SCB255 Course Title: Cell Biology Department
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Determination of Cell Development, Differentiation and Growth
Pediat. Res. I: 395-408 (1967) Determination of Cell Development, Differentiation and Growth A Review D.M.BROWN[ISO] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Introduction plasmic synthesis, water uptake, or, in the case of intact tissue, intercellular deposition. It may include prolifera It has become increasingly apparent that the basis for tion or the multiplication of identical cells and may be biologic variation in relation to disease states is in accompanied by differentiation which implies anatomical large part predetermined from early embryonic stages. as well as functional changes. The number of cellular Consideration of variations of growth and development units in a tissue may be related to the deoxyribonucleic must take into account the genetic constitution and acid (DNA) content or nucleocytoplasmic units [24, early embryonic events of tissue and organ develop 59, 143]. Differentiation may refer to physical and ment. chemical organization of subcellular components or The incidence of congenital malformation has been to changes in the structure and organization of cells estimated to be 2 to 3 percent of all live born infants and leading to specialized organs. may double by one year [133]. Minor abnormalities are even more common [79]. Furthermore, the large variety of well-defined 'inborn errors of metabolism', Control of Embryonic Chemical Development as well as the less apparent molecular and chromosomal abnormalities, should no doubt be considered as mal Protein syntheses during oogenesis and embryogenesis formations despite the possible lack of gross somatic are guided by nuclear and nucleolar ribonucleic acid aberrations. Low birth weight is a frequent accom (RNA) which are in turn controlled by primer DNA. -
Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R
Author Exchange Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R. Venema A Reply to Meyer Dennis R. Venema Weizsäcker’s book The World View of Physics is still keeping me very busy. It has again brought home to me quite clearly how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in what we know, not in what we don’t know; God wants us to realize his presence, not in unsolved problems but in those that are solved. Dietrich Bonhoeffer1 am thankful for this opportunity to nature, is the result of intelligence. More- reply to Stephen Meyer’s criticisms over, this assertion is proffered as the I 2 of my review of his book Signature logical basis for inferring design for the in the Cell (hereafter Signature). Meyer’s origin of biological information: if infor- critiques of my review fall into two gen- mation only ever arises from intelli- eral categories. First, he claims I mistook gence, then the mere presence of Signature for an argument against bio- information demonstrates design. A few logical evolution, rendering several of examples from Signature make the point my arguments superfluous. Secondly, easily: Meyer asserts that I have failed to refute … historical scientists can show that his thesis by not providing a “causally a presently acting cause must have adequate alternative explanation” for the been present in the past because the origin of life in that the few relevant cri- proposed candidate is the only known tiques I do provide are “deeply flawed.” cause of the effect in question. -
Framing Major Prebiotic Transitions As Stages of Protocell Development: Three Challenges for Origins-Of-Life Research
Framing major prebiotic transitions as stages of protocell development: three challenges for origins-of-life research Ben Shirt-Ediss1, Sara Murillo-Sánchez2,3 and Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo*2,3 Commentary Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1388–1395. 1Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.135 University of Newcastle, UK, 2Dept. Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, Spain and 3Biofisika Institute Received: 16 February 2017 (CSIC, UPV-EHU), Spain Accepted: 27 June 2017 Published: 13 July 2017 Email: Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo* - [email protected] This article is part of the Thematic Series "From prebiotic chemistry to molecular evolution". * Corresponding author Guest Editor: L. Cronin Keywords: functional integration; origins of life; prebiotic evolution; protocells © 2017 Shirt-Ediss et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. Abstract Conceiving the process of biogenesis as the evolutionary development of highly dynamic and integrated protocell populations provides the most appropriate framework to address the difficult problem of how prebiotic chemistry bridged the gap to full-fledged living organisms on the early Earth. In this contribution we briefly discuss the implications of taking dynamic, functionally inte- grated protocell systems (rather than complex reaction networks in bulk solution, sets of artificially evolvable replicating molecules, or even these same replicating molecules encapsulated in passive compartments) -
Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW of BASICS
Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW OF BASICS CELL PART OR TYPE OF CELL WHERE FOUND WHAT DOES IT FUNCTION: MISCELLANEOUS ORGANELLE Prokaryotic cell Plant cell LOOK LIKE: Job it does in INFORMATION: things Eukaryotic cell Animal cell Describe or Draw the cell such as color, what it is Both Both made of, size, etc. plasma/cell See diagram Holds cell together Phospholipid bilayer with membrane both both Regulates what goes proteins in/out of cell Semipermeable cytoplasm both Clear thick jelly- Supports/protects both like material in cell cell organelles See diagram Control center nucleus eukaryotic both Contains DNA See diagram Where proteins are ribosome both both made See diagram Process proteins Golgi complex eukaryotic both that go to other /apparatus parts of cell Membrane-bound Digests materials lysosome eukaryotic animal sac of digestive within the cell enzymes Membrane-bound Stores water, food, One large one in plants vacuole eukaryotic both storage area waste and dissolved Many smaller ones in minerals animals endoplasmic Network of Transport materials Can be rough (with reticulum eukaryotic both membrane tubes throughout the cell ribosomes attached) or smooth (without ribosomes) See diagram Where cell respiration Called Powerhouse of cell mitochondria eukaryotic both occurs (releases Makes ATP from energy for cell to use) breaking down glucose See diagram Where photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll chloroplast eukaryotic plant takes place Converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose Some pro- and plant (also fungi Rigid structure -
Introduction to the Cell Cell History Cell Structures and Functions
Introduction to the cell cell history cell structures and functions CK-12 Foundation December 16, 2009 CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning. Copyright ©2009 CK-12 Foundation This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Contents 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 5 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells .................................. 5 3 www.ck12.org www.ck12.org 4 Chapter 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson Objectives • Identify the scientists that first observed cells. • Outline the importance of microscopes in the discovery of cells. • Summarize what the cell theory proposes. • Identify the limitations on cell size. • Identify the four parts common to all cells. • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction Knowing the make up of cells and how cells work is necessary to all of the biological sciences. Learning about the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell biology and molecular biology. -
Biochemistry Biotechnology Cell Biology
Undergraduate Biochemistry Opportunities www.ed.ac.uk/biology Biotechnology Cell Biology Biochem_Biotech_CellBio_A5.indd 1 21/05/2019 14:25 Biochemistry The programme combines coverage of the Biochemistry is the study of living systems at basic principles and knowledge underpinning the cellular and molecular level. This dynamic biotechnology and an appreciation of the field draws on a variety of subjects and has processes involved in converting an idea widespread application. Biochemistry applies a into a product. The objective is to provide a knowledge of chemistry and physical sciences firm foundation in molecular and microbial to investigate basic life processes. The subject biotechnology through compulsory sections has a major impact on modern medical research dealing with topics such as expression vectors, and upon the pharmaceutical, bioengineering, microbial fermentation, protein structure, drug agricultural and environmental industries. design and the development of antimicrobials and vaccines. The programme encourages the critical assessment of current developments in areas of Cell Biology biological interest. Modern cell biology is a dynamic discipline that combines the interests and techniques of many Biotechnology scientific fields. Cell biologists investigate the Biotechnology is concerned with industrial basic structural and functional units of life, the and biomedical applications of fundamental cells that compose all living organisms. They aim knowledge derived from biology. This covers to understand: cellular structure, composition many facets from making useful products and regulation, the organelles that cells contain, using microbial, plant or animal cells to using cell growth, nuclear and cellular division, and bioinformatics and structural biology to design cell death. Understanding how cells work is new drugs. Biotechnology is an exciting area fundamental to many areas of biology and is of with new developments each year in areas that particular importance to fields such as cancer affect us all. -
Effect of Irradiation of the PEM of 1.531211SMJ29 Jeewanu with Clinical Mercury Lamp and Sunlight on the Morphological Features of the Silicon Molybdenum Jeewanu
