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A Study of the Effects of the Ok Tedi Mine on Ninggirum People of Papua New Guinea

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A Study of the Effects of the Ok Tedi Mine on Ninggirum People of Papua New Guinea What price paradise: a study of the effects of the Ok Tedi Mine on Ninggirum people of Papua New Guinea Colleen Ann Oates Diploma of Teaching (Queensland University of Technology) Master of Training and Development (University of New England) Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Education, University of Western Sydney December 2012. Statement of Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UWS or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UWS or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Signed ……………………………………… Date ………………………………………… The research for this project received the approval of the Monash University Standing Committee for Ethical Research on Humans (Project No CF08/2831 – 2008001460). Copyright © Colleen Oates, 2012 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this dissertation provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Dedication For Ninggirum people through all we've shared together i Acknowledgements Margaret Somerville, I am continually intrigued by your vast knowledge base, experience and willingness to push the boundaries of qualitative research. You bring depth to the research through your insight and wisdom in the area of alternative qualitative inquiry. You continually challenge my ideas until they are clear, shaping my work into more scholarly form. Your feedback always pushes my understanding into higher and deeper places. Your concern for me as a person, professional, and student has made a difference. Thanks for patiently guiding me through this research, never giving up hope. Thanks Joanna and Elena, for your guidance in preparing the final manuscript. I really appreciate that your eyes have seen so much more than mine could. Thanks Lyn, for your interest and concern for Ninggirum people. Lynette Maxwell is a special education teacher and friend who volunteered to assist me in collecting research materials in the Ninggirum area. Though she had never been to Ninggirum land before, her warm affinity with Ninggirum people was greatly appreciated, and her presence was supportive and helpful during our stay at Ningerum Station. Thanks Judith, for typing assistance. Thanks Louise, for unwavering friendship, always ready to meet for lunch and a chat, read manuscripts, and encourage me. Thanks to present friends, and those I have neglected. Thanks to my beloved ones. Howard, you know me as no one else can, and you accept me. Thanks for being there. You have been a kind, patient, tower of strength. Thanks for your love and encouragement. Sarah and Erin, I didn’t know much about life, learning, or love until your father and I married and were blessed with the two most wonderful daughters any parents could hope for. Thank you for believing in me. And to my Creator, who sustains me. ii Contents 1. Dedication............................................................................................................................i 2. Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................ii 3. Maps...................................................................................................................................vi Invitation to Place...................................................................................................................1 Chapter One – A postcolonial story........................................................................................3 Background and context...............................................................................................3 Trajectory of the research.............................................................................................5 The research question...................................................................................................5 Guiding questions.....................................................................................................6 Purpose..........................................................................................................................6 Aims..............................................................................................................................6 Importance of study......................................................................................................7 Limitations....................................................................................................................8 Literature.......................................................................................................................9 Postcolonialism........................................................................................................9 Papua New Guinea – the nation-state....................................................................12 Local identity.........................................................................................................16 Other theses............................................................................................................18 Organisation of the study............................................................................................19 Chapter Two – Place as a way of knowing the world............................................................21 My researcher self.......................................................................................................22 Thinking differently....................................................................................................24 A place framework......................................................................................................24 Positioning the research.........................................................................................25 Relationship to place is constituted in stories and other representations...............28 Place learning is necessarily embodied and local..................................................30 Place is a contact zone of cultural contestation......................................................38 Postmodern emergence...............................................................................................40 Ethical considerations............................................................................................44 Chapter Three – Methods of the contact zone......................................................................46 Previous knowledge....................................................................................................47 2009 field trip to Ningerum Station............................................................................48 Site..........................................................................................................................52 Collecting materials...............................................................................................52 Participants.............................................................................................................60 Processing materials...............................................................................................61 Developing appropriate methods of analysis for materials.........................................62 Reflexivity..............................................................................................................64 Writing auto/ethnographically................................................................................65 Interpretation...............................................................................................................66 Representation.............................................................................................................67 Positionality............................................................................................................67 Power relations.......................................................................................................68 Strengths and limitations of the study.........................................................................69 Ethical considerations.................................................................................................70 iii Return to Australia......................................................................................................71 Chapter Four – Understanding Ninggirum Stories................................................................73 The quest for meaning................................................................................................73 Making sense of Ninggirum oral text.........................................................................74 The translators........................................................................................................74 The process.............................................................................................................75
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