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Leaf Architecture of Some Species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus Found in Assam, India

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Pleione 10(2): 288 - 296. 2016. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Leaf architecture of some species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus found in Assam, India Nibedita Das1 and S. K. Borthakur Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, Assam, India 1Corresponding author: [email protected] [Received 28.10.2016; Revised 14.12.2016; Accepted 17.12.2016; Published 31.12.2016] Abstract Leaf architectural attributes of six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) [C. bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers; C. indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze; C. inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner (i.e. Volkameria inermis Linnaeus); C. laevifolium Blumea; C. serratum Moon (i.e. Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley); and C. trichotomum Thunberg], occurring naturally in Assam, were studied to ascertain their taxonomic relationships using leaf architectural characters. Different parameters like leaf attachment, petiole length, blade class, laminar shape, margin, apex and base, 20 and 30 vein categories, spacing and angle were studied. A dichotomous key of these species was constructed and detailed description based on the architectural characters for each species are provided. From the produced data no sufficient difference could be identifies to isolate Rotheca serrata and Volkameria inermis from Clerodendrum Linnaeus. Key words: Clerodendrum, Leaf architecture, Blade class, Vein category, Assam INTRODUCTION The genus Clerodendrum Linnaeus was placed under Verbenaceae in most of the angiosperm classifications (Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883; Cronquist 1981). But, in recent classifications, based mostly on molecular data, has re-classified the genus as a member of Lamiaceae (Chase & Reveal 2009; Haston et al. 2009). The genus was established in 1753 by Linnaeus based on the type species Clerodendrum infortunatum Linnaeus from India (Shrivastava & Patel 2007). The genus is now classified in the subfamily Ajugoideae, as several genera are transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data (Chakraborthy et al. 2013). Clerodendrum is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world with few species extending to the temperate regions. The number of species under the genus is about 560 (Moldenke 1971) or 580 (Munir 1989) or 400 (Mabberley 2005). In India Clerodendrum Linnaeus is represented by about 23 species (Srivastava & Choudhury 2008). Kanjilal et al. (1939) described only 13 species of Clerodendrum from Assam including Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur. As most of the members of Clerodendrum are ethnomedically important (Shrivastava & Patel 2007) their proper identification is very important. Leaf architecture is the aspect of morphology that helps to study leaf structure, including shape, marginal configuration, apex, base, venation pattern, etc., allowing more rigorous comparisons among different taxa (Metcalfe & Chalk 1950; Inamdar 1971). Such characters have great significance in delimitation of closely related species. The leaf architectural features Nibedita Das & SK. Borthakur 289 in Clerodendrum have not been studied so far for use as source of taxonomic characters. Thus, this study defines taxonomic usefulness of leaf architectural characters ofClerodendrum Linnaeus. The binomial Volkameria inermis was established by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species Plantarum. In most of the literature this plant is now referred as Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) J. Gaertner though its Linnaean name is the currently accepted one (www.theplantlist.org). Similarly, the species Volkameria serrata was established by Linnaeus in 1767. Later on the species was recombined as Clerodendrum serratum by Moon in 1924. However, now the species is again transferred to the newly established genus Rotheca by Steane & Mabberley (1998) and the accepted binomial is Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley (www.theplantlist.org) which is also kept under Ajugoideae of Lamiaceae. Both these species are quite common in the study area and an attempt will be made to understand their closeness with different other species of Clerodendrum under study. So, here, the genus Clerodendrum Linnaeus is treated sensu lato with six species from Assam those are, in many local floras (Kanjilal et al. 1939; Rajendran & Daniel 2002, Giri et al. 2008), treated under this genus including two which are now nomenclaturally accepted under two other different genera. MATERIALS AND METHOD Mature leaves of the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus [C. bracteatum Wallich ex. Walpers; C. indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze; C. inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner (Volkameria inermis Linnaeus); C. laevifolium Blumea; C. serratum Moon (Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley); and C. trichotomum Thunberg] ccurring in Assam were collected from different parts of the state. The inclusion of C. inerme and C. serratum in the list was done to understand their closeness with Clerodendrum in respect to their leaf-architectural data. The voucher specimens have been processed as per standard methods of Jain and Rao (1977) and deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department, Gauhati University (GUBH) for future reference. To study the leaf architecture fresh leaves were cleared following the technique of Bersier & Bocquet (1960) and for description terminologies used are as suggested by Hickey (1973) and Leaf Architecture Working Group (LAWG 1999). The characters described were leaf attachment, leaf organization, petiole features, laminar size, blade class, laminar shape and symmetry, laminar ratio, base and apex angle, base and apex shape, position of petiolar attachment, margin type, lobation and vein orders. The leaf-vein orders were also examined. The laminar size was measured using a centimeter scale. The result of the laminar size gives the idea of what type of blade class of the leaves were. The base and apex angles were measured using a protractor. A dichotomous key to the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) was then constructed and the descriptions were based uniquely on leaf-architectural characters. RESULTS Key to the six species of Clerodendrum (sensu lato) based on leaf architectural characters 1a. Leaves sessile or sub-sessile ………. 