International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2016 ISSN 2091-2730 Effect of Irradiation of the PEM of 1.531211SMJ29 Jeewanu with Clinical Mercury Lamp and Sunlight on the Morphological Features of the Silicon Molybdenum Jeewanu Deepa Srivastava Department of Chemistry, S.S.Khanna Girls‘ Degree College, Constituent College of Allahabad University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India E- Mail – [email protected] Abstract— Sterilized aqueous mixture of ammonium molybdate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, mineral solution and formaldehyde on exposure to sunlight results in the formation of self-sustaining coacervates which were coined as Jeewanu, the autopoetic eukaryote by Bahadur and Ranganayaki. Jeewanu have been analyzed to contain a number of compounds of biological interest. The presence of various enzyme like activities viz., phosphatase, ATP-ase, esterase, nitrogenase have been also been detected in Jeewanu mixture. Gáinti (2003) discussed that Jeewanu possesses a promising configuration similar to protocell-like model. Keywords— Autopoetic, eukaryote, Jeewanu, PEM, sunlight, mercury lamp, morphology, 1.531211SMJ29 INTRODUCTION Sterilized aqueous mixture of ammonium molybdate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, mineral solution and formaldehyde on exposure to sunlight results in the formation of self-sustaining coacervates which were coined as Jeewanu, the autopoetic eukaryote by Bahadur, K and Ranganayaki, S. in 1970. [1] The photochemical, formation of protocell-like microstructures ―Jeewanu‖ in a laboratory simulated prebiotic atmosphere capable of showing multiplication by budding, growth from within by actual synthesis of material and various metabolic activities has been reported by Bahadur et al. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8] Jeewanu have been analyzed to contain a number of compounds of biological interest viz. -
The Homeobox Gene GLABRA 2 Is Required for Position-Dependent Cell Differentiation in the Root Epidermis of Arabidopsis Thaliana
Development 122, 1253-1260 (1996) 1253 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV0049 The homeobox gene GLABRA 2 is required for position-dependent cell differentiation in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana James D. Masucci1, William G. Rerie2, Daphne R. Foreman1,†, Meng Zhang1, Moira E. Galway1,‡, M. David Marks3 and John W. Schiefelbein1,* 1Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 2Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada 3Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) †Present address: Department of Biology, Macalester University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA ‡Present address: Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada SUMMARY The role of the Arabidopsis homeobox gene, GLABRA 2 hairs, they are similar to atrichoblasts of the wild type in (GL2), in the development of the root epidermis has been their cytoplasmic characteristics, timing of vacuolation, investigated. The wild-type epidermis is composed of two and extent of cell elongation. The results of in situ nucleic cell types, root-hair cells and hairless cells, which are acid hybridization and GUS reporter gene fusion studies located at distinct positions within the root, implying that show that the GL2 gene is preferentially expressed in the positional cues control cell-type differentiation. During the differentiating hairless cells of the wild type, during a development of the root epidermis, the differentiating root- period in which epidermal cell identity is believed to be hair cells (trichoblasts) and the differentiating hairless cells established. -
Independent Research Resources Demonstrations/Simulations
Independent Research Resources Independent Generation of Research (IGoR) - IGoR provides a platform for people to pool their knowledge, resources, time, and creativity so that everyone can pursue their own scientific curiosity. Virginia Junior Academy of Science Resource Library - Extensive collection of open-access resources for students in Biology & Medicine, Botany, Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Chemistry, Engineering and Physics The Society for Science and the Public Science Project Resources - A catalog of science resources that can support your quest to learn and do science Science Buddies - Ideas for science projects Teacher resources National Center for Science Education Scientist in the Classroom - Platform allows teachers to request classroom visits from scientists Genetics Education Outreach Network (GEON) - Network of genetics professionals HHMI BioInteractive Data Points - Explore and interpret primary data from published research Biotech in a Box Loan Kits - Shipped to your school from Fralin Life Sciences Institute at Virginia Tech Demonstrations/Simulations Genetic Science Learning Center- Simulations, videos and interactive activities that explore genetics, cell biology, neuroscience, ecology and health Remotely Accessible Instruments for Nanotechnology (RAIN) - Access and control nanoinstruments over the Internet in real-time with the assistance of an experienced engineer PhET Simulations - Interactive STEM simulations for all grade levels HHMI BioInteractive Interactive Media - Recommendations: Virus Explorer; Exploring -
