DOCSLIB.ORG

Leaf Architecture of Some Species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus Found in Assam, India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leaf Architecture of Some Species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus Found in Assam, India Pleione 10(2): 288 - 296. 2016. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Leaf architecture of some species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus found in Assam, India Nibedita Das1 and S. K. Borthakur Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, Assam, India 1Corresponding author: [email protected] [Received 28.10.2016; Revised 14.12.2016; Accepted 17.12.2016; Published 31.12.2016] Abstract Leaf architectural attributes of six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) [C. bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers; C. indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze; C. inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner (i.e. Volkameria inermis Linnaeus); C. laevifolium Blumea; C. serratum Moon (i.e. Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley); and C. trichotomum Thunberg], occurring naturally in Assam, were studied to ascertain their taxonomic relationships using leaf architectural characters. Different parameters like leaf attachment, petiole length, blade class, laminar shape, margin, apex and base, 20 and 30 vein categories, spacing and angle were studied. A dichotomous key of these species was constructed and detailed description based on the architectural characters for each species are provided. From the produced data no sufficient difference could be identifies to isolate Rotheca serrata and Volkameria inermis from Clerodendrum Linnaeus. Key words: Clerodendrum, Leaf architecture, Blade class, Vein category, Assam INTRODUCTION The genus Clerodendrum Linnaeus was placed under Verbenaceae in most of the angiosperm classifications (Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883; Cronquist 1981). But, in recent classifications, based mostly on molecular data, has re-classified the genus as a member of Lamiaceae (Chase & Reveal 2009; Haston et al. 2009). The genus was established in 1753 by Linnaeus based on the type species Clerodendrum infortunatum Linnaeus from India (Shrivastava & Patel 2007). The genus is now classified in the subfamily Ajugoideae, as several genera are transferred from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data (Chakraborthy et al. 2013). Clerodendrum is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world with few species extending to the temperate regions. The number of species under the genus is about 560 (Moldenke 1971) or 580 (Munir 1989) or 400 (Mabberley 2005). In India Clerodendrum Linnaeus is represented by about 23 species (Srivastava & Choudhury 2008). Kanjilal et al. (1939) described only 13 species of Clerodendrum from Assam including Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur. As most of the members of Clerodendrum are ethnomedically important (Shrivastava & Patel 2007) their proper identification is very important. Leaf architecture is the aspect of morphology that helps to study leaf structure, including shape, marginal configuration, apex, base, venation pattern, etc., allowing more rigorous comparisons among different taxa (Metcalfe & Chalk 1950; Inamdar 1971). Such characters have great significance in delimitation of closely related species. The leaf architectural features Nibedita Das & SK. Borthakur 289 in Clerodendrum have not been studied so far for use as source of taxonomic characters. Thus, this study defines taxonomic usefulness of leaf architectural characters ofClerodendrum Linnaeus. The binomial Volkameria inermis was established by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species Plantarum. In most of the literature this plant is now referred as Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) J. Gaertner though its Linnaean name is the currently accepted one (www.theplantlist.org). Similarly, the species Volkameria serrata was established by Linnaeus in 1767. Later on the species was recombined as Clerodendrum serratum by Moon in 1924. However, now the species is again transferred to the newly established genus Rotheca by Steane & Mabberley (1998) and the accepted binomial is Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley (www.theplantlist.org) which is also kept under Ajugoideae of Lamiaceae. Both these species are