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Ethics Water the Ethics of Efficiency £9 foodethics Water The ethics of efficiency PLUS Clive Bates enjoys a café in Khartoum Unpacking the Stuart Is our food too thirsty? problem: Jacob Downward, Maite Aldaya, Tony Allan, Mikel Ateka, Tompkins and Mike Acreman Wenonah Hauter, Tim Lang, Ramón Llamas, José Esteban and Stuart Orr Lyla Mehta, David Molden, Nick Reeves, Spring 2008 | Volume 3 Issue 1 | www.foodethicscouncil.org Spring 2008 | Volume Castro on the solutions Johan Rockström, Jeff Rooker, John Selborne Contents Food Ethics, the magazine of the Food Ethics Council, seeks The challenge to challenge accepted opinion and spark fruitful debate about 05 Are we exporting drought? key issues and developments in Jacob Tompkins food and farming. Distributed quarterly to subscribers, each issue features independent news, 07 Water ethics comment and analysis. José Esteban Castro says water policy should get political The Food Ethics Council challenges government, business and the public to tackle 10 The big question: is our food too thirsty? ethical issues in food and Maite Aldaya | Tony Allan | Mikel Ateka | Wenonah Hauter | Tim Lang | farming, providing research, Ramón Llamas | Lyla Mehta | David Molden | Nick Reeves | Johan Rockström | analysis and tools to help. The views of contributors to this Jeff Rooker | John Selborne magazine are not necessarily those of the Food Ethics Council or its members. Responding to water scarcity Please do not reproduce without permission. Articles are 15 Technology copyright of the authors and Stuart Downward images as credited. Unless otherwise indicated, all other content is copyright of the Food 16 Policy Ethics Council 2008. Mike Acreman Editorial team: Liz Barling 17 Business Tom MacMillan Stuart Orr Susan Kerry Bedell Design & printing: PEP the Printers, Brighton Columns Special thanks to: 19 Worldview Laura Davis Maria Arce asks whether we can achieve global water equity Bruce Scholten Geoff Tansey Oliver Sowerby 20 On the farm John Turner says farmers should look to their soil to avoid drought Printed on 55% post- consumer recycled paper Business page ISSN 1753-9056 21 No future in bottled water Jeanette Longfield Regulars COUNCILCOUNCIL 03 From the editor 04 Letters Food Ethics Council 22 Reviews – reading 39 – 41 Surrey Street 23 Reviews – eating out | Clive Bates Brighton BN1 3PB UK 24 Forthcoming events T: 0845 345 8574 or +44 (0) 1273 766 654 F: +44 (0) 1273 766 653 [email protected] www.foodethicscouncil.org The Food Ethics Council is a registered charity (No. 1101885) Cover image: © istockphoto.com / iofoto From the editor t takes a mind-boggling 200,000,000 Quality can matter as much as It shows consumers are in a fix. We can I litres of water a second to grow t h e quantity. It is the impact of embedded eat less thirstily but we can’t do much world’s food. That’s like gulping down water that matters, not the amount. about the opportunity costs. Purchases the Amazon river – its mouth 80 km that make us feel good may have per- wide – day in, day out. A second challenge is to improve water verse consequences. As the UNESCO management alongside other aspects report suggests, the bigger challenge is We cannot sustain our current of sustainable development. Footprints to act like water citizens, not just as water habits. In some places rivers and won’t give us all the answers and too water consumers. We need to think aquifers are sucked dry. In others there many footprints just leave a muddy about water at the polls and in our is still water but not enough to support mess. communities more, perhaps, than when ecosystems or people’s livelihoods we’re shopping. Where water is scarce injustice Third is the danger that by solv- abounds. ing one problem we cause another. Governments need water policies Companies can reduce the strain they that guarantee basic entitlements and Because irrigation uses 70 percent place water resources by supplying universal access, and support pri- of abstracted freshwater, food is on from somewhere wetter but, as with ority uses. What counts as a the front line. As concern over water airfreight, that risks pulling the rug out basic entitlement and which uses are a escalates, food production will from under vulnerable communities. priority (how much is allocated to food be affected and blamed in equal Desalination – another strategy – may production and to support ecosys- measure. Big food companies are buy water at heavy cost in greenhouse tems, for example) are questions of worried – water shortages already strain gas emissions. value – they are ethical debates that production in some regions, so they must be held openly. Policy efforts know there’s more than reputation at Then finally, having stressed the must be international, because it is as risk. In the policy stakes, meanwhile, influence food companies can wield on easy to export drought as