2 1b. Leaves distinctly petiolate ……. 3 2a. 20 veins weak, brochidodromous; 20 vein spacing decreasing towards base, weak intersecondaries ………………………… C. serratum [= Rotheca serrata] 290 Leaf architecture of Clerodendrum spp. PRINT IN COLOUR!! A B C D E F PLATE - I. Leaf shape of Clerodendrum species (A - F): A. C. indicum; B. C. inerme; C. C. serratum; D. C. trichotomum; E. C. bracteatum; F. C. laevifolium Nibedita Das & SK. Borthakur 291 2b. 20 vein strong brochidodromous; 20 vein spacing irregular, strong intersecondaries …. C. indicum 3a. Lamina entire ……............ 4 3b. Lamina erose; 20 brochidodromous, weak intersecondaries, 20 vein spacing irregular, areolation well developed …………………………………… C. laevifolium 4a. Lamina acuminate ………... 5 4b. Lamina retuse; 20 weak brochidodromous, 20 vein spacing decreasing towards base, areolation moderately developed ................. C. inerme [=Volkameria inermis] 5a. 20 vein spacing decreasing regularly towards base, weak intersecondaries, areolation moderately developed ………………………………………… C. trichotomum 5b. 20 vein spacing irregular, strong intersecondaries, areolation well developed ......... ...... C. bracteatum Leaf architectural characteristics of the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) Clerodendrum bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers [PLATE-I, Fig. E; PLATE-II, Fig. E] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 135-190×46-104 mm with 1.8:1 ratio, symmetrical, ovate, acuminate, base concave, mesophyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s weak brochidodromous; angle of divergence, smoothly decreasing towards base; inter-2°s Strong; 3° sinuous; angle with respect to 1° vein, perpendicular, increasing basally; alternate percurrent 40 and regular polygonal reticulate 5°; well developed areolation. Exsiccatae: Kumarikata, Baksa District, Assam, India, 15.05.2013, N. Das 2856 (GUHB). Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze [PLATE-I, Fig. A; PLATE-II, Fig. A] Leaves whorled, sessile or sub-sessile; Blade: 150-180×20-30 mm with 6:1 ratio, symmetrical, elliptic, acuminate, base decurrent, notophyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s brochidodromous; angle of divergence, one pair of acute basal secondaries; inter-2°s strong; 3° exmedially ramified; angle with respect to 1° vein obtuse, incosistent; alternate, percurrent 4° and regular polygonal reticulate 5°; well-developed areolation. Exsiccatae: Pamohi, Kamrup Disrict, Assam, India, 03.07.2013, N. Das 2845 (GUBH). Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner [i.e. Volkameria inermis Linnaeus] [PLATE- I, Fig. B; PLATE-II, Fig. B] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 30 37×25-29 mm with 1.8:1 ratio, symmetrical, obovate, retuse, base cuneate, microphyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s weak brochidodromous; angle of divergence, uniform; inter- 2°s weak; 3° admedially ramified; angle with respect to 1° vein, perpendicular, uniform; regular polygonal reticulate 4° and 5°; moderately developed areolation. Exsiccatae: G.U. Campus, Jalukbari, Kamrup District, Assam, India, 12.04.2013, N. Das 2812 (GUBH). Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume [PLATE-I, Fig. F; PLATE-II, Fig. F] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 130-175×25-35 mm with 5:1 ratio, symmetrical, elliptic, acuminate, base cuneate, notophyll and erose. 292 Leaf architecture
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    molecules Article Computer-Aided Chemotaxonomy and Bioprospecting Study of Diterpenes of the Lamiaceae Family Andreza Barbosa Silva Cavalcanti, Renata Priscila Costa Barros, Vicente Carlos de Oliveira Costa, Marcelo Sobral da Silva, Josean Fechine Tavares , Luciana Scotti and Marcus Tullius Scotti * Post-Graduate Program in Natural Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil; [email protected] (A.B.S.C.); [email protected] (R.P.C.B.); [email protected] (V.C.d.O.C.); [email protected] (M.S.d.S.); [email protected] (J.F.T.); [email protected] (L.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-83-998690415 Received: 4 October 2019; Accepted: 27 October 2019; Published: 30 October 2019 Abstract: Lamiaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms and is classified into 12 subfamilies that are composed of 295 genera and 7775 species. It presents a variety of secondary metabolites such as diterpenes that are commonly found in their species, and some of them are known to be chemotaxonomic markers. The aim of this work was to construct a database of diterpenes and to use it to perform a chemotaxonomic analysis among the subfamilies of Lamiaceae, using molecular descriptors and self-organizing maps (SOMs). The 4115 different diterpenes corresponding to 6386 botanical occurrences, which are distributed in eight subfamilies, 66 genera, 639 different species and 4880 geographical locations, were added to SistematX. Molecular descriptors of diterpenes and their respective botanical occurrences were used to generate the SOMs. In all obtained maps, a match rate higher than 80% was observed, demonstrating a separation of the Lamiaceae subfamilies, corroborating with the morphological and molecular data proposed by Li et al.
  • SABONET Report No 18

    SABONET Report No 18

    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.