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Humorous Political Stunts: Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power

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Humorous Political Stunts: Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2014 Humorous Political Stunts: Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power Majken Jul Sorensen University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Sorensen, Majken Jul, Humorous Political Stunts: Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, 2014. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4291 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Humorous Political Stunts Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power Majken Jul Sørensen A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Humanities and Social Inquiry University of Wollongong A u s t r a l i a 2014 1 Humorous Political Stunts Nonviolent Public Challenges to Power A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG, AUSTRALIA by Majken Jul Sørensen, MA School of Humanities and Social Inquiry August 2014 2 Thesis Certification I, Majken Jul Sørensen, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Australia, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Majken Jul Sørensen 28 August 2014 Publications in support of this thesis Sørensen, Majken Jul. "Humor as a Serious Strategy of Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression." Peace & Change 33, no. 2 (2008): 167-90. Sørensen, Majken Jul. "Humorous Political Stunts: Speaking ’Truth’ to Power?". European Journal of Humour Research 1, no. 2 (2013). Sørensen, Majken Jul, and Brian Martin. "The Dilemma Action: Analysis of an Activist Technique." Peace & Change 39 no. 1 (2014): 73-100. Sørensen, Majken Jul "Radical Clowning - Challenging Militarism through Play and Otherness" HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research (in press). A small part of the text in chapters 3,4,6 and 7 is a slightly modified version of some of the text that appeared in these articles. 3 For Howard Clark 4 Abbreviated table of contents List of abbreviations and organisations…………………………………………15 Note on translations ……………………………………………………………………..16 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………17 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..19 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….22 Chapter 1: Nonviolence, humour and relations of power…………….…29 Chapter 2: A methodology for emancipation and social change …..108 Chapter 3: Humorous political stunts ………………………………………….153 Chapter 4: Radical clowning as humorous political activism ………245 Chapter 5: Ofog - playful anti-militarist mischief ………………………..293 Chapter 6: Kampanjen Mot Verneplikt – combining legal and spectacular actions……………………………………………………………………...374 Chapter 7: Humorous political stunts and relations of power……..457 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………….491 References…………………………………………………………………………………..508 5 Contents List of abbreviations and organisations ...................... 15 Note on translations ........................................................... 16 Abstract .................................................................................. 17 Acknowledgements ............................................................ 19 Introduction .......................................................................... 22 Thesis outline and guiding questions ................................................................. 23 Dreaming about a better world ........................................................................... 27 Chapter 1: Nonviolence, humour and relations of power ...................................................................................... 29 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 Literature on nonviolence ................................................................................... 30 Defining violence and nonviolence ..................................................................... 31 Gandhi: Nonviolence as a way of life ................................................................. 34 Sharp: A pioneer for a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action ........................ 37 Vinthagen: Four dimensions of nonviolence ....................................................... 44 Dialogue facilitation ......................................................................................... 45 Power breaking ............................................................................................... 45 6 Utopian enactment .......................................................................................... 47 Normative regulation ....................................................................................... 49 Attitudes to humour in research on nonviolence................................................. 50 Humour research ................................................................................................ 51 Defining humour ................................................................................................. 54 Sociological theory on humour ........................................................................... 56 Humour, politics, protest and social conflict........................................................ 61 Political jokes .................................................................................................. 62 Traditional folly ................................................................................................ 66 Humour in occupations and dictatorships ....................................................... 69 Humour, power and gender ............................................................................ 74 Organisational theory and humour .................................................................. 77 Humour as nonviolent resistance .................................................................... 80 Culture jamming, pranks and tactical carnival ................................................. 90 Power, resistance, activism and discourse ......................................................... 99 Humour and ethics ........................................................................................... 102 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 105 Chapter 2: A methodology for emancipation and social change ...................................................................... 108 Introduction....................................................................................................... 108 7 Data collection – a case study strategy ............................................................ 108 Selection of cases ............................................................................................ 110 Data collection process for the case study with Ofog ....................................... 112 Participatory action research ........................................................................ 113 Participant observation ................................................................................. 121 Semi-structured interviews ........................................................................... 125 The development of the research process .................................................... 128 Other methods .............................................................................................. 133 Data collection process for the case study on KMV ......................................... 134 Newspaper reports of KMV’s activities ......................................................... 134 KMV documents ........................................................................................... 136 Interviews ..................................................................................................... 137
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