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China's Foreign Policy Towards the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Region, 1949-1999

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China's Foreign Policy Towards the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Region, 1949-1999 Durham E-Theses China's foreign policy towards the gulf and Arabian Peninsula region, 1949-1999 Binhuwaidin, Mohamed Mousa Mohamed Ali How to cite: Binhuwaidin, Mohamed Mousa Mohamed Ali (2001) China's foreign policy towards the gulf and Arabian Peninsula region, 1949-1999, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4947/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE GULF AND ARABIAN PENINSULA REGION, 1949-1999 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should i)e published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. BY MOHAMED MOUSA MOHAMED ALIBINHUWAIDIN A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE FACULITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM C.M.E.I.S 2001 1'. Table of Contents Page Table of Contents i List of Tables and Figures vi Abstract vii Declaration viii Copyright ix Dedication x Acknowledgements xi Part I: Some Introductory Observations Chapter 1: General elements and literature review 1 1.1. Focus and purpose of the study 1 1.2. Significance of the study 1 1.3. Why study China? 2 1.4. Literature survey 8 1.5. Chapter plan 29 Part II: China's Foreign Policy in Global Context Chapter 2: Theorising China's foreign policy 31 2.1. Internal factors 32 2.1.1. History and tradition 37 2.1.2. Ideology 44 2.1.3. Leadership and political structure 48 2.1.4. Economic modernisation 51 2.2. External factors 58 2.2.1. Neo-realism 59 2.2.1.1. Neo-realism and China's foreign policy 71 2.3. Conclusion 81 Chapter 3: China's relations with the United States, the Soviet Union/Russia 84 3.1. China's early interactions with the superpowers, 1949-1954 84 3.2. China and the changing of its foreign policy strategy, 1955-1969 89 3.3. China and the policy of leaning towards the U.S., 1970-1981 100 3.4. China's independent foreign policy, 1982-1990 108 3.5. China's relations with the United States and Russia in the post-Cold War era, 1991-1999 118 3.5.1. The human rights issue 129 3.5.2. The security issue 130 3.5.3. Allegations 134 3.6. Conclusion 141 Part III: China's Foreign Policy towards the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Region Chapter 4: China's perception of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula region 144 4.1. China's early involvement in the region, 1949-1970 145 4.1.1. South Yemen 153 4.1.2. The Dhofari rebellion 155 4.2. China's pragmatic foreign policy towards the region, 1971-1989 158 4.2.1. Revolution in Iran 164 4.2.2. The Iran-Iraq war 168 4.2.3. China's arms sales to the region in the 1980s 172 4.3. China's new interest in the region, 1990-1999 178 4.3.1. The Kuwait crisis 179 Ill 4.3.2. Market for Chinese military goods 186 4.3.2.1. Missile technology sales to Iran 188 4.3.2.2. China's nuclear co-operation with Iran ... 189 4.3.2.3. China's chemical and biological sales to Iran 191 4.3.2.4. Other possible sales 193 4.3.3.011 195 4.4. Conclusion 199 Chapter 5: China's relations with Iraq, Iran, and Yemen 202 5.1. China and Iraq 203 5.1.1. Chinese Iraqi relations in its early days, 1949-1957 203 5.1.2. China's changing relations with Iraq, 1958- 1959 204 5.1.3. New challenges in China-Iraq relations, 1959- 1974 205 5.1.4. China's renewed interest in Iraq, 1975-1979 209 5.1.5. Chinese-Iraqi relations in the 1980s 211 5.1.6. China and Iraq during and after the Kuwait crisis, 1990-1999 215 5.2. China and Iran 227 5.2.1. China and Iran in the 1950s 227 5.2.2. China, Iran and changes in Chinese foreign policy 229 5.2.3. The estabhshment of diplomatic relations 231 5.2.4. China and new developments in Iran 236 5.2.5. China and Iran in the 1990s 248 5.3. China and Yemen 257 5.3.1. China and Yemen from 1950 to 1965 257 5.3.2. China's interest in South Yemen 259 5.3.3. China and the Yemens in the 1970s 264 5.3.4. China and the Yemens in the 