quite common in the study area and an attempt will be made to understand their closeness with different other species of Clerodendrum under study. So, here, the genus Clerodendrum Linnaeus is treated sensu lato with six species from Assam those are, in many local floras (Kanjilal et al. 1939; Rajendran & Daniel 2002, Giri et al. 2008), treated under this genus including two which are now nomenclaturally accepted under two other different genera. MATERIALS AND METHOD Mature leaves of the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus [C. bracteatum Wallich ex. Walpers; C. indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze; C. inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner (Volkameria inermis Linnaeus); C. laevifolium Blumea; C. serratum Moon (Rotheca serrata (Linnaeus) Steane & Mabberley); and C. trichotomum Thunberg] ccurring in Assam were collected from different parts of the state. The inclusion of C. inerme and C. serratum in the list was done to understand their closeness with Clerodendrum in respect to their leaf-architectural data. The voucher specimens have been processed as per standard methods of Jain and Rao (1977) and deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department, Gauhati University (GUBH) for future reference. To study the leaf architecture fresh leaves were cleared following the technique of Bersier & Bocquet (1960) and for description terminologies used are as suggested by Hickey (1973) and Leaf Architecture Working Group (LAWG 1999). The characters described were leaf attachment, leaf organization, petiole features, laminar size, blade class, laminar shape and symmetry, laminar ratio, base and apex angle, base and apex shape, position of petiolar attachment, margin type, lobation and vein orders. The leaf-vein orders were also examined. The laminar size was measured using a centimeter scale. The result of the laminar size gives the idea of what type of blade class of the leaves were. The base and apex angles were measured using a protractor. A dichotomous key to the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) was then constructed and the descriptions were based uniquely on leaf-architectural characters. RESULTS Key to the six species of Clerodendrum (sensu lato) based on leaf architectural characters 1a. Leaves sessile or sub-sessile ………. 2 1b. Leaves distinctly petiolate ……. 3 2a. 20 veins weak, brochidodromous; 20 vein spacing decreasing towards base, weak intersecondaries ………………………… C. serratum [= Rotheca serrata] 290 Leaf architecture of Clerodendrum spp. PRINT IN COLOUR!! A B C D E F PLATE - I. Leaf shape of Clerodendrum species (A - F): A. C. indicum; B. C. inerme; C. C. serratum; D. C. trichotomum; E. C. bracteatum; F. C. laevifolium Nibedita Das & SK. Borthakur 291 2b. 20 vein strong brochidodromous; 20 vein spacing irregular, strong intersecondaries …. C. indicum 3a. Lamina entire ……............ 4 3b. Lamina erose; 20 brochidodromous, weak intersecondaries, 20 vein spacing irregular, areolation well developed …………………………………… C. laevifolium 4a. Lamina acuminate ………... 5 4b. Lamina retuse; 20 weak brochidodromous, 20 vein spacing decreasing towards base, areolation moderately developed ................. C. inerme [=Volkameria inermis] 5a. 20 vein spacing decreasing regularly towards base, weak intersecondaries, areolation moderately developed ………………………………………… C. trichotomum 5b. 20 vein spacing irregular, strong intersecondaries, areolation well developed ......... ...... C. bracteatum Leaf architectural characteristics of the six species of Clerodendrum Linnaeus (sensu lato) Clerodendrum bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers [PLATE-I, Fig. E; PLATE-II, Fig. E] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 135-190×46-104 mm with 1.8:1 ratio, symmetrical, ovate, acuminate, base concave, mesophyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s weak brochidodromous; angle of divergence, smoothly decreasing towards base; inter-2°s Strong; 3° sinuous; angle with respect to 1° vein, perpendicular, increasing basally; alternate percurrent 40 and regular polygonal reticulate 5°; well developed areolation. Exsiccatae: Kumarikata, Baksa District, Assam, India, 15.05.2013, N. Das 2856 (GUHB). Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze [PLATE-I, Fig. A; PLATE-II, Fig. A] Leaves whorled, sessile or sub-sessile; Blade: 150-180×20-30 mm with 6:1 ratio, symmetrical, elliptic, acuminate, base decurrent, notophyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s brochidodromous; angle of divergence, one pair of acute basal secondaries; inter-2°s strong; 3° exmedially ramified; angle with respect to 1° vein obtuse, incosistent; alternate, percurrent 4° and regular polygonal reticulate 5°; well-developed areolation. Exsiccatae: Pamohi, Kamrup Disrict, Assam, India, 03.07.2013, N. Das 2845 (GUBH). Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) J.Gaertner [i.e. Volkameria inermis Linnaeus] [PLATE- I, Fig. B; PLATE-II, Fig. B] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 30 37×25-29 mm with 1.8:1 ratio, symmetrical, obovate, retuse, base cuneate, microphyll and entire. Venation: Pinnate 1° vein, 2°s weak brochidodromous; angle of divergence, uniform; inter- 2°s weak; 3° admedially ramified; angle with respect to 1° vein, perpendicular, uniform; regular polygonal reticulate 4° and 5°; moderately developed areolation. Exsiccatae: G.U. Campus, Jalukbari, Kamrup District, Assam, India, 12.04.2013, N. Das 2812 (GUBH). Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume [PLATE-I, Fig. F; PLATE-II, Fig. F] Leaves decussate, petiolate; Blade: 130-175×25-35 mm with 5:1 ratio, symmetrical, elliptic, acuminate, base cuneate, notophyll and erose. 292 Leaf architecture
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review of Pharmacological Properties, Phytochemistry and Medicinal Uses of Volkameria Glabra
    264 Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 264-273 Review of Pharmacological Properties, Phytochemistry and Medicinal uses of Volkameria glabra Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Volkameria glabra (E. Mey.) Mabb. & Y.W. Yuan is a deciduous shrub or a small tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of V. glabra. Documented information on pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of V. glabra was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study revealed that the bark, leaf and root infusion and/or decoction of V. glabra are mainly used as immune booster, protective charm, anthelmintic and ethnoveterinary medicine, and traditional medicine for convulsions, fractured bones, fever, wounds, gastro-intestinal problems, snake bite and respiratory diseases. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include aliphatic glycosides, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, iridoid, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. The V. glabra and compounds isolated from the species exhibited acaricidal, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial,
    [Show full text]
  • Full Page Fax Print
    THE SPECIES Clerodendrum myricoides (Rotheca myricoides) Verbenaceae Indigenous STANDARDlTRADE NAME: Butterfly bush. COMMON NAMES: Boran: Mara sisa; Kamba: Kiteangwai, Muvweia; Kikuyu: Munjugu; Kipsigis: Chesamisiet, Obetiot; Luhya (Bukusu): Kumusilangokho; Luhya: Shisilangokho; Luo: Kurgweno, Okwergweno, Okwero, Okworo, Oseke, Sangla; Maasai: Olmakutukut; Marakwet: Chebobet, Chesagon; Samburu: Makutukuti; Tugen: Gobetie. DESCRIPTION: A small shrub up to 3.5 m, much branched from the base and often with some branches scrambling through other plants. The leaves and stem have a distinctive smell when crushed. LEA VES: Opposite or in whods, simple, ovate, margin toothed or, rarely, entire, up to 12 cm long but usually smaller, without hairs and almost stalkless. FLOWERS: Blue or purple, sweetly scented, conspicuous, irregular, 2 petals shaped like butterfly wings. FRUIT: Small rounded berry, black when ripe. ECOLOGY: Found from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Zimba­ bwe. A common shrub in forest edges, bushland, moun­ tain scrub, wooded grassland and in secondary vegeta­ tion, 1,500-2,400 m. Common in rocky places. Agroclimatic Zone Ill. Flowers may occur any time of the year. USES: Arrows, medicine (leaves, stem, roots), bee forage, ornamental, ceremonial. PROPAGATION: Propagation is easy. Cuttings and seedlings can be used, as well as root cuttings or root suckers produced from exposed or injured roots. REMARKS: There are close to two dozen Clerodendrum species in Kenya. C. myricoides is the commonest. Other common species are C. johnstonii (Kamba: Muteangwai; Kikuyu: Muringo; Luhya; Lusala; Marakwet: Jersegao; Meru: Kiankware), which can be a shrub or liana that climbs with the remains of leaf petioles. Flowers are white and the usually galled fruits orange to black.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem
    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • ( 12 ) United States Patent
    US010293012B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 10 , 293 ,012 B2 Langland et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: May 21, 2019 ( 54 ) METHODS OF USING EXTRACTS OF OTHER PUBLICATIONS MELISSA OFFICINALIS AGAINST FILOVIRUSES Chattopadhyay, et al. , Evidence - Based Validation of Herbal Medi cine , Ch . 8 : 175 . ( Year : 2015 ) . * Arndt, W . et al ., “ In Vitro Characterization of a Nineteenth - Century ( 71 ) Applicants : Jeffrey Langland , Chandler, AZ (US ) ; Therapy for Smallpox ” , PLoS One, Mar. 2012 , 7 ( 3 ) , article ID Bertram Jacobs, Tempe , AZ (US ) ; e23610 , 9 pages . Karen Denzler , Phoenix , AZ (US ) Astani , A . et al. , “ Melissa officinalis Extract Inhibits Attachment of Herpes Simplex Virus in vitro ” , Chemotherapy, 2012 (published (72 ) Inventors : Jeffrey Langland , Chandler , AZ (US ) ; online Feb . 2012 ) , 58 , pp . 70 - 77 . Chattopadhyay, D . et al ., “ Ethnomedicines and ethnomedicinal Bertram Jacobs, Tempe , AZ (US ) ; phytophores against herpesviruses” , Biotechnology Annual Review , Karen Denzler , Phoenix , AZ (US ) 2008 (available online Jul. 2008 ) , 14 , pp . 297 - 348 . Cheng, C . et al. , “ Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel ( 73 ) Assignee : Arizona Board of Regents on behalf Anti -Herpetic Agents from Chinese Herbal Medicines ” , Current of Arizona State University , Scotsdale , Organic Chemistry, 2010 , 14 ( 16 ), pp . 1714 - 1726 . AZ (US ) Downing, A . , “ Inter and intra - specific differences in medicinal plant use for the treatment of type II diabetes symptoms by the Cree Elders of Eeyou Istchee ( QC ) ” , University of Montreal , Papyrus ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this Institutional Repository , Master ' s Thesis , 2010 , 117 pages . patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Harris , C . et al ., " Characterizing the cytoprotective activity of U .
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Certain Clerodendrum Species (Family Lamiaceae) Cultivated in Egypt
    A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Certain Clerodendrum Species (Family Lamiaceae) Cultivated in Egypt A Thesis Submitted By Asmaa Mohamed Ahmed Khalil For the Degree of Master in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacognosy) Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani Hesham Ibrahim El-Askary Professor of Pharmacognosy Professor of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo University Assistant Prof. Dr. Omar Mohamed Sabry Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Pharmacognosy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University A.R.E. 2019 Abstract A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Certain Clerodendrum Species (Family Lamiaceae) Cultivated in Egypt Clerodendrum inerme L. Gaertn. and Clerodendrum splendens G. Don, two members of the cosmopolitan family Lamiaceae, are successfully acclimatized in Egypt. The current study aimed to evaluate the local plants as potential candidates for implementation in pharmaceutical industries, which necessitates an intensive investigation of safety and bioactivity of the cited species. To ensure quality and purity of the raw material, criteria for characterization of and/or discrimination between the two species were established via botanical profiling, proximate analysis, phytochemical screening and UPLC analysis. The leaves were subjected to comparative biological and chemical study to select the most suitable from the medicinal and economic standpoints. In this respect, the antioxidant cyotoxic and antimicrobial potentials of the defatted ethanol (70%) extracts of the tested samples were assessed in-vitro. Meanwhile, the chemical composition of the leaves was examined through qualitative and quantitative comparative analyses of the phenolic components. In this respect, The leaves of C. inerme were selected for more intensive both phytochemical and biological investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Useful Products in Some Verbenaceous Member of Melghat and Amravati Regions, Maharashtra, India
