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Intelligence in Corvids and Apes: a Case of Convergent Evolution? Amanda Seed*, Nathan Emery & Nicola Claytonà
Ethology CURRENT ISSUES – PERSPECTIVES AND REVIEWS Intelligence in Corvids and Apes: A Case of Convergent Evolution? Amanda Seed*, Nathan Emery & Nicola Claytonà * Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK à Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Invited Review) Correspondence Abstract Nicola Clayton, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Intelligence is suggested to have evolved in primates in response to com- Street, Cambridge CB23EB, UK. plexities in the environment faced by their ancestors. Corvids, a large- E-mail: [email protected] brained group of birds, have been suggested to have undergone a con- vergent evolution of intelligence [Emery & Clayton (2004) Science, Vol. Received: November 13, 2008 306, pp. 1903–1907]. Here we review evidence for the proposal from Initial acceptance: December 26, 2008 both ultimate and proximate perspectives. While we show that many of Final acceptance: February 15, 2009 (M. Taborsky) the proposed hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of great ape intelli- gence also apply to corvids, further study is needed to reveal the selec- doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01644.x tive pressures that resulted in the evolution of intelligent behaviour in both corvids and apes. For comparative proximate analyses we empha- size the need to be explicit about the level of analysis to reveal the type of convergence that has taken place. Although there is evidence that corvids and apes solve social and physical problems with similar speed and flexibility, there is a great deal more to be learned about the repre- sentations and algorithms underpinning these computations in both groups. -
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Female Fellows of the Royal Society Professor Jan Anderson FRS [1996] Professor Ruth Lynden-Bell FRS [2006] Professor Judith Armitage FRS [2013] Dr Mary Lyon FRS [1973] Professor Frances Ashcroft FMedSci FRS [1999] Professor Georgina Mace CBE FRS [2002] Professor Gillian Bates FMedSci FRS [2007] Professor Trudy Mackay FRS [2006] Professor Jean Beggs CBE FRS [1998] Professor Enid MacRobbie FRS [1991] Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell DBE FRS [2003] Dr Philippa Marrack FMedSci FRS [1997] Dame Valerie Beral DBE FMedSci FRS [2006] Professor Dusa McDuff FRS [1994] Dr Mariann Bienz FMedSci FRS [2003] Professor Angela McLean FRS [2009] Professor Elizabeth Blackburn AC FRS [1992] Professor Anne Mills FMedSci FRS [2013] Professor Andrea Brand FMedSci FRS [2010] Professor Brenda Milner CC FRS [1979] Professor Eleanor Burbidge FRS [1964] Dr Anne O'Garra FMedSci FRS [2008] Professor Eleanor Campbell FRS [2010] Dame Bridget Ogilvie AC DBE FMedSci FRS [2003] Professor Doreen Cantrell FMedSci FRS [2011] Baroness Onora O'Neill * CBE FBA FMedSci FRS [2007] Professor Lorna Casselton CBE FRS [1999] Dame Linda Partridge DBE FMedSci FRS [1996] Professor Deborah Charlesworth FRS [2005] Dr Barbara Pearse FRS [1988] Professor Jennifer Clack FRS [2009] Professor Fiona Powrie FRS [2011] Professor Nicola Clayton FRS [2010] Professor Susan Rees FRS [2002] Professor Suzanne Cory AC FRS [1992] Professor Daniela Rhodes FRS [2007] Dame Kay Davies DBE FMedSci FRS [2003] Professor Elizabeth Robertson FRS [2003] Professor Caroline Dean OBE FRS [2004] Dame Carol Robinson DBE FMedSci -
Annual Report for the Year Ended 30 April 2018
Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2018 Annual Report 2018 1 Our core purpose is to advance learning, knowledge and research worldwide. How we fulfil this is evolving as we engage with researchers, students and teachers digitally to help solve their problems. Increasingly we fulfil our purpose by helping unlock their potential with the best learning and research solutions. Click the icon to jump to the contents page Contents About us 2 Vice-Chancellor’s introduction 4 Chief Executive’s overview 5 Academic publishing 8 Cambridge English Language Teaching 12 Educational publishing 16 People and values 20 Awards and prizes 22 Abstract of the Financial Statements 26 Anti-Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement 30 Statute J of the University of Cambridge: the University Press 31 Click the contents to jump to the page Annual Report 2018 1 About us The Cambridge advantage About us We are part of the University of Cambridge We work closely with other University departments, such as the research and teaching departments and Cambridge Assessment, to advance knowledge, learning and research. 1534 Cambridge University Press is the oldest media business in the world and the oldest university press. We were founded through ‘Letters Patent’, similar to a Royal Charter, granted to the University by Henry VIII in 1534. Global presence 50 offices around the world 10 hubs globally, with 90% of sales outside the UK Our people 2,710 colleagues worldwide 60% 56% outside the UK 2 Annual Report 2018 About us Academic platforms ELT platforms Education platforms 37,000,000 2,300,000 8,000,000 Downloads in 2018 User sessions per month Learning sessions in 2018 Cambridge Dictionary Online 52,000,000 Sessions per month 63 Nobel Prize winners have been published by Cambridge including Kip S Thorne, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2017, and Joachim Frank, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017. -