Constructing Protocells: a Second Origin of Life
04_SteenRASMUSSEN.qxd:Maqueta.qxd 4/6/12 11:45 Página 585 Session I: The Physical Mind CONSTRUCTING PROTOCELLS: A SECOND ORIGIN OF LIFE STEEN RASMUSSEN Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico USA ANDERS ALBERTSEN, PERNILLE LYKKE PEDERSEN, CARSTEN SVANEBORG Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) ABSTRACT: What is life? How does nonliving materials become alive? How did the first living cells emerge on Earth? How can artificial living processes be useful for technology? These are the kinds of questions we seek to address by assembling minimal living systems from scratch. INTRODUCTION To create living materials from nonliving materials, we first need to understand what life is. Today life is believed to be a physical process, where the properties of life emerge from the dynamics of material interactions. This has not always been the assumption, as living matter at least since the origin of Hindu medicine some 5000 years ago, was believed to have a metaphysical vital force. Von Neumann, the inventor of the modern computer, realized that if life is a physical process it should be possible to implement life in other media than biochemistry. In the 1950s, he was one of the first to propose the possibilities of implementing living processes in computers and robots. This perspective, while being controversial, is gaining momentum in many scientific communities. There is not a generally agreed upon definition of life within the scientific community, as there is a grey zone of interesting processes between nonliving and living matter. Our work on assembling minimal physicochemical life is based on three criteria, which most biological life forms satisfy. -
Regulation of Growth and Cellular Differentiation In
Amer. J. Bot. 56(8): 918-927. 1969. REGULATION OF GROWTH AND CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATIOK IN DEVELOPING AVENA INTERNODES BY GIBBERELLIC ACID AND INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID! PETER B. KAUFMAN, LOUISE B. PETERING, AND PAUL A. ADAMS Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ABSTRACT Auxin (IAA) at physiological concentrations causes significant reduction of GA.-promoted growth in excised Avtna stem segments. IAA is thus considered to be a gibberellin antagonist in this system. It was found to act non-competitively in repressing GA.-augmented growth in these segments. In intercalary meristem cells at the base of the elongating internode, GA. blocks cell division activity and causes a marked increase in cell lengthening. IAA substantially pro motes lateral expansion in comparable intercalary meristem cells, particularly in the vicinity '" of vascular bundles underlying the epidermis. It also alters the plane of cell division in differentia ting stomata. IAA at high concentrations (10-', 10-4M), in combination with GA., overrides the effects of GA. on cell lengthening, while with low concentrations of IAA (10-', 10-10 M), the effects of GA:! are clearly dominant. At intermediate concentrations of IAA (10- 6, 10- 7 M), in the presence of G.<\" the effects of this treatment on cell differentiation closely parallel the pattern of differentiation in untreated tissue. It is postulated that a lateral gradient of auxin and gib berellin could control cell expansion in long epidermal cells during intercalary growth of the internode. RECENTLY, we reported that exogenously supplied MATERIALS AND METHoDs-Next-to-last inter gibberellic acid (GA 3) markedly accelerates the nodes (here designated as p-1; illustrated in Fig. -
Metabolic Regulation of Epigenetic Modifications and Cell
cancers Review Metabolic Regulation of Epigenetic Modifications and Cell Differentiation in Cancer Pasquale Saggese 1, Assunta Sellitto 2 , Cesar A. Martinez 1, Giorgio Giurato 2 , Giovanni Nassa 2 , Francesca Rizzo 2 , Roberta Tarallo 2 and Claudio Scafoglio 1,* 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (C.A.M.) 2 Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (G.N.); [email protected] (F.R.); [email protected] (R.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-310-825-9577 Received: 20 October 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Simple Summary: Cancer cells change their metabolism to support a chaotic and uncontrolled growth. In addition to meeting the metabolic needs of the cell, these changes in metabolism also affect the patterns of gene activation, changing the identity of cancer cells. As a consequence, cancer cells become more aggressive and more resistant to treatments. In this article, we present a review of the literature on the interactions between metabolism and cell identity, and we explore the mechanisms by which metabolic changes affect gene regulation. This is important because recent therapies under active investigation target both metabolism and gene regulation. The interactions of these new therapies with existing chemotherapies are not known and need to be investigated.