1980s 266 5.3.5. China and the Republic of Yemen 270 5.4. Conclusion 274 Chapter 6: China's relations with the GCC countries 278 6.1. China and Kuwait 278 6.1.1. China and Kuwait before recognition 278 6.1.2. The establishment of diplomatic relations 281 6.1.3. China and Kuwait in the 1980s 285 6.1.4. China and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 291 6.1.5. China and Kuwait after the Kuwait war 294 6.2. China and Oman 298 6.2.1. China's early involvement in Oman 298 6.2.2. The estabhshment of diplomatic relations 300 6.2.3. China and Oman in the 1980s 304 6.2.4. China and Oman in the 1990s 309 6.3. China and Saudi Arabia 313 6.3.1. China and Saudi relations in the 1950s and 1960s 313 6.3.2. China's changing policy.. 318 6.3.2.1. Abandoning its revolutionary stance 319 6.3.2.2. Adopting similar policies 319 6.3.2.3. Appealing for good offices 320 6.3.2.4. Setting the pattern 321 6.3.2.5. Using Islam 323 6.3.2.6. Conducting business 327 6.3.2.7. Selling missiles 332 6.3.3. The estabhshment of diplomatic relations 336 6.3.4. China and the Kingdom after the establishment of formal relations 340 6.3.5. China-Saudi economic relations 344 6.4. China and the UAE 349 6.4.1. China and the UAE prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations 349 6.4.2. The establishment of diplomatic relations 353 6.4.3. China and the UAE after the establishment of diplomatic relations 355 6.4.4. China and the UAE in the 1990s 363 6.4.5. China-UAE economic relations 368 6.5. China and Qatar 371 6.5.1. China's relations with Qatar prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations 371 6.5.2. The establishment of diplomatic relations 374 6.5.3. China and Qatar after the establishment of diplomatic relations 375 6.6. China and Bahrain 379 6.6.1. China-Bahrain relations prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations 379 6.6.2. The estabhshment of diplomatic relations 382 6.6.3. China and Bahrain after the estabUshment of formal relations 383 6.7. Conclusion 386 Part IV: Conclusions Chapter 7: Summary, conclusions, and some reflections on future relations 387 Appendix 1 402 Appendix 2 412 Bibliography 416 List of Tables and Figures Tables China's participation in international organisations, 1960-1989 54 China's military expenditures, official figures, 1976-1996 77 China's main arms customers by region, 1982-1986 173 China's main arms customers by region, 1987-1991 173 China's top arms customers, 1982-1986 173 China's top arms customers, 1987-1991 174 China's arms sales to Iran from 1981 to 1988 175 China's arms sales to Iraq from 1981 to 1988 176 China's arms sales to Iran from 1990 to 1997 191 China's production, consumption, export and deficit of crude oil from 1991-1997 195 Iranian arms transfers by major supphers 1983-1997 253 Oman's exports of crude oil by country 312 Oman' s main trading partners 312 Figures Value of China's trade with the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula region 162 vn Abstract This study attempts to fill an important gap which exists in the literature on the People's Republic of China's foreign policy - China's relations with the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula countries. It provides a detailed description of China's policy towards the region from the time of the establishment of the PRC in late 1949 to the end of the twentieth century, by focusing on the factors that shaped China's foreign policy and its objectives. The researcher draws upon the neo-realist theory arguments and assumptions in explaining China's foreign policy towards the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula region, particularly the impact of external factors in shaping states' foreign policies. The major argument of the study is that two main factors have been most salient in shaping China's foreign policy towards the region. The first factor has been China's relations with both the United States and the Soviet Union, which very much shaped China's foreign policy towards the region throughout most of the Cold War era.
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