Smutty Alchemy
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2021-01-18 Smutty Alchemy Smith, Mallory E. Land Smith, M. E. L. (2021). Smutty Alchemy (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113019 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Smutty Alchemy by Mallory E. Land Smith A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2021 © Mallory E. Land Smith 2021 MELS ii Abstract Sina Queyras, in the essay “Lyric Conceptualism: A Manifesto in Progress,” describes the Lyric Conceptualist as a poet capable of recognizing the effects of disparate movements and employing a variety of lyric, conceptual, and language poetry techniques to continue to innovate in poetry without dismissing the work of other schools of poetic thought. Queyras sees the lyric conceptualist as an artistic curator who collects, modifies, selects, synthesizes, and adapts, to create verse that is both conceptual and accessible, using relevant materials and techniques from the past and present. This dissertation responds to Queyras’s idea with a collection of original poems in the lyric conceptualist mode, supported by a critical exegesis of that work. -
Covid-19: Joint Statement to the Chancellor of the Exchequer
COVID-19: JOINT STATEMENT TO THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER Rt Hon RISHI SUNAK We write on behalf of Birmingham’s business community, including the Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce, Birmingham City Council, the Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership, the Institute of Directors West Midlands, the Federation of Small Businesses, MPs, Lords, Trade Unions and Business Improvement Districts following the announcement yesterday that the City was to be subject to further enhanced restrictions. Birmingham now falls into the “High Level” category of restrictions (Tier 2) which amongst other things will prevent the mixing of households in social settings. This alone will have a devastating impact on an already fragile hospitality sector. We acknowledge and appreciate that Government is making incredibly difficult decisions in unprecedented times. But these are also difficult and unprecedented times for our employees, constituents and members, many of whom have had to live with the uncertainty that Covid-19 has brought over the spring and summer months which now seems likely to extend for the duration of the winter. Prior to Covid-19 Birmingham was booming with an economy second only to London in size at £31.9bn. Our tourism and hospitality sectors were worth £13bn employing close to 76,000 people. The Council and Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce wrote to you last week setting out the steps that the Government needed to take to help limit the impact of coronavirus on the City. These included:- (a) Taking an evidence-informed approach to the implementation of restrictions, so if a threshold is met (such as the rate of infection per 100,000) work is undertaken to fully understand the sources of infection in a geographic area to enable the tailoring of restrictions accordingly. -
Introduction the Birth of a New Science Is Long, Drawn Out, and Often Fairly Messy
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-72746-4 — How to Study Animal Minds Kristin Andrews Excerpt More Information How to Study Animal Minds 1 Introduction The birth of a new science is long, drawn out, and often fairly messy. Comparative psychology has its roots in Darwin’s Descent of Man, was ferti- lized in academic psychology departments, and has branched across the uni- versities into departments of biology, anthropology, primatology, zoology, and philosophy. Both the insights and the failings of comparative psychology are making their way into contemporary discussions of artificial intelligence and machine learning (Chollett 2019; Lapuschkin et al. 2019; Watson 2019). It is the right time to turn a philosophical lens onto the methodologies of comparative psychology. That is the aim of this Element. Comparative psychology is the umbrella covering the different ways scien- tists study animal mind and behavior. Comparative psychologists study animal behavior and mentality, including the mechanisms and inner states that allow crows to form hooks, vervet monkeys to give warnings, crabs to make trade-off decisions, and humans to use language. While focus is on the similarities and differences between different species, capacities are often studied in terms of their evolutionary history, development, and current ecological or cultural context. What this entails is that comparative psychologists have a range of different kinds of training, different areas of expertise, and different research questions. One comparative cognition researcher compares children and dogs on causal reasoning abilities (Daphna Buchsbaum), another looks at memory in corvids (Nicola Clayton). An animal behaviorist examines raccoon territories in a city (Suzanne MacDonald). -