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X (printed edition) Volume 12, Number 3, July 2011 ISSN: 2085-4722 (electronic) Pages: 146-163 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d120305 Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India SHUBHANGI NAGORAO INGOLE♥ Department of Botany, Bai, R.D.I.K. and N.K.D. College, Badnera, Amravati 444701, Maharashtra, India, Tel./Fax. +917212663865, +919823259331, ♥email: shubhangiingole@rediffmail. Manuscript received: 2 July 2011. Revision accepted: 31 July 2011. ABSTRACT Ingole SN. 2011. Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India. Biodiversitas 12: 146-163. Verbenaceae is a large family of very diverse habit. The present study deals with detailed characteristics, distribution and economically important products of some verbenaceous members of Melghat and Amravati regions. During the survey twenty members belonging to fourteen genera of Verbenaceae were collected. Some members occur abundantly either in wild or cultivated state like Lantana camara L. var. aculeata Mold., Lantana flava Medik., L. nivea Vent., Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer) Nutt., Duranta erecta L., Vitex negundo L., Volkameria inermis L., Clerodendrum phlomidis L. f., Clerodendrum splendens G. Don, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. etc. while Petrea volubilis L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., G. philippensis Cham., Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl., S. mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl., Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb., Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. are not much common and occur in limited locations. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, a creeping much-branched herb is found typically in wet places. Tectona grandis L. f. occurs very variable in size according to its habitat and is common dominant tree in forest of Melghat and also planted in plains.
    [Show full text]
  • Livestock Husbandry: MITI NI MALI in KENYA
    02/11/2011 Livestock Husbandry: MITI NI MALI IN KENYA Illustrations; Joseph Kariuki Technical content; Anne Powys, Leslie Duckworth Published by Mediae Trust, P.O. Box 25308 , Nairobi , Kenya 24pp Miti ni mali is the name of a project which hopes to collect the existing knowledge of plants that can be used to improve the health of peoples and their livestock. This collected knowledge will be recorded and returned to communities in the hope that young people will appreciate and preserve this valuable resource. IMPORTANT WARNING D:/cd3wddvd/NoExe/Master/dvd001/…/meister10.htm This booklet is intended as 1/29 02/11/2011 Livestock Husbandry: This booklet is intended as an educational insight to the importance of the plants. IT IS NOT A MEDICAL HANDBOOK! Many of the plants described in this booklet are very poisonous. Neither the publishers or the authors can be held responsible for claims arising from the inappropriate use of plants. For treatment please refer to your local healer. MITI NI MALI IN KENYA Contents: Click on one of the plant images below or click on arrow for the next page D:/cd3wddvd/NoExe/Master/dvd001/…/meister10.htm 2/29 02/11/2011 Livestock Husbandry: MELIACAE - MAHOGANY FAMILY COMEMELINACEAE Azadirachta indica Commelina benghalensis Neem, Mkilifi, Mwarubaini (Kiswahili) Enkateeryiai (Maa) MYRSINACEAE - RAPANEA FAMILY LABIATAE - MINT/ BASIL FAMILY Myrsine africana Ocimum americanum Segetet (Mkogodo), Mugaita (Kikuyu), Beehive plant, Urgo (Boran), D:/cd3wddvd/NoExe/Master/dvd001/…/meister10.htm 3/29 02/11/2011 Livestock Husbandry: Osegeteti (Kipsigis), Ol-segeteti (Maa), Vumbani (Kiswahili), Il Ekaiyi (Turkana) korompole (Mkogodo) OLEACEAE - OLIVE FAMILY VERBENACEAE - TEAK FAMILY Olea europaea ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of North America
    Flora of North America Volume 25, Number 1 Newsletter January – June 2011 PRESIDENT’S REPORT Flora of North America Association: Deadlines Are Dead Serious Luc Brouillet, FNAA president roducing any volume of the Flora of North America more precise idea of the progress of the flora because very Pseries requires dedication from a large number of large genera tend to arrive late. As stated above, these are individuals over a long period of time. But, production the volumes nearing completion. What is the overall state cannot start before manuscripts are received. This state- of volume production for the remaining ten volumes? ment underscores the crucial role played by authors in The percentage of manuscripts received (and in the FNA project. Authors have many commitments and regional review) varies from 1 to 37%, for an overall often will put off writing their