional Dumping Boats of above type, A8CnenbroedeZ and Gellcrelltola. of all others. STEAM TUGS LIGHTERS R. and Cinderella.. BARGES No. 8, for N. Y., N. H. R. R. P,,/tsada. for J. G. Bolander. for Mexico. Vilea de Rodolfo .• Palmltra, for Pennsylvania R. R. Oil Barge,II for Jas. W. Lee, N. Y. N. H. H.H. & R. R. Four V_lsfor Standard Oil Company. Car float,for N. Y., P. & N. R. R. Ten Steel Bf'.xges for Lakes. Firel>oat for City of Bulfalo. . Three Watbr Barges for U. S. Navy Department. Bausch & lomb N.LIGH9, THO N. Y.,USE TEN& OERS AND GOVERNMENT V.ESSELS NOW IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION for Treasury Department. Monito," Fl,n-ida·, for S. Navy. U. S. Protected Cruiser Chattanooga..U. U. S. Navy. Maule, for Treasury Department. are constructed th Prism Two tllx-uTopellerU. Steamers and eight Barges for Two TOl'pedo-J;loats, IHcho18cmand O'Brie", for U. clpleBIIO and stand GUL next In allB8S adv t e MIlng1'OV'-,Yukon ltiv'�r naVigation, for Em:lire Trans­ an They cost less an are inore compact. portation Company.R Six Submarine Torpedo-Boats of the Holland type. Two Cruisers and Troopships, MeXICan Navy. on e P,rro prin· Steam Tug Vailant, for Supervisor of Harbor. Twin-Screw"'. Navy. Ya�ht Orizava, for H. C. Pierce. 8l( •. Five Cuban Re ,,'ence Cutters. Oil barge for U. S. PIpe Line Co. SOLD BY ALLd DEALERS. !;iX Russian TorpedO-Boats. N. Y. Heam FisherieS Boat, for Gulf Fisheries Company. Coast Survey Pat!lfin.der. Fen'yboat, for Mrs. Lucy Carnegie. oo et ee kl r .

D F This is one of the rIost Thoroughly Equipped and Bausch & Lomb Optical 00. Incorporated 1866. Efficient Small Yards in America. ROCHESTER. 25th Street Broadway, New York. at Washington Street,N. Cblc Y.lUlo .

Bas Watez: Front of 400 feet. Depth abreaat of Yard, 20 feet. & St e &

SHOP CRAMP .t SoNS SHIP Co" EAST WING 011' THE NEW MACHINE 011' WH. AND ENGINE BUILDING PHILADELPHIA.

BOLLAND SUBMARINE BOAT. Structural Steel

OF EVEJ{Y J)ESGJ{1PT1oN' HOLLAND TORrrDO BOAT CO. BROADWAY. 100

NEW YORK. of New York ENGINEERS AND CONT RACTORS

Bridges, Buildings, Roofs, Trusses rn Forty-three-ton Jupiter Steel Castings for the Battleships Rhode Island and New Jersey.

BOSTON, November 9, 19° I. MR. EUGENE EDWARDS, General Manager United States Steel Co., 'Nest Everett, Mass. DEAR SIR.-The Directors of this Company realize that during your long connection with the Midvale Steel Co. of Nicetown, Pa., you personally saw much of the growth of that great steel plant, now val ned at twenty millions of dollars, also that it was under your six years' management that the great steel casting plant of the General Electric Company, in Lynn, increased its output 300 per ceut. They therefore desire, after your year's management of our Everett plant, that yon give them your opinion as to the advisability of immediately increasing said plant to the New England demand for Jupiter Steel Castings. Respectfully, UNITE D STATES STEEL COMPANY,

� � \ JJ\ \llix- Treasurer.