Clare Univ AR Cover
Annual Report 2010 Clare College Cambridge Contents Master’s Introduction . 3 Teaching and Research . 4–5 Selected Publications by Clare Fellows . 6–7 College Life . 8–9 Financial Report . 10–11 Development . 12–13 Access and Outreach . 14 Captions . 15 2 Master’s Introduction In my recent reports I have expressed disappointment at the College’s academic housing complex on Newnham Road. We have strengthened and professionalised our performance. I have argued that, while exam results are only a partial measure of operations with full-time appointments for Development Director, Steward and HR educational achievement, Clare should expect to deliver better results given the Officer. The active Fellowship has risen from 69 to 80, and full-time staff members from number and quality of both our applications and our Fellowship. I am delighted to 105 to 124. In 2003 we admitted 64% of our undergraduates from the state sector; in report this summer that we have risen dramatically in the Baxter Tables from 17th to 2009 we admitted 55%. These statistics throw up some obvious challenges. 6th. This is our best position for six years and reflects not only the efforts of the I do not believe that the Browne review, whatever it recommends on tuition fees, Senior Tutor, Directors of Studies and students, but also the appointment of College will provide significant extra money for either the University or the College in the Teaching Officers, largely funded by alumni, in Law (where we are now 4th in the next three to four years. So the expert advice of our Investments Committee, the University) and Economics (where we are now 3rd). -
G NEWS RELEASE
• RON ENT g NEWS RELEASE 470 17 November 1987 DOMESTIC RATES TO BE ABOLISHED IN MOST AREAS OF ENGLAND IN 1990 The Government has decided to introduce the Community Charge in one go on 1 April 1990 in all local authorities in England, except for the highest spending areas in London, Environment Secretary Nicholas Ridley told the House of Commons today. In a small number ot areas where spending is highest, either as a result of the Inner London Education Authority, or the Borough, or both, the Community Charge will be phased in over four years between 1990-1994. For those high-spending areas every adult will pay a £100 Community Charge in 1990/1991 if spending is unchanged compared with the previous year. At the same time, households in those areas will pay a proportion of their rates. The proportion will decline steadily to zero over the following four years while the Community Charge will increase. For all other areas Community Charge will be introduced fully on 1 April 1990. As previously announced there will also be a safety net, phased out over four years to limit the effects of the move to the new grant and business rate systems on Community Chargepayers and ratepayers. It is now proposed, however, that there will be a maximum contribution to the safety net of £75 per adult in any area. In a written answer to a Parliamentary Question from Jeff Rooker MP (Perry Barr), Mr Ridley said: -1- 2 MARSHAM STREET• LONDON SW1P 3EB - TELEPHONE 01 • 212 3434 410 "The Government has given careful consideration to the arrangements for introducing the Community Charge in England in 1990/91, in the light of the many representations that have been made. -
Nicola S. Clayton, Phd Publications
Nicola S. Clayton, PhD Publications 1. Clayton, N. S. (1987) Song tutor choice in zebra finches. Animal Behaviour 35, 714-722. See also Weary, D. & Krebs, J. R. News and Views. Nature 329, 485. 2. Clayton, N. S. (1987) Song learning in cross-fostered zebra finches: a re- examination of the sensitive phase. Behaviour 102, 67-81. 3. Clayton, N. S. (1987) Mate choice in male zebra finches: some effects of cross- fostering. Animal Behaviour 35, 596-597. 4. Clayton, N. S. (1987) Song learning in Bengalese finches: a comparison with zebra finches. Ethology 76, 247-255. 5. Clayton, N. S. (1988) Song tutor choice in zebra finches and Bengalese finches: the relative importance of visual and vocal cues. Behaviour 104, 281- 299. 6. Clayton, N. S. (1988) Song discrimination learning in zebra finches. Animal Behaviour 36, 1589-1600. 7. Clayton, N. S. (1988) Song learning and mate choice in estrildid finches raised by two species. Animal Behaviour 36, 1589-1600. 8. Clayton, N. S. (1988) Mechanismen der Partnerwahl und Paarbildung bei Zebrafinken. Proceedings der Ethologische Gesellschaft 1988, 5-6. 9. Clayton, N. S. (1988) Die Beziehung zwischen sexueller Prägung und Gesangslernen: einige Ergebnisse von Zebrafinken. Proceedings der Deutscher Ornithologische Gesellschaft 1988, 9-10. 10. Slater, P. J. B., Eales, L. A. & Clayton, N. S. (1988) Song learning in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata): progress and prospects. Advances in the Study of Behavior 18, 1-34. 11. Clayton, N. S. (1989) Song, sex and sensitive phases in the behavioural development of birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 82-84. 12. -
Ethics Water the Ethics of Efficiency