treatments, precisely average of 16.5%. This is both impressive and a call to because of the apparently remote deadlines (or through greater efforts. Indeed, if we want to finish the Flora a disbelief in deadlines). Yet deadlines are dead serious within a reasonable timeframe (and we must), manuscript to FNA: editors, reviewers, technical editors, and artists flow from authors must increase, and those authors who all depend on manuscript delivery. have not yet started to work on their treatments must The FNA project is more than half way to completion. do so now. No more procrastination: deadlines are real, If we exclude the three volumes (6, 9, and 28) currently in for us at the project as much as for you authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Disintegration and Redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the Understanding of the Evolution of an Intriguing Breeding Strategy
    TAXON 59 (1) • February 2010: 125–133 Yuan & al. • Phylogeny of Clerodendrum and allied genera Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy Yao-Wu Yuan,1,2 David J. Mabberley,3,4 Dorothy A. Steane5 & Richard G. Olmstead1 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325, U.S.A. 2 Current address: 4504 Miller Plant Sciences Building, Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A. 3 University of Washington Botanic Gardens, College of Forest Resources, Box 354115, Seattle, Washington 98195-4115, U.S.A. 4 Current address: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. 5 School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Author for correspondence: Yao-Wu Yuan, [email protected] Abstract The genus Clerodendrum s.l. is polyphyletic. Although recent studies have resulted in C. subg. Cyclonema and C. sect. Konocalyx being removed to the resurrected genus Rotheca, and the unispecific genus Huxleya being sunk into Clerodendrum, it has been unclear whether Clerodendrum as currently circumscribed is monophyletic, particularly in relation to the American genera Aegiphila, Amasonia, and Tetraclea. This phylogenetic study employs four relatively fast-evolving chloroplast DNA re- gions, trnT-L, trnL-F, trnD-T, and trnS-fM, to clarify the generic boundaries of Clerodendrum and its relationship to allied genera. The results corroborate previous studies that there are three well-supported clades in the currently recognized Clerodendrum: an Asian clade, an African clade, and a Pantropical Coastal clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer-Aided Chemotaxonomy and Bioprospecting Study of Diterpenes of the Lamiaceae Family
    molecules Article Computer-Aided Chemotaxonomy and Bioprospecting Study of Diterpenes of the Lamiaceae Family Andreza Barbosa Silva Cavalcanti, Renata Priscila Costa Barros, Vicente Carlos de Oliveira Costa, Marcelo Sobral da Silva, Josean Fechine Tavares , Luciana Scotti and Marcus Tullius Scotti * Post-Graduate Program in Natural Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil; [email protected] (A.B.S.C.); [email protected] (R.P.C.B.); [email protected] (V.C.d.O.C.); [email protected] (M.S.d.S.); [email protected] (J.F.T.); [email protected] (L.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-83-998690415 Received: 4 October 2019; Accepted: 27 October 2019; Published: 30 October 2019 Abstract: Lamiaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms and is classified into 12 subfamilies that are composed of 295 genera and 7775 species. It presents a variety of secondary metabolites such as diterpenes that are commonly found in their species, and some of them are known to be chemotaxonomic markers. The aim of this work was to construct a database of diterpenes and to use it to perform a chemotaxonomic analysis among the subfamilies of Lamiaceae, using molecular descriptors and self-organizing maps (SOMs). The 4115 different diterpenes corresponding to 6386 botanical occurrences, which are distributed in eight subfamilies, 66 genera, 639 different species and 4880 geographical locations, were added to SistematX. Molecular descriptors of diterpenes and their respective botanical occurrences were used to generate the SOMs. In all obtained maps, a match rate higher than 80% was observed, demonstrating a separation of the Lamiaceae subfamilies, corroborating with the morphological and molecular data proposed by Li et al.
    [Show full text]
  • SABONET Report No 18
    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.
    [Show full text]