to import water scarcity is up there with climate water use through their supply chains, embedded water. They must also change. we must also see the limits. What are inform innovation, energy, agricul- the opportunity costs of using water to tural and public health policies. As This year has already seen one big grow food? Will we swap farms for golf contributors to this magazine discuss, food initiative to save water, and courses? biofuels, soil organic matter, the balance more may well follow. Through the between rainfed and irrigated farming Federation House Commitment, led by These aren’t just technical hitches. They and, of course, diet, are all bound up the UK Food and Drink Federation and reveal a deeper problem: footprinting with water management. resource efficiency group Enviro- isn’t ethical. It’s not unethical either – it wise, the UK branches of firms like simply leaves the ethics of water use Finally, what should food businesses Coca-Cola, Kraft, Nestlé, PepsiCo and to one side, treating water problems as do? First, support policies that improve Cadbury Schweppes have pledged to a technical challenge to be solved by water governance across the board cut their water use by 20 percent by better management and greater – actively debate the winners and 2020. efficiency. Yet, as José Esteban Castro losers, the value of water to society (p.7) points out, water is hotly political and the other aspects of water use that The commitment is welcome, but – the work of water engineers touches get us beyond the ‘litres per kilogram’ only a start. It applies to the signato- livelihoods, deep-rooted values footprinting mindset. Second, it fol- ries’ own operations but not to their and vested interests. Like hunger, lows, don’t label embedded water – if supply chains. These are much water scarcity is a social and economic water has a place on labels, it is within thirstier and the place where most food condition, not simply a physical one – wider accreditation for sustainable companies can exert the greatest rich people don’t starve or go thirsty. production. And third, as a priority, influence on water use. To prove Unless efforts to address water engage with the communities that they take the problem seriously, the problems start with that fact, we duck supply and consume your products. companies must extend efforts along the biggest issue. Partly this is pragmatic – moving to their supply chains and be consistent more sustainable production mod- across global brands. The sector has So as well as technical tools like els, without cutting and running from made a strong case for better water footprints, we need approaches to water stressed areas, means bringing management and now it must follow water governance built on sound producers and consumers with you. Yet through its own logic. ethical principles. A report for it is also crucially about ethics – how UNESCO by Lord Selborne (p.11) else can we really know what a better But what would good practice look like? flagged up six such principles, future for water should look like? Would it mean shrinking company and including the right of “participation product water footprints, like carbon for all individuals, especially the poor”, footprints? Is efficiency the answer? “human equality”, “the common good” and “the principle of stewardship”. It Tom MacMillan To a point. Footprinting can capture the also questioned the instrumental view [email protected] sheer scale of our water use and focus that water management is simply a efficiency drives. But it also misses a means to human ends, suggesting we rekindle a “sense of the sacred” in lot. 1 water.1 Selborne, J (2000) The ethics of For a start, water isn’t carbon. Where freshwater use. UNESCO-COMEST, What does water ethics mean in and when you make your savings, Reykjavik. and whether they come from rainfall practice, for consumers, governments or stored water, is vitally important. and food businesses? www.foodethicscouncil.org | Volume 3 Issue 1 | Spring 2008 03 letters If you want to respond to any of the articles in this issue or raise a different point, please write us a letter. Our contact details are on the contents page. Are we exporting drought? Meat’s carbon emissions – a lot of hot air? Sir; Tara Garnett (Winter ’07) is too polite about the viewed with caution, which I have outlined in articles Food and Agriculture Organisation’s claim, in its 2006 published elsewhere (tinyurl.com/2d88df and www.tlio. report Livestock’s Long Shadow, that 18 percent of the org.uk). The main issue is that the policy arm of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions are attributable to FAO is by no means ideologically disinterested, but for meat. She says the figure is high (compared to her own years has been targeting what it regards as inefficient figure of 8 percent for the UK) because in the developed peasant farming.
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