£9 foodethics Water The ethics of efficiency PLUS Clive Bates enjoys a café in Khartoum Unpacking the Stuart Is our food too thirsty? problem: Jacob Downward, Maite Aldaya, Tony Allan, Mikel Ateka, Tompkins and Mike Acreman Wenonah Hauter, Tim Lang, Ramón Llamas, José Esteban and Stuart Orr Lyla Mehta, David Molden, Nick Reeves, Spring 2008 | Volume 3 Issue 1 | www.foodethicscouncil.org Spring 2008 | Volume Castro on the solutions Johan Rockström, Jeff Rooker, John Selborne Contents Food Ethics, the magazine of the Food Ethics Council, seeks The challenge to challenge accepted opinion and spark fruitful debate about 05 Are we exporting drought? key issues and developments in Jacob Tompkins food and farming. Distributed quarterly to subscribers, each issue features independent news, 07 Water ethics comment and analysis. José Esteban Castro says water policy should get political The Food Ethics Council challenges government, business and the public to tackle 10 The big question: is our food too thirsty? ethical issues in food and Maite Aldaya | Tony Allan | Mikel Ateka | Wenonah Hauter | Tim Lang | farming, providing research, Ramón Llamas | Lyla Mehta | David Molden | Nick Reeves | Johan Rockström | analysis and tools to help. The views of contributors to this Jeff Rooker | John Selborne magazine are not necessarily those of the Food Ethics Council or its members. Responding to water scarcity Please do not reproduce without permission. Articles are 15 Technology copyright of the authors and Stuart Downward images as credited. Unless otherwise -
Corvus Monedula) Select Individuals Based on Their Ability to Help?
Can jackdaws (Corvus monedula) select individuals based on their ability to help? Auguste M.P. von Bayern, Nicola S. Clayton & Nathan J. Emery University of Cambridge, UK/Queen Mary University of London, UK Knowing the individual skills and competences of one’s group members may be important for deciding from whom to learn (social learning), with whom to collaborate and whom to follow. We investigated whether 12 jackdaws could select conspecifics based on their helping skills, which had been exhibited in a previous context. The birds were tested in a blocked-exit-situation, where they could choose between two conspecifics, one of which could be recruited inside. One conspecific had previously displayed the ability to open the exit door whilst the other individual lacked the skill. The subjects showed a significant preference for the skilled conspecific if they had previously directly benefited from this skill. If they had merely observed the skilled (and non-skilled) individual opening (or failing to open) the exit door, they did not preferably choose the skilled conspecific. Taken together, these results suggest that jackdaws are capable of assessing other individuals’ competence under certain circumstances. Introduction The question of whether non-human animals understand others’ behaviour as guided by unobservable mental states, such as perceptions, intentions, desires and beliefs, i.e. whether animals form a human-like ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) (Premack & Woodruff 1978) remains contentious. Informational ToM (Premack 1988), one of the three components of a full-blown ToM, entails understanding that other individuals have beliefs or knowledge of specific facets of the world. Theoretically, the ability to reason about others’ knowledge states (knowledge attribution) seems advantageous for social living species in several contexts of social life, such as competition over resources, cooperation, or social learning (see below). -
Secrets No. 7
Newspaper of the Campaign for Freedom of Information 50p NUll All-party westrstminster tear to campaign fOlfor right of access to perso·sonal files An all-party team of three Peers and three Members of . "~~"'.,...,··""" .9>.$11 •i _ . _ .""""",~_.._ ,.. ,- Parliament are to spearhead a major campaign this Autumn "p to promote a Bill entitling individuals to have access to their own personal files. The Campaign for Freedom of Information believes the issue to be of such importance that it is comitting all of its resources to it for at least six months. The parliamentary team is: House of Lords Lord Hooson QC, former Liberal MP Emlyn Hooson Labour Lady (Jane) Ewart Biggs, Lord Hooson .0800 Steve Norris MP Lady (Gloria) Hooper, Conservative House of Commons Steve Norris, Conservative MP for Oxford East Chris Smith, Labour MP for Islington Sth and Finsbury, who attempted to introduce a similar but not identical measure in 1984 Archie Kirkwood, Liberal social servicesspokesman and MP for Roxburgh and Berwickshire The Campaign has published a special report on access to personal files entitled "I want to know what's in my file"; available from the campaign for £1.50, it incorporates the Bill. ~rkwood Meetings are being held at all party conferences to prom Archie Kirkwood MP MP Chris Smith MP Lady Hooper mote the Bill. It will be introduced under the 10 minute rule procedure on October 29 by Mr Kirkwood, who has the opportunity Campampaign's first legislativ to introduce a Bill on that day. It will then be printed and be the basis for a big drive to encourage any MP who comes high in the Autumn Ballot to take it I)lrther.