BOSTON, November II 190I. UNITED STATES STEEL COMPANY, Boston, Mass. , GENTLE M E N.- I have your esteemed favor of November 9 requesting my Op11110n as to the advisability of increasing our present plant. The situation briefly is as follows: With our plant at Everett we are so overrun with unsolicited business that we are con­ stantly in danger of displeasing our customers by delay in filling orders. 'I'his condition will be partially improved as soon as our addition of 100 x 130 feet now under way is completed, and the new fifteen-ton crane in position. While this means a total of 300 feet in·length for the main foundry, I am of the opinion that it shonld be immediately increased to 500 feet to fill the orders that the mere kno_vvledge of our capacity would bring to us. But-there is another field for Jupiter Steel, not yet touched by our Company, which would be a very profitable one. There is a large demand in New England for heavy steel rolls in roller_ mills and rnbber factories. These rolls weigh from 1,000 to 20,000 lbs. apie,ce, and we have already turned away many orders on account of being so full of other business. The making of these rolls by day, and the pouring of steel billets at night, would easily take np the capacity of another complete plant, the duplicate of our present one, of a length of 500 feet. I believe that both of the above additions should be built immediately, and would greatly increase your dividends. Yon have a splendid location, with unexcelled railroad and water facilities, for the growth of a plant equal to those plants with which I have been connected and to which you refer. Very truly yours, F� d-c. � Gmffal Managn. The above is the advice of a successful and practical steel mannfacturer who found it to his advantage to leave the Midvale Steel Co. to improve his position and identify himself with the steel casting department of the General Electric Co. as Superintendent, officiating as such for six years. From the latter connection he considered it to his interest to associate himself with the United States Steel Co. as General Manager, realizing the great superiority of our product. This should be snfficient evidence of the vast strides and advance of J u pi ter Steel Castings. No branch of industry in which man engages promises a return of such handsome profits as that of the manufacture of steel. The dividends derived from the prosecution of legitimate steel manufacture far outrank the net returns from any other line of busi­ ness. The wonderfnl stimulus which the success of the past three years has imparted to the steel bnsiness is evidenced by the tremen­ dous outlay which has been made in this department of industry during the past year, the results of which can only be hinted at, for they will not be reducible to statistical form until 1902. It is sufficient to say that from every branch and avenue of the steel business come most favorable reports of progress and renewed achievements. The g-reatness of the United States lies in her internal resources, agricultural, manufacturing and mining, Agriculturally, the country is fairly well developed, in mining the same, bnt the manufac­ turing of steel has been up to within a few years a comparatively infant indnstry. It is in the expanding and developing of this branch of the Nation's wealth that the greatest successes of the future are to be looked for. Steel to-day is in such a position that it is right to invite capital toward its advancement. It is the mission, therefore, of everyone interested in the development of this resource to see that the industry is afforded every possible encouragement to pnt it to the front and let it speak for itself, for if this is done it will raise up its own friends and rally its own snpporters. The greatest pUblicity has been given to our enterprise, and has resulted in the present enormous demand for Jupiter Steel Castings, which are steadily and permanently displacing more expensi\'e forms of steel, yet being of equal lightness, strength, and qnality, and are an improvement over the ordinary steel cast�!lg because they require no annealing, being strictly pure steel of uniform hardness or softness throughout, and can be forged, welded and tempered. Our foreign patents, now being negotiated, show conclusively a source of dividends equal to the entire capitalization of the Company. As a rule, stock in well-managed manufacturing companies is generally bought up by those in some way connected with their management and the outsider has little chance except at a high premiulll and a correspondingly low profit. But this is an unusual opportunity for people of limited means to secure an investment already paying a large income, an opportunity such as is usually offered to capitalists only, and the man with a few hundred dopars gets a chance. In this connection it will be noted that the Scientific Ameri{:an published an article on Jupiter Steel, illustrated on the first page of the edition of October I2, and described in the following pages. A copy of same will be mailed on application. This was very flattering to us, and we consider it the best endorsement that Jupiter Steel has e\'er received. After long deliberation we agree with our General Manager that it is to our advantage to immediately enlarge our Works to the extent recommended, to take care of the New England :'usiness that is legitimately ours, and for construction will sell 40,000 of the 230,000 shares now remaining in our Treasury, at par, $5 per share, full paid, non-assessable, and drawing full regular quarterly dividends of 3 per cent. (12 per cent. per annum), the next being payable January 27, 1902. It has been our experience that this opportunity will not long be open, as our previous offerings have invariably been over-subscribed, the last by some $25,000, which we are now filling from this block, and deem it advisable that you give our investment your prompt attention. The United States Steel Company has been paying for the past two years quarterly dividends at the rate of 12 per cent. per annum on all its outstanding stock, and it is expected that this dividend rate will be increased as soon as we can enlarge our plant at Everett, Mass. To those who are interested a full prospectus of the Company, together with a record of what has been accomplished in the past two years will be mailed on application. Preference will be given to subscriptions in the order of their receipt. All accepted subscrip­ tions will draw the full regular quarterly dividend of 3 per cent. payable January 27, 1902. UNITED STATES STEEL Co., No. 143 Oliver Stre:t, Boston, Mass.

AMERICAN 3 -COLOIt co., N. Y "CHI,